BSD Eurocode

Bridge Superstructure Design
Eurocode
CSiBridge®
Eurocode
ISO BRG102816M11 Rev. 1

Proudly developed in the United States of America February 2017
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Contents

1 Introduction
1.1 Organization 1-1
1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice 1-2
2 Define Loads and Load Combinations
2.1 Load Pattern Types 2-1
2.2 Design Load Combinations 2-2
2.3 Default Load Combinations 2-7
3 Live Load Distribution
3.1 Methods for Determining Live Load Distribution 3-1
3.2 Determination of Live Load Distribution Factors 3-2
3.3 Apply LLD Factors 3-3
3.3.1 User Specified (Method 1) 3-3

3.3.2 Forces Read Directly from Girders
i
CSiBridge Superstructure Design
(Method 2) 3-4
3.3.3 Uniformly Distributed to Girders
(Method 3) 3-4
3.4 Generate Virtual Combinations (Method 1 and 3) 3-4
3.4.1 Stress Check (Methods 1 and 3) 3-4

3.4.2 Shear or Moment Check
(Methods 1 and 3) 3-5
3.5 Read Forces/Stresses Directly from Girders (Method 2) 3-5
3.5.1 Stress Check (Method 2) 3-5

3.5.2 Shear or Moment Check (Method 2) 3-6
4 Define a Bridge Design Request
4.1 Name and Bridge Object 4-4
4.2 Check Type 4-4
4.3 Station Range 4-6
4.4 Design Parameters 4-6
4.5 Demand Sets 4-18
4.6 Live Load Distribution Factors 4-18
5 Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
5.1 Stress Design 5-1
5.2 Flexure Design 5-1

5.2.1 Design Process 5-3
5.2.2 Algorithms 5-5
5.3 Shear Design 5-7
5.3.1 Variables 5-9

5.3.3 Algorithm 5-11
ii
Contents
6 Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA


6.3.1 Variables 6-8
7 Design Concrete Slab Bridges

7.3.1 Variables 7-8

7.4 Crack Width Design 7-13
7.4.1 Variables 7-14

8 Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges

iii
8.3.1 Variables 8-8

9 Design Steel I-Beam Bridge with Composite Slab
9.1 Section Properties 9-1

9.1.1 Yield Moments 9-1
9.1.2 Plastic Moments 9-3
9.1.3 Classification of Cross-Sections 9-7
9.1.4 Effective Section Properties 9-9
9.1.5 Unbraced Length L and Section
Transitions 9-12
9.1.6 Lateral Torsional Buckling 9-12
9.2 Design Request Parameters 9-14

9.3.1 Demand Flange Stresses fbu and ff 9-18
9.4 Ultimate Design Request 9-19
9.4.1 Bending 9-20

9.4.2 Shear 9-24
9.5 Service Stress Design Request 9-26
9.5.1 Positive Bending 9-26

9.5.2 Negative Bending 9-26
9.6 Service Rebar Design Request 9-27

9.6.1 Minimum Rebar 9-27
9.6.2 Control of Cracking 9-26
9.7 Constructability Design Request 9-29

9.7.1 Staged (Steel-I Comp Construct Stgd) 9-29
9.7.2 Non-staged (Steel-I Comp Construct
NonStgd) 9-29
9.7.3 Slab Status vs Unbraced Length 9-30
iv
Contents
9.8 Section Optimization 9-31
10 Design Steel U-Tub Bridge with Composite Slab
10.1 Section Properties 10-1

10.1.1 Yield Moments 10-1
10.1.2 Plastic Moments 10-3
10.1.3 Classification of Cross-Sections 10-7
10.1.4 Effective Section Properties 10-9
10.1.5 Unbraced Length L and Section
Transitions 10-12
10.1.6 Lateral Torsional Buckling 10-13
10.2 Design Request Parameters 10-15

10.3.1 Demand Flange Stresses fbu 10-19
10.4 Ultimate Design Request 10-20
10.4.1 Bending 10-21

10.4.2 Shear 10-25
10.5 Service Stress Design Request 10-27
10.5.1 Positive Bending 10-27

10.5.2 Negative Bending 10-28
10.6 Service Rebar Design Request 10-29

10.6.1 Minimum Rebar 10-29
10.6.2 Control of Cracking 10-30
10.7 Constructability Design Request 10-30

10.7.1 Staged (Steel I Comp Construct Stgd) 10-30
10.7.2 Non-staged (Steel I Comp Construct
NonStgd) 10-31
10.7.3 Slab Status vs Unbraced Length 10-31
10.8 Section Optimization 10-32
v
11 Run a Bridge Design Request
11.1 Description of Example Model 11-2
11.2 Design Preferences 11-3
11.3 Load Combinations 11-3
11.4 Bridge Design Request 11-5
11.5 Start Design/Check of the Bridge 11-6
12 Display Bridge Design Results
12.1 Display Results as a Plot 12-1
12.1.1 Additional Display Examples 12-2
12.2 Display Data Tables 12-7
12.3 Advanced Report Writer 12-8
12.4 Verification 12-11
Bibliography
vi
Chapter 1
Introduction
As the ultimate versatile, integrated tool for modeling, analysis, and design of
bridge structures, CSiBridge can apply appropriate code-specific design pro-
cesses to concrete box girder bridge design, design when the superstructure in-
cludes Precast Concrete Box bridges with a composite slab and steel I-beam
bridges with composite slabs. The ease with which these tasks can be accom-
plished makes CSiBridge the most productive bridge design package in the in-
dustry.
Design using CSiBridge is based on load patterns, load cases, load combina-
tions and design requests. The design output can then be displayed graphically
and printed using a customized reporting format.
It should be noted that the design of bridge superstructure is a complex subject

and the design codes cover many aspects of this process. CSiBridge is a tool to
help the user with that process. Only the aspects of design documented in this
manual are automated by the CSiBridge design capabilities. The user must
check the results produced and address other aspects not covered by
CSiBridge.
1.1 Organization
This manual is designed to help you become productive using CSiBridge de-
sign in accordance with the available codes when modeling concrete box girder
1-1
CSiBridge Bridge Superstructure Design
bridges and precast concrete girder bridges. Chapter 2 describes code-specific

design prerequisites. Chapter 3 describes Live Load Distribution Factors.
Chapter 4 describes defining the design request, which includes the design re-
quest name, a bridge object name (i.e., the bridge model), check type (i.e., the
type of design), station range (i.e., portion of the bridge to be designed), design
parameters (i.e., overwrites for default parameters) and demand sets (i.e., load-
ing combinations). Chapter 5 identifies code-specific algorithms used by
CSiBridge in completing concrete box girder bridges. Chapter 6 provides code-
specific algorithms used by CSiBridge in completing concrete box and multi-
cell box girder bridges. Chapter 7 describes code-speicifc design parameters for
precast I and U girder. Chapter 8 explains how to design and optimize a steel I-
beam bridge with composite slab. Chapter 9 describes how to design and opti-
mize a steel U-beam bridge with composite slab. Chapter 10 describes how to
run a Design Request using an example that applies the AASHTO LRFD 2007
code, and Chapter 11 describes design output for the example in Chapter 10,
which can be presented graphically as plots, in data tables, and in reports gen-
erated using the Advanced Report Writer feature.
1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice

It is strongly recommended that you read this manual and review any applica-
ble “Watch & Learn” Series™ tutorials, which are found on our web site,
http://www.csiamerica.com, before attempting to design a concrete box girder
or precast concrete bridge using CSiBridge. Additional information can be
found in the on-line Help facility available from within the software’s main
menu.
1-2 Recommended Reading/Practice

Chapter 2
Define Loads and Load Combinations
This chapter describes the steps that are necessary to define the loads and load
combinations that the user intends to use in the design of the bridge superstruc-
ture. The user may define the load combinations manually or have CSiBridge
automatically generate the code generated load combinations. The appropriate
design code may be selected using the Design/Rating > Superstructure De-
sign > Preference command. Currently, the Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1:2004
and EN 1992-2:2005 codes are supported by CSiBridge.
When the code generated load combinations are going to be used, it is im-
portant for users to define the load pattern type in accordance with the applica-
ble code. The load pattern type can be defined using the Loads > Load Pat-
terns command. The user options for defining the load pattern types are sum-
marized in the Tables 2-1 through 2-3 for the Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1:2004
and EN 1992-2:2005.
2.1 Load Pattern Types

Table 2-1 Permanent Actions, Table 2-2 Prestress and Table 2-3 Variable Ac-
tions show the load pattern type and Eurocode description as well as the Euro-
code abbreviation. Users may choose any name to identify a load pattern type.
Load Pattern Types 2-1

Table 2-1 Permanent Actions

CSiBridge Eurocode
Load Pattern Type Abbreviations Description of Load Pattern
General Permanent Actions General Permanent Actions
DEAD G
DEADMANUFACTURE G
DEADWEARING G
Geotechnical Permanent Actions Geotechnical Permanent Actions
DEADWATER Ggeo
DOWNDRAG Ggeo
VERTICALEARTHPRESSURE Ggeo
Uneven Settlements - Linear analysis Uneven Settlements - Linear analysis
SETTLEMENT Gset_L
Table 2-2 Prestress

CSiBridge Eurocode
Load Pattern Type Reference Description of Load Pattern
Prestress PT Prestress
PRESTRESS
Table 2-3 Variable Actions

CSiBridge Eurocode
Traffic Actions
EURO LOADMODEL1 CHARACTER LM1_Char Load Model 1 with combination of
Tandem System and UDL system
without introducing psi factor
EURO LOADMODEL1 FREQUENT LM1_Freq Load Model 1 with combination of
Tandem System and UDL system
introducing psi factors
EURO LOADMODEL2 LM2 Load Model 2
PEDESTRIANLL FCT Footway and Cycle Tracks
PEDESTRIANLLREDUCED FCTr Footway and Cycle Tracks reduced
value
Horizontal Traffic Actions
BRAKING HTA Traction and Braking
CENTRIFUGAL C Centrifugal Force
Other Actions
WIND W Wind Load
WINDONLIVELOAD Wt Wind with Traffic
TEMPERATURE T
TEMPERATUREGRADIENT TG
SNOW S Snow with H < 1000m
SNOWHIGHALTITUDE S Snow with H > 1000m
CONSTRUCTION C Construction load
2-2 Load Pattern Types

