SOURCE OF INDIAN HISTORY

Father of History-Herodotus
History

Ancient Indian Medieval India Modern India

Sources:-
(i) Archaeology Sources (ii) Literary Sources
Inscriptions Brahmanas lite
Coins Buddhism Lite
Monuments Jain Lite
Painting Roman, Chinese
Arabic Lite.
1. Inscriptions:-
● It are carved on scales of seals, stone pillars, rocks copper plates, temples walls, bricks, and
walls.  
● The study of inscription are called epigraphy.  
Imp. Inscription Rulers
Junagarh Rudra daman
Nashik Gautami Putra Satkarni
Prayag(Allahabad) Samundra Gupta
Mahroli Iron Pillar(Delhi) Chandra Gupta-II
Aihole Pulkeshin-II
2. Coins:- The study of Coins is called Numismatics.
● The oldest coins are punched-marked coins, made mostly of silver, some of copper. T.P. 500
BC.  
3. Painting:- (i) Mathura Art (ii) Gandhara Art (ii) Ajanta and Ellora Caves.
4. Literature:- (i) Indians Literature (ii) Foreign Literature
● George Everest The man who plotted the map of India accuracy with 99.54%. 
Stone Age:-
● Palaeolithic age (600000-10000) BC (P.A.)  
● Mesolithic Age (9000-4000) BC (M.A.)  
● Neolithic Age (4000-2500) B.C. (N.A.)  
(1) Palaeolithic age (600000-10000 BC)
(i) Stone tools of various size and Form are used for secure food, safety purpose.

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(ii) Belan valley of U.P.

(iii) Discovery of Fire in China
(2) Mesolithic Age- (9000-4000 BC)
(i) Domestication of Cattles (ii) More Flora and Fauna due to less humid climate.
(iii) Transitional phase b/w (P.A.) and (N.A.)
(3) Neolithic Age:- (4000-2500 BC)
(i) Farming cultivation was started (ii) wheel Invention (iii) Permanent Settlement in mud
house Mehar garh (Pak.)
(iii) permanent Settlement in mud house mehargarh (Pak).
(iv) Chalcolithic Age (1800-1200BC)
(i) First time use of copper metal
(ii) Permanent rural Settlement
(iii) More developed Agriculture.
(iv) Cultivation of cotton.
Example Brahmagiri, Naveda

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- (HARAPPA)

Carbon-dating period-2500-1750 BC
● In 1853, A cunningham, the british engg who became a great excavator and explore notice a
Harappa seal.  
● Daya ram sahni and R.D. benerjee excavated the sites of Harappa and mohanjodaro under the
chairmanship of Sir John Marshall in 1921. 
Geographical Expansion:-
Total area- 12,99,600 Sq. Km.
States- Western U.P., Punjab (W+E), Guj., Maharashtra, Raj., Hariyana, J&K, Baluch, Afgan.

Manda (J&K)
Sutkargeder (PAK) Alamgirpur (U.P.)
(Daimabad) – Maharashtra)

Mains sites of I.V.C. and their distinction:-

1. Harappa - 1921
Dayaram Shahni(1921) , Madho swarup vats (1926)
River - Ravi
● 12 granary building of 15.24x6.10 m each having two rows of 6.  
● A citadel in west and un- fortify lower town (east.)  
● A female dancer and mother goddess of stone 891 seals. 
● Graveyard in southern part named as cementry R-37.  

2. Mohenjodaro – 1922
R.D. Benerjee
River - Indus
● The great bath.  
● The multi-pillared assembly hall. (biggest building of indus valley civilization)  
● Most houses made up of burnt bricks.  
● The Great Granary- 45.25x15.26 cm  
● The famous dancing girl made of bronze.  
● The priest, the lime stone male head, Pashupatinath deity made up of stone.  
● Largest Indus sites and known as “The mould of dead”. The two room cottage found.  

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3. Kalibangan- 1953 (Amalanand Ghose)

-Ghaggar River (Raj.)
- Evidence of Fire Altors.
-Evidence of ploughed Field
- lower part of city also fortified.

4. Lothal- 1957- (S.R Rao)

- Bhogavo River (Gujrat).
- Artificial brick dockyard
- Earliest cultivation of rice evidenced.
- Known as “mini Harappa” or “mini mohenjodaro”.
- A bead factory and market.

5. Chanhudaro- Indus River

Discovery (Majumdar)-1931
Excavation - Mackay-1935
Major centre of production of beautiful seals
Only Indus city without citadel.
The post urban Jhukar phase of Indus valley civilization.

6. Surkoda - Jagatpati Jhosi- (1964) (Gujarat)

- Bones of horses have been discovered.

7. Ropar- Y.D Sharma(1955-56)

- River - Sutlaj (punjab)
- Evidence of burying a dog below the human being burial is very important.

8. Banawali - R.S BISHT (1973)

- River - Ragoi River
- Plow toys made up of terracotta.
- High Quality of barley was found.
- Two phase of excavations- pre harappa and harappa.

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9. Dholavira - R.S BISHT(1991-92) (Gujarat)

● There are three principle division- citadel, middle town, fortified lower town.  
● One of the two largest harappan settlement in india.  
● Sign board with Indus Script has also been discovered.
● Several large reservoirs
● two largest and latest settlement in free india- Dholavira & Rakhi Garhi.

Town planning of I.V.C.:-

● Urban civilization/great bath of mohanjodaro.  
● More advanced cities more than their counter part Egypt, Mesopotamia.  
● Roads cutting across one another at right angles.  
● Good drainage system.  
● average l:b:h of brick = 4:2:1
Economic Conditions:-
● Harappan people were well known to every crop except ragi but mainly produced wheat and
barley .  
● Two types of wheat crops.  
● Started first time cultivation of cotton called sindon.  
● Oxen, buffaloes, goats, sheeps, pigs were domesticated. domestication of elephant by Gujrati 
● Elephant and humped bulls, one-rhino were favoured and respected.  

Technology and craft:-

Manufacture and use of bronze and known as bronze civilization.
Ornament of gold and silver are manufactured. No knowledge of iron.

Commerce and business:-

● Barter system was used. No metal money used  
● Commercial link with Afgan, Iran, Persia . 
Gold - Afgan, Persia
Tin= Afgan, Central Asia
Silver - Afgan, Iran
Copper - Raj.

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Social Life:-
1. Hierarchy in urban habitation. The citadel was the place where ruling class lived and lower
part was where the common people dwelt.
2. No evidence of slavery, sati-pratha, Army.
3. The dice was main game.
4. Taxes were collected in grains.

Religion:-
1. Mother goddess
2. Pashupatinath
3. Yoni and lingam worship Amulets have been found.
4. Tree and animal worship.
5. No temple evidence Fire altar are used for Religions foundations

Harappan Script and Seals:-

Seals are used as symbol of authority and stamp.
Script was pictographic not alphabetical.
Script was not decipherated.
Harappa- Pottory - Bright or dark red.
People of IVC- Mediterranean, proto-Australoids, Mongoloid, Alpines

Down Fall of IVC:-

(i) Aryan Invasion – M.wheeler (ii) Tectonic Movement
(iii) Climate change (iv) Change in direction of River

VEDIC AGE (1500BC-600 BC)

Original home of Aryans:-
(i) Central Asia - Max multer
(ii) Tibet - Dayanand Saraswati
(iii) North Arctic - B.G. Tilak
(iv) Sapta Sindhu - A.C. Das
General view of Aryan – Central Asia
Rigvedic Age - 1500-1000 BC
Later Vedic Aage - 1000 -600 BC
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Vedic Literature:-
The meaning of Veda – Knowledge, Divided b/w Sruti and Smriti.
● Bogazkoi inscription- oldest inscription of vedic in central Asia  
(i) Rigvedic Age- (1500-100 BC)
(ii) Rig Veda- Literature
(a) Divided into 10 books or mandals.
(b) Mandals II to III – oldest addition
(c) Mandal I and VIII, IV, X – later addition
(d) Collection of 1028 hymes
(e) Mandal 10th dedicated to famous purusha sukta that explain Four varna.
(f) Mandal 3rd – Gayatri mantra composed by Vishwamitra.
(g) Upaveda of Rigved – Ayurveda
- Purohita - hotr.  
- 9th Mandel – Dedicated to somadeva.  
Geographical Expansion- Sapta- Sindhu-
● Early Aryans First settled in region called sapta-saindhav( land of seven river).  
● Knowledge of the Himalayas as one of its peak ‘Mujavat’.
Rig Vedic Polity:-
Political Organisation- 1 kula ( family) headed by Kulapa (2) Grama by Gramini (3) Visu by
Vishyapati (4) Jana- the highest political body.
1. The chief, known as Rajan was protector of tribe or Jana. He did not possess unlimited
power and controlled by tribal assemblies named sabha, samiti and vidhata. Voluntary Gifts
for Rajan by dPeople (bali)
2. Women attended sabha and vidhata.
3. Battle of 10 king was fought on the river (Ravi) or Purushni between Bharat clan and puru
clan in which bharat clan was won and formed kuru clan.
4. Rig Vedic Society:-
1. Early Aryan society was tribal and egalitarian.
2. Patriarchal society but women held respectable position women took part in sacrifices with
husbands.
3. No example of child marriage and sati pratha.
4. Widow remarriage and niyoga marriage was allowed.
5. Monogamy, Ploygamy, polyandry were known.

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6. There were women poets like Apala, Viswavara, Ghosa and Lopamudra during the Rig
Vedic period.
7. Wheat and barley, milk and its products like curd and ghee, vegetables and fruits were the
chief articles of food.
8. Division of Society appeared only at 10th mandal of Rigveda.
9. Occupation was based on talent. There were artisans like carpenters, weavers, cobblers,
potters, etc.

Rig vedic Religion:-

1. Early vedic religion- Naturalistic
2. Neither temple or idols
3. Sacrifices was offered for children, cattle and wealth
4. Important god - hymes
Indra - 250
AGNI - 200
Soma - 120
Varuna - 12
Yama, soma, aditi, vayu are other gods
● Cows to be important from of weath and most wars were fought for cows.  

Rigvedic Economy:-
Main occupation - Cattle Rearing.
2nd Agricultural
● No officer for tax collection.  
● Rajan received from people voluntary offering called bali.  
● Horse - 215 words in Rigved  
● Cows - 176 words in Rigved.  
● Barter System/knowledge of copper and bronze.  
● Pushan was god of animal which later became of god of shudra in L.V.P.  

Later Vedic Age- (1000-600 BC)

Geographical expansion- Ganga- Yamuna doab to west up.
Later Vedic Literature:-
The battle of mahabharat was fought. First time use of Iron.

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Yajur Veda:-
(1) A ritualistic Veda mention of elephant.
(2) Written in prose, it deals with procedure for performance of sacrifices and contains rituals
as well as hymes.
(3) Upveda - Dhanurveda
(4) Purohita - Adhvaryu.
Sama Veda:-
A collection of melodies derived from Rigveda except 99 hymes.
Father of Indian music
Upaveda - Gandharva veda.
Purohita - Udgatri
Atharveda:-
● It contains magical formula, charms and spells to ward off evil and disease (6000 mantra, 20
kand)  
● Tells about traditions of non-aryans 
● Upaveda - Shilaveda  
● Purohita - brahm.  
● Sulva sutra – Book of mathematics.  
● The Upanishad: total-108 upnishad - 
the most valid upnishad -12.
1. The meaning- knowledge acquired by sitting close to the teacher
2. Discussion- creation of universe, nature of god, soul.
3. They are spiritual and philosophical in nature.
4. Satyamev Jayate- mundaka Upnishad.
THE VEDANGA
"limbs of the Veda") are six disciplines in Vedic culture that developed in ancient times with
the study of the Vedas.
1 Shiksha (phonetics)- focussed on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, accent, combination
of words during a Vedic recitation
2 Chandas (prosody)- focussed on the poetic meters.
3 Vyakarana (vyakara a)- focussed on the grammar and linguistic analysis.
4 Nirukta : (etymology)- focussed on proper meaning of the words
5 Kalpa (kalpa) - focussed on standardizing procedures for Vedic rituals
6 Jyotisha (jyoti a): Auspicious time for rituals, astrology and astronomy.

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The barahmanas: Sathapatha Brahman- Oldest Book of Branmanas.

- Commenteries on various vedic hymes easily  
Arayakas:-
● Explains metaphysics, philosophy and symbolism of Sacrifice.  
● Forest books and were taught in forest because of magical powers.  
● Focus on knowledge rather than Rituals. 
● Aitareya Aranyaka, Kaushitaki Aranyaka.

● Jablo upnishad- first time explain of 4 Ashram  

● Panini wrote “Ashtadhyayi” on Vyakarana (4th CBC)  
● Sulva Sutra- Vedic Mathematics  

Political Organisation:-
1. Popular Assemblies lost their importance and royal power increased. King ship became
hereditary.
2. The term “Rashtra” appeared first time in this period.
3. Womens were no longer permitted in sabha, samiti.
4. Tax- 1/6 of total production (compulsory)

Socal organization:-
1. Society was divided into four varna.
(i) Brahmanas (ii) Kshatriyar (iii) Vaisyas (iv) Sudras
2. The upper three varnas were known as the “Dvijas” they were entitled to “upanayana” and
sacred thread.
3. Rathakar or chariot-maker enjoyed high status among other sections of artisans.
4. “Nagara” was appeared First time.
5. The institution of gotr appeared marriage b/w same gotra was prohibited. No untouchability
was prevailed.
6. Four ashram system.
1. Brahma charin (Student Life) – 25 years.
2. Grithastha (House-holder) – 25 years-50 years.
3. Vanaprastha (partial Retirement) 50-75 years

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4. Sanyasi (Ascetic life) 75- till death)

Later Vedic Religion:-
1. Prajapati - Main God
2. Vishnu, Rudra - Other Important Gods.
3. More Focussed on Philosophical ideas.
4. 6 system of Philosophy.
1. Nyaya - Gautam
2. Vaisesika – Kanada
3. Sankhya - Kapila
4. Yoga- Patanjali
5. Purva Mimansa- Jamini
6. Uttar Mimansa – Badha narayan
7. Charvak - charvak
Economy:-
Main occupation- Agriculture, Second- Cattle rearing.

Bali or tax was mandatory. 1/6 m of total crop. Wheal and rice was main crops.
Business was operated by land sea route.
God of Earth – Soma, Agni, Saraswati,
God of universe – Indra, Vayu (Air) Maruth.
God of Sky, Heaven – Surya, Varun, Aditi, Uhsa.

Eight type of marriage in later Vedic Period.

1. Brahma Marriage (ii) Daiva Marriage (iii) Arsha Marriage (iv) Prajapatya Marriage –
Accept in Society (v) Asura Marriage (vi) Gandharva marriage (vii) Rakshasa (viii)
PichasaMarriage-Not accept in society
Purusharthas- (1) Dharma (2) Artha (3) Kama (4) Moksha
Nishka – It was the name of an ornament in vedic Period.
● Anterjeekheda- First time, iron tools is found out here.  
● Rigveda- book included in UNESCO book klist.  
● Daimabad- First copper Rath (Chariot) found in here.  
● Matsya Puran- Oldest puran and authentic  
● Female Famous Figures of Vedic India. (1) Ghosha (2) Lopmudra (3) Maitreyi (4) Gargi (5)
Vedhvati  
Types of Sacrifice (Yajan) :-

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1. Ashvamedha Yajna – It is a horse sacrifice ritual followed. A horse accompanied by the

king’s warriors would be released.
2. Rajasuya Yajna- Imperial Sacrifice for powerful emperor.
3. Vajpeya- Race of Rath (Chariot of kind) animal sacrifice.
4. Ajnihoshma – one time Yajna for soma.

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BUDDHISM
Gautama Buddha - Introduction
Birth - 563 BC
Birth’s Place - Lumbini (Kapilvastu)
Father - Sidhodhana.
Mother - Maya and then Gautami
Childhood name - -Siddartha
Wife - Yashodhara
Son - Rahul
Death - 483 BC (Maha Parinirvana)
Death Place - Kushinagara, Kushinera
Clan - Sakya Republic
First Sermon - Sarnath (Dhammachakra Parivartan)
Left home - at 29 year old
Attained nirvana - at 35 year old at bodhgaya on the bank of Niranjana.
Next incarnation - Maitreyee.
teacher - Alara and Udarak were the name of the teachers of Buddha.
Four Noble truth:-
1. The world is full of sorrows.
2. Desire is root cause of sorrow.
3. If desire is conquered, all sorrows canbe removed
4. Follow eight fold path.
Eight fold Path:-
(i) Right Action (ii) Right Effort (iii) Right thought (iv) Right speech (v) Right livelihood (vi) Right
mind fulness (vii) Right faith (viii) Right concentration
Three Ratnas of Buddhism:-
(i) Buddha (ii) Dhamma (iii) Sangha
Buddhist Architecture:-
(i) Stupa – (Relics of Buddha are preserved)
(ii) Chaitya (Prayer hall)
(iii) Vihara (Residence)
Buddhist Literature:- Tripitaka
1 Sutta Pitaka 2 Vinaya Pitaka 3 Abhidhamma Pitaka
Written in “Pali language”
(a) Sutta Pitaka – Consist of teaching of Buddha.

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(b) Vinaya Pitaka – Deals with Rules and Regulation of Sangha.

(c) Abhidhamma Pitaka- Philosophy of Buddhism.
● Milindapanho- Conversation b/w Nagsena and milander in Pali language.  
● Jataka- Collection of stories of past life of Buddha.  
Buddhist Councils:-
First Council – 483 BC
Kind – Ajatshatru Chaitya – Place of worship
Place – Rajgir Vihara Placeo living of saint
Chairman – Maha kashyapa (maha Kassap)
Result- Compile of sutta and Vinaya Pitaka.

