INDUS VALLEY

CIVILIZATION
Discovered in 1921; at Harappa in west Punjab province,
Pakistan. The harappan culture existed between 2500
B.C. and 1750 B.c.

Six Major cities

Cultural phases:
1. Pre harappan phase
2. Harappan phase – flourishing stage
3. Mature harappan phase (2200 B.C. – 2000 B.C.) – coastal cities with
citadel/acropolis (Sutkagendor and Surkotada)
4. Later Harappan phase- Kathiawar (Gujarat)

Unique Features:

Citadel – Members of ruling class

Lower town – inhabited by common people; contains brick houses
Followed grid system: roads cut across one another almost at right angles
Use of burnt bricks in Harappan cities
Drainage system: every house has its own courtyard and bathroom; drains
were covered with bricks and stone slabs.
Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro: with changing rooms, floor was made up of
burnt bricks; served Ritual Bathing.
Great Granary at Moehnjo-daro: The largest building for storage of grains.
Citadel of Harappa has six granaries.

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 INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Indus carried alluvial soil; Fertile in ancient times; comparatively rainless and
not so fertile these days
In earlier times, Indus possessed more natural vegetation. Natural vegetation
was destroyed by extension of Agriculture, large scale grazing, and supply of
fuel
Supplied timber fuel for baking bricks
Walls made of burnt bricks raised for protection show that floods took place
annually
Major crops: Wheat, Barley, Sesamum , Mustard, peas etc. (good quality barley
has been dscovered at Banawali)
People of Lothal used Rice whose remains have been found. (Not the case in
Mesopotamian cities)
No hoe or ploughshare has been discovered
Furrows discovered in the pre-Harappan phase at Kalibangan (shows that
fields were ploughed in Rajasthan) (The Harappans probably used the wooden
plough)
No information on whether the plough was drawn by men or oxen
Gabarbands or nalas enclosed by dams for storing water (feature in parts of
Baluchistan and Afghanistan)
Channel or canal irrigation system seems to have been absent.
The harappan villages produced sufficient foodgrains not only to feed
themselves but also the town people.
Cereals were received as taxes from peasants and stored in granary for the
payment of wages. (Wages were paid in Barley in Mesopotamia cties.)
The Indus people were the earliest people to produce Cotton (Sindon derived
from Sindh)

Oxen, buffaloes, goats, sheep , pigs, cats, and dogs were domesticated
The humped bulls were favoured by the Harappans.
Camels and asses were possibly used as beasts of burden
The remains of horse – reported from Surkotada (Gujarat)
Elephants (domesticated in Gujarat) were well known to the Harappans,
acquainted with the rhinoceros. (Not the case in Mesopotamian cities)

The Harappan culture belongs to the Bronze Age

They practiced boat-making, seal-making, terracotta, bead-making,
jewellery-making, glossy and shining pottery making.

They did not possess the raw materials.

Did not use metallic money; Followed Barter System for exchange (No idea
about their currency)
Procured metals from the neighbouring areas by boats and bullock carts.
Practiced navigation on the coast of the Arabian Sea.
They were aware of the use of wheel and carts with solid wheels.
Commercial links with Rajasthan, Afghanistan and Iran
Many harappan seals were found in Mesopotamia
The Mesopotamian records refers to trade relations with Meluha (ancient
name given to Indus)
The Mesopotamian texts mentions two trading stations called Dilmun and
Makan (which lay between Mesopotamia and Meluha)
Dilmun can probably be identified with Bahrain on the Persian Gulf.

No temples have been found at any Harappan site.

No religious structures except the Great Bath.
Some indications of the practice of fire cult at Lothal in Later Harappa
Possibly ruled by a class of merchants

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 INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

A plant is shown growing out of embryo of a woman, representing

the goddess of earth.
Not aware of the nature of the inheritance in the Harappan society.
Pashupati Mahadev: The male deity with three heads and a horn, is
represented on a seal in a sitting posture of a yogi, placing one foot
on the other. This God is surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a
rhinoceros, and has a buffalo below his throne.
Numerous sybols of the phallus and female sex organs made of
stone have been found in Harappa, possibly meant for worship.
Pipal tree worship was practiced, shown on seal
Animals most importantly, humped bull were also worshipped.
Amulets on their hands, showed that they used to believe in ghosts
and evil forces.

The Harappan script is not alphabetical but mainly pictographic, but

the script has not been deciphered yet.
Most inscriptions were recorded on seals, and contains only a few
words.

The Indus people used weights and measures for trade and other
transactions.
In Weighing, mostly 16 or its multiples were used.

Majority carried short inscriptions with pictures of thee one-

horned bull, buffalo, tiger, rhinoceros, goat and the elephant.

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 PREHISTORIC PERIOD
The Stone Age

The Old Stone Age or Palaeolithic Culture (500,000 B.C. – 8,000 B.C.)

