PHYSICAL INJURY

AND
CONTROL
LECTURED BY: MARIAM BINTI ABDUL HAMID
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Construction Work
 Mechanical Work
 Electrical Work
Introduction
 Definition

Physical Injury  Impairment of physical

condition or substantial pain. [New York Panel Law]
Other definition:
Damage to a person's body in a physical sense such as a graze,
bruise, sprain, strain, broken bone, etc. [Queensland Health]
 Physical Injury
Can include:

a. Wounds, lacerations, contusions

b. Burns
c. Sprains and strains
d. Fractures, amputations or dislocations
e. Damage to dentures or prostheses
f. Work-related gradual process injuries, such as tendonitis, and
deafness caused by noise at work
g. Infections or diseases caused at work by performing a particular
task or being exposed to a particular environment (this excludes
any conditions you may have had since birth)
h. Blindness
i. Poisoning
j. Choking
k. Loss of consciousness
l. A foreign body in the eye.
 Example
CONSTRUCTION WORK
Introduction
Construction phases

1. Pre-Tender
Preparation of tender document (design, drawing,
specification, etc.)
2. Contract Management
Execution of work during sub-structure, super-structure
and finishing; mechanical and electrical installation.
3. Completion
Testing and commissioning, liability defect period,
hand over.
Typical Hazards
Falling from height
- Defective or unsecured ladders.
- Unsuitable location of ladders.
- Sub-standard scaffold – no design.
- Poorly maintained scaffold.
- Unprotected holes or floor edges.
- Unprotected working platforms.
- Brittle roof covers.

Falling on Same Level

- Uneven surfaces.
- Poor storage of materials.
- Poor storage of tool and equipment
- Spillages not clean.
- Poor layout of electrical cables
- Poor housekeeping.
Hit/Crushed by Falling Object
- Poor storage of materials
- Poor storage of tools and equipment
- Working platform not provided with toe-board
- Use of unsuitable lifting equipment
- Use of defective lifting tackles
- Lifting machines in poor working conditions
- Poor communication during lifting operations
- Lifting areas not barricaded
- Fall protection not provided
- Poor housekeeping

Buried under Falling Structures

- Faulty structural design
- Lacked of supervision during erection
- Overloading
- Lacked of maintenance
Buried under Landslides
- Lacked of inadequate sides’ protection
- Under designed sides’ protection
- Damaged sides’ protection
- No safe means of access and egress
- Vibration from vehicles or mobile plant
- Rapid changes of weather

Electrocution/Electric Shock
- No competent electrician
- Poor installation
- Improper/defective connection
- Overloaded
- Defective electrical tools and equipment
- Illegal modification of tools or equipment
Exposure to Toxic Chemicals/Substances
- Failure to conduct air monitoring
- Defective monitoring equipment
- Monitoring equipment not accurate – lacked of calibration
- Monitoring conducted by incompetent person
- Failure to provide ventilation
- Inappropriate provision and use of respiratory protective
equipment
- No respiratory protective equipment

Drowning
- Failure to de-water water ponding area
- Failure of water pump
- No water pump
- Failure to provide life-saving equipment
Suffocation
- Failure to conduct air monitoring
- Defective monitoring equipment
- Monitoring equipment not accurate
- Monitoring conducted by incompetent person
- Failure to provide ventilation
- Inappropriate provision and use of respiratory protective
equipment
- No respiratory protective equipment

Contact with machinery

- No/missing machinery guarding
- Guard ineffective/damaged
- Unsuitable types of guard
- Guard provided at wrong/unsuitable position
Hit by Vehicles
- No separate pedestrian route
- No warning and directional signs
- Over speeding
- Speed limit not enforced
- Lacked of maintenance
- Incompetent driver

Fire
- Poor housekeeping
- Defective electrical circuits
- Overloaded electrical circuits
- Improper storage of combustible and flammable materials
- Fire extinguishing material not provided
General Precautionary Measures
Pre-Tender Stage
- Designer to consider safety and health requirements during
contract management stage and for end users
- Contract managers to incorporate safety and health requirement
in contract specifications, conditions of contract and other relevant
document.

Tender Stage
- Besides financial and technical capabilities, potential contractors
should be evaluated and short listed based on their ability and
experience in managing safety and health.
- Only contractors fulfilling evaluation criteria should be appointed.
Contract Management Stage

1. Pre-construction
- Conduct preliminary appraisal or HIRARC exercise, to identify
issues related to safety and health.
- Plan site layout and works according to outcome of preliminary
appraisals.
- Formulate project safety plan, which shall include safety and
health policy, organization (personnel and resources) and
arrangements (SOP and PTW).
- Register the site with relevant authorities.
- Where appropriate, appoint safety personnel.
- Identify and select competent persons for high risk activities
such as lifting operations, use scaffold, etc.
- Identify requirement for designs by competent persons or
certified engineers.
- Conduct site safety induction for all personnel
- Provide necessary PPE
Contract Management Stage

2. Construction
- Implement project safety plan, review and revised the plan as
when and where appropriate.
- Establish means for effective communication
- Provide necessary supervision
- Provide continuous training
- Certificated machinery should have valid certificates and
operated by competent person
- Conduct job safety analysis and formulate method of statement
for high risk activities
- Implement PTW for high risk activities
- Investigates all incidents, identify root causes and implement
corrective and preventive measures.
- Report incidents to relevant authorities as required under
relevant laws
Completion of Work

1. Testing and Commissioning

- Notify relevant authorities, where applicable
- Implement PTW
- Inspect any installation for any defects or flaws
- Working pressure applied as in approved design
- Stop operation in the event of any abnormalities

2. Liability Defects Period

- Implement PTW
- Certificated machinery should have valid certificates and
operated by competent person
- Arrangement for safety and health of publics
MECHANICAL WORK
Introduction
 Definition

Danger  Relative exposure to hazard

Mechanical
• of or relating to machinery or tools
• produced or operated by a machine or tool
Mechanical Hazard
Entanglement
Traps – Shearing, drawing in, crushing
Impact
Contact – Cutting, friction, abrasion,
stabbing, puncture
Ejection

ENTICE
Entanglement

 Involves being caught in a machine.

