Electrical Machines & Power

Nader Barsoum
Tel: 085 443821 Fax: 085 443837
nader.b@curtin.edu.my nnb3@hotmail.com
Home: http://www.engineeringedu.org

Assignment = 20%
Quiz = 10% Class on Saturday from
Midterm test = 20% 9:00-12:00 and 14:00-17:00
Final Exam = 50%

Course
3-ph circuit, magnetic circuit, force, torque, rotating
magnetic field, equivalent circuit, performance
principles of operation, torque-speed, speed control
 Contents
• AC fundamentals and Three phase system
• Electromagnetic Principle
• DC Machines
• Three phase Induction Motor
• Single Phase Induction Motor
• Fractional Horsepower Motors
• Power Electronics and Drives
• Power Station and Distribution system
 References
• Electric Machinery Fundamentals, Chapman,
Curtin special edition, Mc-Graw Hill Inc 2005, 4th or
higher edition, ISBN: 0072465329
• Electric Machinery and Transformers, Bhag Guru
& Huseyin Hiziroglu, 3rd Edition, Oxford university
press, 2001
• Electric Machines and Power Systems, Syed A.
Nasar, Mc Graw Hill Inc. 1995 New York
• Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems.
Theodore Wildi 5th Edition. Prentice Hall. 2002
• Electromechanical Energy Devices and Power
Systems, Zia A. Yamayee & J. L. Bala Jr., John
Wiley& Sons Inc.
 Program

1 AC fundamentals
2 Machine Principles & DC Machines
3 Transformer and Induction Motors
4 Single Phase & Special Purpose Motors
5 Power Electronics and drives
6 Submit Assignment Power System
7 Test on 1, 2 and Quiz on 3, 5
8 Exam on 1, 3, 4, 5
 AC Circuit
Source 1.5 v
Complex form Vm 1

Volt : V = Vm e j ω t 0.5

j(ω t -ϕ )
Current : I = I m e
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025

-0.5
t
Angular of velocity = speed in radian = ω -1

1 1
ω = 2π f and f = frequency = =
-1.5
2π
time t t=
i
ω
1.5

ϕ is the phase angle = phase shift Im 1

between current and voltage waves 0.5

ϕ = the power factor angle 0

Real form -0.5

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
t
0.025

v = Im(V) = Vm sin ωt -1 ϕ
i = Im(I) = I m sin(ωt − ϕ ) -1.5
 T T T
1 2 1 1
r.m.s. V =
T ∫
v dt =
0
T ∫
Vm2 sin 2 ωt dt = Vm
0
2T ∫ (1 − cos 2ωt )dt
0

⎡ 2π ⎤
sin 2ω
1 ⎢ ⎥ Vm
T
1 ⎡ sin 2ωt ⎤ ω
= Vm ⎢t − 2ω ⎥ = Vm ⎢ T − ⎥=
2T ⎣ ⎦0 2T ⎢ 2ω ⎥ 2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Im
r.m.s. I =
2
Phasor
I

ϕ V V = Vm e jωt
ϕ
I V

Lagging power factor Leading power factor

I = I m e j(ωt -φ ) I = I m e j(ωt +φ )
 Powers
1
Time average power = Active (real) power = P = Re(I * V)
2
1
= Re( I m e - j(ωt −φ )Vm e jωt ) = Re( IVe jφ ) = Re[VI (cosφ + j sin φ )] = VI cos φ
2
1 1
Reactive power = Q = Im(I * V) = Im(Vm I m e jφ ) = Im(VIe jφ ) = VIsinφ
2 2
1 1
Apparant power = S = (I * V) = I m e - j(ωt -φ )Vm e jωt = VIe jφ
2 2
= VI (cos φ + j sin φ ) = P + jQ
1 1
Oscillatory power = O = Re(IV) = Re( I m e j(ωt -φ )Vm e jωt )
2 2
= Re(VIe j(2ωt -φ ) ) = Re[VI (cos(2ωt − φ ) + j sin( 2ωt − φ )] = VI cos(2ωt − φ )
Instantaneous power = Re(I)Re(V) = I m cos(ωt - φ )Vm cosωt
1
= Vm I m [cos(2ωt − φ ) + cos φ ] = VI [cos(2ωt − φ ) + cos φ ] = O + P
2
 P Active power
Power factor = Pf = = = cos φ
VI (I rms Vrms )