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 PREHISTORIC PERIOD

It is a transitional phase between the Palaeolithic Age and the Neolithic or

New Stone Age.
Tools:
Arrows and bows were used for hunting
Sharp weapons, also called microliths – pointed were used for hunting
small animals like fish
One of India’s biggest and best-preserved Mesolithic sites is Bagor in
Rajasthan.
Microliths and animal bones, including shells, have been found in Bogor on
the Kothari River.
The oldest evidence of animal domestication can be found in Azamgarh in
Madhya Pradesh.
A rich concentration of Mesolithic rock art sites may be discovered in
Central India, such as the Bhimbetka caves (Madhya Pradesh), Kharwar,
Jaora, and Kathotia (M.P.), Sundargarh and Sambalpur (Odisha), and
Ezhuthu Guha (Kerala).
Microliths have also been found in many basins of the river Tapi,
Sabarmati, Narmada, and Mahi.

Tools: polished stones; particularly stone axes and stone blades, and weapons
made of bones
Economy: Hunting and fishing; did not seem to have acquainted with
agriculture or domestication of animals
Fire baked earthen figurines suggest that they kept a large number of cattle.
Domesticated cattle, sheep and goats.
They used rubbing stone querns, showing that they were acquainted with the
art of producing grains.
The settlement became possible because of open land available of four rivers,
Ganga, Son, gandak and ghaghra at this place.
The second group of people lived in south India south of Godavari river;
Usually settled on the tops of granite hills or plateaus near river banks.
Sites:
Burzoham (Kashmir) –
used coarse grey pottery;
dogs were buried with their masters in their graves;
pit dwelling and placing of domestic dogs with masters do not seem
to be the practice with Neolithic people in any other part of India
Chirand (Patna, Bihar)
Hills of Assam and Garo hills, Meghalaya
Maski, Brahmagiri, hallur, Kodekal, Sanganakallu, and Paiyampalli in
Tamil Nadu
Piklihal (Cattle herders) and Utnur in Andhra Pradesh
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 PREHISTORIC PERIOD

lead a settled life

Agriculturists, produced ragi and horsegram (kulathi)
Lived in circular or rectangular houses made of mud and reed.
Primitive people living in circular houses owned property in
common
Polished tools included microlith blades

First metal to be used: Copper

Chalcolithic Age also called the Pre-Harappan period (1800 BC to
2500 BC)
Culture based on the use of stone and copper implements is called
as Chalcolithic culture
Beginning of cow raising and rural settlement.
Increase in art and craft, which included stonemasons and
coppersmiths.
The Copper Age was characterized by high rates of infant
mortality in burial sites.
clay goddesses and copper or bone jewellery were discovered
Tools:
Small tools and weapons made of stone (eg, stone blade etc.)
Stone axes continued to use (At Ahar, stone axes or blades are
completely absent)
In Gilund, stone blade industry was found
Flat, rectangular copper axes are found in Jrwe and
Chandoli.
Copper chisels at Chandoli
Sites :
South-eastern Rajasthan (Ahar and Gilund in Banas
Valley)
Western Madhya Pradesh (Malwa, Kayatha and Eran)
Western Maharashtra (Chandoli, Songaon and
Inamgaon in Pune and Nasik) (ber and babul vegetation)
Jorwe, Nevasa, Daimabad in Ahmedabad
Eastern India(Chirand in Bihar, Mahishdal in West
Bengal)
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PREHISTORIC PERIOD

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 RIG VEDIC
PERIOD

Credits: By Avantiputra7 - Own work by Avantiputra7; see references section for used material, CC BY-SA
3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33202410

Aryans

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 RIG VEDIC PERIOD

Eastern Afghanistan, Punjab and fringes of western Uttar Pradesh

The Aryans lived in the land known as “Sapta Sindhu” (Land of the Seven
Rivers). These seven rivers were: Sindhu (Indus), Vipash (Beas), Vitasta
(Jhelum), Parushni (Ravi), Asikni (Chenab), Shutudri (Satluj) and Saraswati.
Early Aryans branch: Rig Vedic people (1500 B.C.) came in conflict with the
indigenous inhabitants called the dasas, dasyus, etc.

Monarchical form of govt. with the tribal chief called Rajan,

King (called the protector of his tribe): hereditary position, limited powers,
some traces of elections by tribal assembly called samiti.
Tribal assemblies such as the sabha, samti, vidatha, gana.
Exercised deliberative, military and religious functions
Sabha and Smiti- Most important assemblies from political point of view
The king was assisted by ‘purohita’
Two priests played a major part- Vasishtha and Visvamitra
‘Senani’- Head of the Army
Vrajapati- The officer who enjoyed authority over the pasture ground
Kulapas- heads of the family
Gramanis- head of the fighting hordes to the battle
Military element was strong
No civil system or territorial administration

