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(ii) The specific clearance between power and telcom lines, earth wires and earth-structures are
to be adhered to. The minimum clearance between lines of various voltages to be maintained are
as follows :

L.T. lines (400/230 V) 1.22 Mtr 220 KV lines 4.58 Mtr

11 KV lines 1.83 Mtr 400 KV line 5.49 Mtr

33/66 KV lines 2.44 Mtr 800 KV lines 7.94 Mtr

132 KV lines 3.05 Mtr

(iii) Guardians are to be provided at crossings of telecom lines with power lines upto 33 KV.

(iv) Maximum value of induced electromagnetic volt - 250 volts (faults duration equal to or less than
200 ms.)

(v) Maximum value of induced noise (noise interference) -200 microvolts. (to be taken congnizance
if noise is persistent)

EHV - SUB-STATION
v SUB-STATION PLANNING CRITERIA

v The maximum fault level on any new Sub-Station Bus should not exceed 80% of the rated
rupturing capacity of the Circuit Breaker. The 20% margin is intended to take care of the increase
in short circuit level as the system grows. The rate of breaking current and making currnt including
fault clearing time capability of Switch-gear at different voltage levels may be taken as :-
Fault cleaning Voltage Operating Breaking Acking
Time level Time current current

150ms 33kV 60-80ms 25KA 62.5KA

120ms 132kV 50m s 25/31.5KA 70KA
100 ms 220kV 50m s 31.5/40KA 100KA
100ms 400kV 40m s 40KA 100KA
765kV 40KA
v The capacity of any single sub-station at different voltage levels shall not normally exceed.
765 KV.- 2500 MVA.
400 KV.- 1000 MVA.
220 KV.- 320 MVA.
132 KV.- 150 MVA.
v Size and Number of inter-connecting Transformer (ICTs.) shall be planned in such a way that
outage of any single unit would not over load the remaining ICT (s) or the underlying system.

v A stuck breaker condition shall not cause disruption of more-than four feeders for 220 KV.
system and Two Feeders for 400 KV. system and one Feeder for 765 KV. system.

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EHV SUB-STATION
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT
Sl No. Description of Technical Parameter Unit System

1. Nominal system voltage kVrms 400kV 220kV 132kV 33kV

2. Maximum system voltage kVrms 420kV 245kV 145kV 36kV
3. Power frequency with stand voltage kVrms 630kV 460kV 275kV 70kV
520 kV
4. Switching surge withstand voltage kVp
(for 250/2500ms)
1. Line to earth 1050kVp Not Not Not
2. Accross isolating gap 900kVp+345kVrms applicable applicable applicable
5. Lightinging impluse withstand voltage kvp for
1.2/50(ms)
1. Line to earth 1425 kvp 1050kvp 650kvp 170kvp.
2. Across isolating gap 1425kvp+ 1200kvp 750kvp 195kvp.
240kvms
6. One minute power frequency withstand
value
Dry kVrms 520 460 275 70
Wet kVrms 610 530 315 80
7. System frequency : Hz 50
8. Variation in frequency % +2.5
9. Corona extiniction voltage 320kV 156kV 84kV
10. Radion interference voltage 1000 mV at 1000 mV 1000 mV at
266kv at 167 kv 93kv
11. System neutral rating Solidly earthed
12. Continous current rating 1600A or 2000A 1600A 800A 600A
13. Symmetincal short circuit fault current kA 40 40 31.5 25
14. Duration of short circuit fault current Second 1 1 1 3
15. Dynamic short circuit current rating kAp 100 100 79 62.5kA
16. Conductor spacing for AIS layouts meters
Phase to ground meters 6.5 4.5 3 1.5
Phase to phase meters 7.0 4.5 3 1.5
17. Design ambient tempertures oC 50
18. Pollution level as per IEC-815 and 71 III
19. Creepage distance mm 10500 6125 3625 900
20. Maximum fault clearing time ms <100 <100ms <150ms
21. Bay width meter 27 16.4-18 10.4.12.0 5.5
22. Height of bus equipment interconnection meter 8 5.5 5 4
from ground
23. Height of strung busbar meter >15 10 8 5.5

