NHRC Project

1 Right To Food And Human Rights - Central Zone of India
Introduction:-
PROJECT WORK
NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
NHRC:Short Term Internship Programme 2018, 15th Nov’2018 to 29th Nov’2018

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Project Topic:
Right To Food and Human Rights- Central Zone of

India-Madhya Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh,Chhatissgarh,
Utrakhand.
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Prepared By:
Vivek Kumar ,
B.A.LL.B(Hons.)
Chanakya National Law University,Patna

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DECLERATION
I hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “Right To Food And Human
Rights-Central Zone OF india.” submitted at National Human Rights
Commission, New Delhi is an authentic record of my work carried out under
the supervision of Mr.Pankaj Kumar I have not submitted this work elsewhere
for any other degree or diploma. I am fully responsible for the contents of my
Project Report.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide
Mr. Pankaj Kumar for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement
throughout the course of this research. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to
time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Pankaj Kumar for
providing me this research topic and for her cordial support, valuable information and
guidance, which helped me in completing this task through various stages.
Lastly, Ourthanks and appreciations also to our colleague in developing the project and
people who have willingly helped us out with their abilities.
THANK YOU.
VIVEK KUMAR
2nd YEAR, B.A,LL.B
C.N.L.U,PATNA
N.H.R.C INTERN-18
[SHORT TERM ]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topics Page No:
 Abstract................................................................................................................06
 Introduction..........................................................................................................07
 Aims and Objectives.............................................................................................08
 Hypothesis............................................................................................................08
 Research Methodology..............................................................................................08
 Rigt to Food : A New Challenge...............................................................................09
 Problem of Food Wastage Problem in India............................................................17
 Food Entitlements Act, 2009.....................................................................................20
 Madhya Pradesh Conditions......................................................................................25
 Uttar pradesh Conditions...........................................................................................37
 Chhattisgarh Conditions............................................................................................41
 Uttrakhand Conditions...............................................................................................46
 Conlusion...................................................................................................................50

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Abstract
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body and contains
essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance
is needed to produce energy, maintain life, and/or stimulate growth. Food deprivation leads to
malnutrition and ultimately starvation. This is often connected with famine, which involves
the absence of food in entire communities. This can have a devastating and widespread effect
on human health and mortality. Starvation is a significant international problem which is a
serious concern and main reason behind my choosing of this project. The suggestions
provided in this paper can be looked over to eradicate this kind of problem.

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INTRODUCTION
The right to food, and its non variations, is a human right protecting the right for people to
feed themselves in dignity, implying that sufficient food is available, that people have the
means to access it, and that it adequately meets the individual's dietaryneeds. The right to
food protects the right of all human beings to be free from hunger, food
insecurity and malnutrition.[4] The right to food does not imply that governments have an
obligation to hand out free food to everyone who wants it, or a right to be fed. However, if
people are deprived of access to food for reasons beyond their control, for example, because
they are in detention, in times of war or after natural disasters, the right requires the
government to provide food directly.[5]
The right is derived from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights[5] which has 160 state parties as of May 2012.[2] States that sign the covenant agree to
take steps to the maximum of their available resources to achieve progressively the full
realization of the right to adequate food, both nationally and internationally.[6][4] In a total of
106 countries the right to food is applicable either via constitutional arrangements of various
forms or via direct applicability in law of various international treaties in which the right to
food is protected.[7]
At the 1996 World Food Summit, governments reaffirmed the right to food and committed
themselves to half the number of hungry and malnourished from 840 to 420 million by 2015.
However, the number has increased over the past years, reaching an infamous record in 2009
of more than 1 billion undernourished people worldwide.[4] Furthermore, the number who
suffer from hidden hunger – micronutrient deficiences that may cause stunted bodily and
intellectual growth in children – amounts to over 2 billion people worldwide.[8]
Whilst under international law states are obliged to respect, protect and fulfill the right to
food, the practical difficulties in achieving this human right are demonstrated by prevalent
food insecurity across the world, and ongoing litigation in countries such as India.[9][10] In the
continents with the biggest food-related problems – Africa, Asia and Latin America – not
only is there shortage of food and lack of infrastructure but also maldistribution and
inadequate access to food.

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main aim of the research work is to know in detail about
 the right of food and know the humans rights .

 to know the food production ,
 wastage of foods.
 Who the need reach at district, block and panchayat level.
HYPOTHESIS
The Researcher Presumes That there is waste of food more than its consumption which
creates starvation in the states.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For the purpose of research, the researcher has followed the doctrinal method of research.
The researcher has relied upon various secondary sources to look for information related to
the information about the rights of food and human rights. The researcher has done his initial
research keeping in mind the various frequently asked questions related to this topic.
SOURCES OF DATA
The researcher will be relying on both primary and secondary sources to complete the
project.
1. Primary Sources : Books.

2. Secondary Sources :Material available on the internet.
LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

The researcher has territorial and monetary limitants in completing the project at hand
morever, taking the time into consideration, the researcher has to rely upon the doctrinal
method of research.

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RIGHT TO FOOD : A NEW CHALLENGE
INTRODUCTION
What is right to food?
The right to food is a human right. It protects the right of all human beings to live in dignity,
free from hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition. The right to food is not about charity, but
about ensuring that all people have the capacity to feed themselves in dignity.
The right to food is protected under international human rights and humanitarian law and the
correlative state obligations are equally well-established under international law. The right to
food is recognized in the UDHR1 and the ICESCR2, as well as a plethora of other
instruments. Noteworthy is also the recognition of the right to food in various foreign
nationalconstitutions.
As authoritatively defined by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in its
General Comment 12
“the right to adequate food is realized when every man, woman and child, alone and in
community with others, has physical and economic access at all times to adequate food
or means for its procurement”.
Inspired by the above definition, the Special Rapporteur has concluded that the right to food
entails:
“the right to have regular, permanent and unrestricted access, either directly or by
means of financial purchases, to quantitatively and qualitatively adequate and sufficient
food corresponding to the cultural traditions of the people to which the consumer
belongs, and which ensures a physical and mental, individual and collective, fulfilling
and dignified life free of fear.”
It is generally accepted that the right to food implies three kinds of state obligations – the
obligation to respect, protect and to fulfil. These types of obligations were defined in General
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Universal Declaration on Human Rights.
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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