The Rig Veda mentions artisans such as carpenter, the chariot-maker, the
weaver, the leather worker, the potter, etc.
‘Ayas’ used for copper or bronze; shows that metal work was known.
Bhagwanpura, a site in Haryana (1600 B.C. – 1000 B.C.) –
Painted Grey Ware has been found

Possessed better knowledge of agriculture (Cereals were not known)

Ploughshare (possibly made of wood) is mentioned in Rig Veda
Acquainted with sowing, harvesting and threshing, also knew about three
different seasons.
Pastoral and cattle rearing people;
Cows were considered as wealth (land did not form well-established type of
private property); “Gavisthi” – term for war fought for the sake of cows
Rivers were used for transport.
Cotton and woollen fabrics were spun and used.
Iron was not known.
Initially, trade was conducted through the barter system but later on, coins
called ‘nishka’ were in use.
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 RIG VEDIC PERIOD

Patriarchal families. Jana was the largest social unit in Rig Vedic
times.
Women were allowed to attend the sabha and vidatha
There were women poets too (Apala, Lopamudra, Viswavara and
Ghosa).
Monogamy was practised but polygamy was observed among
royalty and noble families.
Some instances of polyandry was also evident along with widow
remarriage
Sati pratha was not evident in this period
No examples of child-marriage; Marriageable age in rig Vedic
period was 16 to 17
Social grouping: kula (family) – grama – visu – jana.
Jana – people
Janapada – territory
Vis – tribe
Grama – smaller tribal units
Samgrama – war/ gramas clashed with one another
Kula- family

Society was largely egalitarian

Social distinctions existed but were not rigid and hereditary
Varna, the term used for colour; Initially, the social orders was
based on colour distinction. Later, occupation became the basis
for social distinction.
The dasas and dasyus, who were conquered by the Aryans, were
treated as slaves and sudras
Women slaves were given as gifts to priests
The social inequalities in the tribe was due to the larger share of
booty acquired by the priests and the chiefs
Social groups
1. Warriors
2. Priests
3. People
4. Sudras (appeared at the end of Rig Vedic period; mentioned in
the tenth book of Rig Veda)

Worshipped natural forces like, earth, fire, wind, rain and

thunder by personifying them into deities.
Indra/ Purandara (thunder) was the most important deity. Other
deities were Prithvi (earth), Agni (fire), Varuna (rain) and Vayu
(wind).
Agni acted as intermediary between the gods and the people.
Female deities were Ushas and Aditi.
Soma was considered as the god of plants
Male gods were far more important than the female gods due to
the patriarchal set up.
Recitation of prayers and offering of sacrifices were dominant
form of worshipping the gods.
There were no temples and no idol worship.

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 RIG VEDIC PERIOD

A collection of prayers offered to Agni, Indra, Mitra, Varuna and

other gods
Ten mandalas or books
Book II to VII form its earliest portions
Book I and Book X form the latest editions
Rig Veda has many things in common with the ‘Avesta’ (the oldest
text in the Iranian language)
Both use the same names for several gods and even for social
classes
Rivers of Afghanistan mentioned are:

The Rig Veda mentions the defeat of Sambara by a chief called

Divodasa of the Bharata clan. (the dasyus in the Rig Veda represent
the original inhabitants of India, and an Aryan chief who
overpowered them was called Trasadasyu.)
The term ‘dasyuhatya’ which means slaughter of the dasyus, is
repeatedly mentioned in the Rig Veda.
The dasyus worshipped the phallus and did not keep cattle for dairy
products.
Indra is known as Purandara (the breaker of forts)

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 Later Vedic Period
(1000 BC – 600 BC)
During this time, the Aryans moved eastwards and
occupied western and eastern UP (Kosala) and Bihar.

Political Structure:
Assemblies lost importance and royal power increased.
Vidahta completely disappeared
Sabha (Women no longer allowed) and Samiti continued but their powers
decreased and now dominated by princes and rich nobles
Kings became more powerful
Rituals performed by kings
Rajasuya sacrifice (consecration ceremony)- to confer supreme power
Asvamedha (horse sacrifice) - unquestioned control over an area in
which the royal horse ran uninterrupted.
Vajapeya (the chariot race) - the royal chariot was made to win the race
against his kinsmen.
Sangrihitri- officer for collection of taxes
In later Vedic period, the king did not possess a standing army
According to one ritual for success in war, the king had to eat along with his
people (vis) from the same plate.