Second Council – 383 BC

Kind – Kalashoka Stupa- Sanchi stupa
Place – Vaishali (3rd C.B.C.) by ashoka
Chairman- Sabha Kami -Ashoka built 84000 stupa
Result – Principle of thervad.

Third Council - 250 BC

King - Ashoka Oldest stupa
Place - Patiliputra piparhava (Nepal bounder in U.P.)
Chairman - Mogaliputra tissa
Kesult - Compile of abhidhamma pitaka.

Fourth Council - 78 AD
King - Kanisha
Place – Kashmir
Chairman - Vashumitra
Result - Division of Mahayana and hinayana

Division of Mahayana and Hinayana

Hinayana Mahayana
(a) Original teaching of Buddha (a) Buddha as god
(b) Individual Salvation through self-discipline (b) Salvation through grace and help of Buddha
and meditation

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(c) No idol-worship (c) Idol- worship

(d) Religion without god (d) Religion with god
(e) Pali language (e) Sanskrit language
(f) South India (f) North India
● Ellora’s cave- For Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism painting, sculpture Buddhist welcomed
sudra and women in their sangha and criticized varna system and Vedas.  

Five Great event and their symbols:-

Birth - Lotus and Bull
Great Renunciation - Horse
Nirvana - Bodhitree
First Sermon - Dharma Chakra or wheel.
Parinirvana or death - Stupa
Vajrayana sect- Developed from Mahayana School
Associated with this tradition- Tantras, (Gupta Period)
Light of Asia- Buddha Religion known as light of Asia.
Donot believe in soul but have faith in life after death.

Jainism
There are 24 Tirthankar in Jainism
Ist - Rishabh Dev (bull)
23rd - Parshnath (snake)
th
24 - Mahaveer (lion)
● Rigveda Mentions the name of Rishabh Dev  
Introduction to Mahaveer swami:-
Name - Vardhaman
Birth - 599 BC, 540 BC
Birth Place - Kundagram (Vaishali)
Death - 527 BC, 468 BC
Death place - Pavapuri (Bihar)
Father - Sidharth
Mother - Trisala
Wife - Yashoda
Daughter - Priyadarshika
Daughter’s husband - Jamili (First Student)
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Clan - Jnatrika
Left home - in Age of 30 years
Kaivalya (knowledge) – After 12th year of penance
Village - Jrimbhika
River - Riju Palika
First Sermon - Pavapuri
Teaching of Jainism:-
1. Non-Injury (Ahisha) 2. Truth (Satya) 3. Non-stealing (Asateya) 4. Non-Possession
(aparigraha) 5. Brahmacharya (celibacy - Added by mahavir swami)

Three Ratna of Jainism:-

(1) Right Faith (2) Right Knowledge (3) Right conduct
Jain Philosophy:-
(i) Syadvada (ii) Anekantavada
Jain Councils:-
First council - 4-3 CBC
Place - Patiliputra
Kind - Chandra Gupt Maurya
Chairman - Stulbhadra
Result – Compilation of Mahavir teaching in Anga.
Second Council - 512AD
Place - Valabhi
Chairman - Devaradhi
Result – Final compilation of 12 Anga and 12 Upanga.
Jainism Literature:-
● Written in prakrit Language.  
● Literature- Anga (12), Upanga, (12), Mulsulra (4)  
● Rejected the authority of veda, God,  
Architecture:-
1. Temples at mount -Abu.
2. Gomateswara at Sravanabelagola - K.N (57 foot statue)
● Jainism Received Patronage From Chandragupta maurya, dynasties of gangas, chalukya,
Rashtrakuta.  

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MAHAJANPADA - 16 GREAT STATES

● These Maha Janapadas were either monarchical or republican in character.  
Manajanapada - Capitals
1. Gandhara (Monarch) - Taxila
2. Kamboja (Republic) - Rajpur
3. Asmaka (monarch) - Potan
4. Vatsa (m) - Kaushambi
5. Avanti (M) - North- Ujjain, South-Mahismati.
6. Shurasena (M) - Mathura
7. Chedi (M) - Shuktimati
8. Malla (R) - Kushinera
9. Kurus (R) - Hastinapur
10. Matsya (M) - Virat Nagar
11. Vajjis (R) - Vaishali
12. Anga- (M) - Champa
13. Kashi (M) - Banaras
14. Kosala (M) - Sravasti, Ayodhya
15. Magadha (M) - Girivraj, Rajgir
16. Panchala (R) - Kampilya (South) Ahichhatra (North)
● Of 16, Mahajanapada, Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa, Avanti- Powerful. Ultimately, Magadha
emerged most powerful.  
Magadha Empire:-
Haryark Dynasty (544-412 BC)
(1) Bimbisara (544-492 BC)
Founder of Haryark dynasty
Married to kosalan princess (Prasenjit’s sister) and other princess.
● Send physician Jivaka to Ujjain for treatment of Pradyota  
● Contemporary to Buddha.  
● Annexed Anga in to Magadha.  
(2) Ajat Shatru (492-460 BC) The parricide)
Koshala was annexed to Magadha and later ujjai also annexed.
First counseling of buddhism.

(3) Udayin- (460-444 BC)-

(i) Shifted the capital to Patiliputra.

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Killed his father also.

Last ruler - Nagadasaka

(2) Sisunaga Dynasty (412-344 BC)

(a) ShisuNaga:-
● Annexed Avanti and 100 years old rivalry was ended  
● Shifted capital to Vaishali  
(b) Kalasoka-
(i) Transferred capital to patiliputra. (ii) Second Buddhist council.
(3) Nanda Dynasty: (344-324 BC)d
(1) Mahapadma Nanda :-
● Founder of Nanda dynasty.  
● Known as ekarat conquered kalinga.  
(2) Dhanananda
● Cruel ruler.  
● The ruler of Magadha when alexander invason took place  
● Chankya, with the help of Chandra gupta maurya established maurya dynasty by making
Chandra gupta maurya as king.  
1. The rise of guild (ii) Punch marked coins (iii) Copper coins
● The earliest of Indian coins belong to 5th century B.C.  

Foreign Invasion on India:-

1. Cyrus (530 BC) – attacked on kingo of hindu-kush
2. Darius-I (516 BC) attacked North west frontier
3. Alexander-The great (326 BC)
(a) Welcomed by Ambhi (The king of taxila)
(b) Main battle – Alexander V/s Porus
Location- Jhelum River
Result – Porus was defeated.
(c) Alexander’s Death- Babylon.
(d) Alexander’s teacher – Aristotle.
City- (1) Nicaea (1) Bucephalus – New city founded

The Mauryas : (322 B.C.- 187 BC)

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Founder – Chandra Gupta Maurya. Source of information (1) Arthashastra (Kautilya) (2) Indica
(Megasthencs) (3) Mudra Rakshas (Vishakha Datta)
Chandra Gupta Maurya (322 B.C.-298 B.C.)
(a) He was first great king of india who expanded his territory from Afgan in west to Assam in east
and Kashmir in north to karnataka in south except kalinga.
(b) In 305 BC, C.G.M. defeated Seleucus Nicator who surrendered vast territory and married his
daughter to C.G.M.
(c) Megasthenes was Greek ambassador come to C.G.M. Court.
(d) C.G.M. became a Jain and went to sravanbelgola with bhadrabahu, where he died by slow
starvation.
(e) According to Junagarh(Girnar) inscription, C.G.M. Constructed Sudarshan lake in Gujarat.
Bindusara- Amitraghata (298-272 BC)
(i) Bindusara extended the kingdom further and conquered south as mysore.
(ii) Bindusara Patronized Ajivikas. Founder of Ajivika= Makkhali Gosala.
(iii) He asked Antiochus I of Syria to send some sweet wine, dried fruits and sophist. Antiochus-I
send wine and fruit but politely refused for sophist.
(iv) sent asoka to taxila to quelled the revolt.
Asoka (272/68-232 BC)
Governor of Taxila before king.
terminated all 99 of his brothers except his brother Tisya.
Title- Devanam piyadassi in his inscriptions.
Only inscriptions in the Maski edicts refer his name as Asoka.

Language of edicts:- (i) Kharosthi (ii) Brahmi (iii) Aramaic and greek.
Rock Edict- I- Prohibition of animal sacrifices
Rock Edict- XIII- Information of kalinwar
Rock Edict- II- Care for man and animals, describe chola, Panday, Chera kingdom of south.
These edicts were decoded by British archeologist and historian James Prinsep.
Rummindei Pillar Inscription- (i) Exemption from lax revenue (ii) Location- Birth place of
Buddha (iii) In for abt economy (iv) Smallest inscription.
● Asoka established Srinagar (Kashmir), Dev patan in Nepal.  
● In 261 B.C. Asoka fought the Kalinga war. The king was moved by massacre in war and
abandoned the policy of physical occupation.  
● The vivid description of Kalinga war is given in 13th Rock Edict.

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● Asoka build 4 cover in barabarhills for ajivikas.  

● He retained the kalinga.  
● The name of Karuvaki(wife) and Tivara (son) are mentioned in Queen’s edict.
● Asoka was converted into Buddhism fold by upagupta.  
● He send missionaries to far-reached location.  
● Established Religious Dept. named Dhamma mahamantra.  
● He send his son (mahendra) and daughter (Sanghamitra) to sri lanka.  
● Next ruler of Asoka - Dasaratha
● Maurya empire was declined and 185 B.C.Pushyamitra defeated maurya and established his
new empire.  
Last king of Maurya Dynasty- Brihadratha
Mauryan Administration:-
(1) The king was supreme authority and all powers are vested in king.
(2) There was council of minister to aid and advice.
(3) The empire was divided in to a number or provinces.
Provinces Capital
Uttarapath Taxila Province –Governess
Dakshina Patha Suwaranagiri District- Vishya pati
Kalinga Tosali
Avanti Ujjain Village (Gram pati)
Central province Patili putra
● The most important feature of mauryan administration was huge army of clacks.  
● First time, Municipal administration was there for Patilip.  
● First time, there was death-birth registration and censw in Indian History.  
Economic:-
1. There was banking system in mauryan period.
2. Punch-mark coins.
3. Tax collected from peasant varied from ¼ to 1/6.
4. The state enjoyed monopoly in mining, sale of liquor.
5. Trade was conducted with other countries.
6. Farming, Domestication and business was mainly.
7. National Currency- Pan.
8. Salary of officer varied from 60 pan to 48000 Pan.
● There was 6 committee consisting 5 members each for better administration in municipal,
corporation.  
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● Police and spy system for security and peace.  

Art and Architecture:-
1. Four lion capital of sarnath is taken as the Indian National symbol.
2. Stupas were built throughout the empire to enshrine the relics of Buddha, the most favour
are at sanchi and Barhut.
● Fire was considered as national disaster.  
Mantri Parishad – (i) Yuvraj (ii) Purohita (iii) Senapati (iv) Other Important Minister.
● Arthashastra- Deals with internal administration and Foreign relations.  

POST MAURYAN PERIODS:

Indian Kingdoms- Shunga, Kanva, Satavahana,
Foreign Kingdom- Indo-Greek, Shaka, Hind-Pahlav, Kushana empire.

(i) Shunga Dynasty (187 B.C.-75 B.C.)

(A)- Founder-PushyaMitra Shunga (187-148 B.C.)
- Capital- Vidisha (Ayodhya inscription- 2 Ashvamegha sacrifice.)
- Follower of Brahman Religion,
- Purohita- Patanjali- Writer of “Mahabhasya”.
(B) Agnimitra (148-140 BC)
- He was the hero of “Malvika Agnismitra”.
- At the time of Bhagvat (9th king of Dynasty). Heliodorus came to his court and performed
vishnu’s worship. He also constructed the Garuna Pillar at vidisha.

(2) Kanva Dynasty- (75 B.C.- 30 B.C.)

Fonder- Vasudev
- The territorial expansion of magadha empire remanded up to bihar and eastern U.P.  
- Last ruler – Susharma.  
(3) Satavahan Dynasty:- (30 B.C.- 250 A.D.)
Founder - Simuk
Capital - Paithan (M.H.) (Pratishthan)
Langvage - Prakrat
Scritp - Brahmi

● Sat-karni-I was first strong king of this empire  

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● Hala (The King) who had authored the “Gatha Saptashati”  

● The fortunes of satavahana were revived by Gautamiputra Satakarni.His horses had drunk
the water of 3 Seas.  
● Nashik- Inscription- Gautamiputra satakarni  
● Pulumavi (the lord of south) was next king who was married to Rudra daman’s daughter (The
shaka king)  
● Gautamiputra Sat karni Considered himself pure Brahman.  
● Rudradaman-I defeated satavahana twice but cannot destroy them because of matrimonial
alliance.  
● first time use of lead coins.
● Developed the art of Amaravati.
● The Royal grants of land was started by satavahanas.  

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INDO-GREEKS:
Demetrius I of the Bactria (200-180 BC)
He is created with real indo-Greek expansion in India and has also been referred in Greek Sources
as “King of Indians”.
Capital- Sakala
The most famous ruter was menander, also known as milinda.
- He was converted into Buddhism by Nagasena)  
- Book Milinda panho – Conversation b/w Nagsena and.  
- First to issued coins which can be definitely attributed to kings, and also first to issue gold
coins in India.  
- Curtain was started by Indo-Greeks.  
- Indo-Greek rulers have been mentioned ”Yavanas” in the Indian literature.
The Shakas:-
- The greek were followed by shakas, who controlled a larger part of india than greek.  
- Rudradamna-I was important king of shakas.  
- Junagarh, 1st Sankrit language insoription – Rudradaman 
- Rudradaman –I repaired the sudarshan lake. A king of Ujjain, who called himself
vikramaditya defeated shakas.  
- An era called “Vikram Samvat” Started from the event of his victory.  
-  
Indo-Pahlav (or) Indo-Parthians:-
First King - Mouse (90-70 B.C.)
Famous king - Gondophernes (A.D. 19-45)
- St. Thomas came to india for the propagation of Christianity.  

The Kushans:-
Founder (i) Kujul Kidfises:- He issued copper coins in India.
(ii) Vim Kid Fises:- Follower of Lord Shiva (i) He issued gold coins in India (ii) Follower of
shaiva Religion.
(3) Kanisha:-
(i) Great King started saka samvat and is used by Govt. of India.
(ii) Capitals – (i) Purushpur (Peshawar) (ii) Mathura.
(iii) He extended his whole- hearted patronage to buddhi and held 4th council of Buddhism.
(iv) Patronized Mathura and Gandhar arts.
(v) Controlled silk route which goes from chima to rome.

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(vi) issued pure coins of gold in India. Founded a city named kanishpur.
(vii) Kanisha was contemporary to Ashvaghosa, Vasumit Nagarjuna, Charak.
(viii) Asoka of north india.

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MAURYA-PERIOD:-
Sannihata- The minister responsible for storage of Royal treasure.
Samaharta- Responsible for Revenue Collection.
Widow-Re marriage and and Niyog marriage was allowed.
- Megasthenes divided the Indian society in 7 Parts.
- Kharvel, the king of kalinga defeated the pushyamitra sunga which was mentioned in
hathigupmpa cave.

SATAVAHAN- PERIOD:-

● Carving in famous Ajanta Caves were started by satvahan.  

● Introduced the cons of leads.  
● Coins of silver and coppers.  
● Satvahan King started the tradition of Granting of land to Brahmanas and Buddhist.  

Kanisha (Important Facts)

1. Second Ashoka of India.
2. Great Patronizer of Art and culture developed sculpture of Gandhar and Mathura art.
3. Centre of gandhar art- Taxila.

LATER MAURYA LITERATURE-

1. Charak sahita – Charak.
2. Natsya Shastra d- Bhara5t muni
3. Kamsutra – Vastyayana.
4. Sodarnanda and Buddacharita- Ashwaghosa.

Gupta-Period- (319-550A.D.)
Founder - Srigupta
Title - Maharaja
Chandra gupta-1 (319-335 A.D.)
Titel - Maharajadhiraja
● He strengthened his empire by matrimonial alliance with powerful family of lichchhavis named
kumar devi.  
● Real founder of gupta dynasty.
● He started the gupta are in 319-320 A.D.  

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● First king in his empire to issue gold coins and silver coins.  

Samudragupta (335-375 A.D.)

● Greatest king of Gupta dynasty.  

● Indian Napoleon by vincent Smith. 
● Known as Lichchvi Dohitri  
● Allahabad Pillar inscription – Samudragupta by poet Harisena.  
● Performed Ashwamedha sacrifice.  
● A lover of music- His gold coin represent him playing a veena known as kaviraj.  
● His territories constituted.  
● Ganga- Yamuna doab (ii) Vindhya Region (iii) Eastern Himalayan  
● 12 Kingdom of Eastern Deccan and south India.  
● Many areas of shaka and kushan. 
● He was also a patron of Buddhist philosopher and author Vasubandhu and Buddhist monastry
at Bodh Gaya for the benefit of the Buddhist monks.

Chandra Gupta- II (380-412 A.D.)

Title- Vikramaditya, Param Bhagwat.
● High water mark of gupta empire.  
● Immediate successor of samudra Gupta was ramgupta who defeated by a shaka ruter and
compelled to give his queen to shaka ruler. This made Chandra gupta angry who not only killed
shaka ruler but also has brother and married dhurva devi. 
● Prabhavati, daughter of Chandra gupta-II married to vakara ruler.  
● Chandra-gupta-II established iron pillar in Mehrauli.  
● First Chinese traveler- Fa-hian.  
● Famous navratna including kalidasa, dhanvantri, Amar Singh, Varahamihir.  
● Issued different type of gold, silver, copper coins.  
● Gold come – Dinar.  
Silver come – Rupyak.

Kumara Gupta- 415-455 A.D.

● Title- Mahendraditya 
● Mandsaur inscription was written by Vattasbhatta. 
● Founded the monastery of Nalanda university.  
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● Introduced worship of kartikeya.  

● Ashwamedha sacrifice. 

