Smart City: Definitions (Part-II)

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Certificate E-Course on Smart Cities Planning and Development
r s i t
i v e
Smart City: Definitionsl U n
(Part –II)
i c a
l o g
n o
c h
e Module II
Lecture 3
t T
a r a
u j
G
1
Background
s i t y
• Although there is an increase in frequency of use of ther
i v e
U n
phrase “smart city”, there is still not a clear and consistent
a l
understanding of the concept among practitioners and
c related to this new
began to systematically consider g i
academia. Only a limited number of studies
o
investigated and
o l questions
c h n
urban phenomenon of smart cities.
T e the concept of a smart city itself is still

t
• As discussed above,
emerging,aand
r
a
the work of defining and conceptualizing it is in
u j
progress
G
2
https://www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/journals/hicss_2012_smartcities/hicss_2012_smartcities.pdf
Background
s i t y
v e r
i
• “smart” is emerging as a strategy to mitigate the problems
generated by the urban population growth and rapid urbanization.
Un
c a l
i
• To close the gap in the literature about smart cities and in response
og
to the increasing use of the concept, lets understand the
o l
framework explained in paper “Understanding Smart Cities: An
h
Integrative Framework”
c n
t Te
• The integrative framework includes Eight critical factors of smart
ra
city initiatives: management and organization, technology,
j a
governance, policy context, people and communities, economy,
u
G
built infrastructure, and natural environment. These factors are very
important when it comes to smart city which has to be managed by
local governance
3
Working Definitions of a Smart City
s i t y
• A city well performing in a forward-looking way in economy, people,
v e r
governance, mobility, environment, and living, built on the smart
n i
U
combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive,
independent and aware citizens
c a l
i
• A city that monitors and integrates conditions of all of its critical
og
l
infrastructures, including roads, bridges, tunnels, rails, subways,
o
airports, seaports, communications, water, power, even major
h n
buildings, can better optimize its resources, plan its preventive
c
maintenance activities, and monitor security aspects while
Te
maximizing services to its citizens.
t
• A city “connecting the physical infrastructure, the IT infrastructure,
ra
a
the social infrastructure, and the business infrastructure to leverage
u j
the collective intelligence of the city”
G
4
Working Definitions of a Smart City
s i t y
v e
• A city striving to make itself “smarter” (more efficient, r
sustainable, equitable, and liveable)
n i
• A city “combining ICT and Web 2.0 technology
a l U with other
i c
organizational, design and planning efforts to dematerialize
new, innovative solutions to citygmanagement complexity,
o
and speed up bureaucratic processes and help to identify
o l
c h n
in order to improve sustainability
• y “The use of Smart Computing
and liveability.”
e
technologies to make the
which includeT
critical infrastructure components and services of a city––
r a t city administration, education, healthcare,
u
more j a
public safety, real estate, transportation, and utilities––
intelligent, interconnected, and efficient”
G
5
Local Governance: Managing Cities
s i t y
v e r
i
The eight clusters of factors include
• (1) management and organization,
Un
• (2) technology,
c a l
• (3) governance,
og i
o l
n
• (4) policy,
c h
• (5) people and communities,
t Te
• (6) the economy,
a ra
• (7) built infrastructure, and
j
u
• (8) the natural environment.
G
6
Management and organization
s i t y
v e r
• Only a few studies in the academic literature
n i
on smart city initiatives address issues related
a l U
to managerial and organizational factors.
i c
o l og
• Thus managerial and organizational concerns
c h n
in smart city initiatives need to be discussed in
t Te
the context of the extensive literature on e-
ara
government and IT projects success
j
G u
7
Management and organization
s i t y
v e r
n i
a l U
i c
o l og
c h n
t Te
j ara
Gu
8
Technology
s i t y
v e r
• A smart city relies, among others, on a collection of smart
components and services. Smart computing n i to a
computing technologies applied to critical infrastructure
l U refers
network technologies that provide c ITa
“new generation of integrated hardware, software, and
o g i systems with real-