Social Structure:
The later Vedic society was divided into four varnas called the brahmanas,
rajanyas or Kshatriyas, vaisyas and sudras. (This became less based on
occupation and more hereditary)
Brahmanas emerged as the most important class.
Rajanyas/Kshatriyas represented the warrior-nobles, for position of
supremacy
·The Vaisyas constituted the common people, and they were assigned the
producing functions such as agriculture, cattle-breeding, etc. later, they
engaged themselves in trade.
Vedic texts draw a line of demarcation between the three higher orders on
the one hand, and the sudras on the other.
Upanayana: investiture with sacred thread (the fourth varna was deprived
of the sacred thread ceremony)
Patriarchy became more stringent with increasing power of father in the
family.
Position of women in the society diminished (Subordinate to men)
Child marriages became common
Institution of gotra appeared in later Vedic period.
Four ashramas or stages of life appeared in later Vedic,
1. Brahmachri or student
2. Grihastha or householder
3. Vanaprastha or partial retirement
4. Samyasa or complete retirement from the world (Only three are
mentioned in later Vedic period and the last stage had not been established
in later Vedic times)

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 Later Vedic Period (1000 BC – 600 BC)

Economy:
Iron weapons were in use. The metal is known as Syama or Krishna ayas.
Agriculture: chief means of livelihood; mainly primitive
Ploughing was done with the help of wooden ploughshare (Ploughing rituals
mentioned in Satapatha Brahmana)
Initially, even kings and princes used to practice manual labour Haladhara or the
wielder of the plough. In later times, ploughing was prohibited for the members
of the upper varnas.
Chief crops: Rice (vrihi) and Wheat (Wheat was staple food of the people in
Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh)
Use of rice is recommended in rituals
Foreign trade with far off regions like Babylon and Sumeria.
Nagara – Hastinapur and Kausambi (called as proto-urban sites) – primitive
towns belonging to the end of the Vedic period

Vedic literature:
Samhitas- The collections of Vedic hymns or mantras
Rig Veda- composed during early Vedic period; oldest religious text in the
world. (1028 hymns classified into 10 mandalas)
Sama Veda Samhita- deals with music; Indian music is said to be originated
from Sama Veda
Atharva Veda Samhita- contains charms and spells to ward off evils and
diseases.
Yajur Veda- contains rituals to accompany their recitation
Brahmanas
composition of series of texts; explains the meaning of sacrifices
Upanishads
also called Vedantas, 108 in number, source of Indian philosophy
Aranyakas
books of instructions
The great Indian epics were also composed during this period.
Mahabharata
Ramayana
According to Aitereya Brahmana:
Brahmana is described as a seeker of livelihood
Vaisya is called tribute-paying, meant for being beaten and to be oppressed at
will
Sudra- servant of another, to be made to work at will by another, and to be
beaten at will

Culture
4 types of pottery
Black and red ware
Black-slipped ware
Painted grey ware (most distinctive pottery)
Red ware
Smiths and smelters were there
Numerous copper tools and iron tools were in use
Copper was the one of the first metals to be used by the Vedic people.
(copper mines of Khetri in Rajasthan)
Iron implements buried with dead bodies have been discovered
(Baluchistan)
Iron weapons: arrow-heads and spear heads (western Uttar Pradesh;
about 800 B.C.)

Religion
Prajapati (the creator) and Vishnu (the preserver and protector) became
important gods.
Indra and Agni lost their significance.
Importance of prayers diminished and rituals and sacrifices became
more elaborate.
The priestly class became very powerful and they dictated the rules of the
rites and rituals. Because of this orthodoxy, Buddhism and Jainism
emerged towards the end of this period.

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Later Vedic Period (1000 BC – 600 BC)
 MAHAJANPADAS
AND MAGADHS
MAHAJANPADAS
Kingdoms that rose to fame from 6th Century BC onward were called
Mahajanapdas.
The Mahajanapadas signify the tribes that came together to form
different groups and later gave rise to a permanent area of
settlements called ‘states’ or ‘Janapadas.’

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 MAHAJANPADAS AND MAGADHS

RISE & GROWTH OF MAGADHAN EMPIRE

1. Haryanka Dynasty
2. Sisunaga Dynasty
3. Nanda Dynasty

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 MAHAJANPADAS AND MAGADHS

Causes for the rise of Magadha

Causes for the rise of Magadha:
Geographical factors:
Magadha was located on the upper and lower parts of the
Gangetic valley.
mainland route between west and east India.
Fertile area
rivers on three sides, the Ganga, Son and Champa making the
region impregnable to enemies.
Both Rajgir and Pataliputra were located in strategic positions.
Economic factors:
Copper and iron deposits
Control trade because of its location
Ganga was important for trade in North India.
Champa was important in the trade with South-East Asia, Sri
Lanka and South India.
Political factors:
Strong standing armies
Advanced and developed weaponry due to availability of iron
A good administrative system
Cultural factors:
not so much dominated by the Brahmanas
many kings of Magadha were ‘low’ in origins
The emergence of Jainism and Buddhism led to a revolution
and enhanced liberal traditions.