Skanda-Gupta (455-467 A.D.)

● He checked the Huna invasion (Bhitari Inscription)  
● The Economics crisis was started.  
● He repaired Sudarshan Lake in Gujrat.  
● First king of Huna- Toraman

● This Gupta period is Known as golden period of India.  

● The First incidence of “Sati” is dated back to 510 A.D. in Eran inscription.  
● Trade was declined but increase in farming economy. Land revenue was 1/6 of total period.
Sudras and women have right to listen Ramayan, Mahabharata and worshipped lord Krishna.  
(h) Dashavatar temple(Jhansi) (ii) Laxman temple (sirpur) (iii) Vishnu temple (Jabalpur)
Concept of “Stridhans” was introduced in broad way other important writings and writer.
1. Aryabhatta – Aryabhatiyan (1st person used decimal plans).
2. BrahmaGupta- Brahma Sindhant (Later Gutpa period.)
3. Varahamihara – Panchasiddhantika, Brihad Samhita.
4. Kalidasa – Meghaduta, Raghubansa, Ritu Samhar, Abhijnan Slkuntanam
5. Shudraka – Mrichchkatika.
6. Vishakha data- Mudra Rakshasa.
7. Amar Singh – Amar Kosha
8. Vatsyana – KamaSutra
9. Bharvi – Kiratarjunyan.
10. The Gupta Military org. was feudal by character.
11. Decentralisation of administrative authority.

THE POST GUPTA PERIOD

1. Harshavardhana (606-647 A.D.)
2. Pushyabhuti dynasty- Ist Capital- Thaneswar
3. Harsha Made Kanauj his new capital.
4. Harsha’s ambition of extending his power to deccan and southern india was stopped by pul
keshin-II
5. Chinese traveler – Hiuen-Tsang. His book- Hsi-yu Chi.
6. Patronised Mahayana sect of Buddhism sect of Buddhism.

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7. Banabhatta- (i) Harshacharita (ii) Kadambari (iii) Parvati parinag

8. Harshavardhana – (i) Ratnavali (ii) Nagananda (iii) Priyadarsika
9. Shashank, the ruler of Bengal cut the bodhtree of bodhgaya, but died later, After, then,
harsha merged Bengal in his kingdom.
10. Mayur- Surya shatak
11. The Kannauj assembly organized by harsha was hold in honest of Hiuen-Tsang.

Important dynasties of South india

1. The chalukyas of Badami/Batapi
2. The pallavas of kanchi

1. The chalukyas of badami:-

(a) Founder-Pulakesin-I (543 A.D.- 566 A.D.)
(Per formed horse Sacrifice
(b) Pulakeshin-II (609-54 A.D.)
1. Great ruler and son of kirtivarman (Title Prithvivallabh )
2. Harsha was defeated by pulakeshin at Narmada river and admitted pulakeshin as lord of
south.
3. Aihole inscription (Ravikirti)- Information about pulakeshin.
4. His policy of aggression started conflict of chalukya & pallava.
5. Defeated by Pallava ruler Narsimhavarman-I.
6. Vikramaditya-II (733-44) was contemporary ruler of period of ‘Arab’ occupation of sind.
7. Defeated the pallava ruler Nandivarman-II and took the title of kanchikonda.
8. Kirtivarman-II (was the last important of dynasty and power was underlined by Rashtrakuta
king dantidurga.
● Virupaksh temple-(Vikrmaditya-II)  
II) The Pallavas of Kanchi
1. Founder – Simha Vishnu (555 A.D.-590 A.D.) territory expansion- South Andra & North
Tamilnadu.
● Bharavi (The writer of “Kiratarjuniya”) lived in court of simha Vishnu.  
2. MahendraVarman-I(600-630)
● He had written the famous text ‘Mattavilasa prahasan’.  
● Started the conflict with chalukya and defeated by Pulakeshin-II. 

(ii) Narsimha Varman I- (630-668 A.D.)

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1. Defeated pulakeshin-II in battle.

2. Occupied Badami and titled himself ‘Vatapikonda’.
3. Chinese traveler hiuen-Tsang had visited his kingdom.
4. Construction of Rath temple at mahabalipuram.

(iii) Narsimha Varman II (680-720 A.D.)

1. Constructed the shore temple at mahabalipuram.
2. Constructed the kailashnath temple at Kanchipuram.
3. The Great Sanskrit Writer “Dandin” was in his court.

(iv) Nandi Varman-II (731-796 A.D.)

1. Constructed the famous “Vaikuntha perumal” temple at kanchipuram.
2. Defeated by Vikrma aditya-II.

SANGAM PERIOD
● It is named after the famous sangam academies of poets and scholars centered in the city of
Madurai.  
● Patronized by Pandya Kings.  
Sangam Place Chairman Related Facts
Period
1 Madurai Rishi Agastya Na available literature attended by gods and
legendary.
2. Kapadapuram Tolkappiyar Tolkappiyam literature.
3 Madurai Nakkirar Produced voluminous literature but few had
survived.
According to sangam tradition.
First Sangam - 4400 years.
Second sangam - 3700 years.
Third Sangam - 1850 years.

Impotent literature of Sangam Period:-

1. Tolkappiyam- Tolkappiyar (Tamil Grammar)
2. Silappathigaram – Elango Adigal (Polity and Society)
3. Manimegalai – Sittalai
4. Tirukkural – Thiruvalluvar.
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5. Ettutogai- Divided in two parts

6. Pattu pattu - Divided in two parts (i) Love (ii) Valour

Important Cities of Sangam Period:-

1. Muchiri and puhar – Famous port.
2. Arikamedu- only city with archaeological record of roman business in India.
3. Uraiyur- Ancient chola capital hub of fine textile
4. Madurai – capital of pandya kingdom.
5. Kuravur- Capital of chera kingdom.
6. Korkai- Capital port of Pandyas.

Important Kingdoms of Sangam Period:-

1. Chola Kingdom – Singh (Tiger)
2. Chera Kingdom – Bow
3. Pandya – Single fish/ Twin fish.

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MEDIEVAL INDIA

Rajpoot Period Delhi Sultanate Bhakti Period Mughal Period Maratha

(700-1200 AD) (1206-1526) (1526-1748)

Medieval Period- (750-1200 AD)

Eastern India - Pal dynasty and sena dynasty
Western India – Gurjara Pratiharas, Chalukya, Parmar, Chadelas,.
South India- Rashtrakuta, Chola dynasty.

Pala dynasty:-
Founder- Gopala (750-770)
● Gopala established Buddhism monastery in odantapuri near bihar sharif. 
Follower of Buddhism
Dharma Pala (770-810 AD):-
1. Dharma Pala revived the power of pala dynasty.
2. Took part in tripartite struggle for kannauj.
3. Dharmapala revived Nalanda university.
4. Founded the vikarma shila university and sompuri University.
5. Captured Kanauj.
6. known as lord of uttara path.
Deva Pala:-
New capital - Monghyr.
Bala putradeva of the shailendra dynasty of suvarn dwipa requested permission to build a
monastery at nalanda and endowed 5 village for its upkeep.
Mahipala (1023) was defeated by Rajendra chola.
Beetapala end Dhiman- 2 Great artist of the age (pala)

Sena Dynasty:-
1. Pala dynasty was succeeded by sena dynasty after defeating madna Pal.
2. Founder -Samanta Sena.
3. Real founder - vijayasena
4. Ballala sena was an author. He wrote Dana sagara and Adbhuta sagara (did not complete it).
5. Next ruler Laximan sena made new capital lakhnauti.

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6. Jayadeva (Gita Govind) and dhoyin (Pawandoot) were the great court poet of Laxman sena.
7. The sena-dynasty was finally swept by the invasion of bakhtiyar khilji in 1202.
2. Western India- Rajput Period (750-1200 AD)
According to chandravardai’s Prithvirasrajo, “The four Rajput clans which emerged from fire altars
were. (i) Pratihara (ii) Chalukya (iii) Parmara (iv) chauhan
(A) Gurjara-Pratihara:-
First King- Harichandra (Ruled From mandor)

Nagabhata-I (known as Founder) Vatsya Raj (Real Founder)

(1) Nagabhata-(i) Fonder of pratihara dynasty (730-756) (ii) He stopped muslim invasion to
cross India from sind.
(2) Vatsya Raj- In his region, both branches merged into one took part in tripartite struggle and
defeated dharampala
Nagabhatta – II (805-833 A.D.)
- Made kannuaj his capital.  
- Rashtra kuta king Govind-III attacked in his time.  

Mihir Bhaja (836-885):-

1. Was greatest ruler of this dynasty.
2. Devotee of Vishnu and adopted the title of “Adi varah” & prabhas.
3. He defeated devapala and got kanuaj back (capital)
4. Gwalior inscription- Mihir Bhoja.
5. The Great sankrit poet and dramatist Rajshekhar lived at the court of Mahendra Pala(Major
time) and Mahipala. He wrote (i) Karpurmanjari (ii) Poetry Mimansa (iii) Bal Ramayan.
6. Last ruler - yasha pala (1036)
● In 1090, Gahadavala controlled over Kannauj.  

(B) Gahadavala Dynasty (1100 -1200 A.D.)

● Founder- Chandra deva/capital (i) Kannauj, varanashi.  
● Jaichand was contemporary of Prithvi Raj Chouhan.  
● Daughter of Jaichand \- Sanyojita.  
● Battle of Chandrawar (1194)- Jaichand V/s Mohammad Gouri Jaichand was defeated and killed
by Gauri.  
● Shree Harsha wrote a book named Naishadha Charita in the time of jai chand.

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© CHALUKYA OF GUJRAT :-
Founder - Mol Raj (Mul Raj.)
Capital - Anahilavada (Modern patan)
Mahmud Gajnavi attacked on somnath temple (1025) in the reign of Bhim-I.
Vimal dev, the minister of bhim-I constructed the Dilwara temple in mount abu.
● Bhim-II (defeated Mohammad Gauri in 1178-79.  
● Bhim-II defeated Qutub-ud-din Aibek First in 1195 but was defeated in 1197.  
● The kingdom reached on zenith under the rule of Siddha Raja. Siddha Raja Revoked the
pilgrimage tax on somnath.  
● Karn constructed karneshwar temple and karn sagar lake  
● Bhima-I constructed sun temple (Modhera).  

PARMAR DYNASTY OF MALAWA ( 790-1150)

Capital – Ujjain (First)
- Dhara (Second)  
- Founder Upendra (Krishna Raja)
- One of successors of Upendra named Munja was a patron of the poets and scholars.
i. Raja-bhoja was most important king of this dynasty. Who patronized the literature and
focused on education
ii. He founded the city named Bhojpur (Bhopal modernized).
iii. constructed the saraswati temple in Dhara.
iv. Malwa was annexed in delhi sultanate by Alahuddin Khilaji in 1305.

(E) CHANDELA OF JEJAKABHUKTI-(831-1202)

Founder - Nannuk
Capital - Khajuraho, Mahoba
● Yashovarman established the chandela as sovereign power 
● established Laxman temple at Khajuraho.
● Dhanga Dev (son of yashovarman) formally established the chandela sovereignty he accepted
the title of “Maharajadiraj.”  
● Vidyadhara was the great ruler of dynasty who ruled from 1019 AD to 1029 AD. He
successfully blocked the attack of Mahmud Ghaznavi.  
● He commissioned the Kandariya Mahadeva temple  
● Famous Senapati named “Alha and udal” were in court of Paramardi. They were defeated and
killed/died in battle against Prithvi Raj Chauhan.  

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● (i) Kandariya mahadeva temple. (ii) Laxman Temple (iii) Ajaigarh  

CHAHAMANAS/CHAUHANS OF SHAKAMBHARI
Founder - Vasudeva
● Vasudeva received Sambhar Salt lake as a gift from Vidhyadhara. 
● Important king Ajay Raja-II (1110-1135) Founded the city named as Ajaymera (Ajmer) and
made it capital and repulsed ghaznavid attack.  
● Arno-raj (1135-1150) defeated turkish invaders and constructed Anasagar lake at Ajmer.
● Vigraha- raja (1150-1164) known as visaladeva expanded chauhan territories, captured
Delhi from Tomars.
● The most important king of dynasty was Prithvi Raj Chauhan (1178-1192) and known
as Rai pithora”.  
● In first battle of tarain, Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated Muhammad Ghari in 1191.  
● Second battle of tarain (1192): Prithvi Raj Chauhan was defeated by Muhammad Ghori.  
● In court of prithvi Raj Chauhan, Jayanak and Chandarbardai were lived. 
● Govind Raja( 1192) established chauhan branch at Ranthambore
Jayanak – Prithvi Raj Viajay.
Chandra Bardai – Prithvi Raj Raso

TOMAR OF DELHI
Founder :- Anand pal in 736 AD.

(3) South India: Rashta Kutas

Founder - Danti-Durga (735-756)
Capital - Ellora (First Capital)
Manaykhet (Second capital)
● Language- Kannad, Sankrit 
● Krishna-I (756-774) commissioned the rock-cut monolithic Kailash Temple at Ellora.  
● Dhruva-1 (780-793) was first king to Participate in tripartite struggle of Kannauj. 

Amoghavarsha (814-880 AD): Best Known King.

(i) Took the title – Veeer naragyan.
(ii) Compaosed a book named “Kavi Raj Marg”. in kannad lagg.
(iii) “Prasonottara ratna malika” is attributed to him.

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(iv) follower of jainism.

(v) Suleman, an arab merchent called amoghvarsha as one of the four great king of world,
the other three were caliph of Bagdad, the king of Constantinople, the king of China
(vi) founder of Manyakhet and made it his capital
(vii) Krishna-III- Founded the victory pillar at Rameshwaram & Ponna, the writer of
shanti puran lived in his court.
(viii) Karka (972-973) was defeated by Tailapa, the Chalukya king of Kalyani.

(B) Cholas Dynasty-

Founder- (i) Karikala (in Sangam Age) (ii) Vijayalaya (In 850 AD.)
Capitals- (i) Uraiyur (ancient capital) (ii) Tanjore (Vijayalaya)
(iii) Gangai-kond-cholapuram (Rajendra-I)
(1) Raja Raja-I (985-1014 AD)
(a) His real name – Arun molivarman
(b) Real founder of chola dynasty.
(c) Mounted naval expedition against Ceylon and captured northern part of Ceylon.
(d) He conquered and annexed Maldives.
(e) Completed the construction of shiva temple of Rajarajeshvara at tanjore in 1010 AD.
(F) Initiated project of land survey and land assessment of chola empire first time.

(2) Rajendra-I (1014-1042 AD)-

(i) Invaded and conquered whole part of Ceylon.
(ii) Led expedition to ganga part and defeated pala king mahipala.
(iii) New city and capital- Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
(iv) Title- Gangai Konda Chola.
(v) Led a large navel expedition against the king of srivijay in Malaysia andMalaya, Java.
(vi) He constructed a temple named shiv temple and a pond in “Gangai konda chola puram.”
(vii) Patronized the shavism and Natrajan deity.
(viii) imortant inscription of Rajendra chola Tiruvalangadu copper plates
Rajendra Chola III was last king of chola kingdom.
Uttarmerur inscription - information about self govt in chola dynasty

Pandya of Madurai:-
● Pandya Superseded the cholas.  

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● The most important king- Maravarman Sundar Pandya.  

● The great king – Kulashekara Varman.  

Hoysalas of Dwarasamadra
Founder - Vishnu Varman
Kakatiyas of Warangal-
Founder - Prol Raj-II
Yadavas of Devgiri-
Founder - Bhillan
ISLAM RELIGION
● Founder the Prophet Muhammad
● Birth- Mecca( saudi Arabia) 570 AD
● spend his time in meditation on mount Hira
● the Hijrah in 622 AD
● 5 pillar of islam - 1Shahada 2 Salah 3 Zakat 4 Sawm(ramjan) 5 Hajj
● First Khalifa of Islam- Abu Bakr (632-634)
Arab Conquest of Sindh:-
(i) Arab were first muslim invaders who attack on the Indian territories.
(ii) Chachnama- Information about arab attack
(iii) In 712 AD, Muhammad-bin-Qasim led successful expedition against sind.
(iv) First time, M.B.Q. imposed Jayiya in India
(v) The King of Sind was Dahir.
(vi) Arab carried the knowledge of zero from india to Europe.
TURKISH INVASION
SUBUKTGIN was first turkish invader who attacked on the Hindushahi king JaiPala
Mahmud of Ghazni:- first turkish who took the title of sultan
(i) He had attacked india 17 times his objective was to loot great resources and temples.
(ii) Firadausi was famous poet of Mahmud and also writer of shahnama.
(iii) Al-beruni was also in court of Mahmud who wrote a book named kitab-ul-Hind.
(iv) Important attack on temple of somnath (1025)
Muhammad Ghori:-
● The Real founder of muslim empire in india and also established Turkish empire in India.  
● First invasion – 1175 A.D. against multan (The land of gold) 
● Bhima II was first king who defeated Muhammad Ghori in 1178 .

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1191 – First battle of tarain.

1192- Second battle of tarain
1194- Battle of chandwar (b/w Ghori and Jaichandra) in which jaichand was defeated.
● Coino of Muhammad Ghori in India one sided was curved with kalma of Quran and other was
facilitated by goddess laxmi.  