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STUDY ON SUB-STATIONS
1. Nomenclature
Reliability :
The reliability of a power system means supply of
uninterrupted power at the specified voltage and frequency.
The reliability of a substation depends on the reliability
of associated equipment such as busbars, circuit breakers,
transformers, isolators and controlling devices.
Failure Rate :
It is the average number of failures per year.
Outage time :
It is the time taken to repair the failed component or
restore supply from an alternative source by switching.
Switching time
It is the time taken from the initiation of outage to
restoration of service by switching action.
Switching scheme
It is the type of arrangement of bus bars and
equipments considering cost, flexibility of operation and
reliability of the system.
Phase to ground clearance
The phase to ground clearance in a substation are, (a)
distance between the conductor and the structures. (b)
distance between the live parts of the equipment and structures
and (c) distance between the live conductor and ground.
Phase to phase clearance
The phase to phase clearances in a substation are (a)
distance between the live conductors (b) distance between
the live conductors and apparatus and (c) distance between
the live terminals in equipment like, circuit breakers, isolators
etc.
Ground clearance
It is defined as the minimum clearance from any point, where a
person may be required to stand, to the nearest part (which is
not at earth potential) of an insulator supporting the live
conductor.
Sectional Clearance
It is defined as the minimum clearance from any point,
where a person may be required to stand, to the nearest
unscreened live conductor. The basis for fixing the sectional
clearance is to take the height of a man with stretched hands
plus the phase to ground clearance.
Safety Clearance
This comprises of ground clearance and sectional
clearance.
Electro static Field in Substations
An energised conductor or metallic part of the
equipment produces electrostatic field. The magnitude of the
electrostatic field varies at different points in an EHV sub-
station (above 400 KV), depending on the geometry of
energised conductor/metallic part and the nearby earthed
object or ground.
2. General
Substations or switching stations are integral part of
the transmission system, and function as a connection or
switching point for transmission lines, sub-transmission
feeders, generating circuits and step-up and step -down
transformers Substations of voltages 66 KV to 40KV are
termed as EHV sub-stations. Above 500KV, they come under
the terminology of UHV system.
The design considerations and procedures are almost
the same for the sub-stations in the EHV range except that
certain factors become predominant at different voltage levels.
Switching surges are very important at 345 KV and above,
whereas it can be safely neglected upto 220 KV level.
3. Design Criteria and Studies.
The following studies are to be performed to establish
the design criteria for a substation.
1. Load flow studies
The purpose of a substation is to provide a path for
reliable delivery of power to system loads. Load flow studies
establish the current carrying requirements of the new
substation or switching station, when all lines are in and
when selected lines are out for maintenance. After studying
a number of load flow cases, the continues and emergency
ratings required for various equipment can be determined.
2. Short circuit studies.
In addition to the continuous current ratings, the
substation equipment must have short time ratings,. These
must be adequate to permit the equipment to sustain, without
damage, the severe thermal and mechanical stresses of short
circuit currents. In order to provide adequate interrupting
capability in the breakers, strength in post insulators and
appropriate setting for protective relays, which sense the
fault, the maximum and minimum short circuit currents which
will flow for various types and locations of short circuits and
for different system configuration must be established.
3. Transient Stability Studies.
Under normal conditions, the mechanical input to a
generator will be equal to the electrical output plus generator
losses. So long as this is continues, the system generators
rotate at 50 Hz. If this balance is destroyed by upsetting either
the mechanical or the electrical flow, the generator speed
deviates from 50Hz. and begins to oscillate about a new
equilibrium point.
The most common disturbance is a short circuit. When
a short circuit occurs close to the generator, the terminal
voltage drops and the machine accelerates. When the fault is
cleared, the unit will try to revert to its original state by feeding
the excess energy into the power system. If the electrical ties
are strong, the machine will quickly decelerate and became
stable. If the ties are weak, the machine will become unstable.
The factors which affect the stability are
i. Severity of the fault.
ii. Speed with which the fault is cleared.
iii. Ties between the machine and the system after the
fault is cleared.
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The aspects of transient stability that are important in
substation design are, (a) the type and speed of the line and
bus protection relaying, (b) the interrupting time of the breaker
and (c) the bus configuration after the fault has been cleared.
The last point has a considerable bearing on the bus
arrangement. If a fault is cleared in the primary relaying time,
only one line will be lost. If the fault is cleared in breaker failure
relaying time, owing to a stuck breaker, more than one line
may be lost which will weaken the tie to the system.
4. Transient over-voltage studies.
Transient overvoltage may be due to lightning stroke
or circuit switching . The most reliable means to establish
switching over voltage is through the use of a Transient
Network Analyser (TNA) study.
4. Substation Arrangement
The substation arrangement depends on physical and
electrical aspects and is influenced by the following factors.
(i) System Security.
The ideal sub-station is one were each circuit is
controlled by a separate breaker with facilities for replacement
of bus-bar or breaker in the event of a fault or during
maintenance. System security may be specified, based on
whether complete reliance on the integrity of the substation
or a percentage of outage due to periodic faults or maintenance
is permissible.
Double bus-bar system with double breaker
arrangement comes to near ideal, but the cost of such a
substation is prohibitively high.
(ii) Operational flexibility
For the efficient loading of the generators it is
necessary to control the MVA and MVAR loading under all
conditions of circuit connections. The grouping of load circuits
requires to be capable of being arranged to give the best
control under normal and emergency conditions.
(iii) Simplicity of protection arrangements
If more than one circuit is to be controlled from one
circuit breaker or greater number of circuit breakers are to be
tripped during fault conditions, the protection arrangements
are complex. The most advantageous arrangement is single
bus-bar with no sectionalising. Ring bus arrangement where
each circuit breaker can be in two zones of protection, causes
for complex protection scheme.
E.Sw
PT
Feeder
Fig. 1. Single Bus Arrangement
(iv) Ability to limit short circuit levels
Any arrangement which incorporates means of
providing a substation into two separate sections either
completely or through reactor coupling, is suitable for limiting
short circuit levels. By careful use of circuit breakers in ring
system, a similar facility can be provided.
(v) Maintenance facilities
During the operation of the substation, maintenance
will have to be carried out, either planned or emergency. The
performance of the substation during maintenance is also
dependent on the protection arrangements.
(vi) Ease of extension
The substation arrangement shall be such that
extension of bays for new feeders are possible. As the system
expands, there may be need to convert a single bus
arrangement to double bus system, or to expand a mesh
station to a double bus station. There shall be space and
expansion facilities.
(vii) Site considerations
The availability of site plays an important role in
planning the substations. When the areas is limited, a station
with less flexibility may have to be constructed. The substation
which are simple in diagram and use least number of breakers
occupy the least site.
(vii) Economy
A better switching arrangement on technical
requirements can be constructed, if the economics are
reasonable.
5. Substation Layout and Switching arrangement.
A number of factors are to be considered while
finalizing the layout and switching arrangements of an EHV
substation. It must be reliable, safe and must provide a high
level of service continuity.
Normally used substation schemes are detailed below.
1. Single Bus arrangement
This arrangement is a simple scheme adopted in less
important substations. A breaker or bus failure can cause
total outage. By providing a bus sectionalism scheme, this
can be overcome to some extent. Even though the protective
relaying is simple, single bus scheme is inflexible (Fig. 1)
Sectionaliser
LA
Trans
68
 2. Main and Transfer Bus
A transfer bus is added to the single bus scheme.
An extra bus-tie breaker is provided to tie the main and
transfer buses together.
When a circuit breaker is in maintenance, the bus-
tie breaker can be used for energising the circuit . Bus-tie
breaker relaying must be so arranged to protect the
transmission line or transformer, if the protective relays
also are not transferred. As the relaying selectivity is
poor this scheme is considered as unsatisfactory. Failure
of the main bus can cause for total outage of the
substation (Fig-2)