HARYANKA DYNASTY
1.Bimbisara (558 BC – 491 BC)
2.Ajatasatru (492 BC – 460 BC)
3.Udayabhadra/Udayin (460 BCE – 444 BCE)

BIMBISARA
Contemporary and follower of the Buddha.
Was also an admirer of Mahavira, who was also his contemporary.
Capital at Girivraja/Rajagriha (Rajgir)
Was the first king to have a standing army, Magadha came into
prominence under his leadership
Rivalry with Avanti king Pradyota, but later became friends and
Bimbsara even sent his royal physician Jivaka to Ujjain, when
Pradyota had jaundice.
Started the practice of using matrimonial alliances to strengthen
his political position.
He had three wives: Kosaladevi (King of Kosala’s daughter and
the sister of Prasenjit), Chellana (daughter of the Lichchavi chief
of Vaisali) and Khema (daughter of the king of Madra, Punjab).
Followed a policy of conquest and expansion. Most notable
conquest by Bimbisara was that of Anga.
Excellent administrative system

AJATASATRU
Son of Bimbisara and Chellana.
He killed his father and became ruler.
Embraced Buddhism.
He convened the First Buddhist Council at Rajagriha just after the
death of Buddha in 483 BCE.
Won wars against Kosala and Vaishali.
Ajatashatru waged a war against Vaishali despite the fact that his
mother was a Lichchhavi princess. It took him 16 long years to
destroy Vaishali and add it to his empire.
He used a war engine to throw stones like catapults. He also
possessed chariots to which maces were attached which
facilitated mass killings.
The ruler of Avanti tried to invade Magadha and to thwart this
danger Ajatashatru began the fortification of Rajgriha. However,
the invasion did not materialise during his lifetime.

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 MAHAJANPADAS AND MAGADHS

UDAYABHADRA/UDAYIN
Son of Ajatasatru.
Shifted the capital to Pataliputra (Patna).
Last of the major Haryanka rulers.
Udayin’s reign is important because he built the fort upon the
confluence of the rivers Ganga and Son at Pataliputra. This was
done because Patna lay in the centre of the Magadha Kingdom,
which now extended from the Himalayas in the north to the hills of
the Chotanagpur in the south.
He was killed at the behest of Palaka, the king of Avanti.
Succeeded by three kings – Aniruddha, Manda and Nagadasaka.

SISUNAGA DYNASTY (413 BCE to 345 BCE)

1.Sisunaga
2.Kalasoka
SISUNAGA
Was the viceroy of Kasi before becoming king of Magadha
The capital was at Girivaraja
The most important achievement of Shishunaga was the
destruction of the power of Avanti with its capital at Ujjain. This
brought to an end the 100-year-old rivalry between Magadha and
Avanti. Avanti became a part of the Magadha empire and
continued to be so till the end of the Mauryan rule
Later shifted the capital to Vaishali.

KALASOKA
Son of Sisunaga. Also known as Kakavarna.
Kalasoka shifted the capital to Pataliputra.
He conducted the Second Buddhist Council at Vaishali.
He was killed in a palace revolution that brought the Nanda
dynasty to the throne.

NANDA DYNASTY
1.Mahapadma Nanda
2.Dhana Nanda

MAHAPADMA NANDA
He is called the “first historical emperor of India.” (Chandragupta
Maurya is the First Emperor of India)
He murdered Kalasoka to become the king.
Buddhist texts describe the Nandas as belonging to annatakula
(unknown lineage).
He is also called “Sarva Kashtriyantaka” (destroyer of all the
Kshatriyas) and “Ekrat” (sole sovereign who destroyed all other
ruling princes).
The empire grew under his reign. It ran from the Kuru country in
the north to the Godavari Valley in the south and from Magadha
in the east to Narmada on the west.
He added Kalinga to Magadha and brought an image of Jina as a
victory trophy.
Also called Ugrasena in Pali texts because of his large army. The
Nandas were fabulously rich and enormously powerful.

DHANA NANDA
He was the last Nanda ruler.
He is referred to as Agrammes or Xandrames in Greek texts.
Alexander invaded North-Western India during his reign, but he
could not proceed towards the Gangetic plains because of his
army’s refusal.
He is credited with the invention of Nandopakramani (a particular
measure).
He became unpopular with his subjects owing to an oppressive
way of extorting taxes.
Finally, he was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya along with
Chanakya, who took advantage of the public resentment and
established the Maurya Empire in Magadha.
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 MAURYANS (321 BCE
– 185 BCE)

CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA – FOUNDER OF MAURYAN

EMPIRE

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 MAURYANS (321 BCE – 185 BCE)

KAUTILYA

BINDUSARA

ASHOKA

ADMINISTRATION

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 MAURYANS (321 BCE – 185 BCE)

CENTRAL GOVT.

