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5.62 Lecture #12: Rotational Partition Function.
Equipartition
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
∞
qrot = ∑ g(ε) e–ε/kT = ∑ (2J +1) exp[–hcBe J(J+1)/kT]
J=0
allowed rotational
energies
Question: How do you do the summation? Two cases … (Low-T limit case [next
Lecture])
n 1
∑ f ( J ) = ∫ mn f(J)dJ + [ f(m) + f(n)] + residue…
J =m 2
so:
∞ 1
qrot = ∫ 0 (2J + 1) exp[–hcBe J(J+1)/kT] dJ + [1 + 0] + …
2
J=0 J=∞
∞ 1
qrot = ∫ exp [ −hcBeω / kT ] dω + +…
0 2
−kT − hcBe ω kT ∞ 1
= e 0 + +…
hcBe 2
⎛ −kT ⎞ 1
= 0−⎜ + +…
⎝ hcBe ⎟⎠ 2
kT 1 kT 1
qrot = + ≈ usually can ignore the
hcBe 2 hcBe 2
1
What happens for a ∆ state where Jmin = 2 rather than 0?
A homonuclear molecule, O2, has σ = 2 because an end over end (half) rotation by
π does not alter the appearance of O2.
The symmetry number is rigorously based on the nuclear spins. We’ll see the details
later.
kT for hcBe kT
So q rot = or εrot kT
σhcBe
kT T
So q rot = = for θrot T
σhcBe σθrot
also written as …
8π 2 IkcT h
qrot = because Be = I = µRe2
σh 2 8π 2 Ic
Let's go back and check whether dropping extra terms in Euler-MacLaurin series was a
good approximation …
kT 1
q rot = + +…
σhcBe 2
at T = 300K
MOLECULE Be (cm ) –1
σ θrot (K) qrot = T/σθrot + 1/2 % error
(neglect of
1/2)
N
kT ⎛ kT ⎞
→ Q rot = ( q rot ) = ⎜
N
q rot =
σhcBe ⎝ σhcBe ⎟⎠
⎛ kT ⎞
A rot = −kTln Q rot = −NkTln q rot = −NkTln ⎜
⎝ σhcBe ⎟⎠
⎛ ∂A
⎞ ∂
⎛
⎛
kT
⎞
⎞
p rot = − ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ NkTln
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0
⎝
∂V
⎠
N,T ∂V
⎝
⎝
σhcBe ⎠
⎠
N,T
⎛ ∂ ln Q rot ⎞ ∂ ln q rot
E rot = kT2 ⎜ ⎟ = NkT2
⎝ ∂T ⎠N,V ∂T
∂ ln T ∂ ln(k / σhcBe ) ⎛1⎞
= NkT2 + nkT2 = NkT2 ⎜ ⎟ + 0
∂T ∂T ⎝ T⎠
1
Erot = NkT for θrot T or εrot kT (not 2 NkT; why?)
⎛1 ⎞
2 ⎜ NKT
⎟ = NkT
⎝2 ⎠
Quantum and classical approach lead to same result for rotation at 300 K. Why?
Because rotational energy levels are very closely spaced compared to kT. We calculated
qrot by approximating a sum over energy levels as an integral over energy levels.
Rotational energy levels are so closely spaced that they "look" continuous compared to
kT at room temperature for most molecules. Erot does not depend on the properties of the
molecule in the classical limit!
⎛ ∂E
⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
CVrot =
⎜ ⎟ = Nk ⎜ ⎟ = Nk = R if N = Na (or CV = nR)
rot
⎝
∂T
⎠
N,V ⎝ ∂T ⎠
1. More about high temperature limit, which is the requirement that permits the sum,
∞
qrot = ∑ g (ε ( J )) e−hcBJ ( J +1) kT ,
J min
to be replaced by an integral,
∞ 1
∫ dJ ( 2J + 1) e− hcBJ ⎡( 2J + 1) + 0⎤⎦ .
( J +1) kT
qrot = +
J min 2 ⎣ min
It is necessary that ∆εrot kT at εrot ≈ kT. The rotational energy level spacing must be
small relative to kT.
J 2.
This means that we want
kT εrot (J = 2) = 6hcB.
B. Most populated J
2e−θrot J ( J +1) T − (2J +1) (θrot T ) e−θrot J ( J +1) T
2
dfJ
=0=
dJ qrot
Thus
2 θ
2 = (2J +1) rot
T
⎛ 2T ⎞
1/2
⎜ ⎟ −1
⎝ θrot ⎠
J max = .
2
For T / θrot = 100
Jmax = 6.5
T θrot ⎝
T
⎠ ⎝
T
⎠
For T θrot = 100 fJmax = 0.085.
T
D. Fractional population in J = . This is a simple-minded way of asking
θrot
about the population of the “last” thermally accessible level.
⎛ T ⎞⎛ T ⎞ θrot
⎛ T ⎞ − ⎜⎝ θrot ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ θrot +1⎟⎠
2
⎜⎝ θ + 1⎟⎠ e
T
⎛ T ⎞
−⎜ +1
⎝ θrot ⎠⎟
fJ =T θrot = rot
= 2e .
T θrot
This is a very small fractional population. It would be more appropriate to ask for
the fractional population of the J′ value for which
J′
because this sets the total number of significantly populated J, MJ levels equal to
qrot. Using
J′
J =0
( )
19e−9 10 /100
and T/θrot = 100, we get J′ = 9 and fJ ′=9 = = 0.077 .
100
–
Low-T limit results for E and CV next time. But what do you know without any
–
equations about E and CV in the limit T → 0K?