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RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS (BS 8002:1994)

TEDDS calculation version 1.2.01.02

1000

560 250 1990

42 kN/m
2 kN/m2

3750

4050
300

2800

Wall details
Retaining wall type; Unpropped cantilever
Height of retaining wall stem; h stem = 3750 mm
Thickness of wall stem; twall = 250 mm
Length of toe; ltoe = 560 mm
Length of heel; lheel = 1990 mm
Overall length of base; lbase = ltoe + lheel + twall = 2800 mm
Thickness of base; tbase = 300 mm
Depth of downstand; d ds = 0 mm
Position of downstand; lds = 1490 mm
Thickness of downstand; tds = 300 mm
Height of retaining wall; h wall = h stem + tbase + d ds = 4050 mm
Depth of cover in front of wall; d cover = 0 mm
Depth of unplanned excavation; d exc = 0 mm
Height of ground water behind wall; h water = 0 mm
Height of saturated fill above base; h sat = max(h water - tbase - d ds , 0 mm) = 0 mm
Density of wall construction;  wall = 23.6 kN/m 3
Density of base construction;  base = 23.6 kN/m 3
Angle of rear face of wall;  = 90.0 deg
Angle of soil surface behind wall;  = 0.0 deg
Effective height at virtual back of wall; h eff = h wall + lheel  tan() = 4050 mm

Retained material details

Mobilisation factor; M = 1.5
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Moist density of retained material;  m = 18.0 kN/m 3

Saturated density of retained material;  s = 21.0 kN/m 3
Design shear strength; ' = 24.2 deg
Angle of wall friction;  = 0.0 deg

Base material details

Moist density;  mb = 18.0 kN/m 3
Design shear strength; 'b = 24.2 deg
Design base friction;  b = 18.6 deg
Allowable bearing pressure; P bearing = 200 kN/m 2
Using Coulomb theory
Active pressure coefficient for retained material
K a = sin(+ ') 2 / (sin()2  sin(- )  [1 + (sin(' + )  sin(' - ) / (sin(- )  sin(+ )))]2 ) = 0.419
Passive pressure coefficient for base material
K p = sin(90- 'b )2 / (sin(90-  b )  [1 - (sin('b +  b)  sin('b ) / (sin(90 +  b )))]2 ) = 4.187

At-rest pressure
At-rest pressure for retained material; K 0 = 1 – sin(’) = 0.590

Loading details
Surcharge load on plan; Surcharge = 2.0 kN/m 2
Applied vertical dead load on wall; W dead = 42.3 kN/m
Applied vertical live load on wall; W live = 0.0 kN/m
Position of applied vertical load on wall; lload = 1000 mm
Applied horizontal dead load on wall; F dead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied horizontal live load on wall; F live = 0.0 kN/m
Height of applied horizontal load on wall; h load = 0 mm

42
2

21.4 0.8 30.5

130.7 28.2

Loads shown in kN/m, pressures shown in kN/m 2

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Vertical forces on w all

Wall stem; w wall = h stem  twall   wall = 22.1 kN/m
Wall base; w base = lbase  tbase   base = 19.8 kN/m
Surcharge; w sur = Surcharge  lheel = 4 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; w m_w = lheel  (h stem - h sat)   m = 134.3 kN/m
Applied vertical load; W v = W dead + W live = 42.3 kN/m
Total vertical load; W total = w wall + w base + w sur + w m_w + W v = 222.5 kN/m
Horizontal forces on w all
Surcharge; F sur = K a  Surcharge  h eff = 3.4 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; F m_a = 0.5  K a   m  (h eff - h water) 2 = 61.8 kN/m
Total horizontal load; F total = F sur + F m_a = 65.2 kN/m
Calculate stability against sliding
Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; F p = 0.5  K p  cos( b)  (d cover + t base + d ds - d exc) 2   mb = 3.2 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; F res = F p + (W total - w sur)  tan( b ) = 76.8 kN/m
PASS - Resistance force is greater than sliding force
Overturning moments
Surcharge; M sur = F sur  (h eff - 2  d ds) / 2 = 6.9 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; M m_a = F m_a  (h eff + 2  h water - 3  d ds) / 3 = 83.4 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; M ot = M sur + M m_a = 90.3 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem; M wall = w wall  (ltoe + twall / 2) = 15.2 kNm/m
Wall base; M base = w base  lbase / 2 = 27.8 kNm/m
Moist backfill; M m_r = (w m_w  (lbase - lheel / 2) + w m_s  (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 242.5 kNm/m
Design vertical dead load; M dead = W dead  lload = 42.3 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; M rest = M wall + M base + M m_r + M dead = 327.6 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning
Total overturning moment; M ot = 90.3 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; M rest = 327.6 kNm/m
PASS - Restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Check bearing pressure
Surcharge; M sur_r = w sur  (lbase - lheel / 2) = 7.2 kNm/m
Total moment for bearing; M total = M rest - M ot + M sur_r = 244.5 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction; R = W total = 222.5 kN/m
Distance to reaction; x bar = M total / R = 1099 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; e = abs((lbase / 2) - x bar) = 301 mm
Reaction acts within middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; p toe = (R / lbase ) + (6  R  e / lbase 2) = 130.7 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at heel; p heel = (R / lbase) - (6  R  e / lbase2) = 28.2 kN/m 2
PASS - Maximum bearing pressure is less than allowable bearing pressure
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RETAINING WALL DESIGN (BS 8002:1994)

