Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SITE PLANNING
SITE ANALYSIS involves the study of the site in terms of the following :
Natural factors :
1. Geology
2. Geomorphology – physiography, landforms, soils, drainage,
topography and slopes, and soil erosion
3. Hydrology – surface and ground water
4. Vegetation – plant ecology
5. Wildlife – habitats
6. Climate – solar orientation, wind, and humidity.
SITE ANALYSIS
Cultural factors :
SITE ANALYSIS :
Aesthetic factors :
1. Natural features
2. Spatial patterns – spaces and sequences
3. Visual Resources – views and vistas
GEOLOGY
GEOLOGY
Physiography – refers
to the description of
landforms.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
When designing a piece of property for architectural, landscape architectural
and engineering usage, it is essential for the designer to first confront the
nature of the land, particularly its form, its slopes, and its inherent capabilities
for surface and subsurface discharge of water, for supporting vertical and
horizontal structures, and for resisting erosion. This exercise requires four
basic geomorphologic information such as :
GEOMORPHOLOGY
In site planning, it is important to establish the relationship between soil
composition and land uses (other than agriculture). Soil surveys help guide in
site selection for residential, industrial, and other forms of development that
involve surface and subsurface structures.
Several features, or properties, are used to describe soil for use in site
design. Of these ---
1. COMPOSITION
2. TEXTURE
are generally the most meaningful; from them we can make inferences about
bearing capacity, internal drainage, erodibility, and slope stability.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL PROPERTIES:
1. COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil:
mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
COMPOSITION:
a. Mineral Particles
comprise 50% to 80%
of the volume of the
soil and form the all
important skeletal
structure of the soil.
Sand and gravel
particles provide for the
greatest stability,
usually yield a relat-
ively high bearing
capacity,
• Bearing capacity is a soil’s resistance to penetration
from a weighted object such as a building foundation.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
COMPOSITION:
b. Organic Matter varies radically in soils and usually imposes a
limitation to any building structure. Organic matter is important only
for soil fertility, moisture absorption and retention and for
landscaping.
c. Water content varies with particle sizes, local drainage, topography
and climate. Most water occupies the spaces between particles; only
in organic soils do the particles themselves actually absorb
measurable amounts of water.
d. Air is what occupies remaining space that is not occupied by water.
In layers where groundwater is formed by gravity water in the subsoil
and underlying rock, there is absence of air.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
TEXTURE
There are 12 basic terms for texture, at the center of which is Class LOAM,
which is an intermediate mixture of 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE:
GOOD DRAINAGE refers to the soil’s ability
to transfer gravity water downward through:
1. Infiltration - the rate at which water
penetrates the soil surface (usually
measured in cm or inches per hour);
2. Permeability - the rate at which water
within the soil moves through a given
volume of material (also measured in
cm or inches per hour)
3. Percolation - the rate at which water in
a soil pit or pipe within the soil is taken
up by the soil (used mainly in
wastewater absorption tests and
measured in inches per hour)
SITE PLANNING REVIEW
SITE
SITE PLANNING
PLANNING THE NATURAL FACTORS
GEOMORPHOLOGY
DRAINAGE:
POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity
water is not readily transmitted by the soil
and soil is frequently or permanently
saturated and may have water standing on
it caused by :
1. The local accumulation of water ;
2. A rise in the level of groundwater within
the soil column;
3. The size of the particles in the soil
being too small to transmit infiltration
water.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
7,000
6,000
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
D distance = 10.00 m .
X 100
5%
D distance = 200.00 m for slope pattern 0-5 %
This distance unit will figure in the graduated scale that
SITE PLANNING REVIEWwill be constructed for use in the slope map.
SITE
SITE PLANNING
PLANNING THE NATURAL FACTORS
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
Four factors to consider in forecasting erosion rates:
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
1. Vegetation:
• Foliage intercepts
raindrops
• Organic litter on the
ground reduces
impact of raindrops
• Roots bind together • Cover density, in form of
aggregates of soil ground cover or tree
particles canopy, decreases soil
loss to runoff
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
2. Soil Type:
• Intermediate
textures like sand
will usually yield
(erode) first
• To erode clay, the
velocity of the runoff
should be high
enough to overcome
cohesive forces that • Similarly, high velocities would be
bind the particles needed to move masses of pebbles
together and particles larger than those of
sand
SITE PLANNING REVIEW
SITE
SITE PLANNING
PLANNING THE NATURAL FACTORS
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
3. Slope Size and Inclination:
• The velocity of runoff is
closely related to the
slope of the ground
over which it flows.
