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Certificate E-Course on Smart Cities Planning and Development

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Genesis of Smartl City
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T e Module II
Lecture 1

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 Smart City Genesis
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• The smart city Routes are linked with Neo-Liberalization.

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Neo-Liberalism has made possible exchange of Technologies over the borders.

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But the seeds of this Technological Innovation are linked to Smart Community.

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Smart community was mooted by Silicon Valley where ICT was used to integrate
different sectors in 1990 (Roy, 2001).

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 Smart Community
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“The technology of telecommunications and information and the economics of a

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global economy are rapidly converging, ushering in a post-industrial age of

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information. In the wake of this convergence, all institutions, both private and

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public, are being forced to reinvent themselves. Power is being realigned and

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wealth redefined. Old forms of governance are being replaced with the emergence

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of the City-State and the establishment of local and regional “smart communities”

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that aggressively embrace the tools of this new age.”

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—Second World Forum on Smart Communities (Eger, 1997)

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 Smart Community: Silicon Valley
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• Its originators describe it as “serving as a reallife pilot demonstrating the benefits

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of an electronic community” by working with businesses, local government, and

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community groups to create a 21st century community in Silicon Valley.

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• Smart Valley’s primary role is that of a facilitator or catalyst for collaborative

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projects in education, health care, commerce, government, and the community—

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all of which have an interest in the implementation of more useful and productive

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information technology applications.

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Smart Valley works from a bottom-up strategy, harnessing government, industry,

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and grass roots support to develop useful applications of technology. However, it is

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not a government organization, nor does it receive government support.

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Source: http://www.tfi.com/pubs/ntq/articles/view/98Q1_A4.pdf
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Source: http://www.tfi.com/pubs/ntq/articles/view/98Q1_A4.pdf
 Smart Community
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Source: http://www.tfi.com/pubs/ntq/articles/view/98Q1_A4.pdf
 Smart Community
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Source: http://www.tfi.com/pubs/ntq/articles/view/98Q1_A4.pdf
 Smart Community
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Source: http://www.tfi.com/pubs/ntq/articles/view/98Q1_A4.pdf
 Smart Community
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The term “smart communities” has been used to identify those municipalities

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which have adopted the paradigm where, specifically, a group of individuals,

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organizations and institutions located in the same area that have made a

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conscious effort to employ information technology to transform a major

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portion of their region.

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Cooperation between government, industry, and academe, rather than one

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group acting alone, is preferred.

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Also, the technology must be transforming, rather than incremental.

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Source: http://www.smartcommunities.org/caltrans_lit_review.pdf
 Smart State: Brisbane, Australia
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• Brisbane, Australia has strategized its knowledge based urban development and

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initiated Smart city development (Velibeyoglu & Tan, 2008)

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• The policy initiatives in the 2000 (Queensland Treasury 2000) statement are

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summarized under the following headings:

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1. Education for life

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2. Building job opportunities

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3. Foundations for growth

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4. Industry development

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5. Culture and Community

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6. Working with the World
7. Innovation

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 Brisbane: Local Economic
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• The basis of prosperity and welfare of cities largely depends on their capacity to

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take advantage of opportunities for sustained employment growth, and minimise

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the challenges of competitive economic conditions and urban population growth.

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• Therefore, developing sound local economic development strategies is highly

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valuable for cities in managing growth and augmenting economic performances

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(Cities Alliance, 2007).

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 Smart State : Branding
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The branding strategy also restructured economic activities by shifting the primary

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focus of production from traditional economic sectors to knowledge intensive

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industries (Mort and Roan, 2003).

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• This shift, in turn, brought a major move in the Smart State Strategy frameworks

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from a modest local economic development policy perspective to a more

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ambitious KBUD policy perspective, a sustainable development model involving

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the simultaneous pursuit of economic prosperity, environmental quality and social

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equity (Smyth et al. 2004).

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• In 2007 in line with the Smart State Strategy, Brisbane has developed its ‘Smart

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City Strategy’. This new strategy aims to address and promote: information access,

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lifelong learning, digital divide, social inclusion, quality of life, and economic

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development in and around the city.

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• In contrast to relatively mature Smart State Strategy the brand new Smart City
Strategy has an intense urban focused development perspective. Smart City
Strategy accommodates KBUD policies with an aim to transform.

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 Smart City
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• Citizen-focused
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• • UK citizens tend to consider a smart city as clean, friendly and have
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good transport connections. Other words they associate with smart

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cities (although less frequently) include “technology”, “connected”,
“internet” and “modern”.
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• According to the Manchester Digital Development agency, “a ‘smart

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city’ means ‘smart citizens’– where citizens have all the information

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they need to make informed choices about their lifestyle, work and

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travel options”.

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 Smart City
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• Government and Institutions
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• The UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) considers smart

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cities a process rather than a static outcome, in which increased citizen

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engagement, hard infrastructure, social capital and digital technologies make cities

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more liveable, resilient and better able to respond to challenges.

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• The British Standards Institute (BSI) defines the term as “the effective integration

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of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver
sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens”.

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 Smart City
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• Market- Driven Definitions
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• IBM defines a smart city as “one that makes optimal use of all the interconnected

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information available today to better understand and control its operations and

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optimize the use of limited resources”.

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• Cisco defines smart cities as those who adopt “scalable solutions that take

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advantage of information and communications technology (ICT) to increase

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efficiencies, reduce costs, and enhance quality of life”.

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• US Smart City Council says “A smart city uses information and communications
technology (ICT) to enhance its liveability, workability and sustainability”.

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 Smart City
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The “utilization of networked infrastructure to improve economic and political

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efficiency and enable social, cultural, and urban development,” (Hollands, 2008:

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308) where the term “infrastructure” indicates business services, housing, leisure,

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and lifestyle services, and ICTs (mobile and fixed phones, computer networks, e-

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commerce, and Internet services). This point brings to the forefront the idea of a
wired city as the main development model and of connectivity as the source of
growth.

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 Smart City
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An “underlying emphasis on business-led urban development” (Hollands, 2008:

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308). According to several critiques of the concept of the smart city, this idea of

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neoliberal urban spaces, where business-friendly cities would aim to attract new

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businesses, would be misleading. However, although caveats on the potential risks

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associated with putting an excessive weight on economic values as the sole driver
of urban development may be worth noting, the data actually shows that

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business-oriented cities are indeed among those with a satisfactory socio-

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economic performance.

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 Smart City
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“A city well performing in a forward-looking way in [economy, people, governance,

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mobility, Environment and living built on the smart combination of endowments

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and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens.”

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“A city that monitors and integrates conditions of all of its critical infrastructures

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including roads, bridges, tunnels, rails, subways, airports, sea-ports,

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communications, water, power, even major buildings, can better optimize its

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resources, plan its preventive maintenance activities, and monitor security aspects

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 Questions
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• What was the central Idea behind Smart
Community?
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• How does definition of Smart city shift depending

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from different perspectives?
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