LOCAL ADMINISTARTION

JUSTICE SYSTEM

REVENUE ADMINISTRATION

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 MAURYANS (321 BCE – 185 BCE)

ECONOMY

ARCHITECTURE:

RELIGION

DECLINE OF MAURYANS

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 BUDDHISM

Origin

Doctrines of Buddhism (Four noble truths)

Eight Fold Paths:

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 BUDDHISM

Code of Conduct:

BUDDHIST TEXTS:

FOUR BUDDHIST COUNCILS

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 BUDDHISM

DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF BUDDHISM

MAJOR BUDDHIST SITES

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 JAINISM
VARDHAMANA MAHAVIRA AND JAINISM

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 JAINISM

TEACHINGS OF JAINISM

DOCTRINES OF JAINISM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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 JAINISM

JAIN COUNCILS

COUNCILS PLACE PRESIDED BY REMARKS

FIRST COUNCIL Patliputra Sthulabahu

3RD CENTURY BC

SECOND COUNCIL 12 angas were

512 CE Vallabhi Devardhigani compile

SECTS OF JAINISM

SVETAMBARS DIGAMBARAS

Those who put on white clothes Those who keep themselves naked
(Northerners) (Southerners)

Salvation in the Svetambaras has

Digambara sect denies liberation
been accepted.

Mallinath has been accepted as Tirthankara Mallinath is said to be a

Mallikumari. man inDigambaras

Svetambaras believe that

Digambara believe that Mahavira
Mahavira married and a
remained unmarried.
daughter was born to him.

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JAINISM

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 POST MAURYANS
I.NATIVE SUCCESSORS OF MAURYANS

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 POST MAURYAS

SUNGA DYNASTY

KAVAS

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 POST MAURYANS

CHEDI DYNASTY OF KALINGA

I.FOREIGN SUCCESSORS OF MAURYANS

INDO-GREEKS: 2ND CENTURY BC

THE SAKAS: 1ST - 4TH CENTURY AD

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 POST MAURYANS

THE PARTHIANS: 1ST CENTURY BC – 1ST CENTURY AD

THE KUSHANS: 1ST CENTURY AD – 3RD CENTURY AD

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POST MAURYANS

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SATAVAHANAS DYNASTY

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SATAVAHANAS DYNASTY

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SANGAM PERIOD

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 SANGAM PERIOD

THREE EARLY KINGDOMS

Kingdom Emblem Capital First Famous

Ruler Ruler

The Chera Bow Vanjji/Karayur; Udiyan Seniguttuv

Main ports- geral an (Red
Muzris and Tondi Chera)

The Chola Tiger Uraiaur – Inland Elara Karikala

capital- famous
centre for cotton
trade;
Puhar/Kaveripatt
anam – coastal
capital – main
port

The Fish Madurai – Inland

Pandya capital – venue of Muduk Nendujeliy
Ist and udumi an
IIIrd Sangam;
Korkai/Colchoi-
coastal capital –
famous for pearls

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 SANGAM PERIOD

THE CHERAS (CAPITAL – VANJJI)

THE CHOLAS (CAPITAL – KAVERIPATTANAM)

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 SANGAM PERIOD

THE PANDYAS (CAPITAL – MADURAI)

TAMIL SANGAMS / SANGAM LITERATURE

SR. NO. VENUE CHAIRMAN TEXTS

The first Sangam

Ten-Madurai (old was attended by
Agastaya
Ist Sangam capital of Gods and legendary
(Agattiyar)
Pandyas) sages. All its works
have perished.

Agastaya Only Tolkappiyam

(founder (an early work on
Kapatapuran/
IInd Sangam chairman) Tamil grammar
Alvai
Tolakapiyyar written by
(later chairman) Tolakappiyar)

Ettutogai (8
anthologies), Pattu-
pattu (10 idylls),
IIIrd Sangam North Madurai Nakkirar
Patinenkilakanakku
(18 didactical texts)
etc.

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 SANGAM PERIOD

POLITY AND ADMINISTRATION

REVENUE ADMINISTRATION

5/6
 SANGAM PERIOD

SANGAM SOCIETY

RELIGION

ECONOMY

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GUPTA PERIOD

1/7
 GUPTA PERIOD

CHANDRAGUPTA I:

SAMUDRAGUPTA (INDIAN NAPOLEON BY V.A. SMITH)

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 GUPTA PERIOD

CHANDRAGUPTA II

KUMARAGUPTA I

3/7
 GUPTA PERIOD

SKANDAGUPTA

VISHNUGUPTA:

GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS

RULERS INSCRIPTIONS

Samudragpta Prayaga/ Allahabad Stone pillar

Eran Stone Pillar

Nalanda Copper Plate

Chandragupta II Mehrauli Iron Pillar

Skandagupta Junagarh Rock

Bhitari Pillar

Indore Stone Pillar

Buddhagupta Paharpur Copper Plate

4/7
 GUPTA PERIOD

ADMINISTRATION

Administrative unit Head

Bhukti/Bhoga (i.e., Uparika/Bhogapati

Province)

Vishaya (i.e., District) Vishyapati/Ayukta

Vithika/Nagar (i.e., City) Nagarpati/Purapala

Gram (i.e., Village) Gramika

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 GUPTA PERIOD

SOCIETY

ECONOMY

6/7
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION 2020

7/7
VAKATAKA DYNASTY (3RD CENTURY – 5TH CENTURY AD)