l
time awareness of the real world and advanced analytics to
o will optimize business
alternatives and actionsnthat
help people make more intelligent decisions about
c h
eICT with development projects can
T
processes and business balance sheet results”
r a t
• The integration of
a
change the urban landscape of a city and offer a number of
u j
potential opportunities , they can enhance the
Gmanagement and functioning of a city
9
Technology
s i t y
• Despite proclaimed advantages and benefits of
v e r
n i
U
ICTs use in cities, their impact is still unclear [48].
Indeed, they can improve the quality of life for
c a l
og i
citizens, but they can also increase inequalities
o l
and promote a digital divide . Thus, city managers
c h n
should consider certain factors when
Te
implementing ICT with regard to resource
t
ra
availability, capacity, institutional willingness and
j a
also with regards to inequality, digital divide and
u
Gchanging culture and habits.
10
Technology: Challenges
s i t y
v e r
n i
a l U
i c
o l og
c h n
t Te
j ara
Gu
11
Governance
s i t y
• several cities have felt an increased need for better governance to
v e r
manage the projects and initiatives .
n i
• In general, (public) governance has been defined “as regimes of
a l U
c
laws, administrative rules, judicial rulings, and practices that
og i
constrain, prescribe, and enable government activity, where such
l
activity is broadly defined as the production and delivery of publicly
o
supported goods and services.”
h n
• Governance, hence, involves the implementation of processes with
c
Te
constituents who exchange information according to rules and
standards in order to achieve goals and objectives to studied
ra t
challenges of e-government key projects, and found that
a
stakeholders’ relations is one of the critical factors to determine
u j
success or failure of such projects. “Stakeholder relations” refers to
G
four main issues: the ability to cooperate among stakeholders,
support of leadership, structure of alliances and working under
different jurisdictions .
12
Governance
s i t y
v e r
i
• Several cities have benefited from the emergence of ICTs that
U n
improve their governance. This ICT-based governance is
a l
known as smart governance. It widely represents
c
a collection
g i
of technologies, people, policies, practices,
o
resources, social
o l
norms and information that interact to support city governing
activities.
c h n
T e
r a t
u j a
G
13
Policy context
s i t y
• smart city also entails the interaction of
v e r
technological components with political and
n i
institutional components.
a l U
i c
og
• Political components represent various political
l
elements (city council, city government, and city
o
c h n
major) and external pressures such as policy
Te
agendas and politics that may affect the
t
outcomes of IT initiatives.
j ara
• Institutional readiness such as removing legal
G u
and regulatory barriers is important for smooth
implementation of smart city initiatives.
14
Policy context
s i t y
v e
• The policy context is critical to the understandingr
n i
of the use of information systems in appropriate
ways. Hence, an innovative government U
the change in policies, becauseaalgovernment
stresses
i
cannot innovate without agnormative c
o l o drive
c h
technology for a smart n
addressed in policy . Whereas innovation in
city can be relatively easily
observed andebroadly
t T agreed upon, subsequent
a r
changes in
a the policy context are more
u j
ambiguous . The policy context characterizes
Gcreates conditions enabling urban development.
institutional and non-technical urban issues and
15
People and communities
s i t y
• Addressing the topic of people and communitiesras
i v e
U n
part of smart cities is critical, and traditionally has been
technological and policy aspects ofasmart

neglected on the expense of understanding
c l more
o g i cities.
• Projects of smart cities have
o l foster more informed,
an impact on the quality
h n
of life of citizens and aim
c
to
e
educated, and participatory citizens.
• Additionally, T
r a t smart cities initiatives allow members of
j a
the city to participate in the governance and
G u
management of the city and become active users.
16
People and communities
s i t y
v e r
n i
a l U
i c
o l og
c h n
t Te
j ara
Gu
17
Economy
s i t y
• Economy is the major driver of smart city initiatives, and a city with
v e r
a high degree of economic competitiveness is thought to have one
n i
U
of properties of a smart city. As well, one of the key indicators to
a l
measure growing city competition is the capacity of the city as an
c
i
economic engine [25]. Giffinger et al. [24] suggest a smart city
og
framework consisting of six main components (smart economy,
o l
smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart
n
environment, and smart living). Their operational definition of a
c h
smart economy includes factors all around economic
Te
competitiveness as innovation, entrepreneurship, trademarks,
t
productivity and flexibility of the labor market as well as the
ra
integration in the national and global market.
j a
• The economic outcomes of the smart city initiatives are business
u
G
creation, job creation, workforce development, and improvement in
the productivity.
18
Built infrastructure
s i t y
•
v e r
i
The availability and quality of the ICT infrastructure are important for smart cities .
•
Un
l
Indeed, smart object networks play a crucial role in making smart cities a reality .
a
• ICT infrastructure includes wireless infrastructure (fiber optic channels, Wi-Fi
i c
networks, wireless hotspots, kiosks) , service-oriented information systems.
og
• The implementation of an ICT infrastructure is fundamental to a smart city’s
l
development and depends on some factors related to its availability and
n o
performance. There is a little literature that focuses on ICT infrastructure barriers
h
of smart cities initiatives. As done in the managerial and organizational section, we
c
will refer to e-government technological barriers since smart cities’ initiatives are
Te
similar to egovernment initiatives in their use of ICT. Ebrahim and Irani [21]
t
presented a set of factors related to the implementation of ICT. Table 6 presents a
ra
set of IT challenges grouped in three dimensions; IT infrastructure, security and
a
privacy, and operational cost.
u j
G
19
Built infrastructure
s i t y
v e r
n i
a l U
i c
o l og
c h n
t Te
j ara
Gu
20
Natural environment
s i t y
v e r
i
• Smart city initiatives are forward-looking on the
environmental front [24]. Core to the concept of a smart city
Un
is the use of technology to increase sustainability and to
c a l
og i
better manage natural resources [45]. Of particular interest is
l
the protection of natural resources and the related
o
c h n
infrastructure [28] such as waterways and sewers and green
Te
spaces such as parks. Together these factors have an impact
t
on the sustainability and liveability of a city, so these should
ra
be taken into consideration when examining smart city
u j a
initiatives.
G
21
Key Questions
s i t y
rv e
n i
• Which are the eight key factors in
a l Umanaging
cities?
g i c
o
• What are the key elementsl o
Infrastructure? hn
of Built
T e c
r a t
u
• How j asmart cities can impact Natural
GEnvironment?
22

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Smart City: Definitions (Part-II)

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y

Certificate E-Course on Smart Cities Planning and Development

T e the concept of a smart city itself is still

r a t city administration, education, healthcare,

o g i systems with real-

technological and policy aspects ofasmart

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