Chapter 2 - Define Loads and Load Combinations
Table 2-3 Variable Actions

CSiBridge Eurocode
Geotechnical Variable Actions Geotechnical Variable Actions
HORIZONTALEARTHPRESSURE Qgeo
BOUYANCY Qgeo
WATERLOADPRESSURE Qgeo
EARTHHYDROSTATIC Qgeo
EARTHSURCHARGE Qgeo
ACTIVEEARTHPRESSURE Qgeo
Earthquake Load
QUAKE E
Accidental loads
IMPACT A
VEHICLECOLLISION A
VESSELCOLLISION A
2.2 Design Combinations

Table 2-1 Permanent Actions, Table 2-2 Prestress and Table 2-3 Variable Ac-
tions show the load pattern type and Eurocode description as well as the Euro-
code abbreviation. Users may choose any name to identify a load pattern type
1. Combination Groups
Table 2-4 Ultimate Limit State Design Situation
Combination Group Abbreviation
Persistent and Transient – EQU (A) EQU
Combinations of actions in persistent and transient design situations
from Eq. 6.10 with the partial factors specified in Table A2.4(A)
Persistent and Transient – EQU+STR (A) EQU+STR
from Eq. 6.10 with the partial factors specified in Table A2.4(A) NOTE
2
Persistent and Transient – STR/GEO (B1) STR/GEO-B1
from Eq. 6.10 with the partial factors specified in Table A2.4(B) (first
table)
Design Combinations 2-3

Table 2-4 Ultimate Limit State Design Situation

Persistent and Transient – STR/GEO (B2-a) STR/GEO-B2-a
from Eq. 6.10 with the partial factors specified in Table A2.4(B) (sec-
ond table)
Persistent and Transient – STR/GEO (B2-b) STR/GEO-B2-b
from Eq. 6.10 with the partial factors specified in Table A2.4(B) (sec-
ond table)
Persistent and Transient – STR/GEO (C) STR/GEO-C
from Eq. 6.10 with the partial factors specified in Table A2.4(C)
Persistent and Transient – STR/GEO (C) + Factors (B) STR/GEO-C+B
from Eq. 6.10 with the partial factors specified in Table A2.4(C) for
geotechnical actions and Table A2.4 (B) for non geotechnical actions.
Seismic SEIS
Combinations of actions for seismic design situations Eq. 6.12
Accidental ACC
Combinations of actions for accidental design situations Eq. 6.11
Table 2-5 Serviceability Limit State design situation

Characteristic CARAC
Characteristic combination of actions Eq.6.14
Frequent FREQ
Frequent combination of actions Eq. 6.15
Quasi-permanent QUASI
Quasi-permanent combination of actions Eq. 6.16
2-4 Design Combinations

Table 2-6 Combination Factors (Ref. Table A2.1)

Ψ0 : Used for combination of variable action
Ψ1 : Used for combination of frequent value of variable action
Ψ2 : Used for combination for quasi-permanent value of variable action
Load Name Ψ0 Ψ1 Ψ2
Load Model 1 – Tandem System 0.75 0.75 0.0
Load Model 1 – UDL System 0.4 0.4 0.0
Load Model 2 0.0 0.75 0.0
Load Model 3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Load Model 4 0.0 0.75 0.0
Footways and Cycle Tracks 0.0 0.0 0.0
Footways and Cycle Tracks reduced value 0.4 0.4 0.0
Wind (Persistent design situations) 0.6 0.2 0.0
Wind with traffic 0.0 0.0 0.0
Snow H < 1000 m 0.7 0.5 0.0
Snow H > 1000 m 0.7 0.5 0.2
Thermal action (Temperature) 0.6 0.6 0.5
Construction Loads 1.0 1.0
Table 2-7 Partial Factors

STR/ SEIS, ACC
GEO-B1 CARAC,
STR/ STR/ STR/ STR/ FREQ,
Load Name EQU EQU + STR GEO-B2a GEO-B2b GEO-C GEO-C+B QUAS
max min max min max min max min max min max min max min
General Perma-
nent Actions 1.05 0.95 1.35 1.15 1.35 1 1.15 1 1 1 1.35 1 1 1
Geotechnical
Permanent Actions 1.05 0.95 1.35 1.15 1.35 1 1.15 1 1 1 1.35 1 1 1
Uneven Settle-
ments - Linear 1.05 0.95 1.35 1.15 1.20 0 1.02 0 1 0 1.20 0 1 0
analysis
Prestress ϒP ϒP ϒP ϒP ϒP ϒP ϒP ϒP ϒP ϒP ϒP ϒP 1 1
Traffic Actions 1.35 0 1.35 0 1.35 0 1.35 0 1.15 0 1.50 0 1 0
Horizontal Traffic 1.35 0 1.35 0 1.35 0 1.35 0 1.15 0 1.50 0 1 0
Actions
Other Actions 1.50 0 1.50 0 1.50 0 1.50 0 1.30 0 1.50 0 1 0
Geotechnical 1.50 0 1.50 0 1.50 0 1.50 0 1.30 0 1.30 0 1 0
Variable Actions
Seismic 1 1
Accidental 1 1
Design Combinations 2-5

Tables 2-8 Load Combinations

A. For (1) EQU, (2) EQU+STR, (3) STR/GEO-B2b, (4) STR/GEO-C, (5) STR/GEO-C+B and (6) CARAC (Characteristic)
(EN1990, Eq. 6.10, 6.10b and 6.14)
Leading Variable
Actions G PT LM1-c LM1-f LM2 LM3 LM4 FCT FCTr HTA W Wt T N Qgeo E A
1. gr1a 1 1 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0 Ψ0
2. gr1b 1 1 1
3. gr2 1 1 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0
4. gr3 1 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0
5. gr4 1 1 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0
6. gr5 1 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0
7. W 1 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0 Ψ0
8. Wt, required: gr1a 1 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0 Ψ0
9. T 1 1 Ψ0 1 Ψ0 Ψ0
10. T, required: gr1a 1 1 1 Ψ0 1 Ψ0
11. Qgeo 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0 Ψ0 1
12. Qgeo, required:
gr1a 1 1 1 Ψ0 1 Ψ0 1
13. N 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0 1 Ψ0
Note: 1. Bold characters indicate that the possibility of non-existence of the associated load group will be considered.
2. If the leading action is not involved in a load combination, the corresponding load combination will not be gen-
erated
B. For (1) STR/GEO-B1 and(2) STR/GEO-B2a (EN1990, Eq. 6.10)

Leading Variable
1. Required: gr1a 1 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0 Ψ0 Ψ0
1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0 Ψ0 Ψ0
C. For QUAS (EN1990, 6.16)

Leading Variable
1. Required: gr1a 1 1 1 Ψ2 Ψ2 Ψ2 Ψ2
1 1 Ψ2 Ψ2 Ψ2 Ψ2
D. For SEIS (EN1990, Eq. 6.12)

Leading Variable
E 1 1 Ψ0 Ψ0 Ψ0 1
2-6 Design Combinations

E. For ACC (EN1990, Eq. 6.11)

Main Variable Actions G PT LM1-c LM1-f LM2 LM3 LM4 FCT FCTr HTA W Wt T N Qgeo E A
1. A 1 1 Ψ2 Ψ2 Ψ2 1
2. gr1a 1 1 1 Ψ2 Ψ2 1
3. gr1b 1 1 Ψ1 1
4. gr4 1 1 Ψ1 Ψ2 Ψ2 1
5. W 1 1 Ψ1 Ψ2 Ψ2 Ψ2 1
6. T 1 1 Ψ2 Ψ2 1
7. Qgeo 1 1 Ψ2 Ψ2 Ψ2 1
8. N 1 1 Ψ2 Ψ1 Ψ2 1
F. For FREQ (EN1990, Eq. 6.15)

Leading Variable
1. gr1a 1 1 1 Ψ2 Ψ2 Ψ0
2. gr1b 1 1 Ψ1
3. gr4 1 1 Ψ1 Ψ2 Ψ2
4. W 1 1 Ψ1 Ψ2 Ψ2 Ψ2
5. T 1 1 Ψ2 Ψ2
6. Qgeo 1 1 Ψ2 Ψ1
7. N 1 1 Ψ2 Ψ1 Ψ2
2.3 Default Load Combinations

Default design load combinations can be activated using the Design/Rating
>Load Combinations > Add Default command. Users can set the load com-
binations by selecting the “Bridge” option. Users may select the desired limit
states and load cases using the Code-Generated Load Combinations for Bridge
Design form. The form shown in Figure 2-1 illustrates the options when the
Eurocode code has been selected for design.
Default Load Combinations 2-7

Figure 2-1 Define Code-Generated Load Combinations for Bridge Design form – Eurocode
2-8 Default Load Combinations

Figure 2-2 Define Load Combination form - Eurocode
The load combinations denoted as EQU-1, EQU-2, and so forth refer to Persis-
tent and Transient load combinations 1 and 2. The load case EQUGroup1 is the
name given to enveloped load combination of all of the EQU Persistent and
Transient combinations. Enveloped load combinations will allow for some ef-
ficiency later when the bridge design requests are defined (see Chapter 4).
Default Load Combinations 2-9

Chapter 3
Live Load Distribution
This chapter describes the algorithms used by CSiBridge that can be used to
control assignment of live load demands to individual girders. An explanation
is given with respect to how the distribution factors are applied in a shear,
stress, and moment check.
Live load distribution factors can be used to control sharing of live load de-
mands by individual girders in spine models that use single frame objects to
model an entire cross-section. The use of live load distribution factors is also
allowed on area and solid object models.
Legend:
Girder = beam + tributary area of composite slab or web + tributary area of top
and bottom slab
Section Cut = all girders present in the cross-section at the cut location
LLD = Live Load Distribution
3.1 Methods for Determining Live Load Distribution