DELHI SULTANATE-(1206-1526 AD)

Author - Books
Alberuni - Kitab-ul-hind
Firdausi - Shah Namah
Minhaj-us-Siraj - Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
Ziauddin Barani - Fatawa-i-Jahandari
Ziauddin Barani - Tarikhi-i-Firoz-Shahi
Amir Khusaro - Tughlaq-Nama
Amir Khusaro - Khazain-ul-Futuh
Ibn Battutah (in time of M.B.T.) - Kitab-ul-Rehla
Firoz-shah tughlaq - Fatwah-i-Firoz Shahis
Utbi - Kitab ul yamini
SLAVE DYNASTY (1206-1290)
(1) Qutubuddin-Aibek (1206-1210)
(i) After death of Ghori, Aibek became the sultan of Hindustan and founded slave dynasty.
(ii) Title – Malik or Sipahsalar.
(iii) For his generosity, he was known was “Lakh Bakhsh.
(iv) Died in 1210 while playing chaugan (Polo).
(v) Constructed - (i) Quwat-ul-islam (ii) Adhai-din ka Jhonpa.
(vi) began the construction work of qutub-minar in honor of sufi saint khwaja qutubuddin
Bakhtiyar kaki but completed by iltutmish.
(vii) Capital - Lahore
x(2) ARAM SHAH - Next delhi sultan after the death of qutub-ud-din-aibek.

(3)ILTUTMISH (1211-1236)-
(i) Captial - Delhi
(ii) Real Founder of Dehli Sultanate
(iii) In 1229, he was honoured with patent of investiture legitimizing his kingdom by abbasid
caliph.

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(iv) Saved Delhi from wrath of genghis khan, the mangol leader by refusing shelter to khwarizm
shah.
(v) Setup chahalgami (group of forty) of nobles.
(vi) issued pure coins of Arabic.
(vii) Introduced silver coin (tankha) and copper coin (jital)
(viii) Organised the iqta-system.
(ix) Patronized minhaj-us-Siraj.
(x) destroyed Mahakal temple of ujjain
(3) Razia-Sultan (1236-1240)
(i) Though iltutmish had nominated his daughter Razia as the successor, the noble placed Rukn-ud-
din Firoz on throne. However, Razia got rid of and ascended the throne.
(ii) Married to Altunia.
(iii) Became the Victim of a conspiracy and killed in kaithal.
(4) Bahram Shah (1240-42)
(5) Ala ud din Masud (1242-46)
(6) Nasir ud din Mahmud (1246-66)
Mahmud was known to be very religious, spending most of his time in prayer and
copying the Quran.

GHIYAS-UD-DIN-BALBAN:- (1266-1286)-
Title – Ulugh Khan
● Broke the power of Chahalgami  
● He took the title of “Zil-i-ilahi” (shadow of god) & introduced sijda and paibos.  
● Started to celebrate Iranian festival -Navroj.  
● Established the military dept -Diwan-I-Arj.  
● Established the spy-dept to keep well-informed.  
● His empire Policy-The blood and iron”— 
● His first and last campaign was against bangal led by him self. 
● Last Ruler of slave dynasty - Qaiqubad  

(2) Khaliji dynasty- (1290-1320)

1. Jalaluddin-Khalji (1290-1296)
(a) Founder of Khaliji dynasty.
(b) Made his new capital khilokhari
(c) Assassinated in 1296 by allauddin khalji.
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(d) Liberal king of delhi sultanate

(e) became sultan at the age of 70.
(2) Allauddin-Khalji (1296-1316)
(i) In 1299, he attacked on Gujarat and defeated the king. He brought kamla devi to Delhi from
Gujarat and made her mallika-i-Jahaa.
(ii) He bought malik-kafur and made him commander and he brought kohinur diamond from south.
(iii) In south, Army of alauddin defeated yadavas, kakatiya Warangal, Hoyasal and pandyas.
(iv) Introduced Dagh and chehra.
(v) Maximum mongal attack on Delhi.
(vi) Took the title of “Second Alexander”
(3) Land-Revenue- Reform-
(i) Diwane-e- Mustakharaj-Purpose of collection of Revenue.
(ii) The peasant had to pay half the produce as land-revenue
Market control Policy-
(i) He Fixed the cost of all commodities.  
(ii) Diwane-e- Riyasat- To check on market.  
Military-Reform:-
(i) Permanent standing army.
(ii) (Salary in from of cash).
Construction work.
(i) Alai Darwaja- Entrance gate of Qutub-minar.
(ii) Siri City-
(iii) Place of thousand pillars.
(iv) Hoz- khas.
Mubarak Shah Khalji (1316-1320 A.D.)
(i) First Sultan to declare himself khalifa.
(ii) Followed the policy of “Forget and pardon”.
(iii) He abolished the heavy taxes and penalties imposed by his father and releasing thousand
of prisoners.
(iv) killed by his minister Khusrau Khan.

Tughlaq Dynasty(130-1414)
1. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq- (1320-1325)
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- Titel – malik-ul- Ghazi  

- founder of tughlaq dynasty.
- First Sultan who started Postal system in Delhi-Sultanat. 
- Ordered to take 1/10th part of crop’s revenue.  
- First sultan to use canal system for irrigation.  
- founded Tughluqabad
- Amir Khusaro wrote tughluq nama.

2. Mohammed-Bin-Tughluq-(M.B.T.) (1325-51)
Name – Jauna Khan
- The most educated sultan, who had good knowledge about philosophy, mathematics,
science, calligraphist.  
- Barani called him as “Mixture of opposite component  

Taxation in Doab (Failed)

(a) Fixed 50% of total product.
(b) He gave loans in form of money which was known as takavi.
(c) Created a new Dept. of Agriculture called Diwane -i- Kohi.

(2). Transfer of Capital – (Failed)- Transfer of capital from Delhi to Deogiri (Daulatabad).
(3) Introduction of Takan money (Failed)- He could not prevent people form forging new coins
failed.
(4) Proposed to khurasan expedition- Failed
(5) Qurachil Expedition- Failed.
● First sultan who took part in holi festival. 
● Ibn Batuta came to India from morocco. 
● maximum revolt against sultan in Delhi Sultanat
● Had discussion with Jaina-saint Jinaprabha Suri and welcomed Rajshekhar. 
● In 1336, Harihara and Bukka created Vijaynagar and Hasan Gangu established bahmani
kingdom in south india. 
● (i) Adalabad fort (ii) Jahan panaha.  

3. Firoj-Shah-Tughlaq (1351-1388)
(i) On the request of nobles, Firoj became sultan of Delhi.
(ii) His mother was daughter of Rajput King.

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(iii) MBT’s agricultural loans (takavi) were written off and made army and civil post as principle of
heredity.
Only 4 taxes levied:- (i) Kharaj (ii) Zakat (iii) Jaziya (iv) Khams
Firoj imposed haq-i- sharb tax for irrigation.
Firoj refused to exempt the brahamanas from Jaziya.
Two pillars of Asoka, from Topra and meerut were brought to Delhi.
To encourage agriculture, he paid a lot of attention to irrigation.
He attacked on jajnagar where Jagannath temple was destroyed. Also attached on nagar kot where
1300 sanskrit manuscript brought back to Delhi.
Great builder to his credit are cities of fatehabad, Hissar, Jaunapur, Firozabad, firoz shah kotla.
New dept - work
(i) Diwan-i-Khairat - Marriage for poor girls, charity.
(ii) Diwan-i-Bandagan - For slaves
(iii) Darul-ul-shifa - Hospital
(iv) Diwan-i-isthiaq - For Pensions
● Attack of timur in reign of Nasiruddin Mahmud Tughlaq in 1398.  

Sayyad Dynasty (1414-1451)

Founder - Khizr Khan
Title - Raiyyat-i-ala.
● Did not recognize himself as sultan.  
● Mubarak shah, Mohhamad Shah, Alauddin Alam Shah-Next Sultan of Saygad Dynasty.  

Lodi-Dynasty-(1451-1526)
(1) Bahlol Lodi (1451-1489)
(a) Founder of lodi dynasty.
(b) The land revenue system was based on equality
(c) Introduced copper bahloli coin which were used till Akbar’s time.
(d) Maximum migration of Afganis to India.
(e) merged Jaunpur in Delhi Sultanat

(2) Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517)

(i) In 1504, Agra was founded and capital in 1506
(ii) Introduced (Gaz-i-Sikandari) of 32 digits for measurer Cultivated Fields.

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(iii) He was a fanatical muslim and he broke sacred image of Jwalamukhi and temple of Mathura.
(v) Farhange-I-Sikandari- Ayurvedic book, translated in Persian language.
(vi) Lajjat-i-Sikandari shahi Book of music which was translated in Persian.

Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526)

(i) He adopted very hard policy.
(ii) Rana Sangha of mewar defeated Ibrahim lodhi in battle of Ghatoli in 1518.
(iii) Daulat khan lodhi, The Governor of Punjab, invited Babur to over throw Ibrahim lodhi.
(iv) In first battle of panipat (1526), Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and established mughal dynasty.

Regional Kingdoms in Medieval India.

(1) Jaunpur:-
(i) Sharqi dynasty was founded by malik-us-Sharq.

Ibrahim shah Sharqi

(i) Main centre of education and cultural accomplishment.
(ii) Constructed Atala mosque.
(iii) Malik-Mohammad-Jayasi, writer of “Padmavat” lived In court of Ibrahim shah shaqi.

(2) Alauddin-Hussain Shah:-

(i) Contemporary to chaitanya mahaprabhu.
(ii) Construction of choto sona mandir.
Sher Shah Sur Ended the Hussain Shahi dynasty

(3) Gujarat-Founded by Zafar Khan and declared independence under title of mazaffar shah in
1401.
(1) Ahmad-Shah (1411-1442)
(i) He founded Ahmedabad City.
(ii) Bahadur-Shah (1526-37)
(iii) Bahadur Shah (1526-37)
(1) Led successful campaign against malwa.
(2) Contemporary to Humanyu.

(4) Malwa:- Founded by Dilawar khan and dilwar khan made dhar his capital.
● Son of Alp khan takes title hushing shah. He shifted capital from dhar to mandu.  

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(5). MEWAR:- (i) Hammir Dev of the sisodia branch liberated mewar from sultanate.
(ii) Rana Kumbha built the kirtisthamba/Vijaya sthamba in chittor (iii) Next important king- Rana
Sangah.

(6) Kashmir-(i) Suhadev was last hindu ruter of Kashmir.

Zainual Abidan (1420-1470)

(i) He rebuilt temple, prohibited cow slaughter, sati-re-permitted and people allowed to re-
convert.
(ii) Removed Jajiya tax in Kashmir.
(iii) Known as “Akbar of Kashmir.
(iv) Mahabharat and Rajtarangini were translated in Persian language.
(v) Rajtarangini was written by kalhan in sankrit

VIJAY NAGAR EMPIRE

Dynasty - Period
(i) Sangama - 1336-1485 Harihara & Bukka.
(ii) Saluva - 1485-1505 Narsimha Saluva
(iii) Tuluva - 1505-1570 Veer Narsimha
(iv) Aravidu - 1570-1650 Tirumala
● Vijay nagar kingdom was situated on banks of tungbhadra river.  
● Capital – Hampi  
● Founder- Harihar-I & Bukka-I (1336)  
● Harihar-I annexed hoysala Kingdom in Vijaya Nagar.  
● Harihar- II was first king who took title of Maharajadhiraja and later annexed goa in his
kingdom.  
● Devraj-I:-Greatest achievement was his irrigation works where a dam was built across the
Tunga bhadra.  
● Recruited muslim in his army- Dev Raya-II  
● Srinath lived in court of Dev-Ray-II, who composed hari vilasam book.  
● Krishna-Deva-Raya (1509-1530)  
Title-Abhinav Bhoj, Yavan Raj Sthapanacharya
He composed many books.

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(i) Jambavati Kalyanam- Sankrit

(ii) Amuktamalyada- Telugu
His court was adorned by ‘Ashtadiggajas’ Peddana was one of the important poet who was
known as “grand father of telugu “poet”.
(5) He built the hazara Rama temple, Vijaya Mahal & Vithal Swami temple.
● The Battle of Talikota was fought on 23 Jan 1565 at the time of sada shiv Raja.  
● Result- Vijayanagar was defeated against combine force of bidar, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur,
Golkunda.  
BAHMANI KINGDOM:-
Founder- Alauddin Hasan Bahman shah/Hasan Ga
Capital- Gulbarga.
● Ahamad-I made bidar his new capital.  

Firoj Shah (1397-1422)

(i) Grcatest king among them all.
(ii) Laid foundation of Firozabad city near bhima river.
(iii) Consturction of laboratory in Daulatabad.
● Break-up of Bahmani empire in 5 Kingdom (i) Berak (ii) Bijapur (iii) Ahmadi Nagar (iv) Gol
kunda (v) Bidar  

Famous travelers to Vijayanagara Kingdom:-

(i) Ibn Batuta –Morroco – Harihara-I
(ii) Nicolo-de-conti- Italy- Deva-Raya-I
(iii) Abdur-Razzak- Iran- Deva-Raya-II
(iv) Barbosa- Portugese- Krishna-Deva-Raya

Religious Movements of Medieval Age:-

● The origin of Sufi word from Arabic word “Safaa” which mean pure and holy.  
● Doctrine was centralized on unity of being.  
● The sufis were organized in 12 oders or silsilas.  
● The Sufi-order are widely divided into two (i) Ba-Shara-Followed the Islamic laws. (ii) Be-
Shara-who were not bound by Islamic laws.  

Chisti-Silsila:-
- Khwaja Moin-ud-din chisti in india (founder) 
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- Khwaja moin-ud-din chisti  

- Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar kaki  

- Baba Farid (1175-1265) 

- Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (1238-1325)  

Nasiruddin Mahmud Amir Khusaro

● Chisti-Silsila was the oldest and well-known in india.  

● Khwaja Moin-ud-din chisti came to India with ghori and stayed in Ajmer.  
● Qutubeddin Bakhtiyar Kaki  
● (i) Student of moin-ud-din 
● (ii) Qutub-minar was built in memory of him.  
● (iii)His Preaching was included in Adi Guru Granth Sahiv. 
Nizamuddin Auliya:- (1238-1325)
-Most Famous Saint of this Silsila.
- Student of Baba Farid.
Dargah- Delhi
famous as mahbub-i-elahi.

(2). Suhara-Wardi-Silsila:-
Fonder- Shaikh Bahuddin Zakariya
-Location-Sindh, Multan.
Saints of this order had big Jagir and close contact with state.

(3) Shattari-Silsiaa:
Founder- Shah Abdullah Shattari
- To synthesize hindu and mystical Muslim thoughts.  

(4) Naqshbandi Silsila:-

Founder- Khwaja Baqi Billah.
● Most important saint – Shaikh ahmad sirhindi  

(5) Firdausi Silsila:-

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Founder- Shaik Badruddin established in Delhi but moved to Bihar

Bhakti- Movement:-
● Based on the doctrine that relationship b/w God and man & through love and worship.  
Adi Sankaracharya – (788-820)
Born-Kaladi
Doctrine- Advaita (Non-Dualism)
4 Mathas were established in
(i) Sringeri (Karnataka)- for Yajurveda.
(ii) Dwarka (Gujarat) - for Samveda.
(iii) Puri (Orissa) - for Rigveda.
(iv) Badrinath (Himalaya)- Atharveda.
commentary on Brahma sutra bhashya.

Ramanujacharya-11th (A.D.) (1017-1137)

Born- Perumbudur (Tamilnadu)

Doctrine- Vishishtadvaita
- He argued the grace of God was more important than knowledge in order to get salvation.  
- Worship of Laxmi Narayan.
(3) Nimbarkacharya-
● Dwaitadwait philosophy

(4) Madhavacharya- 1238-1317

Doctrine – Dvaita (Dualism)
Devotee of Lord Krishna.

(5) Vallabhacharya-
(i) Doctrine - Suddhadvaita (Pushtimarg)
(ii) Devotee of Srinath Ji

(6) Chaitanya – Maha Prabhu-

Doctine – Achintya bhedava Abheda

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Started Sankirtan Method.

- Known as Gorang Maha Prabhu.  

(7) Ramanand (1400-1470)

Born - Allahabad
Death- varansi
(i) He acted as bridge between north india and south india by carrying bhakti movement in
north india.
(ii) Opened the doors of bhakti without any distinction of birth, caste race, gender.
(iii) 12 important student (i) Kabir (ii) Raidas (iii) Pipa.
(iv) His Preaching was involved in Guru-Grant Sahiva.

(8) Kabir (1398-1518) -

Born- Kashi,
Death- Maghar
Contemporary to Sikandar lodi
Writings – beejak, holi Sabad against of idot worship, caste system.

(9) Raidas/Ravidas:-
(i) Kabir Called him saint of all saints.
(ii) Teacher of meerabai/ Nirguna bhakti Saint.
Teaching was included in adi guru grant sahiva.

(10) Guru-Nanak (1469-1438)-

Born-Talwandi, Death- Kartharpura
● Nirguna bhakti Saint, Social- Reformer.  
● First Sikh Guru and Founder of Sikhism.  
● Mardana was student, who pal played Sarangi.  

(11) Surdas- (1483-1563)-

- Blind poet of Agra
- Contemporary to Akbar and Jahangir
- Sur-Sagar, Sur-Sarawali, Sahitya-lahri- His literature.
- Krishna bhakt.

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(12) Tulsias (1532-1623)-

(i) Author of Kavitawali, Vinay patrika, Gitawali.
(ii) Wrote Ram-Charitmanas in reign of Akbar (Awadhi lak)

(13) Meera-bai (1498-1546)-

(i) Rathor Princess and daughter of Rana-Sanga of Mewar.
Krishna-bhakt

(14) Ras-Khan-
Author- Prem vatika (Dan-leela

(15) Shankara Deva-(1449-1568)-

Founder of Vaishna devotional movement in Assam.

MAHARASHTRA
16. Jaanesvara/Jnanadeva-Bhagvad Geetab Commentary Known as Jaaneshwari
17. Namadeva- (1270-1350)
18. Eknath (1533-1599)
19. Tukaram (1598-1650)- The Greatest poet of Maharashtra.

SOUTH-INDIA-
The bhakti Movement was led by a series of popular saints called.
(i) Nayanar - Shiva worship
(ii) Alvars - Vishnu worship.
● They spoke and wrote in Tamil and telugu.  
(20) Narsingh Mehta:-Famous bhajan- Vaishnav Jan toh tene Kahiye. Peer Paraire”.

