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Certificate E-Course on Smart Cities Planning and Development

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Urbanization and Its Prospects
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T e Module I
Lecture 1

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WHAT IS URBAN ?

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All of us know…‘What is City/Town?’

• Mainly because, we have been associated with the cities/town for a long time, and

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perhaps for always.

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• But, we don’t find anything phenomenal about the cities.

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• We find cities so usual and routine. Looking as citizens, cities are the world to us.

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For the stream/discipline of Urban Studies…Cities (Urbanism) are a Phenomena.

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• Till 1900, cities were housing 9% of the world population.

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• Rural was the accepted settlement form, having nothing special about it.

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• Though, rural settlements would also have been considered as phenomena at some

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point in time. But, not anymore.

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WHAT IS URBAN ?

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Pace of … Urbanization

• 1900 – around 10 %, Four cities around 1 million.

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• 2000 – around 47 %, 200 cities of 1 million, 100 between 1-10 million, 20 with > 10 million.

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• 2030 – expected to cross 60 %

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With such pace…We might loose Cities.

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• One, the present system might get collapsed, and replaced by some other system.

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• Two, all the world gets into Cities.

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Nevertheless, Cities or any other form of human settlements will persist.

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• The system they are based on, their nature, scale, worries, etc. may get modified.

• Even presently- the cities differ from PLACE TO PLACE, and keep changing from TIME TO
TIME.

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WHAT IS URBAN ?

Definitions:

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• Confederation or union of neighboring clans resorting to a centre for worship,

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protection, and the likes; a sovereign body formed by such a community.

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• A composite of cells, neighborhoods, or communities where people work together for
the Common Good.

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People join, associate and compete with each other for sustaining and improving

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livelihood; where each gets mutually benefited (effected) by presence and actions of
other people.

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• Locations with an opportunity for a diversified living environment and life-styles. People

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live, work, and enjoy in social, economical and cultural relationships provided by
proximities of an urban area.

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• A concentration of people in a given geographical area who support themselves on

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a fairly permanent basis from the economic activities performed in that area.

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• Entities having circulation systems that unite the different areas and provide routes for
bringing in commodities from the farms and elsewhere.

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WHAT IS URBAN ?

“No single definition will apply to all its manifestations; and no single

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description will cover all its transformations.” – Lewis Mumford: The City In History

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1. Different Basis for defining-

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Why the city come up? - Purpose

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How the city come up? - Process

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What happens in the city? - Functions, Activities

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What is the city made up of? - Components

How the city looks?

T e c - Form, Appearance

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For whom the city is? - People, Citizens

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WHAT IS URBAN ?

“No single definition will apply to all its manifestations; and no single

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description will cover all its transformations.” – Lewis Mumford: The City In History

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2. Changing face of Cities-

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From Place to Place- Not all cities/towns across the globe will be same.

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From Time to Time- Neither any city/town will be same across the time.

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Place does not refer to any particular geographical location in terms of latitude,

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longitude only. Neither the Time refers to the Year and Month.

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Along with Place and Time comes a large bunch of factors:

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- Geography, Topography, Physiographic aspects

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- Economical scenario, Social status and development

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- Political situation, International relations

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- Customs, Culture, Norms and Practices of the community

- Technological Advancement,
- Relation with other Places

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WHAT IS URBAN ? 3. A Subjective Matter- Observed, perceived, recognized,
understood, and described differently… by all.
Different Frames/Lenses: The Peculiar Characteristics/Features:

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Concentration/ Agglomeration
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ECONOMY

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Integration
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Opportunities/ Possibilities

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FACILITIES/ SOCIAL

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SERVICES STRUCTURE Contradiction

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Vibrant/ Dynamic

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Populace, Large, Dense

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CULTURE/

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COMMUNITY Heterogeneous
LIFE-STYLE

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Organic, Incremental

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SPACES/ 1. Cities are expression of way of life.

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SCAPES

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2. Cities vary according to time and place.

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3. Cities reflect & intensify the relationship
between social and physical aspects.
4. Cities reveal the best & worst about human
conditions.
5. Cities offer the promise- and not always the
reality- of a better life.
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WHAT IS URBAN ?

Formal Definition based on certain Tangible Criteria:

• Various criteria being used in the 195 countries with urban population.

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Criteria Description Deliverables

Administrative Capital cities, special territories,

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Sole criteria- 89 countries; One of the

Municipal administration, etc.