1/3
 VAKATAKA DYNASTY

DECLINE OF VAKATAKA DYNASY

2/3
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

3/3
PUSHYABHUTI / VARDHANA DYNASTY

1/3
 PUSHYABHUTI / VARDHANA DYNASTY

HARSHAVARDHANA

2/3
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

3/3
SIX SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY

NYAYA PHILOSOPHY

SAMKHYA PHILOSOPHY

1/4
 SIX SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY

YOGA PHILOSOPHY

VAISHESHIKA

PURVA MIMAMSA

2/4
 SIX SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY

VEDANTA OR UTTARA MIMAMSA

3/4
 SIX SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

4/4
CHALUKYAS

1/3
 CHALUKYAS

CHRONOLOGY OF THE RULERS

PULAKESHIN II (609-42 AD)

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CHALUKYAS

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 PALLAVAS
ORIGIN

1/3
 PALLAVAS

EXTENT OF PALLAVA DYNASTY

IMPORTANT RULERS OF THE PALLAVA EMPIRE:

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 PALLAVAS

LATER RULERS

3/3
 TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE (NORTH INDIA)
(RAJPUT PERIOD)

The major kingdoms which emerged in Northern India and the

Deccan after the decline of Harsha’s empire between 750-
1000 AD were:
Gurjara Pratiharas/ The Pratihara dynasty (in North)
Palas of Bengal
Rashtrakutas (in the Deccan)
The main cause for this struggle was the desire to possess the
city of Kannuaj which was then a symbol of sovereignty.

THE PALAS

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 TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE

THE PRATIHARAS

2/5
 TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE

THE RASHTRAKUTAS

3/5
TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE

4/5
TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE

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 SOUTH INDIA

CHOLA EMPIRE

1/3
 SOUTH INDIA

ADITYA I

RAJARAJA

RAJENDRA I

2/3
 SOUTH INDIA

ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNANCE

ARCHITECTURE

3/3
 THE SLAVE DYNASTY (Mumluk dynasty):
1206 – 1290 AD

BACKGROUD

QUTUBUDDIN AIBAK

1/4
 THE SLAVE DYNASTY

QUTUBUDDIN AIBAK: 1206-1210 AD

SHAMSUDDIN ILTUTMISH: 1211 – 1236 AD

2/4
 THE SLAVE DYNASTY

RAZIA SULTANA: 1236-1240 AD

RAZIA SULTANA: 1236-1240 AD

GHIYASUDDIN BALBAN: 1266-87 AD

3/4
 THE SLAVE DYNASTY

KAIQUBAD: 1287-1290 AD

4/4
THE KHILJI DYNASTY: 1290 – 1320 AD (Shortest
tenure)

JALALUDDIN KHILJI: 1290-1316

ALAUDDIN KHILJI: 1296-1316

1.

2.
3.
4.

1/2
 THE KHILJI DYNASTY

a.
b.
c.

2/2
 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY: 1320-1414 AD
(Longest Tenure)

GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ: 1320-1325 AD

MOHAMMAD-BIN TUGHLAQ: 1325-1351 AD

1/4
 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

FEROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ: 1351-1388

2/4
 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

a.
b.
c.
d.

AFTER FEROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ

CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION

3/4
 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION

4/4
 THE SAYYID DYNASTY (1414-1450 AD) and
THE LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526 AD)

THE SAYYID DYNASTY (1414-1450 AD)

1/2
 THE SAYYID DYNASTY & LOGHI DYNASTY

THE LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526 AD)

2/2
THE VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE: 1336-1650 AD

1/5
 THE VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE: 1336-1650 AD

THE SANGAMA DYNASTY (1336-1485 AD)

1.

2.
3.

THE SALUVA DYNASTY: 1486-1505 AD

2/5
 THE VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE: 1336-1650 AD

THE TULUVA DYNASTY: 1505-1570 AD

3/5
 THE VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE: 1336-1650 AD

THE TULUVA DYNASTY: 1505-1570 AD

THE ARAVIDU DYNASTY

4/5
 THE VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE: 1336-1650 AD

ADMINISTRATION:

SOCIETY

BAHAMANI KINGDOM

5/5
BHAKTI MOVEMENT

1/5
BHAKTI MOVEMENT

2/5
 BHAKTI MOVEMENT

SHANKARA

RAMANUJA

3/5
 BHAKTI MOVEMENT

LATE 15TH CENTURY

KABIR

4/5
 THE VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE: 1336-1650 AD

BABA GURU NANAK:

5/5
Sufi Movement

1/3
 SUFI MOVEMENT

THE CHISHTI SILSILAH

THE SUHRAWARDI SILSILA

2/3
 SUFI MOVEMENT

THE QADRI SILSILA

THE NAQSHBANDI SILSILA

3/3
MUGHAL EMPIRE

1/8
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

BABUR (1526-1530 AD)

