Heat and Mass Transfer

Heat Transfer Formula Sheet and Tables

Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (Fins)

Case I: very long fin

Case II: fin with a finite length, L, and the end is insulated

Case III: fin with a finite length, L, and losses heat by convection from its end

Fin Efficiency:

Convection

Dimensionless numbers

1. Reynolds number um Dh 4m

Re D  
 Dh 
2. Nusselt number

1
  C p
3. Prandtl number Pr  
 k
4. Grashof number

5. Rayleigh number Ra = GrPr

Correlations used in External Forced Convection

1. Flat plate in parallel flow

For laminar flow, Ts  :T

Tf 
2
hx x
Nu x   0.664 Re1x/ 2 Pr1/ 3 , Pr  0.6
k
hx x
Nu x   0.565Re1x/ 2 Pr1 / 2 , Pr  0.05
k
For Turbulent flow. Ts : T
Tf 
2
Nu x  0.0296 Re 4x / 5 Pr1/ 3 , 0.6  Pr  60
2. Cross flow around cylinders:

a. Circular shapes
4/5
hD 0.62 Re 0.5 Pr1/ 3   Re 5 / 8 
Nu   0 .3  1    
k 
1  0.4 / Pr  
2 / 3 1/ 4
  282,000  

It correlates available data well for Re Pr > 0.2. The fluid properties are evaluated at the mean film
temperature Ts  T
Tf 
2

b. Non-circular shapes
Nu D  C Re m
D Pr
1/ 3

Where C and m are listed in the following table:

2
 3. Cross flow around spheres:
1/ 4
 
Nu D  2  (0.4 Re1D/ 2  0.06 Re 2D/ 3 ) Pr 0.4  

 s 
where properties are evaluated at T∞ , except µs which is evaluated at Ts

4. Flow across tube banks:

Where Nusult no: 

Nu D  1.13C1 Re mD ,max Pr1/ 3 C2  2000  Re D ,max  4  104 
valid for :  
 Pr  0.7 
Where: C1 and m are obtained from the following table:

C2 = 1 For N L  10
C2 = from the following table if N L  10

Vmax D
Re D,max 

ST
Where: Vmax  V For case (a) Aligned
ST  D
ST  D
Vmax 
ST
V For case (b) staggered and SD 
2( S D  D) 2
3
 Correlations used in Internal Forced Convection
1  Ti  To 
Tref  Tm    Ts 
2 2 
For turbulent flow
um Dh 4 Ac
Re D   2300 Dh 
 P
For uniform constant surface temperature:
Ts  Tm ,o  PL 
 exp  h
Ts  Tm ,i  m C 
 p 
To include the contributions due to convection at the tube inner and outer surfaces, and due to
conduction across the tube wall:

To T  Tm ,o  U As 
  exp  
Ti T  Tm ,i  m c 
 p 

Nusselt Number for fully developed laminar flow in tubes of various cross sections

Nusselt Number for fully developed Turbulent flow

hDh
Nu   0.023Re 0.8 Pr n
k
where n= 0.4 for heating and 0.3 for cooling of the fluid flowing through the tube.
The fluid properties are evaluated at the bulk mean fluid temperature Tb= (Ti + Te)/2.

4
 Natural Convection:

Geometry Recommended Equation

1. Vertical plates 2
 0.387 Ra1L/ 6 

Nu L  0.825 

 
1  (0.492 / Pr)9 / 16 
4/9 

2. Inclined 2
 0.387 Ra1L/ 6 
plates, Nu L   0.825 
(cold surface up or 
 
1  (0.492 / Pr)9 / 16 
4/9 

hot surface down)
Where: g  g cos
3. Horizontal Nu L  0.54 Ra1L/ 4 (104  Ra L  107 )
plates
(Hot surface up or Nu L  0.15 Ra1L/ 3 (107  Ra L  1011 )
cold surface down)
4. Horizontal
plates Nu L  0.27 Ra1L/ 4 (105  Ra L  1010 )
(Cold surface up or
hot surface down)
5. Horizontal Ra D  1012
cylinder
2
 0.387 Ra1D/ 6 
Nu D   0.60  

 
1  (0.559 / Pr)9 / 16 8 / 27 
 
6. Sphere Ra D  1011
1/ 4
Pr  0.7  0.589 Ra1D/ 4 
Nu D  2   
 
 1  (0.469 / Pr)9 / 16  4/9 


Heat Exchangers

Log mean Temperature Difference

T2  T1
Tlm 
T
ln 2
T1
(Th,o  Tc ,o )  (Th,i  Tc ,i )
For parallel flow: Tlm  LMTD 
ln[(Th,o  Tc ,o ) /(Th,i  Tc ,i )]
(Th,o  Tc ,i )  (Th,i  Tc ,o )
For counter flow: Tlm  LMTD 
ln[(Th,o  Tc ,i ) /(Th,i  Tc ,o )]

Cross-flow & Multi-pass (shell & tube):

(Th,o  Tc ,i )  (Th,i  Tc ,o )
Tlm  LMTD  F
ln[(Th,o  Tc ,i ) /(Th,i  Tc ,o )]
Where: F = correction factor which can be obtained from the following figures:

5
Correction factor F charts for common shell-and-tube and cross-flow heat exchangers.
6
 qact
Heat Exchanger Effectiveness,  :  0   1
qmax

Cmin
The heat capacity ratio: Cr 
Cmax
UA
The “Number of Transfer Units” (NTU): NTU 
Cmin

Effectiveness for heat exchangers