CSiBridge gives the user a choice of three methods to address distribution of
live load to individual girders.
Method 1 – The LLD factors are specified directly by the user.
3-1
Method 2 – CSiBridge reads the calculated live load demands directly from in-
dividual girders (available only for Area or Solid models).
Method 3 – CSiBridge distributes the live load uniformly into all girders.
It is important to note that to obtain relevant results, the definition of a Moving

Load case must be adjusted depending on which method is selected.
 When the LLD factors are user specified (Method 1), the number of loaded
lanes and MultiLane Scale Factors included in the demand set combinations
should correspond to the assumptions based on which the LLD factor was
derived. (For example when factors based on AASHTO LRFD code are used
only one lane with a MultiLane Scale Factor = 1 should be loaded into Mov-
ing Load cases included in the demand set combinations. The vehicle classes
defined in the moving load case shall comprise the truck and lane load as de-
fined in LRFD clause 5.7.1.2.1.2 or 5.7.1.4.1.2.)
 When CSiBridge reads the demands directly from individual girders (Method
2, applicable to area and solid models only) or when CSiBridge applies the
LLD factors uniformly (Method 3), multiple traffic lanes with relevant Mul-
tilane Scale Factors should be loaded in accordance with code requirements.
3.2 Determination of Live Load Distribution Factors

The Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1:2004 and EN 1992-2:2005 codes do not give
specific guidance on how to calculate Live Load Distribution factors for exte-
rior and interior beams. Other bridge codes, such as AASHTO LRFD or
CAN/CSA S6, specify comprehensive methods for determining LLD factors
for various types of cross-sections. The LLD factors typically are dependent on
the following parameters:
 span lengththe length of span for which moment or shear is being calculat-
ed.
 the number of girders
 girder designationthe first and last girders are designated as exterior gird-
ers and the other girders are classified as interior girders
 roadway width and spacing of girders
3-2 Determination of Live Load Distribution Factors

Chapter 3 - Live Load Distribution
 overhangconsists of the horizontal distance from the centerline of the exte-

rior web of the left exterior beam at deck level to the interior edge of the curb
or traffic barrier
 the beamsincludes the area, moment of inertia, torsion constant, center of

gravity
 the thickness of the composite slab t1 and the thickness of concrete slab
haunch t2
 the tributary area of the composite slabwhich is bounded at the interior

girder by the midway distances to neighboring girders and at the exterior
girder; includes the entire overhang on one side, and is bounded by the mid-
way distances to the neighboring girder on the other side
 Young’s modulus for both the slab and the beamsangle of skew support.
If the live load demands are to be read by CSiBridge directly from the individ-
ual girders (Method 2; see the next subsection), the model type must be area or
solid. This is the case because with the spine model option, CSiBridge models
the entire cross-section as one frame element and there is no way to extract
forces on individual girders. All other model types and LLD factor method
permutations are allowed.
3.3 Apply LLD Factors

The application of live load distribution factors varies, depending on which
method has been selected: user specified (Method 1); directly from individual
girders (Method 2); or uniformly distributed onto all girders (Method 3).
3.3.1 User Specified (Method 1)

When this method is selected, CSiBridge reads the girder designations (i.e., ex-
terior and interior) and assigns live load distribution factors to the individual
girders accordingly.
Apply LLD Factors 3-3

3.3.2 Forces Read Directly from Girders (Method 2)

When this method is selected, CSiBridge sets the live load distribution factor
for all girders to 1.
3.3.3 Uniformly Distributed to Girders (Method 3)

When this method is selected, the live load distribution factor is equal to 1/n
where n is the number of girders in the section. All girders have identical LLD
factors disregarding their designation (exterior, interior) and demand type
(shear, moment).
3.4 Generate Virtual Combinations (Methods 1 and 3)

When the method for determining the live load distribution is user-specified or
uniformly distributed (Methods 1 or 3), CSiBridge generates virtual load com-
bination for every valid section cut selected for design. The virtual combina-
tions are used during a stress check and check of the shear and moment to cal-
culate the forces on the girders. After those forces have been calculated, the
virtual combinations are deleted. The process is repeated for all section cuts se-
lected for design.
Four virtual COMBO cases are generated for each COMBO that the user has
specified in the Design Request (see Chapter 4). The program analyzes the de-
sign type of each load case present in the user specified COMBO and multi-
plies all non-moving load case types by 1/ n (where n is the number of girders)
and the moving load case type by the section cut values of the LLD factors (ex-
terior moment, exterior shear, interior moment and interior shear LLD factors).
This ensures that dead load is shared evenly by all girders, while live load is
distributed based on the LLD factors.
The program then completes a stress check and a check of the shear and the
moment for each section cut selected for design.
3.4.1 Stress Check (Methods 1 and 3)

At the Section Cut being analyzed, the girder stresses at all stress output points
are read from CSiBridge for every virtual COMBO generated. To ensure that
3-4 Generate Virtual Combinations (Methods 1 and 3)

Chapter 3 - Live Load Distribution
live load demands are shared equally irrespective of lane eccentricity by all
girders, CSiBridge uses averaging when calculating the girder stresses. It cal-
culates the stresses on a beam by integrating axial and M3 moment demands on
all the beams in the entire section cut and dividing the demands by the number
of girders. Similarly, P and M3 forces in the composite slab are integrated and
stresses are calculated in the individual tributary areas of the slab by dividing
the total slab demand by the number of girders.
When stresses are read from analysis into design, the stresses are multiplied by
n (where n is number of girders) to make up for the reduction applied in the
Virtual Combinations.
3.4.2 Shear or Moment Check (Methods 1 and 3)

At the Section Cut being analyzed, the entire section cut forces are read from
CSiBridge for every Virtual COMBO generated. The forces are assigned to in-
dividual girders based on their designation. (forces from two virtual Combina-
tions  one for shear and one for momentgenerated for exterior beam are
assigned to both exterior beams, and similarly, Virtual Combinations for interi-
or beams are assigned to interior beams.)
3.5 Read Forces/Stresses Directly from Girders (Method 2)

When the method for determining the live load distribution is based on forces
read directly from the girders, the method varies based on which Design Check
has been specified in the Design Request (see Chapter 4).
3.5.1 Stress Check (Method 2)

At the Section Cut being analyzed, the girder stresses at all stress output points
are read from CSiBridge for every COMBO specified in the Design Request.
CSiBridge calculates the stresses on a beam by integrating axial, M3 and M2
moment demands on the beam at the center of gravity of the beam. Similarly P,
M3 and M2 demands in the composite slab are integrated at the center of gravi-
ty of the slab tributary area.
Read Forces/Stresses Directly from Girders (Method 2) 3-5

3.5.2 Shear or Moment Check (Method 2)

At the Section Cut being analyzed, the girder forces are read from CSiBridge
for every COMBO specified in the Design Request (see Chapter 4). CSiBridge
calculates the demands on a girder by integrating axial, M3 and M2 moment
demands on the girder at the center of gravity of the girder.
3-6 Read Forces/Stresses Directly from Girders (Method 2)

Chapter 4
Define a Bridge Design Request
This chapter describes the Bridge Design Request, which is defined using the
Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Design Requests command.
Each Bridge Design Request is unique and specifies which bridge object is to
be designed, the type of check to be performed (e.g., concrete box stress, pre-
cast composite stress, and so on), the station range (i.e., the particular zone or
portion of the bridge that is to be designed), the design parameters (i.e., param-
eters that may be used to overwrite the default values automatically set by the
program) and demand sets (i.e., the load combination[s] to be considered).
Multiple Bridge Design Requests may be defined for the same bridge object.
Before defining a design request, the applicable code should be specified using
the Design/Rating > Superstructure > Preferences command. Currently, the
AASHTO STD 2002, AASHTO LRFD 2007, AASHTO LRFD 2012,
CAN/CSA S6, EN 1992, and Indian IRC codes are available for the design of a
concrete box girder; the AASHTO 2007 LRFD, AASHTO LRFD 2012,
CAN/CSA S6, EN 1992, and Indian IRC codes are available for the design of a
Precast I or U Beam with Composite Slab; the AASHTO LFRD 2007, AASH-
TO LRFD 2012, CAN/CSA S6, and EN 1992-1-1 are available for Steel I-
Beam with Composite Slab superstructures; and the AASHTO LRFD 2012 is
available for a U tub bridge with a composite slab.
Name and Bridge Object 4-1

Figure 4-1 shows the Bridge Design Request form when the bridge object is for
a concrete box girder bridge, and the check type is concrete box stress. Figure
4-2 shows the Bridge Design Request form when the bridge object is for a
Composite I or U girder bridge and the check type is precast composite stress.
Figure 4-3 shows the Bridge Design Request form when the bridge object is for
a Steel I-Beam bridge and the check type is composite strength.
Figure 4-1 Bridge Design

Request - Concrete Box
Girder Bridges
4-2 Name and Bridge Object

Chapter 4 - Define a Bridge Design Request

Request - Composite I or
U Girder Bridges

Request – Steel I Beam
with Composite Slab
Name and Bridge Object 4-3

4.1 Name and Bridge Object

Each Bridge Design Request must have unique name. Any name can be used.
If multiple Bridge Objects are used to define a bridge model, select the bridge
object to be designed for the Design Request. If a bridge model contains only a
single bridge object, the name of that bridge object will be the only item avail-
able from the Bridge Object drop-down list.
4.2 Check Type

The Check Type refers to the type of design to be performed and the available
options depend on the type of bridge deck being modeled.
For a Concrete Box Girder bridge, CSiBridge provides the following check
type options:
AASHTO STD 2002
 Concrete Box Stress
AASHTO LRFD 2007
 Concrete Box Flexure
 Concrete Box Shear and Torsion
 Concrete Box Principal
CAN/CSA S6, and EN 1992-1-1 and IRC: 112
 Concrete Box Shear
For Multi-Cell Concrete Box Girder bridge, CSiBridge provides the following
check type options:
4-4 Name and Bridge Object