Ttrans
MAIN BUS

BI

CT

CB
LI
LA E.Sw

LA

PT BI

TRANSFER BUS
Feeder Feeder
Feeder

Fig-2 Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement

3. Double Bus, Single Breaker
This is superior to the single bus and main and transfer
bus schemes. There are two main buses and each circuit can
be connected to either of the buses by bus isolators. A bus-tie
breaker connects the two main buses when closed allows
the transfer of a circuit from one bus to the other without a
break in supply (Fig.3)
The circuit may operate all from one bus, of half of
the circuit connected in each bus. For a bus fault, only half
the no. of circuits will be lost. In some cases the tie breaker is
permanently closed and both the buses stand connected. A
bus protection scheme will be necessary for opening the tie
breaker in the event of a bus fault.
Possibility of operator error is more as two bus
isolators are involved for every circuit.

BUS 1

BUS 2
BI

CT
CB
LI
Bus
E.Sw Coupler
PT
Trans
LA Feeder
Fig. 3. Double Bus Arrangement
69
4. Double bus, Double breaker Arrangement breakers for every circuit. The use of two circuit breakers per
This scheme involves two main buses and two circuit circuit makes the arrangement very expensive, but this provides
a very high order of reliability (Fig.4)

BUS 1

BI

CT

CB
Feeder
LA

ESW
PT BI

Trans

BUS 2
Fig. 4. Double Bus, Double Breaker Arrangement

5. Breaker - and -a- half-scheme.

In this scheme two main buses are there and three
breakers are connected in series between them. Two circuits
are connected between the three breakers. Hence this is
called 11/2 breaker scheme (Fig-5)
Normally all the 3 breakers are in closed position, and
both the buses are energised. When a line trip involves, two
breakers open. No additional feeder or source is lost when
one circuit is tripped. Any bus or any breaker can be taken
out of service for maintenance without loss of service.
When a source and a line are connected in opposite
directions in a 3 breaker series, even when both the buses
fails, it is possible to operate and provide some service.
It is more expensive then other schemes, except the
double bus-double breaker scheme. Protective relaying and
automatic reclosing schemes are complex in 11/2 breaker bus
arrangement. But this arrangement is superior in flexibility,
reliability and safety.