Babur Humanyu Surdynasty Akbar Jahangir Shahjahan Aurangzb

(1526-30) (1530-40,56) (1540-55) (1556-1605) (1605-27) (1628-58) (1658-1707)

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Literature of Mughal Periods- Author

(i) Tuzuk-i-baburi (Turklang) Babur
Babarnama- In region of Akbar, Rahim Khan Translated tuzuk-i-baburi in Persian language:
(ii) Humanyu Nama - Gulbadan Begum
(iii) Tabaqat-i-Akbari - Khwaja Nizamuddin Ahmad
(iv) Akbar-Nama - Abul-Fazal
(v) Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri - Jahangir
(vi) Padshah Nama - Abdul Hamid Lahori
● Same Indian Literature translated into Persian language:- 
(i) Mahabharat - Badauni (Razm Nama)
(ii) Atharveda - Hazi Ibrahim Sarhindi
(iii) Lilavati - Faizee
(iv) Upnishad - Dara-sikoh (Sirr-i-Akbar)
(v) Ramayan - Badauni
(vi) Panchtantra - Abul- Fazl (Anwar-i-Suheli)
(vii) Rajtarangini - Shah Mohhamad Shabadi

FOREIGNERS IN MUGHAL EMPIRE:-

(i) Rolf-Finch – Akbar – British
(ii) Sir, Thomas Roe, & John Hawkins – Jahangir – British.
(iii) Bernier and Tavernier - Shahjahaa – French.
(iv) Munucci & Peter Mundi – Shahjahaa – Italy & British.
(v) Bernier - Aurangzeb- French

BABUR (1526-1530)
(i) He descended from his fathers side in 5 th generation from Timur, and through his
mother’s side in 14th generation of chenghiz khan.
(ii) He became the king of fargana in 1494 AD.
(iii) He was invited to attack india by daulat khan lodi and Rana Sanga.
(iv) First King who Introduced artillery in India.

(1) Battle of Panipat-(1526)-

i. Babur V/s Ibrahim Lodi
ii. Result – Babur kwon and established mughal dynasty.
iii. Two artillery man- ustad ali and mustafa.

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iv. Before panipat victory, Babar already attacked on india four time.

(2) Battle of Khanwa:- (1527)-

i. Babur V/s Rana Sang.
ii. Result-Babur won the battle.
iii. Babur gave slogan of Jehad against RAna Sanga.

(3) Battle of Chanderi (1528)- Against Medini Rai and defeated him also.

(4) Battle of Ghaghra (1529)-He defeated Afgan Group led by Muhammad Lodhi.
● In 1530, He died at agra. His tomb is at Kabul.  
● title- padshah
● declared himself badshah first time.

(2) Humayun-(1530-1540) and (1555-56)-

(i) Humanyu ascended to throne after death of babar.
(ii) Only mughal king who divided his empire among his brothers.
(iii) The Queen, of chittor, karnawati sent Rakhi to Humanyu. He fought two batters against sher-
shah at chausa (1539) and at Kannauj/Bilgram (1540) and was defeated by him.
(iv) He escaped to iran he passed 12yrs of his life.
(v) Humanyu invaded india in 1555 and defeated Sikandar Suri (the Afghans) in battle of sarhind.
(vi) He died while climbing down the stars of his library at Din-Panah in 1556.
(vii) Married to Hamida banu begum in 1541.

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SUR-EMPIRE (1540-55)
(1) Sher-Shah (1540-45)
(i) Title-Sher-Khan.
(ii) He Joined babur’s service in battle of chanderi.
(iii) Nick Name- Farid Khan
(iv) Administrative ReForms:-
(i) Centralized machinery of administration.
(ii) Oppressive ruler but welfare policy to people.
(iii) Revived Daag and huliya system.
(iv) Land-Revenue method- Ryotwari System.
(v) The peasant was given a patta which fixed the peasant rights and tax.
(vi) Introduced the silver coin known as Rupiya (pure silver) and Dam (copper) .
(vii) Improved communication by building several highways.
(viii) Grand trunk Road- Bengal to Lahore/Peshawar.
(ix) Construction of Sarai for rest.

AKBAR-THE GREAT (1556-1605)

1. Akbar was born in Umerkot’s for of Raja Virshal on 15 Oct. 1542
2. He was crowned at kalanaur in 1556 at age of 14 years.
3. Second battle of Panipat- 1556 V/s Hemu. Result- Akbar won and consolidated his empire.
4. 1556-60- Akbar ruled under Bairam Khan’s regency.
5. 1560-62- Akbar was under influences of maham Anga. This period is known as (Petticoat
Govt.)

Akbar’s Main Conquest-

1. Malwa- Bez Bahadur and Rupmati (1561)
2. Gondwana (Gadh Katanga)- Rani Durgawati (1564)
3. chittor- (Jaimal and Fatta) under Udai singh (1567)
4. Gujarat – Bahadur Shah (1572)
5. Haldighati – Maharana Pratap (1576)
6. Ahmadnagar - Chand Bibi (1597-1600)
7. Asirgarh- (1601)
● Bharmal married his daughter (Harakha bai) to Akbar in 1572 who was ruler of Amer.  

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Nav-Ratna of Akbar:-
(i) Birbal – Administration and very clever.
(ii) Abdur Rahim Khane-khana – Statesman, Hindi Poet.
(iii) Abul Fazl – Scholar and statesman.
(iv) Faizi – Scholar and Staleman
(v) Todar-mal- Finance minister, Bandobasti system (8 years).
(vi) Tansen – Musician.
(vii) Mulla-Do Pyaja- Intelligent person
(viii) Mansingh – Mansabdar, Grandson of Bharmel
(ix) Fakir Aziao-Din
● Started mansabdari System in mughal empire.  
● Issued Gold coins named as Ashrafi.  
● Adopted the policy of sulah-i-kul with Rajput kings.  
● He was uneducated king of mughal dynasty.  
● Famous painter, Dashwant, Basavan and keshav lived in his court.  
● He abolished Jaziya tax (1564), Pilgrimage tax (1563) and forcible conversion of prisoners of
war(1562).  
● Built an ibadat khana at fatehpur sikri to discuss religious matter in 1575 
● Made new religion din-i-ilahi (1582).  
● Birbal was only Hindu follower of Din-i-ilahi  
● Started Ilahi Samvat in 1583.  
● New method- Dahsala (1580) for revenue Purpose.  
● tried to ban on sati system
● Death’s cause– Atisaar  
● Tomb- Sikandara (Agra)  
● Started Jharokha darshan and tula dan.  

JAHANGIR (1605-27)
● Nickname-salim, Mother-Marium(Harakha Bai).  
● He established Zanjir-i-Adal (chain of Justice) at Agra fort for the seeker of Royal Justice.  
● Declaration of 12 orders related to welfare works.  
● His son khusaru, who received patronage of Guru Arjun Dev, Revolted against Jahangir. The
Fifth Sikh Guru was later sentenced to death for his blessing to Khusaru.  
● Married to nurjahan (1611)  
● Treaty b/w mughal and mewar in 1615.  

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● First king who gave mansabdar posts to Afghans.  

● New temple construction at Mathura, vrindawan and churches.  
● Classical Period of Painting – Goversdhan, Mansaur, Abul.  

SHAHJAHAN (1627-58) (KHURRAM)

● Golden Period of Mughal architecture.  
● Married to Arjumand bano begum who became Famous as mumtaz mahal.  
● Important campaign – Against Ahmednagar in 1633.  
● He Send Nurjahan to Lahore by giving 2 lacs annual pension where she died in 1645.  
● Shahjahan’s Falling health set off the war of succession among his sons in 1657.  
● Aurangzeb emerged the victer who crowned him self in 1658(the battle of Samugarh) after
defeating dara- Sikoh.  
● Shahjahan was imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb in Agra fort where he died in 1666.  
● He buried at Taj (Agra).  
● Starting of Hizari Samvat.  
● Bernier wrote live incident of struggle of throne.  

AURANGZEB (1658-1707)
1. Title-Alamgir.
2. Known as Zinda Pir, the living saint.
3. Mughal conquest reached a climax during his reign as Bijapur (1686) and Golconda (1687)
were annexed.
4. Made Shaitha Khan subedar of Deccan to control over Shivaji.
5. In 1665, Jai Singh made treaty of Purandar with Shivaji
6. Compiled Fatwa-i- Alamgiri.
7. Executed 9th Guru Tegh Bahadur (1675)
8. Revolt of shahjada Akbar.
9. Guru Govind Singh send a letter to Aurangzeb named as Jafarnama.

Executed against Aurangzeb-

1. Afghan Revolt (ii) Jat Revolt (iii) Satnami Revalue (iv) Bundela Revolt (v) Rajpot (vi)
Sikh.

Religious Policy of Aurangzeb:

1. Forbade inscription of Kalama on coins, celebration of Nauraj.

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2. Ban on sati custom, hindu Festival, Jharokha darshan

3. Forbade music in court, Ban on Tuladan
4. Reintroduction of Jaziya.
5. Ban on Muharram
Died at Ahmadnagar
Most Hindues officer at court of Aurangzeb.
two time coronation of Aurangzeb
Later Mughal Rulers:-
1. Bahadur-Shah-I (1707-12)
He pursued pacifist policy by releasing sahu and his mother Title- Shah- alam-I
2. Jahandar Shah (1712-1713)- Abolished Jaziya
3. Muhammad Shah (1719-1748)
(i) Nadir-Shah Raided India and took away peacock throne.
4. Shah- Alam-II (1759-1806)
(i) Third Battle of Panipat- Ahmad Shah abdali V/s Maratha
(ii) Baxure Battle in 1764.
5. Akbar-II (1806-1837)
(i) Isolated up to Red fort.
(ii) Pensioner of E.I.C.
6. Bahadur Shah-II (1837-1857)
(i) 1857 revolt (ii) Deported to Rangoon where diedin18.

Mughal Architecture:-
1. Humanyu- Foundation of Din-Panan at Delhi
2. Sher-Shah Suri- (i) Old Fort (Purana Qila)- Delhi (ii) Tomb of sher-shah (Sasaram)
3. Akbar : (i) Tomb of Humanyu built by Haji-Begum in Delhi.
(ii) Agra fort.
(iii) Fatehpur-Sikri- After conquest of Gujarat in 1571.
(a) Jodhabai’s Palace (b) Diwan-i-Aam (iii) Dwan-i-knc
(d) Buland Darwaja (Build on occasion of Gujarat victory) (E) Salim chisti’s tomb. (F) Palace
of Birbal (G) Mariyam Mahal.
4. Jahangir:- (i) Akbar’s tomb at sikandara (Agra) (ii) Itimad-up-Daula’s tomb (by Nurjahaa Agra)
(iii) Salimar and Nishant garden in Kashmir. (iv) Jahangir’s Mausoleum at Shahdara (Lahore).
5. Shah Jahan-
(i) Jama Masjid in Delhi

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(ii) Diwan-i- Aam and Diwani-i-Khas in Red fort of Agra.

(iii) peacock-throne.
(iv) Moti-masjid in Red fort of Agra.
(v) Shahjahanabad- Delhi
(vi) Red fort- Delhi
(vii) Taj Mahal- Agra, (Silpkar- Ustaadisha)
6. Aurangzeb:- (i) Tomb of Aurangzeb by Aurangzeb. (ii) Tomb of Rabbia-ud-daura in
Aurangabad the (Tajmahal of South India) (iii) Moti Masjid in Red Fort of Delhi.

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THE MARATHA AGE

(1) Shivaji (1627-1680)-
1. Born-20 April in fort of Shivner.
2. Father- Shahji, Mother- Jija Bai
3. Captial of Shivaji – Raigarh.
4. Shivaji looted surat 2 times which was territory of Mughal.
5. Treaty of Purandhar- 1665 with jai singh
6. On 1674, he was coronated at Raigarh and assumed title of ‘Haindava Dharmodharak”.
7. Died in 1680
8.Shivaji was helped by the Ashta pradhan (eight ministers)
9. Important post- Peshwa.
10. Guru- Ramdas. Political guru- Dadogi Konddeo
11. Chauth was ¼ of land revenue and Sardeshmukhi.
12. Father of indian navy. Proponent of guerilla warfare
12 defeated shaista khan and killed afzal khan
13 cornonation by Ganga Bhatta of Banaras
12. Sambhaji (1680-89)
(a) Elder son of shivaji (b) Lack of dedication and hard working.
(c) He was captured at sangamesuar and executed
III Rajaram (1689-1700)
(i) He fled from Raigarh to Jinji in 1689 due to mughal invasion in which Raigarh was
captured along sambhaji wife and son (Shahu)
(ii) Died at satara His wife was tarabai
(iii) Shahu (1707-1749)- (i) Son of Sambhaji (ii) Tarabai’s army was defeated by shahu at
battle of khed (1700)

HISTORY OF 10 SIKH-GURUS
(1) Guru-nanak-Dev (1469 to 1539)
(i) Guru ka langar was started by him.
(ii) Contemporary of mughal sultan-Babur.

(2) Guru Angad Dev-I1539-1552)-

(i) Introduction of Gurmukhi Script.
(ii) Compiled writing of Guru-Nanak in Gurmukhi Script.

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(3) Guru-Amar Das (1552-1574)-

(i) Abolished the custom of Sati and purdah system in Sikhs.

(4) Guru-Ram Das (1574 -1581)-

(i) Founded the city of Amritsar and golden temple.

(5) Guru Arjun Dev (1581-1606)-

(i) Complied the Adi Granth. (ii) First Guru martyrin sikhism.

(6) Guru- Hair Govind (1606-1644)

(i) Consolidated military organization.
(ii) established sri Akal Takhat sahib.

(7) Guru Har Rai (1644 -1661)- Man of Peace.

(8) Guru har Kishan (1661-1664)
(9) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji (1665-1675) -Executed by Aurangzeb.
(10) Guru Govind Singh (1675-1708)
(i) Last Guru of Sikhism.
(ii) Created Khalsa Panth in 1699
(iii) He wrote Famaus letter to aurangazeb- Zafarnama.

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MODERN INDIA
1. Hyderabad- Kilich Khan (Nizam-ul-mulk) (1724)
First state to accept subsidiary alliance.
2. Awadh-Saadat Khan (Burhan-ul-mulk) (1722)
Saadat khan was awarded by independent principality of awadh. He was died in 1739.
● He was succeeded by Safdar Jang as the nawab of Awadh. 
3. Bengal- Murshid quli Khan (Founder) (1713). He was a capable ruler and made
murshidabad his capital. Sarfaraz khan was killed in 1740 by Alivardi khan and became
Nawab.
● 1756- Siraj-ud-dulla became Nawab of Bengal.  
4. Rajputs:- Many Rajpat Kings declared their independence after decline of mughal
empire.
● Capable Rajput Ruler – Sawai Raja Jai Singh  
● Jai Singh Laid the foundation of Jaipur city.  
● Five Jantar-mantars – (i) Delhi (ii) Jaipur (iii) Mathura (iv) Ujjain (v) Varanasi  
5. Jat Kingdom-
(i) Churaman and Badan Singh Succeeded in setting up the Jat State of Bharatpur.
(ii) It was under surajmal that jat power reached its Zenith.
(iii) Surajmal was known as “Plato of his tribe/Jati”.
6 Mysore
(i)- Decline of vijayanagara empire,wodeyars came into power and established mysore.
(ii) In 1761 mysore state, was brought under the rule of haider Ali.
(iii) He founded modern artillery factory in dindigul with help of French.

First Anglo-Mysore war (1767-1769)-

● Hyder-Ali defeated EIC and made treaty of Madras in 1769.  
Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780-84)
● English commander, Sir Eyre Coote defeated hyder Ali.  
● After death of Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan became Sultan (1782)  
● Ended with treaty of “Mangalore.”  
Third Anglo-mysore war (1782-1799)
● Ended with treaty of seringapatam. Defeat of Tipu.  
● Half State, a war damage of 3 crore, was given to FIC.  
● Tipu’s two sons were taken as hostage by EIC.  

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Fourth-Anglo- Mysore war (1799).

Result:-Death of tipu Sultan and Annexation of Mysore.
● Tipu sultan planted the tree of Liberty at seringapatam.  
● Became a member of the Jacobin club of france.  

Sikh-Kingdom-
● Sikh organized themselves into 12 misls or confederacies which exercised control over
different part of kingdom. The credit for establishing a strong kingdom of Punjab goes to
Sardar Ranjit Singh (Sukerchakia misl) 
● The treaty of Amritsar with british, Ranjit Singh acknowledged the british right over the
CIS-Sutlej territories.  
● Shahshuja Gifted kohinoor diamond to Raja Ranjeet Singh  
First Anglo-Sikh war (1845)-
Result- Sikh army lost the battle.
Treaty- Treaty of Lahore
Second Anglo-Sikh war (1848).
Result-Sikh was defeated and sikh state was annexed into british empire.
● Dileep Singh was sent to London for study.  

Maratha (Peshwa)-
(i) In a battle of Khed (1707) was fought b/w shahuji and tarabai.
(ii) Result- Shahu ji won and captured satara.
● Shahuji made Balaji Vishwanath First Peshwa in (1713-1720) 
● For good administration, empire was divided  
Holkar - Indore
Gaikwad Baroda
Sindhias Gwalior
Peshwa Poona
Bhonsle Nagpur
Pawar Malwa.