TEDDS calculation version 1.2.01.02

Ultimate limit state load factors

Dead load factor;  f_d = 1.4
Live load factor;  f_l = 1.6
Earth and water pressure factor;  f_e = 1.4

Factored vertical forces on w all

Wall stem; w wall_f =  f_d  h stem  twall   wall = 31 kN/m
Wall base; w base_f =  f_d  lbase  tbase   base = 27.8 kN/m
Surcharge; w sur_f =  f_l  Surcharge  lheel = 6.4 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; w m_w_f =  f_d  lheel  (h stem - h sat)   m = 188.1 kN/m
Applied vertical load; W v_f =  f_d  W dead +  f_l  W live = 59.2 kN/m
Total vertical load; W total_f = w wall_f + w base_f + w sur_f + w m_w_f + W v_f = 312.3 kN/m
Factored horizontal active forces on w all
Surcharge; F sur_f =  f_l  K a  Surcharge  h eff = 5.4 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; F m_a_f =  f_e  0.5  K a   m  (h eff - h water)2 = 86.5 kN/m
Total horizontal load; F total_f = F sur_f + F m_a_f = 91.9 kN/m
Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; F p_f =  f_e  0.5  K p  cos( b )  (d cover + tbase + d ds - d exc )2   mb = 4.5 kN/m