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Comment 12 by the Committee on ESCR and endorsed by states, when the FAO Council
adopted the Right to Food Guidelines also known as Voluntary Guidelines in November
2004.
The obligation to respect requires governments not to take any measures that arbitrarily
deprive people of their right to food, for example by measures preventing people from having
access to food. The obligation to protect means that states should enforce appropriate laws
and take other relevant measures to prevent third parties, including individuals and
corporations, from violating the right to food of others. The obligation to fulfil that is to
facilitate and provide entails that governments must pro-actively engage in activities intended
to strengthen people’s access to and utilization of resources so as to facilitate their ability to
feed themselves. As a last resort, whenever an individual or group is unable to enjoy the right
to adequate food for reasons beyond their control, states have the obligation to fulfil that right
directly.
To sum up, the right to food means that governments must not take actions that result in
increasing levels of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition. It also means that governments
must protect people from the actions of powerful others that might violate the right to
food. States must also, to the maximum of available resources, invest in the eradication of
hunger.
Furthermore, under article 2(1), 11(1) and 23 of the ICESCR, states agreed to take steps to
the maximum of their available resources to achieve progressively the full realization of the
right to adequate food. They also acknowledge the essential role of international cooperation
andassistance in this context.
Under article 2(2) of the ICESCR, governments of many nations agreed to guarantee that the
right to food will be exercised without discrimination on grounds of race, colour, sex,
language, age, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or
other status. The principle of non-discrimination is a cardinal principle of international law. It
plays a major role in the full realization of the right to food not only at normative level, but
also at practical level. As such, the Voluntary Guidelines recommend establishing food
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insecurity and vulnerability maps and the use of disaggregated data to identify -
“any form of discrimination that may manifest itself in greater food insecurity and
vulnerability to food insecurity, or in a higher prevalence of malnutrition among
specific population groups, or both, with a view to removing and preventing such
causes of food insecurity or malnutrition.”
Thus, identification of vulnerable, disadvantaged and marginalized groups and action towards
removing the factors determining vulnerability are paramount towards the realization of the
right to food.
In 2002, the Committee on ESCR elaborated General Comment 15 on the right to water. In
the words of the Committee: “the right to water is a prerequisite for the realization of other
human rights”. Perhaps, the intrinsic link between the right to water and the right to adequate
food is nowhere as evident as in the case of peasant farmers. It is crucial to ensure sustainable
access to water resources for agriculture in order to realize the right to food. The Committee
stresses the special attention that should be given in this context to disadvantaged and
marginalized farmers, including women farmers.
The FAO timeline of important international events gives an outline of key international
developments related to the right to food.
What is the State of Hunger in the World Today?
In 1996, at the World Food Summit in Rome, governments reaffirmed the right to food and
committed themselves to cut out by half the number of people suffering from hunger and
malnutrition by 2015. Thus, the 1996 Rome Declaration set the hunger reduction target at 420
million undernourished by 2015. Five years later, the 2002 World Food Summit was held to
measure progress. It had become evident that little action has been taken with respect to the
1996 commitments.
Whereas the normative framework of the right to food is clearly established in international
law, in the past years, regression rather than the progressive realization of the right to food
can be observed in practice. An infamous record has been broken in 2009 where more than 1
billion people are undernourished worldwide. Asia and the Pacific is the region with the
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largest number of hungry people (642 million), followed by Sub-Saharan Africa (264
million). The latter has the largest prevalence of undernourishment relative to its population
size32%.
UN experts and agencies, as well as several NGOs have repeatedly pointed out that the
current political economy of food fails to protect the most who are in need in society.
Recently, three concomitant crises – the food, economic and environmental one – reinforced
this argument. Statistics clearly highlight that existing inequalities between the world’s
regions and the vulnerability of the poorest members of developing countries are deepening.
Many men, women and children affected by chronic undernourishment suffer from what the
FAO calls ‘extreme hunger’. This means that their daily ratio of calories is well below the
minimum necessary for survival. Many people die on a daily basis from starvation.
Malnutrition, also called the ‘hidden hunger’, refers to deficiency of calories, proteins or
nutrients. Thus, malnutrition necessarily encompasses undernourishment; however it
stretches beyond the latter since it might be that a person receives enough calories but not
enough nutrients. Malnutrition is quieter than famine, in the sense that it does not attract the
attention of the media for example; nonetheless it has no less tragic implications for those
suffering of this disease. Malnutrition heightens vulnerability to other illnesses and almost
always has serious physical and mental effects such as – the lack of brain cell development
and inadequate growth. Serious malnutrition can also be hereditary, as many malnourished
mothers give birth to malnourished babies. A vicious circle ensues.
Confronted with a ravaging food crisis and the beginning of a financial and economic crisis,
there has been a High-Level Conference on World Food Security: The Challenges of Climate
Change and Bioenergy convened in June 2008 in Rome. Among others, bio fuels policies and
agriculture subsidies have been called into question as having negative impacts on the
reduction of hunger. In November 2009, at the World Food Summit state leaders agreed
“to work to reverse the decline in domestic and international funding for agriculture
and promote new investment in the sector, to improve governance of global food issues
in partnership with relevant stakeholders from the public and private sector, and to
proactively face the challenges of climate change to food security.”
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As a consequence of the food crisis, world leaders and public opinion seem to have finally
acknowledged that agriculture cannot be continuously neglected and that the underinvestment
trend of the last 30 years must be reversed. Indeed, if followed by articulated and targeted
action such commitment can bridge the de jure stipulations on the right to food and the de
facto tragic realities. It is a statistical fact that already before the skyrocketing of the food
prices and the economic recession most households under the extreme poverty line were to be
found in rural areas. 7 out of every 10 poor individuals lived in a household where agriculture
represented the main occupation of the head, and lower average incomes among these
households are a constant pattern across all regions and countries. Hence, investment in
agriculture if targeted to address the needs of this particular group of people can have real and
significant effects in terms of realizing the right to food.
IN INDIAN CONTEXT
The issue of hunger and under-nutrition is one of the most crucial areas in the development
space. It is directly linked to the right to life, a fundamental human right enshrined in the
Indian Constitution and perhaps all the conceptions of human rights. As a nation, India is
going through many things - a fast growing economy, a vibrant democracy (at least
functionally), a young population – and yet, it has failed to perform on this front. The latest
National Family Health Survey (2006) showed that the child under-nutrition rate in India is
46%, almost double that of sub-Saharan Africa, which is economically poorer than India.
Needless to say, the phenomenon is complex and multi-factorial, arising from various social,
political and economic conditions. Blame has to be shared by the deep-rooted patriarchy,
wide-spread poverty, poor implementation of government programmes especially ICDS and

PDS, and various other factors that interact in many ways to produce this dismal result. There
is no simple solution to the problem, but the sheer availability and access to food is a central
concern. As the Indian lawmakers begin to draw up the legislative framework for the ‘right to
food’, it is important that we learn from the experiences of other nations, while addressing the
various causes that are more or less unique to us.
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‘Right To Food’ under the Indian Constitution
In India, under the Indian Constitution, there is no fundamental right to food but the fulcrum
of justifiability of the right to food comes from a much broader “right to life and liberty” as
enshrined in Article 21, also Article 47 which forms a part of the Directive Principles of State
Policy” of the Constitution is unambiguous: “The State shall regard the raising of the level of
nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as
among its primary duties”
In recent years, the battle against hunger has been placed at the centre of the development
discourse in India. This has come about mainly due to the efforts of the Right to Food
Campaign and as a direct result of a writ petition filed in the Supreme Court of India. The
petition was filed by the People’s Union for Civil Liberties in April 2001 to seek legal
enforcement of the right to food. This case, popularly known as ‘the Right to Food Case’, has
since become a rallying point for trade unions, activists, grassroots’ organisations and NGOs
to make the right to food a justifiable right.
The Indian judiciary, especially the Supreme Court, has on many occasions reaffirmed that
the “right to life enshrined in Article 21 means something more than animal instinct and
includes the right to live with dignity; it would include all these aspects which make life
meaningful, complete and living”. Other statutory constitutional institutions like the National
Human Rights Commission have also stated: “There is a fundamental right to be free from
hunger”.
Supreme Court and the Right to Food
While the Indian Supreme Court has reiterated in several of its decisions that the Right to NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
Life guaranteed in Article 21 of the constitution in its true meaning includes the basic right to
food, clothing and shelter, it is indeed surprising that the justifiability of the specific Right to
Food as an integral right under Art. 21 had never been articulated or enforced until 2001.
Prior to the Right to Food petition filed by PUCL in 2001, the only other case concerning
specifically the right to food, went up to the Supreme Court in 1986 was the case of Kishen
Pattnayak vs. State of Orissa3. In this petition, the petitioner wrote a letter to the Supreme
Court bringing to the court’s notice the extreme poverty of the people of Kalahandi in Orissa
where hundreds were dying due to starvation and where several people were forced to sell
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KISHEN PATTNAYAK & ANR v STATE OF ORISSA & ANR 1989 AIR 677 1989 SCR (1) 57 1989
SCC
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their children. The letter prayed that the State Government should be directed to take
immediate steps in order to ameliorate this miserable condition of the people of Kalahandi.
This was the first case specifically taking up the issue of starvation and lack of food.
In this judgement, the Supreme Court took a very pro-government approach and gave
directions to take macro level measures to address the starvation problem such as
implementing irrigation projects in the state so as to reduce the drought in the region,
measures to ensure fair selling price of paddy and appointing of a Natural Calamities
Committee. None of these measures actually directly affected the immediate needs of the
petitioner, i.e. to prevent people from dying of hunger. More importantly, the Supreme Court
did not recognise the specific Right to Food within this context of starvation.
In Chameli Singh v. State of U.P4, it was held that right to life guaranteed in any civilized
society implies the right to food, water, decent environment, education, medical care and
shelter.
The method in which the constitutional social rights have been enforced or made justifiable
by the Supreme Court has been through an expansion of the existing fundamental rights,
particularly the Right to Life guaranteed in Article 21. Right from the late 1970s starting from
the Maneka Gandhi’s case5; the Supreme Court started expanding the guarantee of the Right
to Life in Article 21 to include within it and recognise a whole gamete of social rights.
In spite of the increase in food subsidy, the overall impact on the poor is still alarming. There
has been significant diversion of commodities under the Public Distribution System to the
open market. There are also problems in delivery, quality and coordination. However, efforts
are underway to rectify some of these problems. The Supreme Court Orders in response to NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
the PUCL writ petition and the Campaign on Right to Food have had a positive impact.
How to Ensure Right to Food?
Steps required to be taken for ensuring the progressive realization of RTF include:
1) Reforms in procurement and buffer stock;
2) Involvement of the private sector;
3) Decentralized procurement;
4) Diversification of crops;
5) Income policy for farmers;
4 In Chameli Singh v. State of U.P (1996) 2 SCC 549

5 Smt. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (UOI) and Anr. AIR 1978 SC 597
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6) Deciding optimum buffer stock level;

7) Reforms in PDS (i.e. Public Distribution System); and,
8) Effective implementation of nutrition and employment programmes etc.
The High Level Committee on Long-term Grain Policy has made recommendations on the
food policy. The Right to Food Campaign Proposal advocates the expansion of the
employment guarantee throughout the country and a social security system. Since
employment is linked to purchasing power and therefore to food security, right to
employment is crucial for realizing the Right to Food.
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Problem of food Wastage in India