Bajirao-I (1720-1740)-
● Baji Rao-I Became Peshwa after death of his father.  
● Slogan- Hindu-Padshahi  
● Good Skills in Guerrilla warfare after shivaji.  
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Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761)

● Famous name – Nana Saheb.  
● All power was vested in Peshwa after death of Shahuji in 1750.  
● Third battle of Panipat (1761)  
● Maratha V/S Ahmad Shah Abdali  
● Result- Maratha was badly defeated Death of sadashiv Rao and Vishwas Rao.  
● Decline in power of Maratha after in 1761.  
● Death of Balaji Baji Rao after 6 month of battle.  
(1) First Anglo-Maratha war (1775-1782)-
(i) Raghunath Rao Sought help from british and made treaty of surat. This made ground
for war.
(ii) Treaty of salbai- accepted prevision position.
(2) Second Anglo-Maratha war (1803-1806)-
(i) Peshwa was defeated and treaty of Bassein.
(ii) Signed Subsidiary alliance.
(3) Third Anglo-Maratha war (1817-1818)
(i) Peshwaship was abolished.
(ii) Peshwa Baji Rao ii Became a british retainer at Bithur(Kanpur).

ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS IN INDIA-

(1) Portuguese (2) The Dutch (3) The English (4) The Den (5) The French
Portuguese Rise and Fall-
● 1498 Arrival of vasco-Da-Gama at Calicut and his grant reception by the local king,
zamorian.  
● Second man to come after Vasco-da-gama, Pedro Alvares Cabral.
● 1503 First Portuguese fort at cochin (western part 1505- Second portuguese fort at
cannanore (western part)  
● First Eastern Portuguese fort- Pulicat.  
● 2nd Eastem Portuguese fort- Masulipatnam.  
● 1505 Blue water policy by Governor “Francisco De Almeida”  
Alronso de Albuquerque(1509-1515)
(i) Real founder of Portuguese in India.
(ii) Acquired Goa From Sultan of Bijapur in 1510 and made his head-Quarter later in 1530.
(iii) Abolished of Sati

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(iv) 1661/62 Bombay had been gifted to king Charles II by king of partuges as dowry when
Charles, married to Portuguese Princess centerline
The Dutch:-
● In 1602, Netherlands govt. amalgamated many trading companies in to EIC of Netherland.  
● First Factory – Masulipatam (1605)  
● Second Factory – Pulicat.  
● The battle of Bidara- The English defeated the Dutch (1759)  
● Issued the Pagoda coins in Pulicat by Duteh.  
The English-
● On 31 Dec. 1600, Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter with rights of trading to company for
15 years of monopoly.  
● 1613-First Factory of EIC in Surat.  
● 1616 First Factory of EIC in South India-Masulipatam.  
● 1639-The Company got the lease of madras form a local king and fortified the place,
known as fort saint George.  
● 1651 The company was given permission to trade at Hooghly (Bengal)  
● 1661 Bombay as dowry.  
● 1717 The Mughal emperor farrukhsiyar issued a Farman called magna carta of the
company, giving the company a large numbers of concession.  
The Danis-
1616- Founded in India.
1. First Factory- Tranquebar (Tanjore) 1620.
2. 2nd or principal factory- Serampore near calcutta 1676.
The French-
1664- Established.
1668- First factory in surat.
1669- Second factory (Masulipatam)
Main centre- Pondicherry
Established a Township at chandranagar Near Calcutta (1690-92)
First Carnatic war (1746-1748)-
● It was an extension of the Anglo-French rivalry in Europe.  
● Due to good generalship of Dupleix, French Defeated british.  
● Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle.  
Second Carnatic War (1749-54)
● France was defeated by EIC.

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● Treaty of pondicherry.
Third Carnatic war (1758-63)
● A decisive war, known as Battle of wandiwash.  
● End with treaty of paris (1763) 
The Battle of Plassey-
● Siraj-ud-daula became nawab of Bengal after death of alivardi khan in 1756 
● Rivalry with british was due to consolidation of british power in bengal. 
● Black hole tragedy- Location Fort William(Calcutta), Siraj imprisoned 146 English persons
who were lodged in a very tiny room due to which 123 of them died of Suffocation.  
● Treaty of Alinagar- Siraj-ud-daula and EIC.  
● Battle of plassey was started b/w nawab and EIC on 23-06-1757. 
● MirJafar cheated siraj. Siraj-ud-daula was captured and murdered by the order of mir-
jafar’s son miran.  
● Mir Jafar became the nawab. He gave large money+the zamindari of 24 pargana to English.  
● In 1760, the british made Mir Kasim new nawab of bengal after removing Mir Jafar.  
● Mir. Kasim agreed to cede to company the district of Burdwan midnapur and Chittagong.  
● Mir kasim shifted the capital from murshidabad to munger in bihar.  

THE BATTLE OF BUXAR : 23-OCT. 1764

● The combined armies of mir Kasim(the nawab of bengal), Shuja-ud-daula(the nawab of
awadh) and shah Alam II of Mughal were defeated by the English forces under major
hector munro at Buxar.  
● The victory made the English a great power in north india  
● Mir- Jafar again became the nawab.  
● Started dual system of Government in Bengal by clive.  
● The treaty of Allahabad- Robert clive (the governor) concluded treaties at Allahabad with
nawab of awadh and shah-alam-II  
● Issue a farman granting the diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to EIC. 
● Dual government in bengal in 1765.

Economic Impact of British Rule in Indiad-

(1) Ryotwari-system (captain Reed first to introduce in India, Madras)
(a) Introduced by Thomas munro in 1820.
(b) Area of Introduction – Madras, Bombay, Assam,T.N (51% of India)

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(c) Ownership rights were handed over to the peasants british Government collected taxes directly
from peasants.
(2) Mahalwari- System-
(a) Introduced by William Bentick in 1833.
(b) Ownership were vested with the peasant village committee was responsible, for collection of
tax.
(c) Area- U.P., M.P., Punjab (Total Area-30%)
(3) permanent Settlement/Zamindari system-
(a) Introduced by lord Cornwallis on recommendation of Sir John Shore.
(b) Total Area – Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Banaras (19% of India)
(c) Zamindar were recognized as owner of lands.
(d) total amount divided in 11 parts. 10 part of british govt. and 1 part for zamindar.

Drain of Wealth:-
● Dadabhai Naoroji, “The Grand old man of india” Introduced the concept of drain of wealth
in his book” Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India”.  
● Other Economic Analysts by mahadeo Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Ramesh
Chandra Dutt Book. (The Economic History of India)  
● Britisher invested funds in Railways sectors, Banking, tea-baagan, etc. 
● Most investment sector – Farming, railways. 
● First train in India from Mumbai (Bombay) to thane (1853)  
● First cotton factory - Bombay (Manu factorings)  
● First Jute Factory- Bengal (manufacturing)  
● Factory for iron-production- Kulti (1874)  
● First sugar mill – 1904 (Saran, Maharashtra)  
● Tata iron company- 1907 (Jamshedpur) TISCO  

Subsidiary Alliance Introduced be Wellesley

(1) First state – Hyderabad (1798, 1800)
(2) “ “ Mysore (1799)
(3) “ “ Tanjore (1799)
(4) “ “ Awadh (1801)
Doctrine of Lapse- Lord Dalhousie (1848-56).
First state – (1) Satara) 1848)
Other state – Sambhalpur, Bhagat, Nagpur, Jhanshi

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● Awadh was annexed into britihs Govt. on charge of mal-adminsitration.  

● In 1876, Queen was given a title of “Kesar-i-Hind’. After that, All the Indian Princes and
kings degraded to samanth Position.  

The Revolt of 1857-

(1) In 1857, A powerful revolt was started against british empire in India in part of north and centre
India.
Reasons of Revolt-
(i) Economic Causes. (ii) Political Causes (iii) Social and Religion cause (iv) Military causes.
The Spark Point of Revolt-
● The cartridge of new rifle was made of beef and pig fat.  
● 29 march- 1857 (barrackpore)  
● A young sepoy of the 34th native infantry, mangal pandey fired at the sergent of his unit at
Barrackpore.  
● Mangal Pandey was overpowered and executed on 8 April.  
● 10 May, 1857 (Meerut) Solider released their imprisoned comrades, killed his offices and
unfurled the banner of revolt. They set off for Delhi  
● 12 may, 1857 (Delhi) – The Aged and powerless Bahadur shah Zafar was proclaimed the
emperor of india.  
● Delhi became the centre of Revolt and Zafar its symbol.  
Location Indian Leader Starting of The british End of Revolt.
of Revolt Revolt Resistance

Delhi Bahadur Shah Jafar 11 may, 1857 Nicholson, 20 Sept. 1857

General Bakht Khan Hudson

Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal 4 June, 1857 Campbell March, d1858

Kadnpur Nana Saheb. 5 June 1857 Campbell Dec. d1857

Barcilly Khan Bahadur June, 1857 Vincent aryor 1858

Bihar Kunwar Singh 12 June, 1857 Dec. 1858

Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah June 1857 1858

Jhansi Rani-Laxmi Bai 4 June, 1857 Sir Hugh Rode 17 June, 1858

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Allahabad Liaqat Ali June 1857 Colonel Neill 1858

Result/Consequences:- (Indian Act of 1858)

1. The direct responsibility for administration of country was assume by british crown and
company rule was abolished.
2. Secretary of state was appointed for indian affairs.
3. Lord canning at durbar at Allahabad declared the Queen proclamation on Nov. 1, 1858
4. Divide and Rule policy.
5. Viceroy was new title for governor-General
The Nature of Revolt…
1. V.D. Savarkar-War of independence inbis book named “The first war of indian
Independence.
2. R.C. Majumdar- Neither first, Nor National war of Independence.
3. Dr. Tarachand- Govt. Historian of Indian Independence.

RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENT-

1. Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj.
● Rather of Indian Renaissance.  
● Founder of Brahmo Samaj in 1828 
● Campaign against idolatry, caste rigidities, meaning less ritual and other social evil like
sati-pratha.  
● Book- Precepts of Jesus (1820), Gift to monotheist (1809).  
● Set up Atmiya sabha in Calcutta.  
● Roy was determined crusader against the inhumane sati and believed in the modern
scientific and rational approval  
● New paper- sambad kaumudi, mirat-ul-Akbar.  
● He established a Vedanta college (1825).  
● Supported David Hare for foundation of Hindu college (1817)  
● Akbar-II (Mughal emperor) gave title of Raja.  
● Gifted Linguist  
● Dead in Britain.  

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Brahmo Samaj
Divided

Bharatiya Brahmo Samaj Adi Brahmo Samaj

(Keshav Chandra Sen) (Debendra Nath Tagore)
Again Divide Founder of Tattva
Bodhini Sabha (1839)
Bhartiya Sadharan
Brahma Samaj Brahma Samaj

(2) The Young Bengal Movement- Founder-Henry Vivian Derozio.

● First National Poet of India 
● He was teacher at Hindu college where he inspired his pupils to think freely, rationally.  
Founder of “Academic Association”
(3) The Arya-Samaj
● Found by Dayanand Saraswati (Mula Shankar)  
● Established- Bombay (1875), H.Q- Lahore.  
AIM- Assert Hindu Faith over other Religions, denounced rifts brahmin’s supremacy, idolatry
Slogan – “Back to Vedas”
Book – Satyarth Prakash (The true exposition)
- Suddhi Movement was started.  
- Sirol Called Arya Samaj as father of unrest India.  
Ram Krishna Mission:-
● The basis of Ramkrishna Mission is from the Philosophy of Vedanta.  
● Swami Vivekananda founded the Ram Krishna Mission in 1897 after the death of his guru
“Ram Krishna Paramhansa” Head office- Belur (Calcutta)  
● Vivekananda was born in (1863, Jan 12)- Original Named- Narendra.  
● Swami took part in parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893.  
● 1896- Establishment of Vedanta Group in U.S.A.  
● Ram Krishna Paramhansa is Known as The saint of Dakshineshwa  
● Subhash Chandra Base – We can say swami Vivekanand as the Father of Modern
Indian/National Struggle.  
● Books – Raj Yoga, Karma Yoga, Vedanta Philosophy.  

The Theosophical Society-

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● Founder- (i) Madame H.P. Blavatsky (ii) Colonel M.S. olcott.  

Location, Time-U.S.A. 1875
Objective- The Service of Society, Inspiration from Philosophy of Upnishads and Many other
Indian books.
Indian H.Q. – Adayar (1882).
Poplar leader in India – Annie Besant Annie Besant laid the Foundation of Central Hindu College
in Banaras which became Banaras Hindu University (1916)
Prathna Samaj:-
Founder – Atmaram Pandurang, Mahadev Govind Ranade
Conation, Time – Bombay (1867)
Objects- Uplift of women, abolition of caste discrimination and religious orthodoxy, emphasis on
Monotheism.
(7) Dharma-Sabha-
Founder - Radha Kant Dev (1885)
- Emerged to counter Brahmo samaj, aimed at protection of orthodoxy and
condemned Reforms.
(8) Seva-Sadan-
Founder - B.M. Malabari (1885)
- Against child marriages, Forced widowhood, and help socially exploited reforms.
(9) The Servants of Indian Society-
Founder - Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
To Prepare a group of people for social Reforms.
(10) Wahabi Movement-
Founder- Syed Ahmed of Rai Bareilly, Islam Haji
● Opposed the british and fought against the sikhs.  
● Popularised the teaching of waliullah.  
(11) Aligarh- Movement-
Founder- Syed Ahmed Khan
- Sir syed founded a Scientific Society.  
- Established Anglo-Muslim School in Aligarh (1875)  
- Tahzib-al- Akhlaq  
(12) Satya Shodhak Movement:-
Founder – Jyotiba Phule (1873), Maharashtra
Objective- Against brahmanic domination and for the emancipation of low castes, untouchable and
widows.

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Book- Gulamgiri
News Paper- Din bandhu, Justice.
(13) Lokhitawadi-
Founder- Gopal Haridesmukh.
● Great Social Reformer in Maharashtra.  
● He attended Delhi- Darwar (1876) in Cotton clothes (khadi)  

Self Respect-Movement-
Founder – E.V. Ramaswami Naicker/ Periyar.
● Vishnu Shashtri Founded the widow re-marriage society in 1850  
● Ishwar Chandra Vidhya Sagar Played an important role in widow-Remarriage. 
● Widow- Re marriage Act was passed because of effort of Ishwar Chandra Vidhya Sagar.  
● Sharda Act- Declaration of illegal marriage of underage For boy (18) and for girl (14 year)  

Women Education:-
● J.E. Betune opened first girl school in 1849 at Calcutta. Iswar  
● Ishwar Chandra Vidhya sagar also has important place for girl education. He was credited
for opening 35 girls school.  
All India Depressed Class:-
Founder - B.R Ambedkar (1924)
ALL INDIA ANTI -UNTOUCHABILITY LEAGUE
Gandhi (1932)
Weekly newspaper- Harijan in 1933.
- For elevating the social status of lower backward

INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1885-1947)

Political Association Before the Indian national Congress
(i) The Bangabhasha Prakasika sabha- Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1896)
(ii) The land holder Association/Zamindar Association.
Founder, period- Dwarka Nath Tagore (1838)
Was founder to Safeguard the interest of landlords.
(iii) The Bengal British India society- 1843.
(iv) British Indian Association (1851) Combination of Land holder Society and Bengal
british india Society.
● It sent a petition to the british parliament.  

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(v) The Indian League- Sisir kumar Ghose (1875)

(vi) The Indian Association- Surendra Nath Banerjee + Anand mohan Bose (1875)
(vii) East India Association- Dada Bhai Naoroji (London) (1866)
(viii) Bombay Presidency Association- 1885 Started by- Badruddin Tyabji, PherozShah
Mehta, K.T. Telang.
(ix) Indian Society- Anand Mohan Bose (1872), (London)

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INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS-

● A.O. Hume is known as father of Indian National congress.  
● First it was attended by 72 members but surendra Nath Banerjee was not present in first session.
Session- Bombay in December 1885 
● President of first session- Womesh Chandra Banerjee.  
● Viceroy of India – Lord Dufferin.  
● Lala Lajpat Ray- Called the foundation of congress as  

Safety Value-
● Moderate phase of Congress- (1885-1905) Main leader of this phase- Dada bhai Naroji,
Badruddin Tayab Pherozshah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale.  
● Second session- Attended by 436 delegates.  
● Sir Syad Ahmed khan was only person who did not have any connection with congress party.  
● Bal Gangadar Tilak- Only congress member who did not become the president of any congress
session.  
First Phase- Moderate Phase (1885-1905)
According to them, Public demands should be presented to the Govt. through resolution, petition,
meeting and focus on constitutional way.
● Indian councils act (1892) was Passed-  
First parsi president – Dada Bhai Naroji (1886)
First Muslim President – Badruddin Tyabji (1887)
First Christian President- George Yule (1888)
First Woman President – Annie Besant (1917)
First Indian woman President – Sarojani Naidu (1925)
First Chairman of INC- A.O. Hume
- This moderate phase was not popular amongst young people of India.
Second phase of National Movement (1905-1919)
● This period is also known as new nationalism or extremists phase.  
(i) Bipin Chandra Pal
(ii) Lala Lajpat Rai Popular Leaders.
(iii) Bal Gangadhar Tilak Important leader of this phase.
(iv) Aurobindo Ghose
● The Credit of this extremist phase – Tilak.  
● Tilak was first who gave slogan of Swadeshi, Boycott.  
● Political Guru of Tilak – M.G. Ranade.  

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● News paper of Tilak – (i) Maratha (English) (ii) Kesari (Marathi.)  