Factored overturning moments

Surcharge; M sur_f = F sur_f  (h eff - 2  d ds ) / 2 = 11 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; M m_a_f = F m_a_f  (h eff + 2  h water - 3  d ds) / 3 = 116.8 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; M ot_f = M sur_f + M m_a_f = 127.8 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem; M wall_f = w wall_f  (ltoe + twall / 2) = 21.2 kNm/m
Wall base; M base_f = w base_f  lbase / 2 = 38.9 kNm/m
Surcharge; M sur_r_f = w sur_f  (lbase - lheel / 2) = 11.5 kNm/m
Moist backfill; M m_r_f = (w m_w_f  (lbase - lheel / 2) + w m_s_f  (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 339.4 kNm/m
Design vertical load; M v_f = W v_f  lload = 59.2 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; M rest_f = M wall_f + M base_f + M sur_r_f + M m_r_f + M v_f = 470.2 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning
Total overturning moment; M ot = 90.3 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; M rest = 327.6 kNm/m
PASS - Restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Factored bearing pressure
Total moment for bearing; M total_f = M rest_f - M ot_f = 342.4 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction; R f = W total_f = 312.3 kN/m
Distance to reaction; x bar_f = M total_f / R f = 1096 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; e f = abs((lbase / 2) - x bar_f) = 304 mm
Reaction acts within middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; p toe_f = (R f / lbase ) + (6  R f  e f / lbase2 ) = 184.1 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at heel; p heel_f = (R f / lbase) - (6  R f  e f / lbase2 ) = 39 kN/m 2
Rate of change of base reaction; rate = (p toe_f - p heel_f) / lbase = 51.84 kN/m 2 /m
Bearing pressure at stem / toe; p stem_toe_f = max(p toe_f - (rate  ltoe ), 0 kN/m 2) = 155.1 kN/m 2
 Project
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Bearing pressure at mid stem;
Bearing pressure at stem / heel;
Design of reinforced concrete retaining w all toe (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete;
Characteristic strength of reinforcement;
Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement;
Cover to reinforcement in toe;
Calculate shear for toe design
Shear from bearing pressure;
Shear from weight of base;
Total shear for toe design;
Calculate moment for toe design
Moment from bearing pressure;
Moment from weight of base;
Total moment for toe design;
267
300
250
Check toe in bending
Width of toe;
Depth of reinforcement;
Constant;
Lever arm;
Area of tension reinforcement required;
Minimum area of tension reinforcement;
Area of tension reinforcement required;
Reinforcement provided;
Area of reinforcement provided;
Check shear resistance at toe
Design shear stress;
Allowable shear stress;
Job no.
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p stem_mid_f = max(p toe_f - (rate  (ltoe + twall / 2)), 0 kN/m 2) = 148.6 kN/m 2
p stem_heel_f = max(p toe_f - (rate  (ltoe + t wall)), 0 kN/m 2) = 142.1 kN/m 2
fcu = 25 N/mm 2
fy = 250 N/mm 2
k = 0.24 %
c toe = 25 mm
V toe_bear = (p toe_f + p stem_toe_f)  ltoe / 2 = 95 kN/m
V toe_wt_base =  f_d   base  ltoe  t base = 5.6 kN/m
V toe = V toe_bear - V toe_wt_base = 89.4 kN/m
M toe_bear = (2  p toe_f + p stem_mid_f)  (ltoe + t wall / 2)2 / 6 = 40.4 kNm/m
M toe_wt_base = ( f_d   base  t base  (ltoe + twall / 2) 2 / 2) = 2.3 kNm/m
M toe = M toe_bear - M toe_wt_base = 38.1 kNm/m
b = 1000 mm/m
d toe = t base – c toe – (toe / 2) = 267.0 mm
K toe = M toe / (b  d toe 2  fcu) = 0.021
Compression reinforcement is not required
z toe = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(K toe , 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)  d toe
z toe = 254 mm
A s_toe_des = M toe / (0.87  fy  z toe) = 690 mm 2 /m
A s_toe_min = k  b  tbase = 720 mm 2/m
A s_toe_req = Max(A s_toe_des, A s_toe_min) = 720 mm 2/m
16 mm dia.bars @ 250 mm centres
A s_toe_prov = 804 mm 2 /m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall toe is adequate
v toe = V toe / (b  d toe) = 0.335 N/mm 2
v adm = min(0.8  (fcu / 1 N/mm 2 ), 5)  1 N/mm 2 = 4.000 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
 Project
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From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress;
Design of reinforced concrete retaining w all heel (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete;
Characteristic strength of reinforcement;
Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement;
Cover to reinforcement in heel;
Calculate shear for heel design
Shear from bearing pressure;
Shear from weight of base;
Shear from weight of moist backfill;
Shear from surcharge;
Total shear for heel design;
Calculate moment for heel design
Moment from bearing pressure;
Moment from weight of base;
Moment from weight of moist backfill;
Moment from surcharge;
Total moment for heel design;
150
300
267
Check heel in bending
Width of heel;
Depth of reinforcement;
Constant;
Lever arm;
Area of tension reinforcement required;
Minimum area of tension reinforcement;
Area of tension reinforcement required;
Reinforcement provided;
Area of reinforcement provided;
Job no.
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v c_toe = 0.469 N/mm 2
v toe < v c_toe - No shear reinforcement required
fcu = 25 N/mm 2
fy = 250 N/mm 2
k = 0.24 %
c heel = 25 mm
V heel_bear = (p heel_f + p stem_heel_f)  lheel / 2 = 180.2 kN/m
V heel_wt_base =  f_d   base  lheel  tbase = 19.7 kN/m
V heel_wt_m = w m_w_f = 188.1 kN/m
V heel_sur = w sur_f = 6.4 kN/m
V heel = - V heel_bear + V heel_wt_base + V heel_wt_m + V heel_sur = 34 kN/m
M heel_bear = (2  p heel_f + p stem_mid_f)  (lheel + t wall / 2)2 / 6 = 168.9 kNm/m
M heel_wt_base = ( f_d   base  tbase  (lheel + twall / 2)2 / 2) = 22.2 kNm/m
M heel_wt_m = w m_w_f  (lheel + twall) / 2 = 210.6 kNm/m
M heel_sur = w sur_f  (lheel + twall) / 2 = 7.1 kNm/m
M heel = - M heel_bear + M heel_wt_base + M heel_wt_m + M heel_sur = 71 kNm/m
b = 1000 mm/m
d heel = tbase – c heel – (heel / 2) = 267.0 mm
K heel = M heel / (b  d heel2  fcu ) = 0.040
Compression reinforcement is not required
z heel = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(K heel, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)  d heel
z heel = 254 mm
A s_heel_des = M heel / (0.87  fy  z heel) = 1287 mm 2/m
A s_heel_min = k  b  t base = 720 mm 2 /m
A s_heel_req = Max(A s_heel_des , A s_heel_min) = 1287 mm 2/m
16 mm dia.bars @ 150 mm centres
A s_heel_prov = 1340 mm 2/m
 Project
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Check shear resistance at heel
Design shear stress;
Allowable shear stress;
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress;
Design of reinforced concrete retaining w all stem (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete;
Characteristic strength of reinforcement;
Wall details
Minimum area of reinforcement;
Cover to reinforcement in stem;
Cover to reinforcement in wall;
Factored horizontal active forces on stem
Surcharge;
Moist backfill above water table;
Calculate shear for stem design
Shear at base of stem;
Calculate moment for stem design
Surcharge;
Moist backfill above water table;
Total moment for stem design;
215
250
100
Check w all stem in bending
Width of wall stem;
Depth of reinforcement;
Constant;
Lever arm;
Area of tension reinforcement required;
Minimum area of tension reinforcement;
Job no.
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PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall heel is adequate
v heel = V heel / (b  d heel) = 0.127 N/mm 2
v adm = min(0.8  (fcu / 1 N/mm 2 ), 5)  1 N/mm 2 = 4.000 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
v c_heel = 0.556 N/mm 2
v heel < v c_heel - No shear reinforcement required
fcu = 25 N/mm 2
fy = 250 N/mm 2
k = 0.24 %
c stem = 25 mm
c wall = 25 mm
F s_sur_f =  f_l  K a  Surcharge  (h eff - tbase - d ds) = 5 kN/m
F s_m_a_f = 0.5   f_e  K a   m  (h eff - tbase - d ds - h sat)2 = 74.2 kN/m
V stem = F s_sur_f + F s_m_a_f = 79.2 kN/m
M s_sur = F s_sur_f  (h stem + t base) / 2 = 10.2 kNm/m
M s_m_a = F s_m_a_f  (2  h sat + h eff - d ds + tbase / 2) / 3 = 103.8 kNm/m
M stem = M s_sur + M s_m_a = 114 kNm/m
b = 1000 mm/m
d stem = t wall – c stem – (stem / 2) = 215.0 mm
K stem = M stem / (b  d stem 2  fcu) = 0.099
Compression reinforcement is not required
z stem = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(K stem , 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)  d stem
z stem = 188 mm
A s_stem_des = M stem / (0.87  f y  z stem ) = 2787 mm 2/m
A s_stem_min = k  b  twall = 600 mm 2/m
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Area of tension reinforcement required; A s_stem_req = Max(A s_stem_des, A s_stem_min ) = 2787 mm 2 /m