BUS 1

BI Line
CB LA
CT

PT
ESW

Trans

Trans
BUS 2
Fig. 5. Breaker and A Half Scheme
70
6. Ring Bus arrangement
In this scheme (Fig-7) the breakers are arranged in a
ring with circuits connected between the breakers. There
are some number of breakers as the number of circuits. For a
circuit fault, two breakers are tripped. In the event of a breaker
failure during a line fault, an additional breaker trips as backup
protection. In that case an additional feeder will also be out of
service.
Feeder
During a breaker maintenance, the ring is broken,
but the service is fully maintained. The circuits are generally
arranged such that sources and loads are alternated.
Where five or six circuits are to be provided, ring
bus arrangement is ideal. This scheme is economical and
provide good reliability, safety and flexibility. Protective
relaying and automatic reclosing schemes are complex in
the case of ring bus arrangement.

LA Trans

ESW PT

BI
CT
Fig. 6. Ring Bus
CB

LI
Trans

ESW
Feeder LA

7. Other Layout Designs
In additional to the above mentioned common bus
arrangements, some other layouts are also employed. They
are (i) Double bus arrangement with transfer bus (ii) Triple
bus arrangement (iii) Double bus with bypass and (iv) Triple
bus with bypass arrangement. These arrangements are
mostly used in gas filled substations where more flexibility is
ensured.
Simple schematics are as given below. All equipment
are not shown.

BUS 1

BUS 2

TRANSFER BUS

CT

CB

Feeder Coupler
Fig. 7. Double Bus with Transfer Bus

71
7. Switchyard Structures
Structures are required to support and install buses,
electrical equipment and to terminate transmission line
conductors. The structures may be of steel, wood, RCC or
PSC. They need foundations according to the soil conditions
of the side. Generally, fabricated steel structures are used in
the substations due to various advantages. The design of the
structures is affected by the phase clearance, ground
clearance, types of insulators, length and weight of buses
and other equipment.
Steel beams and girders shall be designed to prevent
failure by bending, flange buckling vertical and horizontal shear
and (vii) Impact load, if any, during operation of equipment.
The substation gantry structures shall be designed
to terminate the overhead line download span. Which may
enter + 30 degrees horizontally and +15 degrees vertically.
The yard structures may be hot dip galvanized or
painted. Galvanized structures require less maintenance. But
in some highly polluted locations, painted structures provided
more corrosion resistance.
Normally adopted phase spacings
11 KV 1.3 m
33 KV 1.5 m

and web crippling. The depth of the lattice box girders shall be 66 KV 2.0 to 2.2 m
about 1/10 to 1/15 of the span and square in section. Maximum 110 KV 2.4 to 3 m
beam defluxion shall not normally exceed 1/250 of the span
220 KV 4.5 m
length. All bolts and nuts for structures shall be not less than
400 KV 7.0 m
16 mm diameter, except in light loaded section, where they
may be 12 mm dia. 8. Bus Design

The design load on columns and girders shall include The present day trend is to use rigid bus rather than
(i) Conductor tension (ii) Earth wire tension (iii) Wt. of insulators strain bus due to various reasons. Rigid bus can be constructed
and hardwares (iv) Fraction load (about 350 kg) (v) Weight of at a lower profile and are aesthetically pleasing. Increased capacity
man & tools to works on them (about 200 kg) (vi) Wind load for the bus can be provided and corona level is lower.

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8.1 Rigid Bus Where f = Natural frequency of span in Hertz

L = Span length in feet
Aluminium bus materials used for rigid bus may be of
different shapes. They may be round tubings, square tubings, E = Modulus of elasticity PSI
channels, angles or integral web designs. i = Moment of inertia of cross sectional area (in 4)
Round tubing is used in all voltages, whereas M = Mass per unit length
square tubing is used only at lower voltages. Channel (Mass = Wt./32.2)
K = Constant (1.0 for pinned ends and
bus is the same as square tubings except that they
1.5056 for fixed ends)
provide more capacity. Angle bus is used only at
Assuming there will be spans with pinned ends
distribution voltages. Integral web bus is structurally
where K = I
strong and is used for high current and long spans-
generally at lower voltage. 3 r
f = 2.153 x 10
8.2 Capacity L2