● Tilak Started festivals of Ganpati and Shivaji in 1893.  
● Moderate- Extremists dispute laid the movement weak.  
● Sirole called Tilak as the father of Indian unrest.  
Partition of Bengal-1905
Viceroy- Lord Curzon
● Declaration of Partition was due to political conscious among Bengalis.  
● Official Reason- Mal administration of Bengal.  
● 20 July 1905- Declaration of Bengal’s Partition.  
● 16 Oct, 1905 – Partition was active in Bengal.  
● On August 7, 1905 – with the passage of the Boycott Resolution in a massive meeting held in
Calcutta Townhill, the Formal proclamation of swadeshi movement was made.  
● 16 Oct-1905- Observed as a day of mourning throughout Bengal singing bande matram, tied
Rakhis on each other’s hand.  
● Ravindra Nath Tagore Composed a song “Amar Sonar Bangla’ which became National anthem
of Bagladesh in 1971.  
● Congress session of banaras- 1905  
President of INC- Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
proclaimed swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods.
● Congress Session of Calcutta- 1906 
President- Dada Bhai
Demand of Self-Govt. or Swaraj.
● Congress Session of surat-1907-
President- Ras bihari Ghose
● Party was splitted with serious consequence for Swadeshi movement.  
● Tilak was imprisoned for six year in Mandalay Jail where he wrote Geeta Rahasya book.  

Muslim League (1906)

Founder- Salimullah (Nawab of Dhaka)
First chairman- Aga Khan.
● Viceroy lord minto helped to formation of muslim league on the line of Divide and Rule Policy.  
Morley- Minto Reform of 1909
● The numbers of elected members in the imperial legislative council and provincial legislative
councils was increased.  

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● One Indian was to be appointed to the viceroy’s executive council (Satyendra Sinha was 1st to
be appointed in 1909)  
● Arrangement for separate electorate for muslims.  

Delhi Darwar (1911)

ViceRoy - Lord Hardings.
British King George V and his wife merry came to India for coronation of his empire.
Declaration By king. (i) Revoke of Bengal’s Partition
(ii) Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi.

REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY- FIRST PHASE-

(1) Maharashtra-
(i) Chapekar Brothers, Damodar and Bal Krishna murdered the plague commissioner of poona
Rand in 1897.
● Chapekar brothers established vyapam org and later they were hanged.  
● Tilak was imprisoned for 18 months for his writings.  
Abinav Bharat-
Founder – Ganesh Savarkar+Vinayak Savarkar.
● In 1909, Jackson, the D.M. of Nasik was killed by anant laxman Kanhare.  
● Trials of Nasik conspiracy on vinayak brothers.  
Bengal-Anushilan Samiti- Barindra Kumar Ghose + Bhupendra Nath Dutt.
Weekly Newspaper- Yugantar (Bhupendra with Dutta)
- Vande Matram (Arbindo Ghose)  
- Sandhy a – Brahma Bhahav  
● 30 April 1908- Prafulla chaki and Khudiram Bose threw a bomb at a carriage supposed to be
carrying a particular judge kings ford in muzaffarpur. Two ladies got killed.  
● Prafulla chaki shot himself dead while khudi Ram was tried and hanged.  
● Alipore conspiracy case- Aurobindo+Barindra Ghose was tried in this case for illegal weapons.  
● Secret Society- Rasbihari Bose+Sachin Sanyal  
(3) Punjab-Govt. tried to stop the revolutionary activity in Punjab by deporting Ajit Singh and lala
lajpat Rai to Mandalay Jail (Burma).
● Ajit Singh- Bharat Mata News paper.  

(4) Hardinge Bomb case/Delhi Bomb Case- 1912-

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● Rash behari Bose and sachin sanyal staged a spectacular bomb attack on viceroy Hardings
while he was making his official entry into the new capital in a procession through chandni
choak in Delhi.  
● Capital Punishment- Amir Chandra, Awadh Biharilal, Bhai Balmukh.  
Revolutionary Activity in Abroad:-
Indian house- Shyam Ji Krishna Verma (Founder)
Location – London
News Paper – Indian Sociologist
The member of India house, madan lal Dhingra Assassinated the Curzon-wyllie in London in 1909
India society- Madam Bhikaji Cama (Founder)- Peris.
(a) She was a parsi women who was known as the mother of Indian struggle.
(b) She brought out monthly paper- Bande Matram.

Ghadar Party- (1913)

Founder- Lala Hardayal
Location- San Francisco
Others members – Sohan Singh Bhakna, Bhai Parmanand, Karter Singh Barkatullah.
Weekly newspaper- Ghadar.
● The Ghadrists want to intend the armed revolution india against british.  
Komagata Maru Incident-
Komagata Maru was the name of ship which was carrying 370 passenger mainly sikh and Punjabi
Muslim would be immigrants from Singapore to Vancouver (Canada) They were turned back by
canadian authorities.
● The ship was finally came to Calcutta where conflict with police was happened, 22 person died.  
Mutiny in Singapore-
● Taking inspiration from Ghadar, on 05 Feb., 1915, Muslim 5 th light infantry under leadership of
chisthi Khan and Dunde Khan Revolted there.  
● Raja Mahendra pratap Singh, Barkatullah went to Kabul to organize a provisional Indian govt.
with the help of crown prince in 1915  

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HOME RULE MOVEMENT (1916)

● The Indian Home Rule movement/leagues were organized on the lines of irish home Rule
leagues.  
● Pioneers of this movement- Tilak and annie besant.  
● Tilak’s Slogan- “Self-Government is my birth right , and I Shall have it”.  
Tilak Annie besant

Time (April (1916) Sept. 1916

Areas- Karnataka, Barar Central Province and Areas Rest of India and Bombay.
Maharashtra (Excluding Bombay)
George Arundale, C.P. Rama Swamy, and B.W.
Wadia Were Helping Member

Starting Point- Poona news paper News Paper- New India (ii) Common weal

● In June 1917, Annie Besant and her associated, B.P. wadia and George Arundale were arrested.  
● Sir, S.Subramaniyam Aiyer Renounced his knighthood.  

LUCKNOW SESSION/PACT-(1916)
President of INC – Ambika Charan Majumdar
Two important factors of this session.
● A.C. Majumdar finally readmitted the extremists led by Tilak to congress fold.  
● Coming together of the muslim league and congress and the presentation of common demands
by them to Government.  
● Congress accepted the Position of Separate electorate for muslims in lucknow pact.  
● Madan Mohan Malviya and C.Y. Chintamani was against of this Pats.  
● Maulana Azad’s Al hilal and Mohammad Ali’s Comrade Faced suppression from british Govt.  

The Montangue-ChelmsFort Reform (1919)-

Viceroy- Chelms Ford
Indian Secretary – Montangul
● Introduction of Dyarchy in Provinces  
● Two lists – (i) Reserved (administered by Governor) (ii) Transferred (administered by
ministers)  
● Voting Rights for Women’s.  

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● First time, Responsible government word was used by Mantangual.  

(i) All india liberal dal/ group- Surendra Nath Banerjee (1918)
(ii) Hindu Maha Sabha- Madan Mohan Malviya (1915)
(iii) Akali Dal- 1925
(iv) Ijan 1915- Mahatma Gandhi Ji came back to India From Africa.

THE LAST PHASE OF NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1919-1947)

Emergence of Mahatma Gandhi
Born- 2 Oct. 1869 in Porbandar (Gujarat)
● Gandhi had gone to south Africa in relation with a case involving his client dada Abdullah in
the age of 24 years.  
● Faced Racial discrimination at Pietermaritzburg Station.  
● Started a paper Indian opinion in South Africa. 
● Setting up of Tolstoy form.  
● Establishment of phoenix Ashram in south Africa.  
● Campaign against poll tax and invalidation of Indian marriage.  
● Wrote a new book hind swaraj in 1909 
● Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat.  
● First use of Satyagraha in South India in 1906/1908 

Gandhi Ji in India-
Political Guru of Gandhi Ji- Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Inspiration from- Tolstoy
● Gandhi Ji was known as “Sargent of army recruitment “during the first world war.  
● Keshar-i-Hind:- Title given to Gandhi from british.  
● Gandhi took part in Congress session of 1901 for 1st time.  
Champaran Satyagraha (1917): 1st Civil Disobedience
- Related to Indigo Farming  
- Association of Rajendra Prasad, J.P. Kripalani, Mahadev Desai  
Ahmedabad mill strike (1918)- First Hunger strike.
● Dispute between mills owners of Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of plague bones.  
● Gandhi was in favour in workers.  

Kheda Satyagraha (1918) First Non-Cooperation Movement-

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● Crops failed in kheda district of Gujarat. The authority refused to grant remission.  
● Gandhi supported the peasant cause and asked them to with hold revenue.  
● Sardar Patel and Indulal Yagnik became follower of Gandhi  

Rowlatt Act-1919- First mass strike-

● This Act authorized the government to imprison any person without trial and conviction in
court of law.  
● This Act is also known as black Act.  
● Satyagraha was to be launched on April 6, 1919 by Gandhi but later 9 April 1919, he was
imprisoned.  
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April, 1919)
● The people had gathered in this small park to protest against the arrest of their leaders, saifuddin
and satyapal.  
● General Dyer blocked the exit gate and opened fire on unarmed crowd killing abt 1000 
● RabindraNath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest Hunter commission submitted his
report and found dyer unguilty in case of Jallianwala Bagh case.  

Khilafat and Non-cooperation Movement

Khilafat issue:-
Muslims were angered by the treatment meted out to turkey by the british after the first world war.
Muslims regarded the sultan of turkey as their khalifa. All India khilafat conference held in delhi in
November 1919 under the president ship of mahatma Gandhi.
Gandhi Ji Felt that this was a golden opportunity to cement.
● Khilafat movement was formally started from 31 August, 1920 
● At a special session in Calcutta, the congress approved a non-cooperation programme.  
● Tilak was dead on 1 August 1920. Establishment of Tilak fund for Non-cooperation movement.
Tilak was never in favour forth is Joint cooperation.  
● Some leaders like mohammed Ali Jinnah, Annie besant, Left the congress and did not take part
in N.C.M.  

Chauri-Chaura Incident- 5 Feb. 1922

● Violence by agitated mob- prompted Gandhi to withdraw movement in bardoli on 12 feb. 1922 
● In march 1922, Gandhi Ji was arrested and sentenced to 6 years.  
● In Nov. 1922, Turkey was made a secular state under kamal Pasha thus the khilafat movement
was also lost.  

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Swaraj Party- 1923

Founder - (i) Motilal Nehru (secretary) (ii) Chitra Ranjan Das (president)
● No-changer opposed council entry, advocated concentration on constructive work.  
● 1923 elections, swaraj party got a majority in central province. 
● Vithal bhai patel was elected speaker of central legislative Assembly.  
● C.R. Das was known as Din bandu of India. He was dead in 1925.  
Gandhi-Das Pact-1924-
● The swaraj party was allowed to contest elections as a group with in congress.  
● This pact was approved in Belgaum session of INC where Gandhi Ji acted as president of
Congress. In this session, Resolution of basic education was passed, Gandhi is known as Father
of basic education.  
The Second Phase of Revolutionary Movement-
● North-India- 
H.R.A (Hindustan Republican Association)
Founded by Ram Prasad Bismil, Sachin Sanyal, Azad.
Date, Location- 1924, Kanpur
Objective- An armed Revolution to overthrow the british govt.
Karori Robbery-9 August 1925
-looted its official railway case.
● 17 were Jailed and 4 were transported for life.  
● Capital punishment-Bismil, Ashfaqulla khan, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri  
● Sachin Sanyal wrote a book “Bandi Jiwan”.  
H.S.R.A. (Hindustan Socialist Republican Association)
Location- Ferozshah Kotla (Sept. 1928)
Founder- Chandra Shekhar Azad.
Other Members- Bhagat Singh, SukhDev, Bhagwati Charan Vohra
Objective- work under a collective leadership and adopted socialism as its official Goal.
(i) Saunder’s Murder (17 Dec. 1928, Lahore)-Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru shot dead
saunders, the police official responsible for the lathicharge in Lahore.
(ii) Bomb in Central Legislative Assembly (8 April-1929)-
● Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt were asked to throw a bomb in central legislative
Assembly.  
● The bomb had been deliberately made harmless and were aimed at making the deaf hear.  
● Jatin Das became 1st martyr on 64th day of his fast.  
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● Azad died in a police encounter in a park in Allahabad in 27 Feb. 1931  

Chittagong Armoury Raid (April 1930)
Main leader- Surya sen
Other members- Anant Singh, Kalpana Dutt, Lokenath, Ganesh.
● Founded Indian Republican Army  
● The raid was conducted on Armory Raid and then proclaimed provisional government.  
Capital Punishment- 12 Jan. 1934
● The philosophy of the Bomb written by Bhagwati charan vohra.  
● Bhagat Singh helped establish the Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha (1936)  
● M.N. Roy Established communist party of India in 1925.  
The Simon Commission (1927-1928)-
● Came in 1928 to explore Possibility of Further constitutional advance.  
● no indian members and came before his time.
● Go-back- Slogans and Black Flags hoisted where the commission went.  
Nehru Report- 1928-
First Indian effort to draft constitutional Scheme (August 1928) Recommended.
(i) Dominion Status.
(ii) Not Separate electorate but joint electorate.
(iii) 19 Fundamental Right.
Jinnah’s Fourteen Demands-
He rejected Nehru report because of
(i) Separate electorate.
(ii) Re-Organisation of Muslim majority states.
(iii) Reservation for muslims for Jobs.

● Sarojani-Naidu called Jinnah as “Symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity”.  

● Chaudhary Rahmat Ali used the word “Pakistan” for Ist time.  
● Iqbal considered as the father of Idea for Pakistan.  
● Jawahar Lal Nehru and subhash Chandra Bose set up the independence league/party in 1928.  
Calcutta Congress Session (Dec.-1928)-
● One year ultimatum to Government to accept dominion status or else civil dis-obedience to be
launched for complete independence.  
Lahore Congress Session (31 Dec.-1929)-
● Congress adopted complete independence as its goal.  
● January 26, 1930 celebrated as the first independence day all over the country.  

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President – Jawaharlal Nehru

River- Ravi River
● At midnight, on the bank of Ravi River, the newly adopted tricolor flag of freedom was hoisted. 

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930)

Main leader – Mahatma Gandhi
● C.D.M. began on march 12 and Gandhi broke the salt law by picking up a handful of salt at
dandi on April 6.  
● From Sabarmati Ashram- Coast at Dandi (240 miles) main objective full independence.  
● Salt was chosen was the central formula For C.D.M.  
● C. Rajagopalachari led a march from Tiruchiparalley to vedaranniya.  
● K. Kelappan- Malabar  
● Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan – N.W.F.P. (Peshawar)  
● Known as frontier Gandhi  
● His Volunteer Brigade- Khudai Khidmatgar  
● Rani Gaidinliu in Manipur revolted against british ruler later Gaidinliu was awarded with title
of Rani 
● Gandhi’s arrest came on 4-5 may 1930 
● Subhash Chandra Bose compared dandi yatra with napoleon’s Paris march.  
● In July 1930, Viceroy suggested a round table conference and reiterated the goal of Dominion
status.  
● Abbas tyabji took the leadership of C.D.M. after Gandhi’s imprisonment.  
First Round Table Conference (Nov. 1930-Jan. 1931)
● The Congress boycotted the first R.T.C.  
● This Conference was not succeeded.  
● President of this conference –Ramsay M.C. Doland.  

Gandhi- Irwin Pact (14 Feb. 1931)-

Gandhi was ready to take part in 2nd R.T.C. when Govt. accepted his demands.

Second Round Table Conference (1931)-

President- P.M. of Britain (Mcd Doland)
Session got deadlocked on question of safe gaurds of Separate electorate for Minority and Dalits.
Sarojani Naidu represented congress here.
Gandhi came to Britain by HMIS Rajputana Ship

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December (1931)- April 1934- Second Phase of C.D.M.

Communal Award and Poona pact: 1932-

● Provided Separate electorate to depressed classes.  
● Nationalist felt it to be a threat to National unity.  
● Gandhi’s Fast unto Death (sept-1932)- YarvadaJail d 
Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar
● Poona Pact which abandoned separate electorate for depressed classes in favour of reserved
seats for them (146)  
● Gandhi setup Harijan sevak Sangh.  
● Gandhi Founded All india anti-untouchability league. 
● Gandhi- Gave harizan word to Dalits.  
● Gandhi-Publication of newspaper- Harijan (weekly)  

Third Round Table Conference (17 Nov. 1932)

● Congress again boycotted the congruence.  
● BackGround of Indian Act of 1935 was accepted.  

Govt. of Indian Act. 1935-

● All India federation  
● Provincial Autonomy.  
● Three list of legislation- Federal, Provincial, Concurrent at centre, subjects to be administered
in to two group reserved and transferred.  
State Elections- 1937-
Congress ministries formed in Bombay, Madras, Central Province, United province, Bihar, Orissa,
NWFP, Assam.
Karachi Congress Session-1931-
(i) Endorsed Delhi pact b/w Gandhi and Irwin
(ii) Passed resolution on economic programme and fundamental Rights.
Haripura congress Session-1938-
President- Subhash Chandra Bose.
National planning committee set up under the chairmanship of jawaharlal Nehru.
Tripuri Congress Session (1939)-
● Subhash Chandra Bose was elected new president of after defeating Gandhi’s candidate
Pattabhi Sitaramanya.  

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● Rajendra Prasad took Charge after subhas chandra Bose’s resign  

● Subhash Chandra Bose Founded New Party- Forward Bloc  
August Offer- 1940
● Germany attack Poland, Second world war starts- 1 Sept 1939.  
● Britain declares war and declares India’s Support For the war without consulting Indian
Opinion. 
● Congress ministries in Province resigned.  
Congress Session – 1940- Ramgarh
President- Maulana Abul kalam Azad. Congress will help british on the condition of established of
Indian Govt. After war.
● Viceroy announced the august offer which proposed.  
- Dominion status.  
- Setting up of a constituent Assembly after war.  
- Congress Rejected this and called for Individual satyagraha  
Individual Satyagraha- 1940
● Gandhi took command for Satyagraha. He decided to initiate a limited satyagraha on an
individual basis.  
● Demand- freedom of speech against the war through anti war declaration.  
First- Satyagarhi- Vinobha Bhave From Maharashtra.
Second Satyagrahi- JawaharLal Nehru.
● The Demand for Pakisthan- 1940 
Lahore Session of Muslim league- 23 march 1940- Demand For separate pak from India.
● Jinnah said that he would not accept anything less than pak.  
● Congress Socialist Party- 1934 
● Congress has given focussed for popularity to Socialist ideology.  
● Founder- Jai Prakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev. Menu Masani, Ram Manohar Lohiya.  
● Narendra Mandel (Chamber of Princes) 1921- The kings of Primes states established Narendra
Mandal for coordination and cooperation for their mutual demands.  