2/8
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

HUMAYUN (1530-40 AD & 1555-56 AD)

SHER SHAH SURI (1540-45 AD)

3/8
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

AKBAR (1556-1605 AD)

JAHANGIR (1605-1627 AD)

4/8
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

SHAH JAHAN (1628-1658 AD)

5/8
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

AURANGZEB (1658-1707 AD)

6/8
 Later mughals

BAHADUR SHAH I (1707-1712 AD)

JAHANDAR SHAH (1712-1713 AD)

FARRUKH SIYAR (1713-1719 AD)

MUHAMMAD SHAH (1719 – 48 AD)

ALAMGIR II (1754-1759 AD)

7/8
 LATER MUGHALS

SHAH ALAM II (1759-1806 AD)

BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR (1837-1857 AD)

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 Marathas - part i

MARATHA STATE (1674-1720)

1/5
 MARATHAS - PART I

SHIVAJI MAHARAJ (1674-1680)

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 MARATHAS - PART I

SAMBHAJI (1680-1689)

SHAHU (1707-1749)

BALAJI VISHWANATH (1713-1818): FIRST PESHWA

3/5
 MARATHAS - PART I

ADMINISTRATION

REVENUE SYSTEM

4/5
 MARATHAS - PART I

IMPORTANT TERMS

Finance & general

Peshwa (Mukhya
administration.
Pradhan) Later became prime minister

Senapati (Sar-i-
Naubat) Military commander

Majumdar
Accountant General
(Amatya)

Waqenavis Intelligence, posts and

(Mantri) household affairs

Sachiv (Surnavis) Correspondence

Foreign minister & Master of

Dabir (Sumant)
ceremonies.

Nyayadhish Justice

High Priest, managing

Panditrao
internalreligious matters
(Sadar)

5/5
 Marathas - part II

MARATHA CONFEDRACY (1720-1818)

BAJI RAO I (1720-40)

BALAJI BAJI RAO I/ NANA SAHIB I (1740-1761)

1/2
ANGLO-MARATHA WARS

2/3
 MARATHAS - PART II

END OF MARATHA KINGDOM

3/3
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA

CLASSICAL DANCE OF INDIA PART - I

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

1/7
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA - I

List of Classical dances in India State of Origin

Bharatnatyam Tamil Nadu

Kathak Uttar Pradesh

Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh

Odissi Odisha

Kathakali Kerala

Sattriya Assam

Manipuri Manipur

Mohiniyattam Kerala

2/7
DANCE FORMS OF INDIA - I

3/7
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA - I

1. BHARATANATYAM

4/7
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA - I

2. ODISSI

5/7
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA- I

3. KATHAKALI

6/7
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA- I

4.MOHINIATTAM

7/7
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA

CLASSICAL DANCE OF INDIA PART - II

1/6
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA PART - II

LIST OF CLASSICAL DANCES IN INDIA STATE OF ORIGIN

Bharatnatyam Tamil Nadu

Kathak Uttar Pradesh

Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh

Odissi Odisha

Kathakali Kerala

Sattriya Assam

Manipuri Manipur

Mohiniyattam Kerala

2/6
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA PART - II

5. KATHAK

3/6
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA II

6. KUCHIPUDI

4/6
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA - II

7. SATTRIYA DANCE

5/6
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA II
8.MANIPURI DANCE

6/6
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA

INDIAN DANCE FORMS: PART -III

FOLK DANCES OF INDIA

1/3
DANCE FORMS OF INDIA PART - III

2/3
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA PART - III

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLASSICAL DANCE & FOLK DANCE

3/3
 INDIAN PAINTINGS – (PART IV)

FOLK PAINTING

1/3
INDIAN PAINTINGS IV

2/3
INDIAN PAINTINGS IV

3/3
 INDIAN PAINTINGS – (PART I:
PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS)

PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS

1/5
 INDIAN PAINTINGS I

UPPER PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD

MESOLITHIC PERIOD ART

2/5
 INDIAN PAINTINGS I

CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD ART

3/5
 INDIAN PAINTINGS I

THERE ARE TWO MAJOR SITES OF EXCELLENT PREHISTORIC

PAINTINGS IN INDIA:

(1) BHIMBETKA CAVES, FOOTHILLS OF VINDHYA,

MADHYA PRADESH.

4/5
 INDIAN PAINTINGS I

(2) JOGIMARA CAVES, AMARNATH, MADHYA

PRADESH.

5/5
 INDIAN PAINTINGS – (PART II)

MURAL PAINTINGS IN INDIA

1/3
INDIAN PAINTINGS II

2/3
INDIAN PAINTINGS II

3/3
 INDIAN PAINTINGS – (PART III)

MINIATURE PAINTINGS

1/3
INDIAN PAINTINGS III

2/3
INDIAN PAINTINGS III

3/3