The rigid bus must be able to carry the excepted 2 2

OD + ID
maximum load current without exceeding the temperature Where r =
4
limit. The capacity of the bus shall also be checked for
maximum temperature under short circuit conditions using r = radius of gyration (inches)

the equation. OD =Outside dia. of tubing (inches)

ID = Inside dia. of tubing (inches)

I = K. A. 4
1 / t x10
L =Span length (feet)
Where I = Symmetrical rms current in amps.
As vibration may be induced in the bus by the action
A = Cross sectional area in inches
of 50 Hz. current, a natural frequency of 50 or 100 may be
t = Time in seconds avoided.
K = Coefficient for alloy bus at maximum temp. Another force which creates vibration in the bus is
specified. the wind flowing across the tubing. The maximum aeolian
frequency f in Hertz will be
Maximum Value of K for various
Temperature aluminimum Alloys 3.26V
0
f =
200 C 5.50 to 5.71 OD
2500C 6.28 to 6.52 Where V = maximum wind speed (mph)
300 C0
6.94 to 7.18 OD =Conductor out side dia. in inches
8.4 Short Circuit Force
The general practice is to limit the temperature of rigid
Short circuit force produced between two parallel
aluminium bus to 1000C for emergency ratings and 2500C for conductors, in the event of a line to line fault can be expressed
short circuit duty. as follows.

8.3 Vibration 2
43.2.I
sc
A span of rigid bus has a natural frequency expressed f =
7
as follows : 10 ( D)

2 1 Where f =short circuit force (Ib/ft.)

K Ei
f= ( ) 2 Isc = Symmetrical rms short circuit current (amps)
2
24L M
D = Conductor spacing centre to centre (in)

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For a 3 phase fault, the maximum instantaneous 8.8 Substation Bus Accessories

force will be (i) Tubular bus conductor

System Nominal Diameter
2 Voltage KV External (mm) Internal (mm)
37.4.I
sc 72.5 42 35
F =
7 145 60 52
10 ( D)
60 49.25
8.5 Bus support system
89 78
The bus support system must be capable of taking the
89 74
following weights.
101.6 90.1
i. Weight of the tubing
245 101.6 85.4
ii. Weight of damping materials
114.3 102.3
iii. Wind on the tubing
114.3 97.2
iv. Short circuit force calculated
114.3 102.3
The resultant load establishes minimum strength of
tubing material, span length and expected deflection, the bus 114.3 97.2
deflection shall not generally exceed 1/200 of the span length 420 127 114.5
without ice loading. 127 109.0
8.6 Corona
For rigid bus arrangement 7000mm spacing between
For HV and EHV substations, the diameter of the bus
should be checked for corona discharge. Bus tubing can be phases are given for 400 KV and 4500mm for 220KV.
considered satisfactory, if the voltage gradient at the surface (ii) ACSR Conductor for strain bus.
does not exceed 2 KV/cm. The voltage gradient can be Suitable ACSR conductors having the desired capacity
determined by
shall be used for bus stringing. According to requirement,
quadruple Moose, Twin Kundah and Single Kundah ACSR
E
g = Conductors are used for strain bus.
r. In D / r Some Commonly used conductor for
Where g = voltage gradient (KV/cm) Bus Stringing

E =Line to neutral voltage (KV) System

r =Bus outside radius (inches) Voltage (KV) Bus Conductor
D = Bus spacing (feet) Lynx ACSR, Kundah ACSR
8.7 Strain Bus 72.5 19/3.53 AAC
145 Panther ACSR, Kundah ACSR
Strain Bus is widely in use in most of the stations due to 19/4.22 AAC
the ease of construction. Even in stations where rigid buses 245 Kundah ACSR, Moose ACSR
are predominant, some spans will be invariably of strain bus 19/5.36 AAC, 37/5.23 AAC
construction . The design is followed based on simple sag- 400 Moose ACSR

tension calculations. a. Conductor tension

The following conductor tensions are generally taken
The down drops from the strain bus appear as a for designing the switchyard structures for bus arrangement.
concentrated load and depending on the length and weight of
Details 400KV yard 220 KV yard 132/110 KV yard
the dropper, tension on the bus will vary considerable. (Kgs/conductor) (Kgs/conductor) (Kgs/conductor

Where bundled conductors are used in strain bus, the Line termination 2000 1000 1000
Main Bus/Sub Bus 1000 900 800
types of spacers used may have an influence on the resulting
Interconnections
tension. If rigid spacers are used, then during short circuit, 1000 900 800
between yards
the two conductors will attempt to draw together and can Earth wire 800 600 600
cause for increase tension in the strain bus.
74