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criteria- 20 countries

Economic

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Certain share of residents in non-
i One of the criteria- 27 countries

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Characteristics agricultural/ non- primary

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occupations
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Paved streets, water supply, One of the criteria- 19 countries;

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Functional

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sewerage, other facilities and Sole Criteria- 5 countries

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Nature

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Population Size

and Density
Certain cut-off of population

and density levels

Sole criteria- 46 countries; One of the

criteria- 42 countries

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Definition Of Urban Areas in other Countries
US Census Bureau ( four tiers of urban units)

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1. Urban Place : minimum population of 2500

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2. Incorporated city : minimum 2500 pop and political identity

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Urbanised Area : Area around a city with 50,000 pop + incorporated

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cities with minimum 2500 pop + enumeration districts in
unincorporated territory
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where population density is more than
1000/sq. mile
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Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area : Counties with at least one city

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of 50, 000 pop and its surrounding area in which :

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Non agricultural workers form minimum 75 % workers,

• 15 % workers employed in Central city

• Telephone calls to central city are four times the number of subscribers 9
Definition Of Urban Areas in other Countries
China ( State Council)
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1.Townships with more than 20000 pop and min 10 % are non agricultural

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workers
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2.Townships with less than 20000 pop but more than 2000 non agricultural
workers

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3.Townships with less than 20000 pop and less than 2000 non agricultural

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workers if located in minority / reserved / remote border areas

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WHAT IS URBAN ?

Formal Definition based on certain Tangible Criteria:

• INDIA

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Four Levels Description

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All places with a Municipality, Corporation, Cantonment Board, Notified Area Town

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1. Statutory Towns

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Committee, etc.

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2. Census Towns
i. Minimum population of 5000

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ii. At least 75% of the male main workers engaged in non-primary pursuits

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iii. Density of population of at least 400 per Sq.Km.

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 s i t y
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Urbanisation: Historical
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Urbanization Trends

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World Million Plus Population Cities

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2008- Population Milestones

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• Half of World’s Population (3.3 billions) in urban areas.

• Around 50% of this urban pop. living in cities with > 50,000 pop.

• Land area under Cities not large– covering 2.8% land area.
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Urbanization Trends

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World Population Densities - 1994

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 Urbanization Trends

Table 1: urban Population Growth acaross the Globe

Region 1900 1950 2000

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in mls percent in percent in percent in perce

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of total mls of total mls of total mls nt of

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total

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Africa 32 14.7 295 37.2 787 52.9

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Asia 244 17.4 1376 37.5 2679 54.1

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latin America and Caribbean 70 41.9 391 75.4 608 84

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Oceania 8 61.9 23 74.1 32 77.3
Europe 287 52.4 539 73.4 540 80.5

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North America 110 63.9 243 77.4 335 84.5

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Global total -250 -15 751 29.8 2862 47.2 4981 60.2

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Increase 501 14.8 2111 17.4 2119 13

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Source : United nations,2002

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1950 2000 2030 7% Africa

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4% 8% 10%
15% 16%
11%

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Asia

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19%
33% L. America

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12%
Oceania
1%
38% 14% 48% Europe

9% 54% N. America

1%
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 Urbanization Trends

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Top 20 Urban Areas ranked by Top 20 Urban Areas Top 20 Urban Area Top 20 Urban Area

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2005 Population ranked by 2005 Land Area ranked by Density ranked by CAGR (%)

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Tokyo/Yokohama 35,530,000 (sq.km.) (p/sq.km.) Beihai 10.58

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New York 19,712,000 Hong Kong 29,432 Ghaziabad 5.20

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Seoul/Incheon 19,500,000 New York 11,264 Coimbatore 29,161 Sana'a 5.00

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Jakarta 18,200,000 Tokyo/Yokohama 7,835 Meerut 26,527 Surat 4.99

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Mexico City 18,100,000 Chicago 5,952 Mumbai 26,355 Kabul 4.74

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Zibo 5,938

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São Paulo 17,800,000 Chittagong 26,012 Lagos 4.44
Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto 17,250,000 Los Angeles 5,812 Chongqing 25,949 Faridabad 4.44

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Boston 5,501 Rajkot 23,316

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Mumbai 17,078,039 Dar es Salaam 4.39

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Metro Manila 16,750,000 Atlanta 5,083 Indore 22,740 Chittagong 4.29

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Cairo 15,750,000 Cali 4,978 Jabalpur 22,526 Toluca 4.25

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Delhi 15,250,000 Nagoya 4,662 Khulna 22,143 Dubai 4.03

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Moscow 14,000,000 Philadelphia 4,661 Nagpur 21,773 Luanda 3.96

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Los Angeles 13,829,000 Zaozhuang 4,550 Dhaka 21,624 Nasik 3.90

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Shanghai 13,600,000 Moscow 3,885 Kanpur 21,577 Kinshasa 3.89
Dallas/Fort Worth 3,644

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Kolkata 13,217,000 Ahmedabad 21,057 Nairobi 3.87

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Buenos Aires 12,740,000 Xian 3,550 Allahabad 21,022 Dhaka 3.79

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Beijing 11,250,000 Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto 3,497 Lucknow 20,545 Patna 3.72

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Shenzhen 11,000,000 Houston 3,355 Patna 20,074 Rajkot 3.63
Rio de Janeiro 10,900,000 Detroit 3,267 Nashik 20,048 Jaipur 3.60
Istanbul 10,500,000 Jakarta 3,108 Varanasi 19,879 Gujranwala 3.49
Beijing 3,043 Vijayawada 19,795
New York 3,043
Urbanization Trends

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 s i t y
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Urban World: Historical
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 Evolution of Urbanism

Cities and Civilizations

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Four Levels Description

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Sumerian Civilization

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Egyptian Civilization Nile River Around 3500 BC

Harappan Civilization Indus River Around 2500 BC

Ancient China Civilization Huang Ho (Yellow) River Around 1700 BC

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Mesopotamian Civilization

• The agriculture revolution first occurred in the east of the Mediterranean, around the

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‘Fertile Cresent’.