Food loss and waste is an area in the food and agriculture sector where adaptations to climate
change are important. Food loss and waste generates about 8 per cent of global greenhouse
gas emissions.
A recent study predicts that emissions associated with food waste could increase further.
Hence, the message for World Food Day, observed on October16, was that “Climate is
changing. Food and agriculture must too”.
Natural capital lost
Meeting the food needs of a growing population in India (1.7 billion by 2050) while reducing
food loss and waste poses a serious challenge. Wasting a kilogram of wheat and rice would
mean wasting 1,500 and 3,500 litres of water respectively that goes into their production.
Globally, almost 250km3 of water and 1.4 billion hectares of land are devoted to producing
food that is lost or wasted.
According to Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), every year around 1.7 billion
tonnes, or almost one third of food produced for human consumption, are lost or wasted
globally.
The associated economic, environmental and social costs of this loss are around$1 trillion,
$700 billion and $900 billion per year respectively.
In India, the value of food wastage (harvest and post-harvest losses of major agricultural
produce) is estimated at around 92,000 crore per annum at 2014 wholesale prices. In the food
value chain, 24 per cent of global food loss and waste occurs at the production stage, 24 per
cent during handling and storage, and 35 per cent at consumption.
These three stages taken together account for more than 80 per cent of global food loss and
waste. Quantifying food waste along the value chain by leveraging the recently released UN
Global Food Loss and Waste Protocol as a framework can help India.
The way out The following solutions can be envisaged for solving India’s food waste
problem.
Prevention solutions: Upstream solutions include promotion of resource effecient and
regenerative agricultural practices ( precision and organic agriculture); improved access to
low-cost handling and storage technologies (evaporative coolers, metal silos). Real time
wireless sensors can monitor the storage conditions of perishable food as it is transported, and
transmit this data to clients to alert them if things are going wrong.
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Mega food parks are being commissioned in India to increase the processing of perishables.
Other solutions include using active intelligent packaging for perishables; optimising food
packaging; tapping businesses that buy unwanted food produce directly from
distributor/manufacturer for discounted retail sale; expansion of secondary markets for items
with cosmetic damage; tray-less dining, encouraging sale of off-grade produce. Technology
would be central to addressing food waste; but the ultimate success will depend on our
readiness to change attitudes of stakeholders along the value chain. Recovery solutions:
Approximately, afth of food at social events goes waste.
Many city-based organisations are tackling this issue along with hunger. Some of these
organisations collect excess food from parties and distribute it in slum areas. Some businesses
are involved in value added processing, making healthy fruit snacks from surplus produce or
donated food. Mobile apps are being developed for crowd sourcing data on hunger spots and
which take requests for donation of excess food. Various community level initiatives like
gleaning networks, food banks and social supermarkets can help in redistributing food to 184
million undernourished Indians in need; thus helping Fight poverty.
Staggering hunger
These steps are critical when India ranks lowly at 97 among 118 countries according to the
2016 Global Hunger Index. In US, the PATH Act of 2015 made permanent an enhanced tax
deduction for donating food, increasing business incentives to involve in food recovery.
Italy adopted a law that earmarked approximately $10 million to reduce one million tonnes of
wasted food a year by offering incentives to businesses who donate food to charities,
including $1.8 million annually to fund innovative food waste reduction projects, as well as
$2.5 million to buy food for the poor. NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
Recycling solution to manage food waste can include compost/energy/biogas production or

redistribution and diversion as animal feed. Other uses can include organic manure and starch
for household consumption.
Food waste prevention is an integral part of the Europe’s new package to stimulate its
transition towards a circular economy, which will boost competitiveness, foster sustainable
growth and generate new jobs.
Assessing food loss and waste and developing effective policies along the value
chain can help solve the food waste problem and thus contribute towards food
security and sustainability. Wasting food going forward would tantamount to wasting a
secure future.Small but concentrated efforts against food waste are the need of the hour.
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Worldwide, 795 million people, or one-ninth of the global population, face hunger. In India,
we have 48 million or two in have children below the age of have affected by stunting.
Transforming the food system in India will help to transform our future, as food waste
includes wastage of natural capital.
Implementing the right strategies will help halve per capita global food waste at the retail and
consumer levels, and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-
harvest losses.
Achieving this target is crucial as it would reduce the number of hungry people and ease the
pressure on natural capital. Setting up a network of food waste innovation incubators with
dedicated support would help nurture innovations in reducing food loss and waste.
Segregation of waste would be instrumental in accurately evaluating the impact of waste in
key areas such as greenhouse gas and resource recovery.
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Food Entitlements Act, 2009
Eliminating Destitution and Vulnerability
Antyodaya Programme for Vulnerable Groups
1.Antyodaya Cards: The groups and classes of persons listed in Schedule VI being the
most vulnerable in terms of food security shall be entitled to a minimum of the benefits
specified in Section 2 below and shall be provided Antyodaya Cards by the Gram
Panchayats or any other body recognized by law of local self governance after scrutiny
and ratification by the Gram Sabhas in writing in the rural areas and by the State
Government in the urban areas.
2.Entitlements of Antyodaya Card Holders: Households holding an Antyodaya Card
shall be entitled to the following support:
a. All Antodaya cardholders shall be entitled to a monthly quota of at
least 50 kgs of food grains per family at a price not exceeding Rs 1/kg
under the Public Distribution System (PDS). Coarse grains shall be
made available through the PDS at subsidised rates, wherever people
prefer these, such that the total of all food grains, including coarse
grains provided is at least 50 kgs per month.
b. In addition each family with an Antodaya shall be provided with 8 kgs
of pulses per month at the rate of Rs.10 per kg for pulses and 4 kgs of
cooking oil per month at the rate of Rs.17 per kg for cooking oil.
c. For all families with more than five members, a monthly quota of 14
kgs per adult and 7 kgs per child shall be provided for every person
over and above five members in the family. NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
d. In the case of elderly persons, single women and disabled persons

from these households in rural areas, a cooked mid-day meal to be
provided at a community kitchen, or, failing that, permission to eat a
cooked mid-day meal at the local Anganwadi or school.
e. Admission of school-age children in government-run residential
schools (in both rural and urban areas), on demand
f. Double quota of food for all children below 6 years, pregnant and
nursing women and adolescent girls under ICDS, around the year, to
prevent them from slipping into severe malnutrition (Note: Some
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persons have suggested that doubling of quota for all children is

not necessary).
g. Double quota of maternity entitlements for pregnant and nursing

women
h. Social security pensions from the Union of India of at least Rs 1300
per month (at 2009-10 prices) for all elderly, widowed or disabled
members of these households, under Section 14, to be delivered latest
by the 7th day of each month. The pension shall be revised twice a
year based on the CPI.
i. Employment under the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(NREGA), without any restriction on the number of days of work.
j. Supply of one quintal of cereal a month free for 6 months from the
date of identification, or until all other measures listed above are in
place, which ever is the later date.
4.Migrant workers Appropriate measures will be devised to ensure that all
migrant workers within the country and their families are able to access all
their entitlements under this Act, irrespective of their location.
5. Urban Destitution
1. Right to Food in Urban Areas: The following special measures shall be

taken to protect the right to food of urban poor people: NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
a. Opening of community kitchens providing nutritious hot cooked food

at reasonable prices in all cities with a population of 100,000 and
above, and also wherever demanded by 50 or more persons at any
location, within one month of receiving such an application.
b. At the time of the Food Entitlements Census to be conducted under
Section 12, a special house-to-house drive will be undertaken to
ensure that all priority groups (including among the homeless and
slum residents) listed in Schedule VI have an Antyodaya Card.
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c. Admission in government-run residential schools of all urban street

and working children without responsible adult protection.
d. All families living in slums shall be provided with a Food Entitlement

Card or an AAY card and receive their entitlements accordingly.
6. Starvation Deaths
1. Obligation to respond: In the event of a complaint or report of starvation
death from any source (whether through a written application, verbal
complaint, media report, or related communications), it is the duty of the
District Collector and the District Panchayat head, and in the urban areas the
Food Commissioner, to expeditiously institute an investigation into the
conditions of chronic and acute food denials in the affected family and
community. Without awaiting the findings of the field investigations to
establish starvation deaths, once it is established prima facie that there exist
conditions of vulnerability to starvation for a dispossessed community or
household, to it is the duty of the District Collector and the District Panchayat
head to expeditiously provide immediate, medium and long-term relief to the
concerned community or household, and to ensure the effective functioning
of all nutrition-related schemes in the area, as per the protocol in Schedule
IX.
2. Social audits: There must also be a careful official as well as well-publicised
affected people’s social audit of why they could not access their food
entitlements from the nutrition-related schemes relevant for them.
Emergencies and Disaster Situations

1.Emergency Antyodaya Cards: Households involuntarily displaced, persons seriously
affected by natural disasters, droughts, floods and famines andcommunal or caste
violence or an internal conflict or any other natural or human-made emergency or
disaster situation will be entitled to provisional Antyodaya Cards (with the same benefits
as other Antyodaya Card holders), valid for a period of one year.
2.Doubled entitlements: These households shall also be entitled to doubled entitlements

under all nutrition-related schemes for a period of one year.
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3.Conflict situations: The Government shall ensure that entitlements that are guaranteed
under this Act and all schemes that ensure the same are continued in conflict situations.
(Note: This section is being worked on.)
Schedule I: List of Nutrition-Related Schemes
1.Integrated Child Development Services.
2.Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
3.Public Distribution System.