Load Power
parameters time phasor symbol diagram power

iR Pf = 0
Resistance v = iR V R = IR R R P = vi = i2R
vR IR VR َ Q=0

1 2
Inductance vL = L
di V = jωLI
L L
L iL VL ∫ Pdt =
2
Li
dt vL lagging Pf
IL Q = ωLi2 > 0

1 2
∫
C iC IC Pdt =
Capacitance i = C dv leading Pf
Cv
I C = jωCVC 2
dt vC VC
Q = ωCv2 < 0
 Three-phase Balanced system
The three-phase voltage source
and current load are defined in a
complete circle of 360°, so that
each phase makes 120° with the
other phase, where:
v1 = va = Vm sin ωt
v2 = vb = Vm sin(ωt − 120) Star source - star load

v3 = vc = Vm sin(ωt − 240) = Vm sin(ωt + 120)

i1 = ia = I m sin(ωt − ϕ )
i2 = ib = I m sin(ωt − 120 − ϕ )
i3 = ic = I m sin(ωt − 240 − ϕ )
Balanced system : when the nutral current in Y -
connection is in = i1 + i2 + i3 = 0, and the total
voltage in ∆ - connection is v = v1 + v2 + v3 = 0
Star source - delta load
 Line and phase variables
The phase current
a
I ph = I a , I b , I c ab -b

the line current

I L = I ab , I bc , I ca 120
bc
The phase voltage 120 -c
Vph = Va , Vb , Vc
c -a b
the line voltage
ca
VL = Vab , Vbc , Vca
For Y - connection : I L = I ph = I a , I b , I c
VL = Vab = Va − Vb , Vbc = Vb − Vc , Vca = Vc − Va
For ∆ - connection : VL = Vph = Vab , Vbc , Vca
I L = I ab = I a − I b , I bc = I b − I c , I ca = I c − I a
 Consider Y - connection :
Vab = Va − Vb = Vm (sin ωt − sin(ωt − 120))
= Vm (sin ωt − (sin ωt cos120 − cos ωt sin 120))
1 3
= Vm (sin ωt − (− sin ωt − cos ωt ))
2 2
3 3 3 1
= Vm ( sin ωt + cos ωt ) = 3Vm ( sin ωt + cos ωt )
2 2 2 2
= 3Vm (sin 120 sin ωt − cos120 cos ωt )
= − 3Vm cos(ωt + 120) = 3Vm sin(ωt + 120 − 90)
= 3Vm sin(ωt + 30)
Vbc = 3Vm sin(ωt + 30 − 120) = 3Vm sin(ωt − 90),Vca = 3Vm sin(ωt − 210)
Similarly, for the current in ∆ - connection
 Relations Load impedance

Variable Y-connection ∆-connection

Voltage VL = 3Vph | 30 VL = Vph
Current I L = I ph I L = 3 I ph | 30
Power in Phase P = 3Vph I ph cos ϕ P = 3Vph I ph cos ϕ
power in Line P = 3VL I L cos ϕ P = 3VL I L cos ϕ

VL
For Y - connection : Vph = Z Y I ph or = ZY I L
3
IL
For ∆ - connection : Vph = Z ∆ I ph or VL = Z ∆
3
Z∆
Dividing : ∴ Z ∆ = 3Z Y or Z Y =
3 Balanced load
 Transformation
From ∆ to Y
Z12 Z13
Z1 =
Z12 + Z13 + Z 23
Z12 Z 23
Z2 =
Z12 + Z13 + Z 23
Z13 Z 23
Z3 =
Z12 + Z13 + Z 23
From Y to ∆
Z1Z 2
Z12 = Z1 + Z 2 +
Z3
Z1Z 3 Z 2 Z3
Z13 = Z1 + Z 3 + and Z 23 = Z 2 + Z 3 +
Z2 Z1