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• By 5500 BC, after 3000 yrs of slow development, the farming communities firmly

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established on higher grounds of the region.

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• Then, started moving down the valleys of Euphates and Tigirs.

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• 3000 BC- several Sumerian city states, with tens of thousands population, witnessed

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elaborate religions, political and military class structure, advanced technology and

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extensive trading.

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Babylon

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Mesopotamian Civilization

• Cities located on tells, clearly defined man-made

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settlement mound.

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• Ur, a typical Sumerian state capital: Three elements

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– the walled city, the religious precinct, and the

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outer town.

• At center of each city was the walled temple with a

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ziggurat – a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped

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structure.

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A. North harbor, B. West harbor,

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C. Temenos, D. Housing areas

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Egyptian Civilization

• Egyptian civilization, taking form in the Nile Valley and

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Delta, was a united state.

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• Menes, the historic king, founded Memphis in around

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3100 BC.

• Comparatively advanced society- reflects through the

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monumental construction programme of Great Pyramids-

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Khufu, Khafre & Mencaure- at Giza.

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• Pharaoh reside near the site chosen for his tomb. The

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place was abandoned after the death of Pharaoh.

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Egyptian Civilization

• El-Amarna

- Linear development along east bank of the Nile

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- Not fortified, except walls enclosing temple and

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palace.

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- Administrative and storage buildings in the centre,
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with nearby palace, government offices, barracks.

- Neighborhood units connected

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to city centre

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through wide thoroughfares.

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1. Sun temple (large), 2. Great palace,

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- Houses of all types were found in a single

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3. King’s residence, 4. Police barracks,
5. Sun temple (small),6. Workers’ area
residential quarter.

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- Buildings having rectangular plan, is considered to

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be reason for certain regularity in overall layout.

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Residential District, El-Amarna

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 Indus Valley Civilization

• Excavations reveal the approx. period of

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civilization around 3000 BC.

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• The Indus plains have low rainfall, but have

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fertile alluvial soil.

• Villages on higher plains around 5000-4000

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BC, which later started moving to the flood-

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plains nearer the rivers.

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• Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa identified as two

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major centres.

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• Several other cities spreading across a vast
length along the Indus and its tributaries:

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Mehrgarh, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira

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• Sudden end around 1750 BC- probably due

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to extreme long-term flooding or invasion by
Aryans.

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 Indus Valley Civilization

• Earliest known ‘Planned Towns’ in history.

• Most of the cities are variants of standard planning

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approach.

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• Main streets/roads- set in straight lines, intersected

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at right angles, dividing the city into squares or

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rectangular blocks.

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• Most roads/streets were paved with fire brunt bricks.

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• Master Plan Super Grids rather than precise grid-

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iron plan

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• Citadel in the west of the Lower City

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documented site, 5 km east to

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around 35,000 population.

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 Indus Valley Civilization

Citadel

• Citadel raised above the flood-plain, and

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surrounded by a burnt brick embankment.

• Citadel contained neither palace of an absolute

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ruler, nor any dominating religious buildings.

• Hosts mix of civic-religious purposes: Granaries,

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administrative offices, large assembly hall, Great
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Bath.

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Housing

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• Entrances from minor lanes, mostly at right angles.

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• Single-room tenements to large houses having

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several rooms and several courtyards.

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• flat-roofed, two-story, mud-brick houses lined the

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streets

• Stairways leading to upper floors, or flat roofs.

• Most of the houses have bathrooms. Some of the

bathrooms on upper floor.
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 Indus Valley Civilization

Drainage System

• An elaborate drainage system which emptied into

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the river.

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• Chief Glory- "only the Romans, more than two

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thousand years later, had a comparable drainage

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system”

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• Clay pipes carried dirty, used water from

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buildings to the main sewer that ran along the

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main streets.

Great Bath

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• One of the largest precinct of the town.

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• The pool- 39’ x 23’ in plan, 8’ deep.

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• Bitumen,
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waterproofing.

• The structure is likely to be linked with some

ritual bathing.

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 Questions
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• What is Urban and what you understand from
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Urbanization?
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• What is predicted epicenter of world
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urbanization in next decades?

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• Identify three key aspects of ancient
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civilizations related to city planning

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