All three stone ages foun

STONE AGE: archaeological source only Vindhyas) and mi

Prehistoric painting: Extend from paleo to mesolithic , even upto recent times. Birds(Perching birds whic
beings painted.

PALEOLITHIC MESOLITHIC AGE(MICROLIT

5 LAC B.C -10000 B.C 10000 B.C-4000 B.C

FIRST MAN INDIA: BORI (MAHARASHTRA)

SITES:

Most well Excavated: SOHAN VALLEY (PAK PUNJAB)

OTHER: KRISHNA VALLEY, NARMADA VALLEY,DIDWANA(RAJ) WELL EXCAVATED:

KURNOOL(AP) CHOTA NAGPUR PLT, BELAN VALLY(UP), BHIMBETKA

In above we found only tools but not the bones. TOOLS:

bones:only 1 lakh yr old.

LIVING
TOOLS: STONE ONLY(SLOPY LAND ONLY, PALEOLITHIC NOWHERE IN ALLUVIAL PLANE PATTERN:LATER STA

HAND AXES & CLEAVERS> FLAKES,SCRPERS>BLADES&BURINS This WE KNEW FRM FROM

Tools were big : no expertise.

Crude farming started.

LIVING PATTERN: Food gatherers,Hunter gatherers

(veg/nonveg)(frm type of tools & Teeth(canine+flat)

Clothes: Earlier man: Leaves, then later with

Skin of animals (not skin of cat family), then tree bark

Shelters: Natural Caves.(painted roofs with diff shapes),

 20000 b.c to 10000 b.c- knew thatches roof.

Knew: Fire, Communication with sign : Late paleolothic

l three stone ages found continuously: Belan Valleys(north of
Vindhyas) and midde part of Narmada Valley

Birds(Perching birds which live on grains absent),Animals, human

.

SOLITHIC AGE(MICROLITH TOOLS) hunters & herders NEOLITHIC(POLISHED TOOLS)(PRO

0 B.C-4000 B.C 7000 B.C TO 1000 B.C

ADAMGARH(MP) BURZAHOM(LIVED IN PITS, TOOLS OF BONES,DO

BHIMBETKA(MP) CHIRAND (BIHAR)(BONE TOOLS)

BAGOR(RAJ) MEHRGARH(BALOCHISTAN)(MORE ADVANC

SAMBHAR LAKE(CULTIVAION OF PLANTS) MASKI(KARNATAKA)

MICROLITHIC(SMALL TOOLS) BHIMBETKA(M.P)(BOTH MESOLITHIC AN

(BLADE,ARROW,TRIANGLE,SHARP) BELAN VALLEY(MIRZAPUR)

ALLAHABAD: RICE CULTIVATION(6000 B

NG PATTERN:LATER STAGE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS(CATTLE) PIKLIHAL (KARNATAKA)(ASH MOUNDS A

WE KNEW FRM FROM ADAMGARH AND BHAGOR(5000BC) BRAHAMGIRI(MYSORE)

HILLS OF ASSAM, GARO HILLS

e farming started. TOOLS: OVAL SHAPED(SOUTH INDIA)

POLISHED TOOLS with rectangular butt(E

ANTELOPE TOOLS(rectangular with curve

LIVING PATTERN:

FOOD PRODUCERS

POTTERY STARTED(INITIALLY HAND TH

BURIAL PRACTICE: BURIED IN N-S DIR

SOME PARTS IN WEST(E-W DIRECTION

PERHAPS BELIEVED IN LIFE AFTER DE

(POLISHED TOOLS)(PRODUCED RAGI AND HORSEGRAM. CHALCOLITHIC(Rural Communitie

7000 B.C : Only Mehrgarh (Balochistan) 2800 B.C-800 B.C

5000 B.C: North Vindhyas, 2500 B.C: South India

D IN PITS, TOOLS OF BONES,DOGS BURIED WITH MASTERS),GUFKRAL(KASHMIR) AHAR(RAJ)(didn’t use stone tools)

R)(BONE TOOLS) MALWA(MP)

OCHISTAN)(MORE ADVANCED: PRODUCED WHEAT,COTTON,MUD BRICK HOUSES) JORWE(extensive excavation)(MAHA

NAVDATOLI: wheat,rice,bajra,pulses

)(BOTH MESOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC) GHANESHWAR(RAJ): Supplied cop

MIRZAPUR) TOOLS: STONE & COPPER

CE CULTIVATION(6000 B.C) HARPOONS,BOARDS,AXES OF CO

ATAKA)(ASH MOUNDS AND HERDERES HABITATION SITE) PEOPLE DIDN’T KNOW MAKING B

LIVING PATTERN:

M, GARO HILLS Hilly areas where Rivers available.