 Example: Clothing, hair, jewelry, getting
wrapped around machine
Traps
 Shearing – part of human body may be
sheared between machine parts or
machine parts with workpiece.
 Drawing-in – body being pulled and
trapped by rotating and tangentially
moving parts
 Crushing – occurs when the body is
caught:
• Between a fixed and moving part of machine
• Between two moving part of machine
• Between a moving part of machine and fixed
structure
Impact
 Relate to object which strike the human
body, but do not penetrate it.
Contact
 Such as burns, laceration, abrasion,
puncture wound, cuts
Ejection
 Failure of a machine, or seizing of
component parts of a machine, can result
in the expulsion of parts of the machine or
material with the potential to cause serious
injury.
Safety Guarding
 Safety guarding is use to prevent body
part from contact with the dangerous part
of machine.
 Types of safety guarding
1. Fixed
2. Interlock
3. Adjustable
4. Self adjusting
Fixed
 Permanent part of machine
Interlock
 When opened/removed, the tripping
mechanism and power automatically shut
off.
Adjustable
 Allow flexibility in accommodating various
size of stock.
 Opening are determine by movement of
stock.
Self Adjusting

 Opening of the barriers are determined by

the movement of stock.
 This guard protect the operator by placing
a barrier between the danger area and the
operator.
Risk Assessment In Machine
Operation
 Risk assessment in this context is the process
of quantifying the level of risk associated with
the operation of a given machine. It should be a
structure systematic process that answers the
following four specific questions:
1. How severe are potential injuries
2. How frequently are employees exposed to the
potential hazards
3. What is the possibility of avoiding the hazard if it
does occur
4. What is the likelihood of an injury should a safety
control system fail
ELECTRICAL WORK
Introduction
 Definition

Electric  relating to, producing, or operated by

electricity

Electricity  Electricity is a type of energy which exists

when there is a difference in the number of electrons
present at two different points, whether the result of
static, generation, or magnetic field.

The path of this flow of electrons is from a negative

source to a positive point, because opposite charges
attract one another.
 Electrical current
passing through the
human body causes a
shock. The quantity
and path of this
current determines
the level of damage to
the body.

People can be protected from this danger by insulating

the conductors, insulating the people, or isolating the
danger from the people.
Sources of Electrical Hazard
 Short circuits are one of many potential
electrical hazards that can cause
electrical shock.
 Other sources are:
1. Telephones that plug into a wall socket are also
sources of hazardous voltage (the open circuit
voltage is 48 volts DC, and the ringing signal is
150 volts AC)
2. Extension cords
3. Any power tool showing evidence of electrical
problems
4. Downed power lines are an obvious source of
electric shock hazard
Major causes of electrical shock
 Electrostatic hazards
Electrostatic hazards may cause minor shocks.
Electrostatic sparks are often greater during
cold.

 Arcs and sparks hazards

With close proximity of conductors or contact of
conductors to complete a circuit, an electric arc
can jump the air gap between the conductors
and ignite combustible. When the electric arc is
a discharge of static electricity, it may be called
a spark.
 Combustible and explosive materials
A poor match between current or polarity and
capacitors can cause an explosion. Overheating
from high currents can also lead to short circuits
which in turn may generate fires or explosions.

 Lightning hazards
Electrical equipment and building structures are
commonly subject to lightning hazards.
 Improper wiring  Insulation failure
Improper wiring permits Most insulation failure is
equipment can result in caused by environments
hazardous conditions. toxic to insulation.
 Equipment failure
There are several ways in which equipment
failure can cause electrical shock. For example
wet insulation can cause an electrical shock.
Electrical Hazard To Human
 The greatest danger to humans suffering
electrical shock results from current flow.

The higher the body's resistance, the less likely harmful

current will result from any given amount of voltage.
Conversely, the lower the body's resistance, the more
likely for injury to occur from the application of a voltage.
Table 1 Amount of current that effect to the human body

Source: allaboutcircuit.com
Detection of Electrical Hazard
 Several items of test equipment can be
used to verify electrical equipment safety
such as multimeter.
 A circuit tester is an inexpensive piece of
test equipment with two wire leads capped
by probes and connected to a small bulb.
 Most circuit tester test at least a 110- to
220 volt range.
Reducing Electrical Hazard
 Installation
Done by competent person

 Circuit protection
Such as fuse and circuit breaker to avoid
overload

 Isolation switch (Insulator)

Must be labeled and put in suitable location.
 Connection
Use proper socket and plug

 Earthing and protection

Electrical installation equipment must be earthed
and provided with earth leakage protection
device

 Maintenance and repair

All the electrical appliances