AASHTO LRFD 2007, CAN/CSA S6, EN 1992-1-1, and IRC: 112
 Concrete Box Shear
For bridge models with precast I or U Beams with Composite Slabs,

CSiBridge provides three check type options, as follows:
AASHTO LRFD 2007, CAN/CSA S6, EN 1992-1-1, and IRC: 112
 Precast Comp Stress
 Precast Comp Shear
 Precast Comp Flexure
For bridge models with steel I-beam with composite slab superstructures,
CSiBridge provides the following check type option:
AASHTO LRFD 2007 and 2012
 Steel Comp Strength
 Steel Comp Service
 Steel Comp Fatigue
 Steel Comp Constructability Staged
 Steel Comp Constructability NonStaged
EN 1994-2:2005
 Steel Comp Ultimate
 Steel Comp Service Stresses
 Steel Comp Service Rebar
 Steel Comp Constructability Staged
Check Type 4-5

 Steel Comp Constructability NonStaged
The bold type denotes the name that appears in the check type drop-down list.
A detailed description of the design algorithm can be found in Chapter 5 for
concrete box girder bridges, in Chapter 6 for multi-cell box girder bridges, in
Chapter 7 for precast I or U beam with composite slabs, and in Chapter 8 for
steel I-beam with composite slab.
4.3 Station Range

The station range refers to the particular zone or portion of the bridge that is to
be designed. The user may choose the entire length of the bridge, or specify
specific zones using station ranges. Multiple zones (i.e., station ranges) may be
specified as part of a single design request.
When defining a station range, the user specifies the Location Type, which de-
termines if the superstructure forces are to be considered before or at a station
point. The user may choose the location type as before the point, after the
point, or both.
4.4 Design Parameters

Design parameters are overwrites that can be used to change the default values
set automatically by the program. The parameters are specific to each code,
deck type, and check type. Figure 4-4 shows the Superstructure Design Re-
quest Parameters form.
4-6 Station Range

Figure 4-3 Superstructure Design Request Parameters form
Table 4-1 shows the parameters for concrete box girder bridges. Table 4-2
shows the parameters for multi-cell concrete box bridges. Table 4-3 shows the
parameters applicable when the superstructure has a deck that includes precast
I or U girders with composite slabs. Table 4-4 shows the parameters applicable
when the superstructure has a deck that includes steel I-beams.
Table 4-1 Design Request Parameters for Concrete Box Girders

AASHTO STD 2002
 Resistance Factor - multiplies both compression and tension
Concrete Box Stress
stress limits
 Multiplier on f ′c to calculate the compression stress limit
 Multiplier on sqrt( f ′c ) to calculate the tension stress limit,
given in the units specified
 The tension limit factor may be specified using either MPa or
ksi units for f ′c and the resulting tension limit
Design Parameters 4-7


AASHTO LRFD 2007
Concrete Box Stress  Concrete Box Stress, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multi-
plies both compression and tension stress limits
 Concrete Box Stress Factor Compression Limit - Multiplier
on f ′c to calculate the compression stress limit
 Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit Units - Multiplier
on sqrt( f ′c ) to calculate the tension stress limit, given in the
units specified
 Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit - The tension limit
factor may be specified using either MPa or ksi units for f ′c
and the resulting tension limit
Concrete Box Shear  Concrete Box Shear, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multi-
plies both compression and tension stress limits
 Concrete Box Shear, PhiC, Lightweight Resistance Factor
that multiplies nominal shear resistance to obtain factored
resistance for light-weight concrete
 Include Resal (Hunching-girder) shear effects – Yes or No.
Specifies whether the component of inclined flexural com-
pression or tension, in the direction of the applied shear, in
variable depth members shall or shall not be considered
when determining the design factored shear force in accord-
ance with Article 5.8.6.2.
 Concrete Box Shear Rebar Material - A previously defined
rebar material label that will be used to determine the area
of shear rebar required
 Longitudinal Torsional Rebar Material - A previously defined
rebar material that will be used to determine the area of lon-
gitudinal torsional rebar required
Concrete Box  Concrete Box Flexure, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multi-
Flexure plies both compression and tension stress limits
Concrete Box  See the Box Stress design parameter specifications

Principal
CAN/CSA S6
Concrete Box Stress  Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Compression Limit -
Multiplier on f ′c to calculate the compression stress limit
 Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit - The
tension limit factor may be specified using either MPa or ksi
units for f ′c and the resulting tension limit
Concrete Box Shear  Phi Concrete ϕc -- Resistance factor for concrete (see CSA
4-8 Design Parameters


Clause 8.4.6)
 Phi PT ϕp -- Resistance factor for tendons (see CSA Clause
8.4.6)
 Cracking Strength Factor – Multiplies sqrt( f ′c ) to obtain
cracking strength
 EpsilonX Negative Limit -- Longitudinal negative strain limit
(see Clause 8.9.3.8)
 EpsilonX Positive Limit -- Longitudinal positive strain limit
 Tab slab rebar cover – Distance from the outside face of the
top slab to the centerline of the exterior closed transverse
torsion reinforcement
 Web rebar cover – Distance from the outside face of the web
to the centerline of the exterior closed transverse torsion re-
inforcement
 Bottom Slab rebar cover – Distance from the outside face of
the bottoms lab to the centerline of the exterior closed trans-
verse torsion reinforcement
 Shear Rebar Material – A previously defined rebar material
label that will be used to determine the required area of
transverse rebar in the girder
 Longitudinal Rebar Material – A previously defined rebar
material that will be used to determine the required area of
longitudinal rebar in the girder
Concrete Box  Phi Concrete ϕc -- Resistance factor for concrete (see CSA
Flexure Clause 8.4.6)
 Phi Pt ϕp -- Resistance factor for tendons (see CSA Clause
8.4.6)
 Phi Rebar ϕs -- Resistance factor for reinforcing bars (see
CSA Clause 8.4.6)
Eurocode EN 1992
Concrete Box Stress  Compression limit – Multiplier on fc k to calculate the com-
pression stress limit
 Tension limit – Multiplier on fc k to calculate the tension
stress limit
Concrete Box Shear  Gamma C for Concrete – Partial factor for concrete.
 Gamma C for Rebar – Partial safety factor for reinforcing
steel.
 Gamma C for PT – Partial safety factor for prestressing
steel.
 Angle Theta – The angle between the concrete compression
strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force.
Design Parameters 4-9


The value must be between 21.8 degrees and 45 degrees.
 Factor for PT Duct Diameter – Factor that multiplies post-
tensioning duct diameter when evaluating the nominal web
thickness in accordance with Section 6.2.3(6) of the code.
Typical values 0.5 to 1.2.
 Factor for PT Transmission Length – Factor for the trans-
mission length of the post tensioning used in shear re-
sistance equation 6.4 of the code. Typical value 1.0 for post
tensioning.
 Inner Arm Method – The method used to calculate the inner
lever arm “z” of the section (integer).
 Inner Arm Limit – Factor that multiplies the depth of the sec-
tion to get the lower limit of the inner lever arm “z” of the sec-
tion.
 Effective Depth Limit – Factor that multiplies the depth of the
section to get the lower limit of the effective depth to the ten-
sile reinforcement “d” of the section.
 Type of Section – Type of section for shear design.
 Determining Factor Nu1 – Method that will be used to calcu-
late the η1 factor.
 Factor Nu1 – η1 factor
 Determining Factor AlphaCW – Method that will be used to
calculate the αcw factor.
 Factor AlphaCW – αcw factor
 Factor Fywk – Multiplier of vertical shear rebar characteristic
yield strength to obtain a stress limit in shear rebar used in
6.10.aN. Typical value 0.8 to 1.0.
 Shear Rebar Material – A previously defined material label
that will be used to determine the required area of transverse
rebar in the girder.
 Longitudinal Rebar Material – A previously defined material
that will be used to determine the required area of longitudi-
nal rebar in the girder.
Concrete Box  Gamma c for Concrete – Partial safety factor for concrete.
Flexure
 Gamma c for Rebar – Partial safety factor for reinforcing
steel.
 Gamma c for PT – Partial safety factor for prestressing steel.
 PT pre-strain – Factor to estimate pre-strain in the post-
tensioning. Multiplies fpk to obtain the stress in the tendons
after losses. Typical value between 0.4 and 0.9.
4 - 10 Design Parameters
Table 4-2 Design Request Parameters for Multi-Cell Concrete Box

AASHTO LRFD 2007
Multi-Cell Concrete  Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress, PhiC, - Resistance Factor
Box Stress that multiplies both compression and tension stress limits
 Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Compression Limit -
Multiplier on f ′c to calculate the compression stress limit
 Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Tension Limit Units -
Multiplier on sqrt ( f ′c ) to calculate the tension stress limit,
given in the units specified
Multi-Cell Concrete  Multi-Cell Concrete Box Shear, PhiC, - Resistance Factor
Box Shear that multiplies both compression and tension stress limits
 Multi-Cell Concrete Box Shear, PhiC, Lightweight Re-
sistance Factor that multiplies nominal shear resistance to
obtain factored resistance for light-weight concrete
 Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal rein-
forcement – in accordance with Section 5.8.3.4.2; Default
Value = -0.4x10-3, Typical value(s): 0 to -0.4x10-3
 Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal rein-
forcement - in accordance with Section 5.8.3.4.2; Default
Value = 6.0x10-3, Typical value(s): 6.0x10-3
 PhiC for Nu - Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1;
Default Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 0.75 to 1.0
 Phif for Mu - Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1;
 Specifies which method for shear design will be used – ei-
ther Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) in accord-
ance with 5.8.3.4.2 or Vci Vcw method in accordance with
5.8.3.4.3. Currently only the MCFT option is available.
 A previously defined rebar material label that will be used to
determine the required area of transverse rebar in the girder.
 A previously defined rebar material that will be used to de-

termine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the girder
Multi-Cell Concrete  Multi-Cell Concrete Box Flexure, PhiC, - Resistance Factor
Box Flexure that multiplies both compression and tension stress limits
CAN/CSA S6
Design Parameters 4 - 11