HAPED(SOUTH INDIA) VILLAGE LIFE(social stratification s

LS with rectangular butt(EAST INDIA) MOTHER GODDESS: FEMALE TER

LS(rectangular with curved cutting edge)(NW INDIA) BULLS: SYMBOL OF RELIGIOUS C

HOUSE MAKING(NOT FROM BUR

FAITH IN LIFE AFTER DEATH

FIRE ALTARS

TED(INITIALLY HAND THEN WHEEL) KNEW POTTERY(Black-red pottery

CE: BURIED IN N-S DIRECTION(PERSONAL BELONGING ALSO) KNEW SPINDLE WHORLS TO MA

N WEST(E-W DIRECTION) CROPS: WHEAT , BARLEY, RICE,

VED IN LIFE AFTER DEATH. DID NOT USE MILK OF ANIMALS.

Animals Known: cows,sheep,buffalo,

HORSE NOT KNOWN.

NO ART OF WRITING
HALCOLITHIC(Rural Communities)

0 B.C-800 B.C only Jorwe continued till 700 B.C)

AR(RAJ)(didn’t use stone tools)

RWE(extensive excavation)(MAHARASHTRA)

VDATOLI: wheat,rice,bajra,pulses,linseed.

ANESHWAR(RAJ): Supplied copper to Harrapans.(OCP, OCHRE COLORED POTTERY)

OLS: STONE & COPPER

RPOONS,BOARDS,AXES OF COPPER.

OPLE DIDN’T KNOW MAKING BRONZE, HENCE COULDN’T RISE.

NG PATTERN:

y areas where Rivers available.

LAGE LIFE(social stratification startedFORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS

THER GODDESS: FEMALE TERACOTTA FIGURES FOUND

LLS: SYMBOL OF RELIGIOUS CULT.

USE MAKING(NOT FROM BURNT BRICKS)

TH IN LIFE AFTER DEATH

E ALTARS

EW POTTERY(Black-red pottery prevalent)

EW SPINDLE WHORLS TO MAKE CLOTH.

OPS: WHEAT , BARLEY, RICE, COTTON

NOT USE MILK OF ANIMALS.

mals Known: cows,sheep,buffalo,goat,pig,deer,CAMEL.

RSE NOT KNOWN.

ART OF WRITING
Harappa Culture Older than most Chalcolithic Cultures.

Area Like a Triangle: Jammu to Narmada Estuary & Makran coast in Balochistan to Merut.

Bigger than any contemporay civilization (and Egypt and Mesopotamia).

Most sites excavated: Post Harrapan (eg Bhagwanpura and others on Hakra-Ghaggar Channel.

Cities where Harrapa Culture Mature and Flourished: HARRAPA, MOHENJDARO, CHANHUDARO, SUTKA
LOTHAL,Surkotadha(Coast,Fortified),(KALIBANGAN & BANAWALI saw both Pre & mature Phase)

Cities Where all three phases: DHOLAVIRA(Kutch) & RAKHIGARHI(on Banks of Ghaggar in Haryana)

Important: USE OF BURNT BRICKS: MOST EXTENSIVE USE OF BURNT BRICKS.(MOSOPOTAMIAMS

Important: Drainage System(Mohenjdaro is special, Kalibangan had well in each house).Streets had drains

Important: Health and Hyegine((quality of bathrooms and drainage remarkable)

Town Planning & Structures(Common to all Indus settlements)

1. CITADAL: RULING CLASS

2 Lower Town( Below Citadel) made of Burnt Bricks: for common people

3 Grid system houses: 90 Degree angle Roads.

4 City Divided into many Blocks.

MOHENJDARO: 1. Extremely rich in structures.(means more taxes, prestigious rulers)

2. Most Important Public place: Great Bath for ritual bath situated in Citadel
Mound(11x7x2.4 m, steps b/s, side rooms, floor of burnt bricks,water drawn from a
well in adjacent room, outlet at corner to drain)
 2. Most Important Public place: Great Bath for ritual bath situated in Citadel
Mound(11x7x2.4 m, steps b/s, side rooms, floor of burnt bricks,water drawn from a
well in adjacent room, outlet at corner to drain)

3. Largest Building: GRANARY (45MX15M) in Citadel, Same in area of sIx grana

combined of Harappa. Near River Bank. Circular brick platforms for threshing Whea
Barley.

4. All houses had own Courtyard and Bathroom.

gar Channel.

CHANHUDARO, SUTKAGENDOR(Coast,Fortified),
mature Phase)

haggar in Haryana)

S.(MOSOPOTAMIAMS USED IT BUT LESS. EGYPT USED DRIED BRICKS)

use).Streets had drains,manholes.

or common people

ath situated in Citadel

ks,water drawn from a large
o drain)
e in area of sIx granaries
rms for threshing Wheat and