4.Antyodaya.
5. National Maternity Benefit Scheme/Janani Suraksha Yojana.
6.National Social Assistance Pr/ogramme, including Indira Gandhi National
7.Age Pension Scheme, Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme and Indira
8.Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme.
9.National Family Benefit Scheme.
10.Rajiv Gandhi National Crèche Scheme.
11.Any other scheme that may be involved in delivering the entitlements defined under
this Act.
12.Any other scheme that may be notified by the Central Government in consultation
with State Governments, for the purpose of implementing the provisions of this Act.
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Schedule II: Minimum Nutrition Norms for ICDS
The following minimum nutrition norms shall apply to take-home rations for
children in the age group of 6-72 months as well as for pregnant and nursing
women:
Category Calories Protein
(K Cal) (g)
Children (6-72 months) 500 12 -1 5
Children (6 - 72 months) who 800 20 - 25
are severely underweight
Pregnant or nursing women 600 18 - 20
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Madhya Pradesh Conditions
Madhya Pradesh is a state located in Central India. The capital city

is Bhopal and Indore is the biggest city. Nicknamed the core of India in view of its
geographical range in India, Madhya Pradesh is the second biggest state in the country as
far as zone. With more than 75 million inhabitants, it is the fifth biggest state in the
country by population. It fringes Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
Prior to the year 2000, When Chhattisgarh was under Madhya Pradesh it was the biggest
state in the country. The state has a name of its own for the different types of delicious
foods made here for people with different tastes.
Madhya Pradesh Poulation 2018
With more than 75 Million people according to 2011, the number of tribal’s in Madhya
Pradesh was 12,233,000, constituting 20.27% of the aggregate population.
Talking about population, in order to check out the population of Madhya Pradesh in 2018,
we need to have a look at the population of the past 5 years. They are as per the following:
1. 2013 – 74.7 Million

2. 2014 – 75.9 Million
3. 2015 – 76.4 Million
4. 2016 – 77.9 Million
5. 2017 – 78.812 Million
Predicting the 2018 population of Madhya Pradesh is not easy but we can get the idea after
analysing the population from the year 2013 – 17. As we have seen that every year the
population increases by approximate 0.8224 Million people. Hence, the population of

Madhya Pradesh in 2018 is forecast to be 78.812 Million + 0.8224 Million = 79.6344
Million. So, the population of Madhya Pradesh in the year 2018 as per estimated data =
79.6344 Million.
Madhya Pradesh Population 2018 –79.6344 Million. (estimated)
Agriculture, in a real sense, has been the life-line for Madhya Pradesh. Some years ago
when college students wrote an essay on the state they began with the sentence ‘ Madhya
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Pradesh is an agricultural state. Three-fourth of the population here is dependent on

agriculture or agro related activities for its livelihood and it is this uniformity that keeps
society threaded together. But that initial line will certainly not be a true representation
of the state’s status in the present condition.
Today agriculture is no more a simple means of livelihood anymore, but has become
a task full of challenge and risk. A survey by the National Sample Survey
Organisation on the indebtedness of farmers shows that of the 64 lac farmers in
Madhya Pradesh 32 lacs are in debt. On an average each farmer in M.P. is under a
debt of Rs.14,128. And because of the bank formalities and the inhuman recovery
processes his trust in the government’s financial institutions has gone down. It is
worth noting that even today 40 % of the loans in this ‘agricultural state’ are taken
by farmers from non-governmental sources.
To discuss the past is like being reminded of a golden age. We find that at present
since the government has accepted a policy of economic liberalisation, instead of
considering agriculture in a sensitive manner it is being treated as another element
of the open market. The farmer himself is now a consumer in the market instead of a
producer. We can consider for our reference the budget speech of the finance
minister of Madhya Pradesh for the year 2006-2007, in which he said that “ the
importance of expensive inputs for increasing production has gone up in the sector
of agriculture, but unstability of outputs is also increasing due to the vagaries of the
climate. Due to globalization of the economy, where on the one hand new
possibilities of development have opened up, we are also faced with new NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
challenges.”
We can observe some important points from studying the development process in
post-independence India. One of them is that in our country the potential and
sources of development have not been distributed evenly. Some states have gained
more and others have gained much less. As an example let us consider the fact that
in this state in the year 2000-01 (at the then going rates) the gross house-hold
product per person was Rs.10803, whereas it was Rs.25,048 for Punjab during the
same period, which is more than double the amount for M.P. Madhya Pradesh has
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never been backward in its potential for natural resources and in the agricultural
sector, but it has continuously been losing out in actualizing this potential.
And today the situation is such that our dependence on agriculture has not been
reduced, but its contribution in the socio-economic status has certainly come down.
What is the contribution of agriculture in out state in the gross state house-hold
product? And what is the population that is dependent upon agriculture? Analysis
of these two questions makes the situation more clear-
Year
Contribution of agriculture to the state gross family produce
Percentage population dependent agriculture of on
1960-61
59.9
79.3
1970-71
55.9
79.4
1980-81
43.6
76.2
1990-91
38.2
75.3
2000-01
25.8
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72.9
The table above shows that in 1960-61 the contribution of agriculture in the state’s
gross household product was 59.9 percent, and at that point 79.3 percent of the
population was dependent upon agriculture. We find that whereas by 2001 the
contribution of agriculture to the gross house-hold product has come down to 25.8
percent (that is a decrease by 32 percent), even now
72.9 percent of the population is dependent upon it. That is a decrease by only 8.6
percent. In M.P. between 1960 and 1980 the rate of growth in agriculture remained
at 1 percent, whereas the average growth rate of agriculture in the country was 2
percent, which was twice that of the state.
Problems facing agriculture in the State: A natural conclusion from the above
analysis is that both by society and the state have not made the necessary intensive
efforts to develop agriculture. Instead of innovating itself, the state adopted a policy
of importing techniques and production methods. On the other hand society has not
been able to put pressure on the state to fulfill its need. The tenth plan period is on
and it is the state’s target to increase the food production to 178.50 lac tons per year
during this period. In 2003-04 the production level was 158.72 lac tons. Similarly,
the government had set a target of increase of 139.54 lac tons in the production of
coarse grain, and a target of 38.96 lac tons in the production of pulses. However,
when we analyse the policies on a practical plane we come to two conclusions. The
first is that the government is not really promoting food production. It actually wants
that farmers take up cash crops such as cotton and soyabean along with jatropa for
meeting middle class needs of diesel. This will be economically profitable for the
government. At the same time, at a policy level, the government is agreeing to
contract farming (anubandh kheti) in the production of food, vegetables and fruits.
Private companies are considering entry into the farming sector. The two issues are
linked to each other. The farmer should earn money and then go to the market to
buy grains. But perhaps it will be a catastrophe to forget the truth that we are trying
to break down food security and the production cycle to increase the flow of money
in the market. Increase in the state’s population has been accompanied by an
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increase in the need for food, but the food production is going down. The situation
during 1960-61 and 2002-03 can be clearly seen as follows:
Year Production(grains)
1960-61 63.6
1970-71 61.0
1980-81 61.5
1990-91 51.4
2002-03 4 8.4
Oil seeds 9.4 9.3 8.4 16.7 22.8
Cotton 4.2 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.3
In the last forty years the food production in Madhya Pradesh is constantly falling within
the total production. Whereas the food production in 1960-61 was 63.6 % of the total
farm produce, it has come down to 48.4 % at present. During the same period non-food
products have gone up from 14.3% to 27.9%. Within grains there has been a big fall in
the production of wheat and maize (bajra). And the production of soya bean that was
zero percent in 1960-61 has gone up to 17.6 % of the food crop in 2002-03. The
production of cotton has also got reduced.
The production cost of grains, vegetables and fruits has gone up due to the
modernization of agriculture in the state. In Madhya Pradesh single cropping has been NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
the norm on a large scale. In the last 30 years soyabean has been imported and adopted
from he US and due to this the area under traditional food crops such as Jawar, corn,
cotton, traditional oil seeds such as ‘til’, peanuts, aarandi or pulses such as ‘moong’,
‘urhad’, ‘arhar’ etc has gone on dwindling. It is because of this that multiple cropping
patterns such as cotton with Jawar, cotton with Arhar, Jawar with Arhar have died out.
Cotton production has been reduced from a coverage of 4.2 % of cropped area in M.P. to
2.3 %. This is not just a matter of decreasing production of cotton. It also means that the
looms weaving cotton cloth all over the state are coming to a standstill.
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The Challenge of Soyabean: The people of Madhya Pradesh are usually considered
undernourished and weak. In this sitiution Madhya Pradesh was considered a suitable
region for the production of soyabean. This contains 18 % oil and 40 % protein.
Industrialists made quite a bit of profit through the export of soyabean and the
government has also earned foreign exchange. It also brought some immediate profits to
the farmers. But since it has been used with a single cropping pattern it has had a very
negative effect on the farmers. Because of sowing the same crop year after year the soil
has developed harmful ‘phaphoond’ such as risoctonia, sclerocium, feuzarium etc. Now
new varieties of insects are attacking the crops. The Blue-beetle associated with cabbage
is now the main attacker of soyabean. Application of chemicals, fertilizers and
insecticides is growing continuously because of which the net profits made by farmers
are going down. It is assumed that soyabean gives higher production and better profits in
comparison to other crops. However, this is
To convert farming into a profitable source of livelihood in Madhya Pradesh it was most
important to increase irrigation. Therefore it is surprising that in the last 40 years the
proportion of irrigated land has been increased from 5 % to just 24 %.
The Madhya Pradesh government has started giving importance to irrigation in its 10th
five year plan. The new budget states that in the context of the extreme dependence of
our agricultural economy on the monsoons the importance of developing irrigation is
clear. In the 10th five year plan under a variety of projects the irrigation capacity is being
increased by 5.80 lac hectares. In the 9th five year plan the irrigated land area had been
inceased by 96000 hectares, whereas now the government is fixing a target of 7 lac NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
hectares of additional land to be irrigated. In Madhya Pradesh now 98% of wheat is