Multi-Cell Concrete  Multi-Cell Concrete Box Stress Factor Compression Limit -
Box Stress Multiplier on f ′c to calculate the compression stress limit
Multi-Cell Concrete  Highway Class – The highway class shall be determined in
Box Shear accordance with CSA Clause 1.4.2.2, Table 1.1 for the av-
erage daily traffic and average daily truck traffic volumes for
which the structure is designed
 Phi Concrete ϕc -- Resistance factor for concrete (see CSA
Clause 8.4.6)
8.4.6)
CSA Clause 8.4.6)
 Cracking Strength Factor -- Multiplies sqrt( f ′c ) to obtain
cracking strength
 EpsilonX Positive Limit -- Longitudinal positive strain limit
that will be used to determine the required area of trans-
verse rebar in the girder
 Longitudinal Rebar Material – A previously defined rebar
material that will be used to determine the required area of
longitudinal rebar in the girder
Multi-Cell Concrete  Highway Class – The highway class shall be determined in
Box Flexure accordance with CSA Clause 1.4.2.2, Table 1.1 for the av-
erage daily traffic and average daily truck traffic volumes for
Clause 8.4.6)
8.4.6)
CSA Clause 8.4.6)
Eurocode EN 1992
Multi-Cell Concrete  Compression limit – Multiplier on fc k to calculate the com-
Box Stress pression stress limit

 Tension limit – Multiplier on fc k to calculate the tension
stress limit
Multi-Cell Concrete  Gamma C for Concrete – Partial factor for concrete.
Box Shear
steel.
 Gamma C for PT – Partial safety factor for prestressing
steel.
strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force.
The value must be between 21.8 degrees and 45 degrees.
 Factor for PT Duct Diameter – Factor that multiplies post-
tensioning duct diameter when evaluating the nominal web
thickness in accordance with Section 6.2.3(6) of the code.
Typical values 0.5 to 1.2.
 Factor for PT Transmission Length – Factor for the trans-
mission length of the post tensioning used in shear re-
sistance equation 6.4 of the code. Typical value 1.0 for post
tensioning.
tion.
that will be used to determine the required area of longitudi-
nal rebar in the girder.

Multi-Cell Concrete  Gamma c for Concrete – Partial safety factor for concrete.
Box Flexure
steel.
tensioning. Multiplies fpk to obtain the stress in the tendons
after losses. Typical value between 0.4 and 0.9.
Table 4-3 Design Request Parameters for Precast I or U Beams

AASHTO
Precast Comp  Precast Comp Stress, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multi-
Stress plies both compression and tension stress limits
 Precast Comp Stress Factor Compression Limit - Multiplier
on f′c to calculate the compression stress limit
 Precast Comp Stress Factor Tension Limit Units - Multiplier
on sqrt(f′c) to calculate the tension stress limit, given in the
units specified
 Precast Comp Stress Factor Tension Limit - The tension limit
factor may be specified using either MPa or ksi units for f′c
Precast Comp  PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multiplies both compression
Shear and tension stress limits
 PhiC, Lightweight Resistance Factor that multiplies nominal
shear resistance to obtain factored resistance for light-weight
concrete
 Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal rein-
forcement – in accordance with Section 5.8.3.4.2; Default
Value = -0.4x10-3, Typical value(s): 0 to -0.4x10-3

 Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal rein-
forcement - in accordance with Section 5.8.3.4.2; Default
Value = 6.0x10-3, Typical value(s): 6.0x10-3
 PhiC for Nu - Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1;
 Phif for Mu - Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1;
 Specifies what method for shear design will be used - either
Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) in accordance
with 5.8.3.4.2 or Vci Vcw method in accordance with 5.8.3.4.3
Currently only the MCFT option is available.
 A previously defined rebar material label that will be used to
determine the required area of transverse rebar in the girder
 A previously defined rebar material that will be used to deter-
mine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the girder
Precast Comp  Precast Comp Flexure, PhiC, - Resistance Factor that multi-
Flexure plies both compression and tension stress limits
CAN/CSA S6
Precast Comp  Precast Comp Stress Factor Compression Limit - Multiplier
Stress on f′c to calculate the compression stress limit
 Precast Comp Stress Factor Tension Limit - The tension limit
factor may be specified using either MPa or ksi units for f′c
Precast Comp  Highway Class – The highway class shall be determined in
Shear accordance with CSA Clause 1.4.2.2, Table 1.1 for the aver-
age daily traffic and average daily truck traffic volumes for
Clause 8.4.6)
8.4.6)
CSA Clause 8.4.6)
 Cracking Strength Factor -- Multiplies sqrt( f ′c ) to obtain
cracking strength
 EpsilonX Positive Limit -- Longitudinal positive strain limit (see
Clause 8.9.3.8)
label that will be used to determine the required area of trans-
verse rebar in the girder.

 Longitudinal Rebar Material – A previously defined rebar ma-
terial that will be used to determine the required area of longi-
tudinal rebar n the girder
Precast Comp  Highway Class – The highway class shall be determined in
Flexure accordance with CSA Clause 1.4.2.2, Table 1.1 for the aver-
age daily traffic and average daily truck traffic volumes for
Clause 8.4.6)
8.4.6)
CSA Clause 8.4.6)
Eurocode EN 1992
Precast Comp  Compression limit – Multiplier on fc k to calculate the com-
Stress pression stress limit
 Tension limit – Multiplier on fc k to calculate the tension stress
limit
Precast Comp  Gamma C for Concrete – Partial factor for concrete.
Shear
steel.
 Gamma C for PT – Partial safety factor for prestressing steel.
strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force. The
value must be between 21.8 degrees and 45 degrees.
 Factor for PT Transmission Length – Factor for the transmis-
sion length of the post tensioning used in shear resistance
equation 6.4 of the code. Typical value 1.0 for post tension-
ing.
tion.

that will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal
Precast Comp  Gamma c for Concrete – Partial safety factor for concrete.
Flexure
steel.

tensioning. Multiplies fpk to obtain the stress in the tendons af-
ter losses. Typical value between 0.4 and 0.9.
Table 4-4 Design Request Parameters for Steel I-Beam

AASHTO LRFD 2007
Steel I-Beam -  Resistance factor Phi for flexure
Strength
 Resistance factor Phi for shear
 Do webs have longitudinal stiffeners?
 Use Stage Analysis load case to determine stresses on com-
posite section?
 Multiplies short term modular ratio (Es/Ec) to obtain long-term
modular ratio
 Use AASHTO, Appendix A to determine resistance in nega-
tive moment regions?
Steel I Beam Comp -  Use Stage Analysis load case to determine stresses on com-
Service posite section?
 Shored Construction?
 Does concrete slab resist tension?
 Multiplies short term modular ratio (Es/Ec) to obtain long-term
modular ratio
Table 4-4 Design Request Parameters for Steel I-Beam

Steel-I Comp -  There are no user defined design request parameters for
Fatigue fatigue
Steel I Comp  Resistance factor Phi for flexure
Construct Stgd
 Resistance factor Phi for Concrete in Tension
 Concrete modulus of rupture factor in accordance with

AASHTO LRFD Section 5.4.2.6, factor that multiplies sqrt of
f'c to obtain modulus of rupture, default value 0.24 (ksi) or
0.63 (MPa), must be > 0
 The modulus of rupture factor may be specified using either
MPa or ksi units
Steel I Comp  Resistance factor Phi for flexure
Construct Non Stgd
 Resistance factor Phi for Concrete in Tension
 Concrete modulus of rupture factor in accordance with
AASHTO LRFD Section 5.4.2.6, factor that multiplies sqrt of
f'c to obtain modulus of rupture, default value 0.24 (ksi) or
0.63 (MPa), must be > 0
 The modulus of rupture factor may be specified using either
MPa or ksi units
4.5 Demand Sets

A demand set name is required for each load combination that is to be consid-
ered in a design request. The load combinations may be selected from a list of
user defined or default load combinations that are program determined (see
Chapter 2).
4.6 Live Load Distribution Factors

When the superstructure has a deck that includes precast I or U girders with
composite slabs or multi-cell boxes, Live Load Distribution Factors can be
specified. LLD factors are described in Chapter 3.
4 - 18 Demand Sets
Chapter 5
Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
This chapter describes the algorithms applied in accordance with the Eurocode
2 EN 1992-1-1:2004 and EN 1992-2:2005 for design and stress check of the
superstructure of a concrete box type bridge deck section. For referring to per-
tinent sections of the corresponding code, a unique prefix is assigned for each
code.
When interim revisions of the codes are published by the relevant authorities,
and (when applicable) they are subsequently incorporated into CSiBridge, the
program gives the user an option to select what type of interims shall be used
for the design. The interims can be selected by clicking on the Code Prefer-
ences button.
In CSiBridge, when distributing loads for concrete box design, the section is
always treated as one beam; all load demands (permanent and transient) are
distributed evenly to the webs for stress and flexure and proportionally to the
slope of the web for shear. Torsion effects are always considered and assigned
to the outer webs and the top and bottom slabs.
With respect to shear and torsion check, in accordance EN 1992-1-1, Section

6.3 torsion is considered.
5-1
5.1 Stress Design

The following design parameters are defined by the user in the Design Request
(see Chapter 4):
– FactorCompLim – fck multiplier; Default Value = 0.6. The fck is multiplied by
the FactorCompLim to obtain the concrete compression limit.
– FactorTensLim - fctk multiplier; Default Value = 0.4. The fctk is multiplied by

the FactorTensLim to obtain the concrete tension limit.
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber of the top slab and
three points at the bottom fiber of the bottom slab: the left corner, the center-
line web, and the right corner of the relevant slab tributary area. The locations
are labeled in the output plots and tables.
Concrete compressive and tensile strengths are read at every point, and com-
pression and tension limits are evaluated using the FactorCompLim − fck mul-
tiplier and the FactorTensLim − fctk multiplier.
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set (Chapter 4). If the demand set
contains live load, the program positions the load to capture extreme stress at
each of the evaluation points.
Extremes are found for each point and the controlling demand set name is rec-
orded.
5.2 Flexure Design