Cripp’s Proposals (1942)

March, 1942, A mission headed by Stafford cripps was sent to india by churchill.
Its offered-
(i) A union with Dominion Status.
(ii) A constituent Assembly elected by provincial to frame the constitution both, congress
and muslim league rejected the plan.

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● Gandhi called the proposal as post dated cheque.  

● Quit India Movement- 1942- 9 August, 1942- The CWS meeting at wardha (14 July, 1942)
accepted the idea of a quit India movement.  
● The Quit India Resolution was ratified at the congress meeting at gowalia Tank ( Bombay)
under presidentship of maulana Abdul Kalam on 8 August, 1942.  
● Gandhi gave slogan of Do or Die.  
● All the top leader including Gandhi were arrested and taken to unknown destination.  
● Usha Sharma started an underground Radio in Bombay.  
● In Feb. 1943, Gandhi Started a fast. Protests were organized at home and home and abroad
through hartal, strike.  
Parallel Government-
(i) Ballia- under chittu Pandey (for one week)
(ii) Tamluk (Bengal)- Dec 1942 to Sept. 1944
(iii) Satarad- (Mid 1942 to 1945) Y.B. Chavan, Nana Patil

On march 23, 1943- Pakistan Day was Observed.

The Indian National Army/ Subhash Chandra Bose.
The idea of I.N.A. was first conceived in Malaya by mohan Singh
Founder of I.N.A.- Mohan singh in Singapore.
Arrival of subhash Bose in Singapore in 2 July, 1943.
07 July 1943 command of I.N.A. Given to Subhash Bose by Ras Bihari Bose.
● Political Guru of C Subhash Bose- C.R.Das.  
● Subhash Bose called Gandhi as “The Father of Nation”.  
● Famous Slogan- “Give me blood, I will give you freedom” given in Malaysia.  
● Slogan- Delhi Chalo (Singapore)  
● Andaman and Nicobar islands renamed as shahid Dweep and swaraj Dweep by Subhash
Chandra Bose.  
● Separate Regiment for women- Rani Lakshmi Bai  
● A large Proportion of the INA troops surrendered where Rangoon Fell, before british army.  
● Famous Red fort trial of INA Pows for court mutilated emerged in their Defence (No. 1945)  
● Joint Court Martial of (i) prem kumar Sahgal  
( Capital Punishment but (ii) Guru baksh Singh Dhillon
Released later) (iii) Shah Nawaj Khan
● Bhula-Bhai, Asaf Ali, Jawahar Lal and Tez Bahadur Sapru Were the lawyer for (Pow)  

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Raja Gopalachari Formula (1944)

With approval from Gandhi, A formula for compromise b/w congress and muslim was planned. But
Mohhammad Ali Jinnah Rejected the proposal.
Desai-Liaqat Pat (1945 Failed)
● Wavell Plan or Shimala Plan (1945) Failed) 
Date- 25 June 1945, Governor- Lord Wavell. Muslim and congress party objected this plan later this
meeting also failed for compromising b/w league and congress.
● Revolt of Royal Navy- (1946) Bombay  
● Strike by Royal Indian Navy Rating.  
● HMIS Talwar was the ship where revolt was happened.  
Reason:- Racial discrimination against Indian Navy men.
The cabinet Mission- (1946) Feb.
Memebrs:-pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, A.V. Alexander.
● Main Points:- 
(i) Grouping in to three section A,B,C
(ii) Common centre- Defence, communication, external Affairs.
(iii) Provincial Assemblies to elect a constituent Assembly.
(iv) Federation of India, Rejection of Pak.

● Muslim league was dissatisfied by cabinet mission and call for Direct action day on 16 August,
1946. All part of India Faced communal violence in which more than 6000 People were killed.  
● Formation of Interim Govt.-  
Govt. headed by Nehru was sworn in on 2 Sept. 1946 Established constituent batch for Future
constitution. The muslim league was allowed to join on 26 Oct. 1946. Liaqat Ali- became
finance Minister of Govt. Liaqat Ali belong to muslim league. Obstructionist Approach by
Muslim league.
● Allee’s Statement- 20 Feb, 1947- 
● British P.M. made an announcement on 20-02-1947.  
● Fixed a deadline for transfer of power even if the indian politicians had not agreed by that time
on constitution.  
● Lord Mountbatten- New ViceRoy.  

The Mountbatten Plan- 3 June 1947-

● New Plan which was known as Mountbatten plan.  
● Transfer of Power from british to Indians  
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Objective.
● On July 18, 1947 the british parliament ratified the Mountbatten plan as the “Independence of
India Act-1947.  
● 14 August 1947- Mohammad Ali Jinnah became first Governor of Pakistan.  
● Mountbatten became 1st Governor of Free India.  
● Pt. Jawahar Nehru became first P.M. of Free India.  
● Red cliff committee was setup for border lines.  
● First indian Governor of free India-C. Rajagopalachari 
● C. Rajagopalachari founded Swatantra Party.  
● Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel and V.P. menon were responsible for organizing India unity after
independence.  
● Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel is known as Bismark of India, Iron man of India.  
19221-27- New Delhi was founded by Edwin lateens
Chandigarh- Le Corbusier Calcutta – Job Charnous
Rock- Garden- Nek Chand The Gateway – George witted of India
● Governor-General of Bengal and their Works – 
Robert Clive- Duel Govt. in Bengal
Treaty of Allahabad with shah-Alam
(1) Warren Hasting- 1773-1785
(i) Regulating Act. (first governor-General of Bengal)
(ii) Abolition of Dual System in Bengal.
(iii) Policy of Ring of fence
(iv) Foundation of Asiatic Society 1784 by William Jones
(v) Establishment of supreme Govt.
(vi) Establishment of Diwani and Faujdari courts.
(vii) First madrasa in Bengal.
(viii) First Maratha war and second Anglo-mysore war.
(ix) Establishment of sanskrit college in Banaras by Jonathan.

(2) Lord- Cornwallis (1786-1793)

(i) Permanent Settlement.
(ii) Father of Indian civil service and police service
(iii) Establishment of 4 circuit courts.
(iv) Cornwallis code formation.
(v) Third Anglo- Mysore war.

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(3) Lord/Sir John Shore (1793-1798)

(i) Policy of Non-Inter Florence.
(ii) Charter Act of 1793

(4) Lord- Wellesley (1798-1805)

(i) Subsidiary Alliance
(ii) Fort William College.
(iii) Fourth Anglo- Mysore war and second Maratha war

(5) Sir-George Barlow (1805-1807)-Vellore Mutiny (1806)

(6) Lord-Minto (I) (1807-1813)-

(i) Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit singh (1809)
(ii) Charter Act of 1813

(7) Lord-Hastings (1813-1823) –

(i) Anglo- Nepal war and treaty of Sangoli (ii) Third Anglo- Maratha war.

(8) Lord-Amherst (1823-1828)- First Burmese war and treaty of Yandaboo

Governor General of India/Their work)-
(9) Lord-William Bentinck (1828-1835)
(i) First Governor- General of India (Charter Act of 1833)
(ii) Abolition of Sati
(iii) Suppression of thugs- main lead (Henry sleeman)
(iv) Resolution of 1835, and educational Reforms and introduction of English as their official
language.
(10) Lord-Metcalfe (1835-1836)
(1) Liberator of Indian Press
(i) Lord-Auckland (1836-1842)-
(i) First Anglo-Afghan war Defeat of British.
(2) Lord-Ellenborough (1842-1844)
(i) Abolition of Slave practice
(ii) Conquest of sind

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(13) Lord Hardings (1844-1848)

(i) First Anglo- Sikh war and treaty of Lahore.
(14) Lord-Dalhousie (1848-1856) (maker of Modern India)
(i) Introduction of Doctrine of lapse.
(ii) Annexation of Awadh and annexation of Punjab.
(iii) Indian Railway Begins (1853) & Telegraph (1854)
(iv) Wood dispatch For education (magna carta of education)
(v) Construction of engg. College at Roorkee
(vi) New post office act and post stamps.

VICEROY OF INDIA & THEIR WORKS-

(15) Lord Canning (1856-62)
(1) Last governor general of India and 1st viceroy of India.
(ii) Widow-remarriage Act (1856)
(iii) Indian Council Act (1861)
(iv) Establishment of university of Bombay, madras, calcutta (1857)
(v) First time Introduction of Income tax.

(16) Lord Elgin (1862-1863)- Suppression of wahabis movement.

(17) Lord- John Lawarance (1864-1869)
(1) Saviour of Punjab
(i) Period of famine
(ii) Establishment of high court at Calcutta, madras, Bombay.
(iii) Telegraphy b/w India and Europe.
(18) Lord-Mayo (1869-1872)
(i) First statistical survey of India.
(ii) Started the process of Decentralization.
(iii) Established mayo college at timer.

Lord North Brock (1872-76)-

(1) Kuka movement
(i) Indian meteorological dept.
(ii) Visit of Prince of wales.
Lord Lytton (1876-1880)
(1) Vernacular act of Press (1878)

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(i) Delhi Darwar, Title of kesar -i-Hind to queen of Britain

(ii) Founded mohammadah-Anglo-oriental college.
(iii) Great Famine.
Lord Ripon (1880-1884)
(i) Father of local self Govt.
(ii) Repeal of vernacular press act (1882)
(iii) Regular statistical survey of India.
(iv) Ilbert bill controversy
(v) First factory act (1881)
Lord-Dufferin (1884-1888)
(i) Formation of congress party (1885)
(ii) Annexation of Burma in India.
Lord-Lansdowne (1888-1894)-
(i) Durand line b/w indo-afghan border.
(ii) Factory act of 1891
Lord Elgin-2 (1894-1899)
(i) Munda Revolt (ii) Chapekar brothers Incident.
Lord Curzon- (1899-1905)-
(i) Appointment of police commission and famine commission.
(ii) Establishment of dept of imperial Agriculture commerce.
(iii) commission on irrigation.
(iv) Education commission reweigh commission.
(v) Depot of archaeological survey.
(vi) Punjab land Alienation Act (1900)
(vii) Partition of Bengal
(viii) most development of Railway.
(ix) Most on Popular Viceroy.
Lord minto-II (1905-1910)
(i) Spilt of congress party, (ii) Morley-minto reform (1909)
(iii) Delhi- New capital of India.
Lord-Chelmsford (1916-1921)
(i) Khilafat and non-cooperation movement (ii) Jalia wala Bagh.
Lord Reading (1921-1926)-
(i) mopla Revolt (ii) Kakori Incident (iii) Chaura Chaori Incident
Lord Irwin (1926-1931)-

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(i) Siman commission (ii) C.D.M. (iii) 1st R.T.C. (Roundtable conference)
Lord willingdon (1931-36)
(i) 2 nd R.T.C. (ii) 3rd R.T.C. (iii) Poona-Pact
Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944)
(i) August offer (ii) cripps-mission (iii) Quit India Movement
Lord MountBatten (1947-1948)
(i) Mountbatten plan (3rd june 1947)
(ii) Last viceroy of British India.
(iii) First Governor-General of free India.
(iv) Appointment of boundary commission under Red cliff.
C. Rajagopalachari-
(i) First Indian Governor after lord Mountbatten.

Development of Constitution (1773-1947)

(i) Regulating Act (1773)
- Establishment of supreme court in Bengal.
- All the activity of EIC came in control of British Govt.
- Court of director and board of control.
(ii) Pitts Indian Act of 1784-
(i) Members in Governor General council-3
(ii) Presidency of Madras and Bombay came under control of Bengal.
(iii) Charter Act of 1813-
(i) Company’s monopoly on trade was ended except china and tea in india. d
(ii) A sum of 1 lakh was given for educational purpose
(iii) Character Act of 1833-
(i) Monopoly of trade with china also ended.
(ii) Governor-General of Bengal became Governor General of India.
(iv) Charter Act of 1883-
- Govt. will decide the salary of board of control, secretary and others officer.  
(v) Indian Act of 1858-
- The power of EIC was taken by british crown The post of viceroy in place of G.G. was taken
place.
(vi) Indian Act of 1861-
(vii) Indian Act of 1892-
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(viii) Morley-minto Refoms / Indian Act of 1909

(ix) Indian Act of 1919
(x) Indian Act of 1935
Development of Modern Education in India-
(i) Calcutta madrasa- warren hasting (1781)
(ii) Sanskrit College (1791)- Jonathan Duncan (Banaras)
● Charter Act of 1813- 1 lacks for Education.  
● Lord Macaulay supported Anglicist and H.H. Wilson supported orientalist way of education.  
● Woods dispatch (1854)  
● Hunter commission (1882)  
● Raleigh commission or Indian university Act (1904)  
● Saddler University commission (1917-18)  
● Hartog commission (1929)  
● Sargent Plan/ commission (1944)  

● A law commission was set up under Macaulay for codification of Indian laws in 1833.  
● As a result, a civil procedure code (1859), an Indian penal code (1860), criminal Procedure
code (1861)  
History of Indian News paper and Books-
● First Newspaper-The Bengal Gazette (J. Augusts Hicky)  
First Newspaper by any Indian.
Bengal Gazette- Gangadhar Bhattacharya/ Harishchandra Ray
Book/ News Paper Din Bandhu Mitra
(i) Neel-Darpan Din bandhu Mitra
(ii) Anand-Math Bankim Chandra chattopadhyay
(iii) Comrade/hum dard Mohammed ali
(iv) Karmayogi, Yugantar, Life Divine Arbindu Ghose
(v) Why Socialism J.P. Narayan.
(vi) The Hindu - G.S. Ayyer
(vii) The History of Congress – Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
Peasant Movement/ Revolt-
1. Rangpur Revolt (1783) – Bengal
2. Indigo Revolt (1859/1860) - Bengal
3. Pabna Revolt (1873) - Bengal
4. Deccan Revolt (1875) - Poona (Maharashtra)
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5. Champaran Revolt (1917) - Bihar

6. Kheda Satyagraha (1918) - Gujarat (Pate, Gandhi)
7. Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) - Gujarat (Patel)
8. Eka movement (1921-22) - U.P.
9. Tebhaga Movement (1946) - Midnapore (Bengal)
10. Telangana Movement (1946-51) - Telangana
Civil Rebellions and Tribal Uprising-
1. Chuar Revolt (1768) - Bengal
2. Sanyasi Revolt (1770) - Bengal
3. Fakir Revolt (1776) - Bengal
4. Paik Movement (1717-25) - Orissa
5. Ahom Revolt (1828) - Assam
6. Faraizi Movement (1818) - Bengal
7. Kuka Movement (1840-72) - Punjab.
8. Kol Movement (1831-32) - Chota Nagpur
9. Santhal Revolt (1855-56) - Hills of Rajmahal
10. Munda Revolt (1899-1900) - Chota Nagpur (Birsa Munda)
11. Khasi Revolt (1827-33) - Meghalaya
12. Ramosi Revolt (1822-1825-26, 1839-41) – Maharashtra
13. Naga Revolt - Manipur
14. Rampa Revolt (1922-28) - A.P.
Main Slogan of Indian Struggle Freedom:-
1. Go back simon commission – Lala lajpat Rai
2. Vande Matram – Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
3. Jan man Gan adhinayak – Rabindra nath Tagore
4. Vijayi Vishwa Tiranga Pyara- Shyam lal Gupta.
5. Jai Jawan- Jai Kisan – Lal Bahadur Shastri (1965)
6. Kill Firangi- Mangal Pandey.
7. Complete Independence/Aaram Haram Hai- JawaharLal Nehru
8. Sarfaroshi Ki tamanna Ab Hamare- Ram Prasad Bismil. Dil me Hai
9. Sare Jahan se acha- Mohammad Iqbal
10. Do not give tax – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
11. You give me blood, I will give freedom – Subhash chandra bose
12. Quit India/Do or die – Mahatma Gandhi
13. Inquilab Zindabad- Bhagat Singh.

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Important Session of Indian National Congress-

1. 1885 – Bombay – W.C. Banerjee.
First Session of INC (2) Total Members - 72
2. 1886- Calcutta – Dadabhai Naoroji
Attended by 436 delegates (b) Invited by Dufferin for Party
3. 1887- Madras – Badurddin Tyabji
4. 1888- Allahabad- George Yule.
Lala Lajpat Rai gave his lecture in Hindi.
5. 1890-Calcutta- Firoz shah Mehta
Kamdani Ganguli Addressed the Congress session here.
6. 1896- Calcutta – Rahamatullah M. Sayani
Vande mataram was sung first time
7. 1911- Calcutta- vishan Narayan Ghar
Jan –Gan-Man –was sung first time.
8. 1916- Lucknow- A.C. Majumdar
9. 1924- Belgaum – Mahatma Gandhi
10. 1925- Kanpur – Sarojani Naidu
11. 1927- Madras- M.S. Ansari
Demand for Dominion
Anti- Simon- Commission Proposal was passed.
12. 1929- Lahore – JawaharLal Nehru
13. 1931- Karachi – Vallabhbhai Patel
- Fundamental rights, Gandhi- Irwin pact  
14. 1936- Lucknow – Jawahar lal Nehru
Principle of socialist
15. 1936-37- Faizpur- JawaharLal Nehru
First Session was held in Village
16. 1939- Tripuri – Bose but later Rajendra Prasad.
17. 1940- Ramgarh – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Remaine 6 times President till 1946
18. 1946 – Meerut – Acharya J.B. Kripalani

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