irrigated, but only 20 % of pulses and 22 % of rice is irrigated.
Size of Land Holdings: A challenge – The total number of land holdings in Madhya
Pradesh is
66.37 lacs. And on an average one farmer has 2.5 hectares of farm land. Because of
the small size of land holdings the land has not been developed and there is lack of
uniformity in the agricultural practices followed. In the last four decades the average
size of land-holding has also shrunk as shown by the table belo
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year
Marginal land size (lacs)
Small land size (lacs)
Average size (in hectares)
1961-62
22 lacs
In 1961-62 farmers in M.P. had an average farm size of 4.1 hectares, which came
down to 3.4 hectares in 1981-82 and got reduced further to 2.3 hectares in 1995-96.
At the same time 40 % of the farmers had an average farm size of 0.40 hectares.
This shows directly that the number of marginal farmers with very small farm sizes
is increasing. Results of the seventh round of Rural Labour Survey show that the
number of farm laborers with land in 1987 was 49 % and this went up to 57 % in
1999-2000. Analysis shows that because of low production farmers with very small
land-holdings are being forced to become laborers.
Farm Land and Production
Of the total fallow land in the country, 19 % lies in Madhya Pradesh. The time period of
one crop production in the state varies from 150 to 180 days and at present only 24 % of
the farm land is irrigated. Under this circumstances there is a big need to treat the fallow
land in the state, since without such treatment we shall only be able to irrigate only 55 % NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
of the land using both the surface and sub-surface water sources. We can also use the
principle of community farming for this purpose. One hectare of farm land in Madhya
Pradesh produces 1058 kgs of rice, whereas the average rice production per hectare in
the country is 2051 kgs. And in the case of wheat the state is 840 kg below the national
average.
Sources of Irrigation
In the last two decades the state and society has been faced with different forms of water
crisis. On the one hand the resources and potential for irrigation have become a matter of
existence for farmers. At the same time, looking at the means of irrigation that have been
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developed, it seems that farmers are giving up surface irrigation. In M.P. in 1960-61
canal irrigation accounted for 48 % and surface irrigation for 61 % of the irrigation. This
came down to 29 % and 31 % respectively in 2002-2003 respectively. During the same
period the use of ground water for farming went up from 39 % to 69 %. Under these new
circumstances, to safeguard the Rabi and Kharif crops the Madhya Pradesh has initiated
a scheme to make farm tanks. The government wants more use of surface water for
agriculture, so that the fast depleting ground water that has already gone below the
danger mark can be replenished.
Efforts by the Government
To promote organic farming vermin-compost pits are being made under the ISOPAM
scheme. Because of increase in use of chemical fertilizers the cost of farming has also
gone up. And since there is uncertainty over the use of large areas of forest land, around
3.5 lac cattle are at risk. In these circumstances to promote organic farming major
changes in our policies are required.
Industrialisation of Agriculture and Contract Farming
During the ninth five year plan 5.63 % of the budget was allocated for farming and 13.56
% for irrigation and flood control. In the 10th plan the budget for agriculture was
increased marginally to 6.28 %, but that for irrigation and flood control was increased to
19.10 %. The state seems to be preparing to hand over farm land to the provate sectors.
The India Tobacco Company (ITC) has established E-chaupals (alternative grain
markets) in M.P. and technology is beginning to be used for controlling the markets. NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
Crop rates are flashed from minute to minute via internet at the E-chaupals, where ITC is
buying off good quality grains from farmers. Better purchase and payment systems have
been established at the E-chaupals so that farmers don’t visit the government grain
markets. Although at the moment farmers feel that they are being freed of government
exploitation, as their trust in government markets is lost the private companies will
increase their area of operations. Finally, when the government alternative support is
gone then the private companies will reign supreme.
Now the state will not provide compensation to farmers in case of crop disease or natural
calamities. Farmers’ Insurance schemes have been initiated for this purpose. In practice,
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this scheme is not able to help the farmers. Farmers are being compensated for only
about 20 % of their losses.
In the last few years since the government has handed over seeds, pesticides, fertilizers
and agricultrural goods to the open market, farmers have been forced to suffer the risks
of poor quality seeds and fertilizers. It is estimated that thousands of kilos of poor quality
seeds have been sold to farmers in M.P. in the last 3 years, but only 15 cases have been
registered against the culprits till date.
Influence of Policy Issues Even the green revolution has not been able to create
conditions of equitable progress although maximum use has been made of modern
techniques to increase agricultural production. The use of tractors and threshers in early
phases of the green revolution made farm labour easier and helped production to
increase. However, our policy makers forgot that one thresher takes away the livelihood
options of upto 100 labourers. The use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers also started
showing negative effects on long term crop production. When we look at the context of
M.P. then the low potential of farm irrigation and small farm size becomes relevant.
Under the new agriculture policy loans are being provided under subsidy for purchase of
tractors but the fact is being neglected that such loans have no relevance for small and
medium farmers. In spite of this farmers who ae purchasing tractors are not able to
increase crop production in the absence of sufficient irrigation facilities. This has
increase their economic burden. After 1999 there were draught conditions for 3 years
during which farmers could not even produce enough to meet their basic needs. In such
conditions it was impossible to pay back the bank installments. During the last 5 years NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
electricity costs have gone up 5 times and pesticide costs twice as much, because of
which the cost of agriculture has also doubled but the support price provided by the
government has only been increased by 60 rupees.
Henceforth, multinational companies will get farmers to prodice for the market
according to the new agricultural policy. Potatoes are not being produced now as
vegetables only. There use as chips is far more profitable. Growth in this market will not
benefit the farmer, but the company producing chips, packaging them attractively and
coloring them in bright colours. The farmers just manage to get back their imput costs
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and their daily bread. The danger under this new policy is that while the companies will
enjoy legal security, the farmers will remain neglected.
Today the government accepts that growth rates in agriculture need to be taken up to 4
%. To achieve this however, along with increase in support prices we will require some
extra efforts to meet the needs of better roads, electricity and irrigation. Instead of
providing capital for agriculture we need to provide greater value to human labour and
land reform programs should be implemented on a priority basis. The character of our
society should be the main basis of our agriculture policy. The way in which the state is
implementing the agriculture policy, while keeping the market in focus, may put both
livelihood and food security at risk.
What Needs to be Done
Under the present circumstances, it becomes necessary to reestablish state support for
agriculture, which has been getting depleted.The negative effects of indebtedness are
becoming a question of life and death for farmers. It is important to wipe out the past
loans on a rational basis, and ensure that in future the interest rates for agriculture do not
exceed 3 to 4 %.
Agriculture costs have also gone up with increase in electricity charges, where as crop
prices have remained constant. It is obvious that electricity charges will need to be
stabilized to convert the losses into profits.Without land reforms int is impossible to
ensure full use of our resources and speed up progress. The government is handing over
fallow land to the private sector. Instead of this policy, land should be distributed NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
amongst the landless and small farmers, who should be provided support for land
development.
Some Facts about Agriculture in Madhya Pradesh
Total working population
2.57 crores
Total population related to agriculture
1.10 crores
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Total number of landless laborers
0.74 crores
Total land area of Madhya Pradesh
3.08 crores sq hectares
Total food production per person in Madhya Pradesh
249.20 kgs
Agriculture Land in Madhya Pradesh-
Area under rural land-registry
Area under forest cover
Net area under sowing
Total area under sowing
Area under double cropping

Area under single cropping
Total irrigated agricultural land
Total number of land-holdings
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0.6637 crores
Average size of farm land-holdings
2.3 hectares
Agricultural Production in Madhya Pradesh
Food Production (year 2004-05)
Means of Irrigation in Madhya Pradesh (numbers) Wells Tube-wells Pump-sets

Sources of Irrigation in Madhya Pradesh ( percentage )
Canals
Tanks
Surface water
Wells
Tube-wells and others
Sub-surface water
Sources of the data used– All the data used in this paper has been taken from the
Government of Madhya Pradesh reports, such as Economic Survey (different years),
Statistics or Madhya Pradesh 2004, Budget Speech – year 2004, 2005 and 2006,
Madhya Pradesh Human Development Report – 2002. NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
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Uttar Pradesh Conditions
Uttar Pradesh, literally translated as "Northern Province" in English, is a state situated in