(see Chapter 4):
– γc– Partial safety factor for concrete; Default Value = 1.5.
– γsreb– Partial safety factor for reinforcing steel; Default Value = 1.15.
– γsPT – Partial safety factor for prestressing steel; Default Value = 1.15.
– εprePT – Factor to estimate pre-strain in PT. Multiplies fpk to obtain stress in

tendons after losses. Typical values are between 0.4 and 0.9
5-2 Stress Design

Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
5.2.1 Design Process

The derivation of the moment resistance of the section is based on assumptions
specified in Section 6.1 of the code:
– Plane sections remain plane.
– The strain in bonded reinforcement or bonded prestressing tendons, whether

in tension or in compression, is the same as that in the surrounding concrete.
– The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
The stresses in the concrete in compression are derived from the rectangular
design stress/strain relationship given in EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.7 (Figure 5-
1).
εcu3 ηtcd
Ac x λx
As
Fs
εs
Figure 5-1 Rectangular Stress Distribution,

Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1
The factor λ, defining the effective height of the compression zone, and the
factor η, defining the effective strength, follow from:
λ = 0.8 for fck ≤ 50 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 3.19)

λ = 0.8 − (fck − 50)/400 for 50 < fck ≤ 90 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 3.20)
and
η = 1.0 for fck ≤ 50 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 3.21)
η = 1.0 − (fck − 50)/200 for 50< fck ≤ 90 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 3.22)
Flexure Design 5-3

The stresses in the reinforcing or prestressing steel are derived from the de-
sign curves in EN 1992-1-1, Figures 3.8 and 3.10 (Figures 5-2 and 5-3).
– The initial strain in prestressing tendons is taken into account when assessing
the stresses in the tendons. CSiBridge determines the initial strain by multi-
plying the prestressing steel tensile strength fpk by the user-specified factor
εprePT and dividing it by Young’s modulus.
σ A
kf yk kf yk
f yk kf yk γ s
=
f yd f yk γ s k = ( ft f y )
k
B
A Idealized
B Design
f yd Es εud εuk ε
Figure 5-2 Idealized and Design Stress-Strain Diagrams for

Reinforcing Steel for Tension and Compression
5-4 Flexure Design

σ A
k pk
f p 0.1k k pk γ s
=
f pd f p 0.1k γ s
B
A Idealized
B Design
f pd E p εud εuk ε

Prestressing Steel, Absolute Values are Shown for Tensile Stress and Strain
– The limit on the mean compressive strain in accordance with EN 1992-1-1,

clause 6.1 (5) for a section in concentric loadings is not considered in the
CSiBridge algorithm.
5.2.2 Algorithms
At each section:
– The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on the slab area and the slab
width assuming a rectangular shape.
Aslab
tslabeq =
bslab
– The tendon and rebar locations, areas, and materials are read. Only bonded
tendons are processed; unbonded tendons are ignored.
– The section properties are calculated for the section before skew, grade, and
superelevation have been applied. This is consistent with the demands being
Flexure Design 5-5

reported in the section local axis. The entire top and bottom slabs are consid-
ered effective in compression.
The ultimate moment resistance of a section is determined using the strain

compatibility method and an iterative approach. The following steps are used:
1) The position of the neutral axis is assumed, and the strains in individual re-
bar and tendons are calculated. Bars and tendons within the concrete com-
pression zone are ignored.
2) The distance x from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis is
compared to the equivalent slab thickness tslabeq to determine if the section
is a T-section or rectangular section. If λx > tslabeq, the section is a T-
section.
3) The steel stresses appropriate to the calculated steel strains are calculated
from the stress-strain idealization.
4) The concrete stresses appropriate to the strains associated with the assumed
neutral axis depth are calculated from the stress-strain idealization.
5) The net tensile and compressive forces at the section are calculated. If these are not
equal (the acceptance criterion is abs {Fconc − [ Frebar + FPT ]} <= 0.001* Fconc ),
the neural axis depth is adjusted accordingly, and the procedure returns to
Step 1.
6) When the net tensile force is equal to the net compressive force, the mo-
ments are taken about the center of gravity of the concrete compressive
block to determine the ultimate moment resistance.
The resistance is evaluated for bending about horizontal axis 3 only. Separate
capacity is calculated for positive and negative moment. The capacity is based
on bonded tendons and mild steel located in the tension zone as defined in the
Bridge Object. Tendons and mild steel reinforcement located in the compres-
sion zone are not considered. It is assumed that all defined tendons in a section,
stressed or not, have effective stress after loses equal to εprePT * fpk. If a certain
tendon should not be considered for the flexural capacity calculation, its area
must be set to zero.
5-6 Flexure Design

5.3 Shear Design

(see Chapter 4):
– γc – Partial safety factor for concrete; Default Value = 1.5.
– γsreb – Partial safety factor for reinforcing steel; Default Value = 1.15.
– γsPT – Partial safety factor for prestressing steel; Default Value = 1.15.
– angle θ – The angle between concrete compression strut and the beam axis
perpendicular to the shear force.
– Factor Duct Dia – Factor that multiplies PT duct diameter when evaluating
the effective web thickness bw in accordance with EN 1992-1-1, clause 6.2.3
(6).
– αl – Factor for the transmission length of PT, used in shear resistance equa-
tion (EN 1992-1-1 6.4).
– Inner Arm Method – The method used to calculate the inner lever arm z of
the section. Options are based on defined PT; based on defined rebar; based
on defined PT and rebar; multiplier of section depth.
– Inner Arm Limit – The factor that multiplies the depth of the section to get
the lower limit of the inner lever arm z of the section (z ≥ Inner Arm Limit *
Section Depth).
– Effective depth limit – The factor that multiplies the depth of the section to
get the lower limit of the effective depth to the tensile reinforcement d of the
section (d = Effective depth limit * Section Depth).
– Type of section – The type of section for shear design; options are program
determined; prestressed; non-prestressed. If the program determined option is
used and at least one bonded tendon (regardless if stressed or not) is defined
in the section cut, the section is classified as prestressed.
– Determining Factor ν1 – The method used to calculate the factor ν1; options
are program determined or user defined. If the program determined option is
Shear Design 5-7

used, the algorithm assumes the factor ν1 = ν, where ν is determined as fol-

lows:
 f 
=v 0.6 1 − ck  ( fck in MPa )
 250 
If the design stress of the shear reinforcement is below 80% of the character-
istic yield stress fyk, ν1 is taken as:
ν1 = 0.6 for fck ≤ 60 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 6.10.aN)
ν1 = 0.9 – fck / 200 > 0.5 for fck ≥ 60 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 6.10.bN)
– Factor ν1 – User defined value of factor ν1.
– Determining Factor αcw – The method to calculate the factor αcw . Options are
program determined or user defined. If the program determined option is
used, the algorithm assumes the factor αcw as follows:
1.0 for non-prestressed structures

(1 + σcp fcd ) for 0 < σcp ≤ 0.25 fcd
1.25 for 0.25 fcd < σcp < 0.5 fcd
2.5 (1 − σcp fcd ) for 0.5 fcd < σcp ≤ 1.0 fcd
– Factor αcw– The user defined value for factor αcw used to take account of
compression in the shear area.
– Factor fywk – The multiplier of the vertical shear rebar characteristic yield
strength to obtain a stress limit in the shear rebar used in equation (EN 1992-
1-1 6.10aN). The typical value is in the range of 0.8 to 1.0.
– Shear Rebar Material – A previously defined rebar material definition that

can be used to determine the required area of transverse rebar in the girder.
– Longitudinal Rebar Material – A previously defined rebar material definition

that will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the
girder.
5-8 Shear Design

5.3.1 Variables
Ak Area enclosed by the centerlines of the connecting exterior webs and
top and bottom slabs, including inner hollow area
Arebarbot, Arebartop Area of reinforcing steel on the flexural tension side of the
member
APTbot, APTtop Area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the
member
Ast Area of required closed transverse torsion reinforcement per unit

length in accordance with EN 1992-1-1, clause 6.3 (3)
Asw Area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length
Aswmin Minimum area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length in

accordance with EN 1992-1-1, clause 9.2.2 (5)
b Minimum web width
bw Effective web width adjusted for the presence of prestressing ducts

in accordance with EN 1992-1-1, clause 6.2.3 (6)
d Effective section depth
dgirder Depth of girder
dPTBot Distance from the top fiber to the center of prestressing steel near the
bottom fiber
dPTTop Distance from the bottom fiber to the center of prestressing steel near
the top fiber
fcd Design compression strength of concrete
fyd Design yield strength of steel reinforcement
fyk Characteristic yield strength of steel reinforcement
MEd Ultimate design moment demand per section cut
NEd Applied factored axial force per section cut, taken as positive if
compression
Shear Design 5-9

TEd Ultimate design torsion per section cut
VEd Ultimate design shear force demand per section cut excluding the
force in the tendons
Vp Component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective pre-

stressing force; if Vp has the same sign as VEd, the component is re-
sisting the applied shear.
V2 c Shear in section cut excluding force in tendons
V2Tot Shear in section cut including force in tendons
z Inner arm length

The shear resistance is determined in accordance with EN 1992-1-1, clause 6.2.
The procedure assumes that the concrete shear stresses are distributed uniform-
ly over an area b wide and d deep, that the direction of principal compressive
stresses (defined by angle θ) remains constant over d, and that the shear
strength of the section can be determined by considering the biaxial stress con-
ditions at just one location in the web. For design, the user should select only
those sections that comply with these assumptions by defining appropriate sta-
tion ranges in the Design Request (see Chapter 4).
The effective web width is taken as the minimum web width, measured parallel
to the neutral axis. In determining the effective web width at a particular level,
a fraction of the diameter of grouted ducts at that level is subtracted from the
web width. The fraction is defined in the design parameter Factor Duct Dia.
All defined tendons in a section, stressed or not, are assumed to be grouted.