Reinforcement provided; 20 mm dia.bars @ 100 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; A s_stem_prov = 3142 mm 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall stem is adequate
Check shear resistance at w all stem
Design shear stress; v stem = V stem / (b  d stem ) = 0.368 N/mm 2
Allowable shear stress; v adm = min(0.8  (fcu / 1 N/mm 2 ), 5)  1 N/mm 2 = 4.000 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; v c_stem = 0.838 N/mm 2
v stem < v c_stem - No shear reinforcement required
Check retaining w all deflection
Basic span/effective depth ratio; ratio bas = 7
Design service stress; fs = 2  fy  A s_stem_req / (3  A s_stem_prov) = 147.8 N/mm 2
Modification factor; factortens = min(0.55 + (477 N/mm 2 - fs)/(120  (0.9 N/mm 2 + (M stem /(b  d stem 2 )))),2) = 1.36
Maximum span/effective depth ratio; ratio max = ratio bas  factortens = 9.55
Actual span/effective depth ratio; ratio act = h stem / d stem = 17.44
FAIL - Span to depth ratio is unacceptable
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Indicative retaining w all reinforcement diagram

Stem reinforcement

Toe reinforcement Heel reinforcement

Toe bars - 16 mm dia.@ 250 mm centres - (804 mm 2 /m)

Heel bars - 16 mm dia.@ 150 mm centres - (1340 mm 2/m)
Stem bars - 20 mm dia.@ 100 mm centres - (3142 mm 2/m)