Northern India. Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh and Kanpur is its economic and
industrialcapital.
The state is surrounded by the country of Nepal and Uttarakhand on its north, Delhi and
Haryana on its northwest, Rajasthan on its west, Madhya Pradesh on its southwest, Bihar on
its east and Jharkhand on its southeast.
The state is spread over an area of 2,40,928 sq km and has 75 districts. The state comprises
over 19,98,12,341 inhabitants as of 2011 census, becoming the most populous state in the
country. Uttar Pradesh has a number of historical, religious, natural and man-made tourist
destinations, such as the Taj Mahal, Kaushambi, Varanasi, Kushinagar, Chitrakoot, Lucknow,
Jhansi, Meerut, Allahabad and Mathura.
Facts on Uttar Pradesh
Official Website UP.gov.in
Date of Formation January 1950
Area 240,928 sq km
Density 828/Km2
Total Population (2011) 199,812,341
Males Population (2011) 104,480,510
Females Population (2011) 95,331,831
No. of District 75 NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
Capital Lucknow
Religions Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism
The economics of Uttar Pradesh is based mainly on Agriculture and round 65 % of the total
population is dependent on Agriculture. Contribution of agriculture sector is significant in
Economic development of the state. According to the survey of 2014-15, approximately
165.98 lac hectare (68.7%) land is used for cultivation. According to Agriculture survey
2011-12, there are 233.25 lac farmer in the state. It is the result of hard work and efforts of
the farmers that the state has become self sufficient in the field of food safety and progressing
towards more than the requirement.
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In the year 2015-16, food green production was 439.47 lac metric tonnes against the target of
626.6 lac metric tonnes out of which production in Kharif was 159.12 lac metric tonnes and
Rabi 280.35 lac metric tonnes. Production of oil seed crops was 8.47 lacs metric tonnes (net)
against the target of 13.03 lacs metric tonnes.
To maintain the annual growth rate of 5.1% in the financial year 2016-17, the department of
agriculture has fixed the target of 659.49 lac metric tones production of total food grains
against which expected production is 539.14 lac metric tonnes out of which food grain
production was 180.25 lacs metric tone in Kharif. In Rabi, expected production of food grains
is 355.90 lac metric tonnes. Expected production of oil seed crops is 10.37 lacs metric tonnes
against the target of 14.13 lacs metric tonnes.
In the year 2015-16, 45.53 lacs quintal seed was distributed against the total target of 52.26
lacs. In the year 2016-17, 51.06 lacs quintal seed was distributed against the total target of
55.63 lacs out of which 10.87 lacs quintal seed was distributed in Kharif and 40.53 lacs
quintal seed was distributed in Rabi season.
In the year 2015-16, 73.64 lac metric tones fertilizer was distributed against the target of
88.67 lac metric tones by ensuring availability of 108.39 lac metric tones. In the year 2016-
17, 66.85 lac metric tones fertilizer was distributed against the target of 89.50 lac metric tones
by ensuring availability of 103.64 lac metric tones. To get the desired production and
maintain the soil health, special efforts were made to use Phosphorous and Potash with
Nitrogen. This has promoted the balanced used of fertilizers.
In the year 2015-16, Rs. 66478.89 crores crop loan was distributed against the target of Rs.
84021.09 crores. In the year2016-17, Rs.73271.74 crores crop loan was distributed against
the target of Rs. 93212.60 crores out of which Rs. 30051.07 crores in Kharif and Rs.
43220.67 crores crop loan was distributed.
In the year 2015-16, 34.18 lac Kisan Credit Card was distributed against the target of 32 lac
Kisan credit Card. In the year 2016-17, 34.79 lac Kisan Credit Card was distributed against
the target of 35 lac Kisan Credit Card.
In the year 2016-17, under crop production different program /scheme for increase in
production is being implemented, the details of which are as follows:-
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 Soil is a natural resource. To sustain the productivity of the soil, different program is being
implemented so that the adverse effect of unbalanced use of fertilizer and pesticides can be
minimized. In view of above, soil health card has been made available to all the farmers of
the state, soil sample is taken from the field, sent to laboratory and after testing,
recommendations are made available through soil health to the farmers.
 Following program are being implemented for extension of new farm techniques to be made
available to the farmers:-
1. Three days massive Kisan Mela was organized agro-climatic zone wise in the state. In
this Mela, problems of the farmers were addressed at the site and farm inputs was also
made available.
2. To give fast pace to the continuous growth in farm productivity in the state in past
years and ensure new farm techniques to the farmers in time and for timely
arrangement of farm resources, divisional, district, block and nyay panchayat level
Gosthis are organized in the beginning of Kharif and Rabi season. Scientist of
Agriculture Universities and other institutions and senior officers of other department
participating in the Gosthi make it use ful for the farmers.
3. To redress the current problem of agriculture and increase in technical knowledge,a
monthly bulletin “Krishi Chintan” is being published. This bulletin is distributed
amongst the Gram Panchayat, departmental staff, progressive farmers and people’s
representatives free of cost.
4. To redress the current problem of agriculture and extension of latest system and
technology, monthly magazine “Agriculture and Animal Husbandry” is published and
made available to farmer member at the cost of Rs. 24 per annum.
5. To promote Organic Farming, 75% grant is given on distribution of bio-fertilizer, bio-

pesticides and bio-agents. 75% grant is also provided on distribution of Gypsum to
remove deficiency of micro-nutrient in soil.
Therefore Central region recorded the highest negative compound growth rate of -26.5 per
cent per annum in 1991-2001 followed by Eastern region at 24.7 per cent per annum in 2001-
10 in production of the linseed. The production of groundnut in Bundelkhand region shows
the positive growth of 4.6 per cent in 1991-2001 while all the regions including the state have
shown negative growth rates in study period. In Uttar Pradesh the production of sunflower
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decreased by - 6. percent in 1991-2001 , but increased to 7.3 per cent in 2001-10 and then
again declined by -4.7 per cent in whole period of study. Both a higher positive growth of
53.6 per cent in 2001-10 and a lower negative growth of -5.5 per cent in 1991- 2001 is
observed in Eastern region revealing much inconsistency of soyabean production. Total
production of soyabean in Uttar Pradesh as a whole has experienced a decline of -5.8 per cent
in the whole period of study despite a positive growth in 1991-2001 and 2001-10 separately.
The growth of yield of any agricultural crop occupies a significant place to study the
agricultural performance in a particular region. The state of Uttar Pradesh has recorded a
positive growth in yield of rapeseed and mustards and sunflower in each period of the study.
In case of rapeseed and mustard, the Western and Eastern region have shown positive growth
of yield in each period. In case of linseed and groundnut, the state has recorded negative
growth rates in each period. In case of yield of soyabean Eastern and Central region have
shown high negative growth rate of -7.3 and -8.2 per cent per annum while Bundelkhand has
shown a very low positive growth rate of 0.5 per cent per annum in the whole period of study
(1991-2010).
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Chhattisgarh Conditions
Chhattisgarh is popularly known as the rice bowl of the country. Having a total geographical
area of 135 Lakh Ha; around 43 % of the land is arable with Rice as the major crop of the
state occupying 66% of the total cropped area. Pulses, oil seeds and horticultural crops
occupy around 17%, 5% and 2% of the cropped area respectively. Almost 80% of the
population in Chhattisgarh is dependent on agriculture and allied activities. Agriculture &
allied sectors constitute more than 20% of the State GSDP.
Chhattisgarh has a strong base in horticultural production. The State is a leading producer of
a variety of fruits and vegetables such as papaya, guava, tomato, brinjal etc. In 2015-16,
Chhattisgarh produced 2317thousand MT of fruits compared with 2155 thousand MT in
2014-15. Major fruits produced are Banana, Mango, Papaya, Guava, Jack Fruit, Leman, Ber,
Water melon etc. In 2015-16, Chhattisgarh produces 6046 thousand MT of vegetables
compared with 5698 thousand MT in 2014-15. Major vegetables produced are Okra, Potato,
Cabbage, Onion, Cauliflower, Brinjal and Tomato.
Chhattisgarh is the 14th largest producer of fruits with a contribution of around 2.5% of the
total fruit production in India. During 2015-16 a total area of more than 220,000 hectare was
under fruits cultivation. Major fruits are mango, banana, papaya, guava, and jack fruit. The
graph below shows growth of food production over the years and production percentage of
major fruits. With 44% of the State’s land under forests, Chhattisgarh accounts for12% of
India’s forests. The state is identified as one of the richest biodiversity areas in the country. It
has abundant minor forest produce like Tendu leaves, Sal seed, etc. Medicinal herbs,
aromatic plants, flowers, bamboo, lac and honey are other potential money earners for the
state.Chhattisgarh is one of the leading states in food and grain production inIndia. It is the
7th largest producer of rice in the country, accounting for6% of the country’s total rice
production. Grain and cereals constitutes over 43% of state’s total agricultural produce during
2015-16. TheGovernment has been continuously introducing new policy reforms and
incentive mechanisms in resonance with Central Government’s KISSAN SAMPADA. It is
also working towards introducing modern farmingtechniques and technologies to improve the
quantity and quality of production.
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Chhattisgarh the 26th state of the Indian Union came into existence on November 1,2000.
The state is geographically situated between 17046'N and 2405 North Latitude and 80015'E
and 84020' East Longitude. The total geographical area is around 137.90 lakh ha. of which
cultivable land area is 46.77 lakh ha , forest land area is 63.53 lakh ha with more than 2.55
crore population. About 80 percent of the population in the state is engaged in agriculture and
43 percent of the entire arable land is under cultivation. Paddy is the principal crop and the
central plains of Chhattisgarh are known as rice bowl of central India. Other major crops are
coarse grains, wheat, maize, groundnut, pulses and oilseeds. The region is also suitable for
growing mango, banana, guava & other fruits and a variety of vegetables with
44 percent of its area under forests it has one of the richest bio-diversity areas in the country.
It has abundant minor forest produce like Tendu leaves, Sal seed, etc. Medicinal plants,
bamboo, lac and honey are other potential money earners for the state. Chhattisgarh has
embarked on a concerted plan to increase double cropped areas, diversify the cropping
pattern and improve incomes from agro-based small-scale enterprises. In order to unlock the
true potential of agriculture sector in the state, government is paying special attention towards
better management of its water resources. To reduce the farmers dependence on rainfall,
government is working towards increasing the irrigation potential of the state. It is estimated
that approximately 14.15 lakh hectares can be potentially irrigated covering 30 percent of the
entire cropped area in the state. Ravi Shankar Sagar Mahanadi project, Hasdeo-Bango, Kodar
and others are some of the important irrigation projects in the state..
Land Utilization(As per village records)
SNo. Information (As per 2014-15) Statistics (Thousand Hectare)