Each tendon at a section is checked for presence in the web, and the minimum
controlling effective web thicknesses are evaluated.
The tendon duct is considered to have an effect on the web effective thickness
even if only part of the duct is within the web boundaries. In such cases, the en-
tire fraction of the tendon duct diameter is subtracted from the element thick-
ness.
5 - 10 Shear Design
If several tendon ducts overlap in one web (when projected on the vertical ax-
is), the diameters of the ducts are added for the sake of evaluation of the effec-
tive thickness. The effective web thickness is calculated at the top and bottom
of each duct.
The Shear and Torsion Design is completed on a per web basis. The D/C ratio
is calculated and the required area of rebar is reported for each web. The sec-
tion design shear force is distributed into individual webs assuming that the
vertical shear that is carried by a web decreases with increased inclination of
the web from vertical. Section torsion moments are assigned to external webs
and slabs.
The rebar area and ratio are calculated using measurements normal to the web.
Thus, vertical shear forces are divided by cos αweb. The rebar area calculated is
the actual, normal cross-section of the bars.
5.3.3 Algorithm
 All section properties and demands are converted from CSiBridge model
units to N, mm.
 For every COMBO specified in the Design Request that contains envelopes,
a new force demand set is generated. The new force demand set is built up
from the maximum tension values of P and the maximum absolute values of
V2 and M3 of the two StepTypes (Max and Min) present in the envelope
COMBO case. The StepType of this new force demand set is named ABS
and the signs of the P, V2, and M3 are preserved. The ABS case follows the
industry practice where sections are designed for extreme shear and moments
that are not necessarily corresponding to the same design vehicle position.
The section cut is designed for all three StepTypes in the COMBOMax,
Min and ABSand the controlling StepType is reported.
 On the basis of the location and inclination of each web, the per-web demand
values are evaluated as shown in the following table:
Outer Web Inner Web

Location VEd TEd VEd TEd
Shear and V2 c κ web V2 c κ web

TEd 0
Torsion cos α web cos α web
Shear Design 5 - 11
Check
cos ( | α web |)
where κ web =
∑ cos ( | α web |)
nweb
1
 The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestress-
ing force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is evaluated:
(V2 c − V2tot ) κweb

Vp =
cos α web
 Demand moment per web is calculated as
M f sec
M Ed =
nweb
− Inner lever arm z is determined based on the stress-strain compatibility method

described in Section 5.2.2 of this manual. The calculated inner arm z is compared
against the minimum threshold specified in the design parameter Inner Arm Lim-
it as z ≥ Inner Arm Limit * Section Depth.
 The effective depth of section d of prestressed sections is determined as fol-

lows:
If MEd > 0, d = max(Effective depth limit * dgirder , dPTbot)

If MEd < 0, d = max(Effective depth limit * dgirder , dPTtop)
The effective depth of section d of non-prestressed sections is determined as

follows:
If MEd > 0, then d = max(Effective depth limit * dgirder , drebarbot)

If MEd < 0, then d = max(Effective depth limit * dgirder, drebartop)
 The reinforcement ratio ρ1 of prestressed sections is determined as follows:
If MEd > 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, APTbot /bwd)

If MEd < 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, APTtop /bwd)
The reinforcement ratio ρ1 of non-prestressed sections is determined as fol-

lows:
5 - 12 Shear Design
If MEd > 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, Arebarbot /bwd)

If MEd < 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, Arebartop /bwd)
 The shear resistance without shear reinforcement of non-prestressed mem-

bers or prestressed single span members in regions cracked in bending is de-
termined as:
VRd ,c C Rd ,c k (100ρ1 fck ) + k1σcp  bw d

13
=
with a minimum of
VRd=
,c (Vmin + k1σcp ) bw d
where:
fck is in MPa
200
k1 =
1+ ≤ 2.0 with d in mm
d
In prestressed continuous or uncracked single span members the shear re-

sistance without shear reinforcement is determined as:
I ⋅ bw
( fctd )
2
=VRd ,c + α1σcp fctd
S
where
I is the second moment of area.
bw is the width of the cross-section at the centroidal axis, allowing for the
presence of ducts, in accordance with equations (EN 1992-1-1 6.16 and
6.17).
S is the first moment of area above and about the centroidal axis.
σcp is the concrete compressive stress at the centroidal axis caused by axial
loading and/or prestressing.
= ( σcp N Ed Ac in MPa, N Ed > 0 in compression )
Shear Design 5 - 13
αl is the factor for transmission length of PT, defined in the Design Parame-
ters.
 Ratio of VEd over VRd,c is calculated as
VEd
Ratio VEd VRd ,c =
VRd ,c
 The design value of maximum shear force that can be sustained by the sec-
tion cut, limited by crushing of the compression strut, is evaluated as:
VRd ,max = α cw bw z v1 fcd ( cot θ + tan θ )
 Ratio of VEd over VR,max is calculated as
VEd
Ratio VEd VR,max =
VR,max
 If VEd > VRd,c and the design parameter Factor fywk < 0.8, then the area of re-
quired vertical shear reinforcement per unit length is calculated as:
Asw VEd
=
s ( Factor f ywk ) z f ywk cot θ
 If VEd > VRd,c and the design parameter Factor fywk ≥ 0.8, then the area of re-
quired vertical shear reinforcement per unit length is calculated as:
Asw VEd
=
s z f ywd cot θ
 The minimum area of vertical shear reinforcement per unit length is calculat-
ed as:
Asw min 0.08 fck

= b
s f yk
 The area of required longitudinal reinforcement is calculated as:
5 - 14 Shear Design
0.5VEd cot θ
Asl =
f yld
 The maximum resistance of a member subjected to torsion as limited by the

capacity of the concrete struts is evaluated as:
TRd ,max =2 v α cw fcd Ak tef ,i sin θ cos θ
where tef,i is checked for effective outer web width, and top and bottom slab
widths.
 The combined shear and torsion demand/capacity ratio (D/C) is calculated

based on web effective width to avoid crushing in accordance with equation
6.3.1 of the code:
D TEd V
=
Shear and Torsion + Ed
C TRd ,max VR,max
 The torsion demand/capacity ratio (D/C) is calculated based on slab thick-

ness to avoid crushing in accordance with Section 8.9.3.18 of the code:
D T
Torsion = Ed
C TRd ,max
The maximum value of the D/C for Shear and Torsion at webs and Torsion at
slabs is reported in the result table in a column labeled “RatioTandV.”
 The required area of two link legs per unit length of transverse reinforcement
for torsion is calculated as:
Ast TEd
=
st 2 Ak f yd cot θ
 The required area longitudinal reinforcement per unit length for torsion is
calculated as:
As1 TEd
=
s1 2 Ak f yd cot θ
Shear Design 5 - 15
Chapter 6
Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
This chapter describes the algorithms used by CSiBridge for design checks
when the superstructure has a deck that includes cast-in-place multi-cell con-
crete box design and uses the Approximate Method of Analysis, as described in
the Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1:2004 and EN 1992-2:2005 codes.
ences button.
For MulticellConcBox design in CSiBridge, each web and its tributary slabs
are designed separately. Moments and shears due to live load are distributed to
individual webs in accordance with the live load distribution method specified
in the Design Request (Chapter 4). Torsion effects are ignored.
6.1 Stress Design

The following design parameters are defined by the user in the design request:
Stress Design 6-1


the FactorCompLim to obtain concrete compression limit.

the FactorTensLim to obtain concrete tension limit.
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber of the top slab and
three points at the bottom fiber of the bottom slab: the left corner, the center-
line web, and the right corner of the relevant slab tributary area. The locations
are labeled in the output plots and tables.
pression and tension limits are evaluated using the FactorCompLim - fck multi-
plier and FactorTensLim - fctk multiplier.
The stresses assume linear distribution and take into account axial (P) and ei-
ther both bending moments (M2 and M3) or only P and M3, depending on
which method for determining LLD factors has been specified in the design re-
quest (see Chapters 3 and 4).
orded.
6.2 Flexure Design

The following design parameters are defined by the user in the Design Request:
– γsPT– Partial safety factor for prestressing steel; Default Value = 1.15.
– εprePT– Factor to estimate pre-strain in PT. Multiplies fpk to obtain stress in

tendons after losses. Typical values between 0.4 and 0.9.
6-2 Flexure Design

Chapter 6 - Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA

specified in Section 6.1:
– Plane sections remain plane.
– The strain in bonded reinforcement or bonded prestressing tendons, whether

– The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
– The stresses in the concrete in compression are derived from the rectangular
design stress/strain relationship given in EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1. (Figure
6.1). The factor λ, defining the effective height of the compression zone and
the factor η, defining the effective strength, follow from:
λ = 0.8 for fck ≤ 50 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 3.19)

and
η = 1.0 for fck ≤ 50 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 3.21)
η = 1.0 − (fck -50)/200 for 50< fck ≤90 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 3.22)
εcu3 ηtcd
Ac x λx
As
Fs
εs

– The stresses in the reinforcing or prestressing steel are derived from the de-
sign curves in EN 1992-1-1, Figures 3.2 and 3.3 (Figures 6-2 and 6-3).
Flexure Design 6-3

σ A
kf yk kf yk
f yk kf yk γ s
=
k
B
A Idealized
B Design

Reinforcing Steel (for Tension and Compression)
Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1:2004
σ A
k pk
f p 0.1k k pk γ s
=
f pd f p 0.1k γ s
B
A Idealized
B Design

Prestressing Steel (Absolute Values are Shown for Tensile Stress and Strain)
Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1:2004
– The initial strain in prestressing tendons is taken into account when assessing
the stresses in the tendons. CSiBridge determines the initial strain by
6-4 Flexure Design

multiplying the prestressing steel tensile strength fpk by thr user specified
factor εprePT and dividing it by Young’s modulus
– The limit on mean compressive strain in accordance with EN 1992-1-1,

clause 6.1 (5) for sections in concentric loadings is not considered in the
6.2.2 Algorithms
At each section and each web:
– The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on the slab tributary area
and the slab width assuming a rectangular shape.
Aslab
tslabeq =
bslab
– The tendon and rebar location, area, and material are read. Only bonded ten-
dons are processed; unbonded tendons are ignored.
superelevation are applied. This is consistent with the demands being report-
ed in the section local axis. The entire top and bottom slab tributary areas are
considered as effective in compression.
The ultimate moment resistance of a section is determined using the strain

compatibility method and an iterative approach. The following steps are used:
1) The position of neutral axis is assumed, and strains in individual rebars and
tendons are calculated. Bars and tendons within the concrete compression
zone are ignored.
is a T-section or a rectangular section. If λ x > tslabeq, the section is a
T-section.
Flexure Design 6-5

the neural axis depth is adjusted accordingly, and the procedure returns to
Step 1.
The resistance is evaluated only for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate
on bonded tendons and mild steel located in the tension zone as defined in the
Bridge Object. Tendons and mild steel reinforcement located in the compres-
sion zone are not considered. It is assumed that all defined tendons in a section,
6.3 Shear Design