Slopes that are both
steep and long produce
the greatest erosion • Slope also influences the quantity
because they generate of runoff since long slopes collect
runoff that is high in more rainfall and thus generate a
velocity and mass. larger volume of runoff.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION
4. Frequency and Intensity of
Rainfall:
• Intensive rainfalls produced
by thunderstorms promote
the highest rates of erosion.
• Accordingly, the incidence of
storms plus total annual
rainfall can be a reliable
measure of the effectiveness
of rainfall in promoting soil
erosion.
HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
Watershed – a
geographic area of land
bounded by topographic
features and height of
land that captures
precipitation, filters and
stores water and drains
waters to a shared
destination. Knowledge
of watershed
boundaries is critical to
water quality and storm
water management.
VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
2. Environmental Engineering
VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
a. Solar Radiation – is Earth’s source of light and heat. It warms
the earth’s surface, is reflected by paving and other objects,
and produces glare.
Trees are one of the best controls for solar radiation because:
• they block or filter sunlight;
• they cool the air under their canopies providing natural air
conditioning;
Scientists have recorded that with an air temperature of 84deg F,
surface temp of a concrete paving was 108 deg, while surface temp
under shade trees were 20deg lower.
VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
VEGETATION:
1. Climatic control
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
b. Noise – To understand noise:
The sound level of normal conversation is about 60 decibels; a
plane taking off produces 120 decibels at a distance of 200 ft.
Sound energy usually spreads out and dissipates in transmission.
Sound waves can be absorbed, reflected or deflected.
Plants absorb sound waves through their leaves, branches,
twigs, especially those with thick fleshy leaves and thin petioles.
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
b. Noise
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
b. Noise
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
VEGETATION:
2. Environmental Engineering
d. Erosion Control
Vegetation with extensive
root systems imparts
stability to slopes.
VEGETATION:
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
VEGETATION:
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
VEGETATION:
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
c. Mood – Plants affects peoples’ moods.
WILDLIFE:
Wildlife relates closely to habitats provided by plant communities. The three
groups of habitat elements essential to the different species of wildlife are:
WILDLIFE:
3. Wetland Wildlife – wetland species include birds and mammals needing
habitats with:
a. Wetland food plants or wild herbaceous plants of moist to wet
sites, excluding submerged or floating aquatic plants;
b. Shallow water development with water impoundments not deeper
than 5 ft.;
c. Excavated ponds with ample supply of water at least one acre and
average 6ft depth.
d. streams
CLIMATE:
a. Solar orientation
for buildings;
CLIMATE:
Solar orientation
CLIMATE:
CLIMATE:
Wind flows
Land Use Plans are available in each city and municipality to determine the
areas for commercial, institutional, industrial, residential, and open space
uses. These were planned according to the most rational use of land in
relation to the natural and socio-economic factors, and in accordance with
THE CULTURAL FACTORS
compatibility with adjacent land uses.
Each site must conform to the land use plan: a residential subdivision, for
example, cannot be developed in a site designated as Industrial.
The relationship of traffic pattern to each other and to the site must be
studied for adequacy of access and efficiency of circulation within and
outside of the site.
Direction of dominant traffic flow, both vehicular and pedestrian will also
help establish points of highest visual impact for the site.
Density refers to the population per unit land area. This data will determine
whether existing utilities and land areas will be sufficient to sustain additional
future development, which will naturally add to the existing population and
bear on the capacity of these utilities.
Density influences the privacy, social contact among people, and freedom of
movement of an individual or a group of people.
Zoning regulations, laws and codes are present in every city and municipality
to regulate the type of development. It divides the city or municipality into land
use areas that are designated by building height, building coverage, density
of population, and open space.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS:
The study of the community and its social and economic structures are done
to determine whether there is a need, an interest, or any objections on the
project.
Any proposed project must be compatible with the economy of the particular
community. For example, a high-end boutique is hardly suitable in a low-
income community.
The social structure of the community must be taken into consideration to
ensure that a proposed development will not result in any displaced families,
and any major disruption in their businesses and other activities.
UTILITIES / SERVICES:
• Sanitary/sewage system
• Electric power supply
• Water supply
• Drainage
Most water systems will supply domestic, industrial, and fire stand-by supply
from a distribution system. Storm drains collect surface water and conduct it
to rivers, creeks, or other bodies of water.
HISTORIC FACTORS:
1. Historic Buildings
2. Historic Landmarks
3. Archeology
NATURAL FEATURES:
SPATIAL PATTERNS:
VISUAL RESOURCES:
A view can be a theme that may The full view is not always
suggest and give added meaning the best view.
to buildings.
VISUAL RESOURCES:
A view is usually
better if enframed or
seen through an
appropriate screen.