1. Total Geographical Area 13790
2. Forest Area (Incl. Revenue Forest) 6315
3. Land not available for cultivation 1029
4. Culturable fallow and Un-culturable land 1239
5. Permanent Pastures and other Grazing land 887
6. Land under misc. tree crops 1

7. Land available for cultivation 351
8. Fallow Land 525
9. Land Other than current Fallow(2-5 Years) 258
10. Current fallow Land 267
11. Net Area Sown 4681
12. Area Sown more than once 1047
13. Gross Cropped area 5728
source:http://descg.gov.in
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Gross Area Under Principal Crops

S.no. Crops (As per 2014-15) Statistics (Thousand Hectare)
1. Cereals 4395
2. Pulses 853
3. Fruits and Vegetables 137
4. Condiments and Spices 15
5. Sugar-cane 29
6. Other Food Crops 2
7. Oil Seeds 291
8. Fiber Crops 3
9. Other Non Food Crops 2

source:http://descg.gov.in
Chemical Fertilizers Consumption
Sno. Fertilizers Consumptions(In Thousand Ton)
1. Nitrogen 372.98
2. Phosphorus 175.38
3. Potash 56.72
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It is estimated that there is a 40 per cent leakage in the public distribution system nationally
and many States have failed to plug the leak. Chhattisgarh, however, has been able to contain
the loss substantially. First, it removed privately-run fair price shops and made women’s self-
help groups, panchayats and cooperative societies responsible for managing ration shops.
Next, it focussed on ensuring that those running the shops had a proper income. So, the
Government increased their commission four-fold. Shops were opened in all the panchayats,
given a month’s ration free of cost and their managers provided an interest-free loan of up to
Rs 70,000.
A system has been set up to deliver the ration directly from the warehouse to the shops. Once
the goods reach the shop, the cardholders themselves come to take them, and it becomes
difficult to pilfer at this stage. The process has been computerised to stop any wrongdoing on
the way. To monitor PDS at the panchayat level, watchdog committees of local community
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leaders have been set up. When the goods leave the godown, village members are informed
through SMS. They check the goods and make a panchnama.
Through these ways, the leakage has been reduced substantially from about 40 per cent to
four per cent, according to Chief Minister Raman Singh. According to non-governmental
estimates, diversion of PDS grain in Chhattisgarh had been reduced to about 10 per cent by
2009-2010. In the Centre’s scheme, rice is given at three rupees per kg and this scheme
covers only 67 per cent of the population. Chhattisgarh is covering 90 per cent of the
population (besides below families, homeless persons, widows, leprosy patients, labourers,
small and marginal farmers as well as hostel residents) and giving rice at two rupees per kg.
In Tamil Nadu, 60 per cent of the ‘poverty gap’ has been removed due to effective delivery of
subsidised food through PDS, while in Chhattisgarh the ‘poverty gap’ reduced is 40 per cent
compared to only 20 per cent at the national level. Reportedly, the greatest poverty reduction
in the country has happened in States where the PDS and the rural employment guarantee
programme have been working well.
Chhattisgarh is an outstanding example of how determined political will, a compassionate

leadership and smart thinking can remove bottle necks and streamline the system. People’s
participation in the management and monitoring of systems, not privatisation, is crucial.
Expanding the definition of the poor is another key aspect, advocated by the
Multidimensional Poverty Index that is used in UN human development reports.
The Chhattisgarh model of food security is worth emulating nationwide with local
modification. Effective delivery of cheap and wholesome nutritious food to the needy is
essential not only because it helps fight hunger and malnutrition but also because, along with
education, it is the best social investment that can be made so as to have a productive labour
force that can propel national development.
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Uttarakhand Conditions
Uttarakhand officially the State of Uttarakhand, formerly known as Uttaranchal,[19] is

a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Devabhumi (literally "Land of
the Gods")[20] due to a large number of Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found
throughout the state. Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas,
the Bhabhar and the Terai. On 9 November 2000, Uttarakhand became the 27th state of
the Republic of India, being created from the Himalayan and adjoining northwestern districts
of Uttar Pradesh.[21] It borders Tibet to the north; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the
east; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and
north-west as well as Haryana on its south-western corner. The state is divided into two
divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon, with a total of 13 districts. The interim capital of
Uttarakhand is Dehradun, the largest city of the state, which is a railhead. The High Court of
the state is located in Nainital.
Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric
times. The region formed a part of the Kuru and the Panchal kingdoms (mahajanpads) during
the Vedic age of Ancient India. Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were
the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism. Ashokan
edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region. During the medieval
period, the region was consolidated under the Kumaon Kingdom and Garhwal Kingdom. In
1816, most of modern Uttarakhand was ceded to the British as part of the Treaty of Sugauli.
Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals, the
proximity of different neighboring ethnic groups and the inseparable and complementary
nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds
between the two regions which further strengthened during the Uttarakhand movement for
statehood in the 1990s.
The natives of the state are generally called Uttarakhandi, or more specifically either
Garhwali or Kumaoni by their region of origin. According to the 2011 Census of India,
Uttarakhand has a population of 10,086,292, making it the 20th most populous state in India.
Agriculture in India still engages about 52 per cent of the work force and contributes 17.6
percent of the GDP. A very large majority of the farmers belongs to the category of small and
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marginal holders. In India average size of land holdings was 2.30 hectares in 1950-51 which
reduced to 1.52 hectares in 2008-09. Small farms produce 41 percent of India’s total grain
(49per cent of rice, 40 per cent of wheat, 29 per cent of coarse cereals and 27 per cent of
pulses), and over half of total fruits and vegetables despite being resource constrained.
Uttarakhand state with diverse agro-climatic endowments, the plains and hills present
differing scenarios for agriculture while commercial agriculture is practiced in the plains. The
hill farmers mainly practice subsistence farming. The hills practice mixed cropping, while in
the plains in a given season single crops are grown mostly. Irrigated land is freely available in
the plains, with over 87 per cent land being irrigated as against a mere 10 per cent in the hills.
The seed replacement rate for the plains stands at 15-20 per cent, while for the hills it is 3-4
per cent. Productivity across the same crops also differs greatly between the hills and plains.
In Uttarakhand more than 75 percent of the population depends on agriculture for their
livelihood. The average size of holding in the state is around 0.98 hectare. Another feature
typical of hill farming is the small and scattered land holdings. Out of the total cultivated
area, about 50 per cent of landholdings (in number) are sub marginal, and 21 per cent of
landholdings measure between 0.5–1 hectares. Over 27 per cent of the area under cultivation
consists of plots less than 1 hectare in size. Another 26 per cent of land holdings are between
1 and 4 hectares in size, and account for 51 per cent of the total cultivated area. 22 per cent of
the cultivated land consists of plots over 4 hectares in size, and these account for 3 percent of
the land holdings in number. The productivity of various crops is also low. Thus the
government of Uttarakhand is promoting the cultivation of some selected crops like Basmati
rice, Aromatic and Medicinal plants, Vegetables cultivation, Flower cultivation, Litchi
production and Milk production. Major crops grown in Uttarakhand are rice, wheat,
sugarcane, maize, soybean, pulses and oilseeds. Major fruits grown in Uttarakhand are
Mango, litchi, guava, apricot etc while major vegetables grown in Uttarakhand are Potato,
tomato, green pea, cauliflower and capsicum etc. Farmers or primary producers face many
challenges, of both technical and economic nature.
Population Of Uttarakhand In 2018:

