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Q A R 2 /3 0.0 0 0 1 51 /2 0.7 7 A R 2 /3
0.0 1 6
T = 11.5 m
Z = 2:1 D = 2.5 m
d = 2.13 m
b = 1.5 m
(d) Distributary:
It is a channel receiving supply from
branch canal or major distributary and
has discharge less than that of major
distributary.
Minors take off from it, besides
irrigation is done from it through outlets.
IRRIGATION STRUCTURES
Structures are widely used in Irrigation, water
conservation, flood alleviation, river works where
water level and discharge regulation are required.
These are hydraulic structures that are used to
regulate, measure, and/or transport water in open
channels.
These structures are called control structures when
there is a fixed relationship between the water
surface elevation upstream or downstream of the
structure and the flow rate through the structure.
Hydraulic structures can be grouped into three
categories:
IRRIGATION STRUCTURES
Hydraulic Structures Contd.
Where: Hw is the height of the crest of the weir above the bottom of the
channel.
Weirs Contd
Figure 6.3: A Trapezoidal of Cipolletti Weir
Example 6.3
H = 1 – Hw
15 2
V-Notch Weirs Contd.
Parshall Flume
Although weirs are the simplest structures for
measuring the discharge in open channels, the high
head losses caused by weirs and the tendency for
suspended particles to accumulate behind weirs may
be important limitations.
The Parshall flume provides an alternative to the weir
for measuring flow rates in open channels where high
head losses and sediment accumulation are of
concern.
Such cases include flow measurement in irrigation
channels.
The Parshall flume (see Figures 6.7 and 6.8 below)
consists of a converging section that causes critical
flow conditions, followed by a steep throat section
that provides for a transition to supercritical flow.
Parshall Flume
Parshall Flumes
Parshall Flume Contd.
4W 4
0 . 026
1.5 2 2 W 1.5 2 2 x 2 3
Q Ha (2) (2) 2 3.4 ft /s
W h er e: Cd is g i v en a s:
Cc
Cd
yg
1Cc
y1
Cc
H9 0 K H9 0 K