As indicated by the 2011 enumeration of India, Uttarakhand had a population of 10,116,752
including 5,154,178 males and 4,962,574 females, with 69.45% of the population living in
rural territories.
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Talking about population, in order to check out the population of Uttarakhand in 2018, we
need to have a look at the population of the past 5 years. They are as per the following:
1. 2013 – 10.14 Million

2. 2014 – 10.17 Million
3. 2015 – 10.22 Million
4. 2016 – 10.28 Million
5. 2017 – 10.32 Million
Predicting the 2018 population of Uttarakhand is not easy but we can get the idea after
analysing the population from the year 2013 – 17. As we have seen that every year the
population increases by approximate 0.036 Million people. Hence, the population of
Uttarakhand in 2018 is forecast to be 10.32 Million + 0.036 Million = 10.356 Million. So, the
population of Uttarakhand in the year 2018 as per estimated data is 10.356 Million.
Land use pattern of Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand is primarily an agricultural state although its share in the country’s total area and
production is very small. The contribution of agriculture to the state’s domestic product is
about 22.4 per cent and the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood is about
75-85 per cent respectively. For instance, the productivity of wheat in the hills is 13.2
quintals/hectare, while in the plains it is 30.45 quintals/hectare. For rice the figures stand at
12.36 quintals/hectare in the hills and 27.49 quintals/hectare in the plains (Uttarakhand
State Planning Commission, 2007). This highlights the need for separate approaches for
agricultural development in the hills and plains areas of the state. The land use pattern of
crops in Uttarakhand reflects a declining trend in the acreage of conventional crops like
barley and increase in non conventional crops like soybean and other vegetable crops.
Farmers are gradually shifting from low value crops to high value crops. The decline in the
area under traditional crops has been relatively higher in the Kharif season as compared to
Rabi season. During the Kharif season the farmers are putting a sizeable land area under the
production of off-season vegetables. The land under production of traditional Kharif crops
has declined to 10 percent as against 8 percent for Rabi crop. Despite the small holdings most
of the farmers who have access to the market and have adequate irrigation facility have opted
for a shift in production from low value food-grains to high value commercial crops
particularly vegetables and pulses. Time and amount of precipitation have major bearings on
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crops both in rainfed and irrigated areas. In rainfed areas, sowing time, crop duration and
productivity is directly linked to the quantum and distribution of rainfall, while in irrigated
areas distribution of rainfall affects germination and harvesting of crops. Table 1 indicates the
land use pattern in Uttarakhand.
Table 1: Land use pattern in Uttarakhand
S. no. Category Area (ha) % of Reported area
1 Total reported area 5670110 100
2 Forest 3465057 61.11
3 Barren & Unculturable land 311817 5.50
4 Land put under non-agricultural uses 152180 2.68
5 Culturable Waste land 386288 6.81
6 Permanent pastures and other grazing 228944 4.04

land
7 Land under misc. tree crops and groves 248979 4.39

etc.
8 Current Fallows 41683 0.74 NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
9 Other fallows 68432 1.21
10 Net area sown 766730 13.52
It is indicated from Table 1 that the net sown area is only about 13.52% of the total reported
area. The cropping intensity is about 161 %, and the ratio of gross irrigated area to gross
sown area is only 44.50 %. In the hills the major crops grown include wheat, paddy, Mandua,
Ramdana and Potato whereas in the plains the major crops are wheat, paddy, pulses and
sugarcane. Uttarakhand is blessed with rare bio-diversity. Over 175 rare species of aromatic
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and medicinal plants are found in the State, which gives it a unique opportunity for
diversification of activities within the primary sector.
Conclusion
The study about this right shows that the root cause of the world hunger is poverty apart from
other prevailing causes. So it is indeed very essential that to eliminate hunger poverty should
be addressed at the first place because even if the availability of food grain is sufficient then
also due to lack of purchasing power poor people cannot access to food. The major problem
relates to economic access to food. Self-sufficiency has increased at the national level but not
at the household level. Though incidences of poverty have declined to some extent,
significant regional disparity is visible. There have been changes in the patterns of food
consumption as well. Though there has been a decline in malnutrition, nearly half of the rural
children still suffer from malnutrition. Provision of safe drinking water has also not been
satisfactory, particularly in rural areas.
Another area of problem relating to hunger in India as studied is- export of food grains.
Although production of food grains is sufficient but they are being exported which results in
the shortage of food grains in the country itself. Earlier government imported food grains but
now due to green revolution when there is self sufficiency then also lack of availability is
there due to export. So exports should be minimized.
The problems encountered in implementing Right To Food include (i) resource constraints;
(ii) problems of governance and lack of political will;
(iii) lack of an overall framework for implementation and monitoring; (iv) lack of appropriate
indicators and benchmarks for monitoring; (v) difference in nature of challenges in rural and NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
urban areas.
Although the main responsibility of realizing RTF lies with the government, it is submitted
that the coordination of government with NGOs and other members of the civil society are
important. However, NGOs also need to work on the principles of transparency and
accountability. Moreover the government should bring reform in PDS for effective realization
of this right and open fairer price shops.
Also justifiability is essential for the implementation of the right to food to enable people to
seek a remedy and accountability if their right to food is violated. Today the right to food is
indeed justifiable and can be adjudicated by a court of law but notwithstanding these
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encouraging developments at the national and international levels, a great deal remains to be
done to ensure the justifiability of the right to food.
Other countries have tackled malnutrition through growth, or policies like Bolsa Familia,
Oportunidades, and so forth. India spends enormous sums on anti-poverty strategies; were
this simply redirected into cash grants to individual families; this would do a lot to tackle not
only malnutrition, but other issues in human capital, entrepreneurship, etc. Adding a legal
recourse may help, but is it is hard to imagine this making a big difference given today's
leakage-prone institutions. Starting fresh with the new ID cards and sending money directly
to bank accounts may be the best way to help the malnourished. Strictly speaking, this can
happen even if there is no 'right' to food.
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1 Right To Food And Human Rights - Central Zone of India

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

NHRC:Short Term Internship Programme 2018, 15th Nov’2018 to 29th Nov’2018

Right To Food and Human Rights- Central Zone of

Chanakya National Law University,Patna

NHRC:Short Term Internship Programme 2018, 15th Nov’2018 to 29th Nov’2018

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

NHRC:Short Term Internship Programme 2018, 15th Nov’2018 to 29th Nov’2018

2nd YEAR, B.A,LL.B

NHRC:Short Term Internship Programme 2018, 15th Nov’2018 to 29th Nov’2018

Topics Page No:

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

NHRC:Short Term Internship Programme 2018, 15th Nov’2018 to 29th Nov’2018

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

NHRC:Short Term Internship Programme 2018, 15th Nov’2018 to 29th Nov’2018

NHRC:Short Term Internship Programme 2018, 15th Nov’2018 to 29th Nov’2018

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main aim of the research work is to know in detail about

 the right of food and know the humans rights .

1. Primary Sources : Books.

2. Secondary Sources :Material available on the internet.

LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

NHRC:Short Term Internship Programme 2018, 15th Nov’2018 to 29th Nov’2018

RIGHT TO FOOD : A NEW CHALLENGE

What is right to food?

NHRC:Short Term Internship Programme 2018, 15th Nov’2018 to 29th Nov’2018

What is the State of Hunger in the World Today?

wide-spread poverty, poor implementation of government programmes especially ICDS and

‘Right To Food’ under the Indian Constitution

4 In Chameli Singh v. State of U.P (1996) 2 SCC 549

6) Deciding optimum buffer stock level;

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

Problem of food Wastage in India

Recycling solution to manage food waste can include compost/energy/biogas production or

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

Food Entitlements Act, 2009

Eliminating Destitution and Vulnerability

Antyodaya Programme for Vulnerable Groups

d. In the case of elderly persons, single women and disabled persons

persons have suggested that doubling of quota for all children is

g. Double quota of maternity entitlements for pregnant and nursing

1. Right to Food in Urban Areas: The following special measures shall be

a. Opening of community kitchens providing nutritious hot cooked food

c. Admission in government-run residential schools of all urban street

d. All families living in slums shall be provided with a Food Entitlement

Emergencies and Disaster Situations

2.Doubled entitlements: These households shall also be entitled to doubled entitlements

Schedule I: List of Nutrition-Related Schemes

1.Integrated Child Development Services.

2.Mid-Day Meal Scheme.

3.Public Distribution System.

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

Schedule II: Minimum Nutrition Norms for ICDS

Category Calories Protein

Children (6-72 months) 500 12 -1 5

Children (6 - 72 months) who 800 20 - 25

are severely underweight

Pregnant or nursing women 600 18 - 20

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION

Madhya Pradesh Conditions

Madhya Pradesh is a state located in Central India. The capital city

Madhya Pradesh Poulation 2018

1. 2013 – 74.7 Million