− γc– Partial safety factor for concrete; Default Value = 1.5.
− γsreb– Partial safety factor for reinforcing steel; Default Value = 1.15.
− γsPT– Partial safety factor for prestressing steel; Default Value = 1.15.
− angle θ - The angle between concrete compression strut and the beam axis
− Factor Duct Dia - Factor that multiplies PT duct diameter when evaluating
effective web thickness bw in accordance with EN 1992-1-1, clause 6.2.3
(6).
− αl - Factor for the transmission length of PT, used in shear resistance equa-
tion (EN 1992-1-1 6.4).
6-6 Shear Design

− Inner Arm Method - Method that will be used to calculate the inner lever
arm z of the section. Options are based on defined PT; based on defined
rebar; based on defined PT and rebar; multiplier of section depth.
− Inner Arm Limit - Factor that multiplies the depth of the section to get the
lower limit of the inner lever arm z of the section. (z ≥ Inner Arm Limit *
Section Depth).
− Effective depth limit - Factor that multiplies the depth of the section to get
the lower limit of the effective depth to the tensile reinforcement d of the
section (d = Effective depth limit * Section Depth).
− Type of section – Type of section for shear design; options are program de-
termined; prestressed; non-prestressed. If the program determined option is
used and at least one bonded tendon (regardless if it is stressed or not) is
defined in the section cut, the section is classified as prestressed.
− Determining Factor ν1 - Method that will be used to calculate the factor ν1;
options are program determined or user defined. If the program determined
option is used, the algorithm assumes the factor ν1 = ν; where ν is deter-
mined as follows:
 f 
=v 0.6 1 − ck  ( fck in MPa )
 250 
If the design stress of the shear reinforcement is below 80% of the charac-
teristic yield stress fyk, ν1 is taken as:
ν1 = 0.6 for fck ≤ 60 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 6.10.aN)
− Factor ν1 – user defined value of factor ν1
− Determining Factor αcw - Method that will be used to calculate the factor
αcw . Options are program determined or user defined. If the program de-
termined option is used, the algorithm assumes the factor αcw as follows:
Shear Design 6-7


1.25 for 0.25 fcd < σcp < 0.5 fcd
− Factor αcw- User defined value for factor αcw used to take account of com-
pression in the shear area.
− Factor fywk - Multiplier of vertical shear rebar characteristic yield strength

to obtain a stress limit in shear rebar used in equation (EN 1992-1-1
6.10aN). Typical values 0.8 to 1.0.
− Shear Rebar Material – A previously defined rebar material label that will
be used to determine the required area of the transverse rebar in the girder.
− Longitudinal Rebar Material - A previously defined rebar material label

that will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the
girder.
6.3.1 Variables
member
member


b Minimum web width
6-8 Shear Design

bw Effective web width adjusted for presence of prestressing ducts in

dgirder Depth of the girder
dPTbot Distance from the top fiber to the center of the prestressing steel near
the bottom fiber.
dPTtop Distance from the bottom fiber to the center of the prestressing steel
near the top fiber
fcd Design compression strength of the concrete
fyd Design yield strength of the steel reinforcement
fyk Characteristic yield strength of the steel reinforcement
MEd Ultimate design moment demand
NEd Applied factored axial force, taken as positive in compression
VEd Ultimate design shear force demand per web excluding force in ten-
dons

stressing force; if Vp has the same sign as VEd, the component is re-
V2 c Shear in the section cut excluding force in tendons.
V2Tot Shear in the section cut including force in tendons.
z Inner arm length.

Shear Design 6-9

The effective web width is taken as the minimum web width, measured parallel
to the neutral axis. In determining the effective web width at a particular level,
a fraction of the diameter of grouted ducts at that level is subtracted from the
web width. The fraction is defined in the design parameter Factor Duct Dia.
All defined tendons in a section, stressed or not, are assumed to be grouted.

Each tendon at a section is checked for presence in the web and the minimum
controlling effective web thicknesses are evaluated.
The tendon duct is considered to have an effect on the web effective thickness
even if only part of the duct is within the web boundaries. In such cases, the en-
tire fraction of the tendon duct diameter is subtracted from the element thick-
ness.
If several tendon ducts overlap in one web (when projected on the vertical ax-
is), the diameters of the ducts are added for the sake of evaluation of the effec-
tive thickness. The effective web thickness is calculated at the top and bottom
of each duct.
The Shear Design is completed on a per web basis. The D/C ratio is calculated
and the required area of rebar is reported for each web. For a description of dis-
tribution of live and other loads into individual webs, please refer to Chapter 3.
Section torsion moments are ignored.
6.3.3 Algorithm
units to N, mm.
 For every COMBO specified in the Design Request that contains envelopes,
6 - 10 Shear Design
and the signs of the P, V2 and M3 are preserved. The ABS case follows the
 The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestress-
V2 c − V2tot
Vp =
nweb
 Inner lever arm z is determined based on stress strain compatibility method

described in Section 6.2.2 of this manual. The calculated inner arm z is com-
pared against the minimum threshold specified in the design parameter Inner
Arm Limit as z ≥ Inner Arm Limit * Section Depth.
 The effective depth of the section d of the prestressed sections is determined

as follows:
If MEd > 0, then d = max(Effective depth limit * dgirder , dPTbot)

If MEd < 0, then d = max(Effective depth limit * dgirder, dPTtop)
The effective depth of the section d of the non-prestressed sections is deter-

mined as follows:

If MEd > 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, APTbot / bwd)

If MEd < 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, APTtop / bwd)

lows :
If MEd > 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, Arebarbot / bwd)

If MEd < 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, Arebartop / bwd)
Shear Design 6 - 11

termined as:

13
=
with a minimum of
VRd=
where:
fck is in MPa
200
k1 =
d

I ⋅ bw
( fctd )
2
S
where
I is the second moment of area
bw is the width of the cross-section at the centroidal axis, allowing

for the presence of ducts, in accordance with equations (EN
1992-1-1 6.16 and 6.17).
S is the first moment of area above and about the centroidal axis
σcp is the concrete compressive stress at the centroidal axis caused

by axial loading and/or prestressing
= ( σcp N Ed Ac in MPa, N Ed > 0 in compression )
αl is the factor for transmission length of PT, defined in the design
parameters
 Ratio of VEd over VRd,c is calculated as:
6 - 12 Shear Design
VEd
Ratio VEd VRd ,c =
VRd ,c
 The design value of the maximum shear force that can be sustained by the
web, limited by crushing of the compression strut, is evaluated as:
 Ratio of VEd over VR,max is calculated as:
VEd
Ratio VEd VR,max =
VR,max
 If VEd > VRd,c and the design parameter Factor fywk < 0.8, then the area re-
quired of vertical shear reinforcement per unit length is calculated as:
Asw VEd
=
 If VEd > VRd,c and the design parameter Factor fywk ≥ 0.8, then the area re-
Asw VEd
=
s z f ywd cot θ
ed as:
Asw min 0.08 fck

= b
s f yk
0.5VEd cot θ
Asl =
f yld
Shear Design 6 - 13
Chapter 7
Design Concrete Slab Bridges
This chapter describes the algorithms applied in accordance with the Eurocode
2 EN 1992-1:2004 and EN 1992-2:2005 for design of the superstructure of a
concrete slab type bridge deck section.
In CSiBridge, when distributing loads for concrete slab design, the section is
always treated as a single beam. All load demands (permanent and transient) are
integrated on the entire cross section for stress, flexure, shear and crack width
design. Torsion effects are ignored.
7.1 Stress Design

– FactorCompLim – fck multiplier; Default Value = 0.6. The fck is multiplied

by the FactorCompLim to obtain concrete compression limit
– FactorTensLim - fctk multiplier; Default Value = 0.4; The fctk is multiplied by

the FactorTensLim to obtain concrete tension limit
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber of the slab (points
marked red - the left corner, the centerline slab and the right corner) and five
points at the bottom fiber of the slab (points marked blue - the most left edge,
Stress Design 7-1

the left most bottom corner, the centerline slab and the right most bottom corner
and the most right edge). The location is labeled in the output plots and tables.
Concrete compressive and tensile strengths are read at every point, and compres-
sion and tension limits are evaluated using the FactorCompLim - fck multiplier
and FactorTensLim - fctk multiplier.
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set. If the demand set contains live
load, the program positions the load to capture extreme stress at each of the eval-
uation points.
orded.
7.2 Flexure Design


tendons after losses. Typical value between 0.4-0.9

- Plane sections remain plane.
7-2 Flexure Design

Chapter 7 - Design Concrete Slab Bridges
- The strain in bonded reinforcement or bonded prestressing tendons,

whether in tension or in compression, is the same as that in the surrounding
concrete.
- The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
- The stresses in the concrete in compression are derived from the rectangu-
lar design stress/strain relationship given in 3.1.7, Figure 3.5. The factor λ,
defining the effective height of the compression zone and the factor η, de-
fining the effective strength, follow from:
λ = 0,8 for fck ≤50 MPa (3.19)

λ = 0,8- (fck -50)/400 for 50 < fck ≤ 90 MPa (3.20)
and
η = 1,0 for fck ≤ 50 MPa (3.21)
η = 1,0- (fck -50)/200 for 50< fck ≤90 MPa (3.22)
Figure 3.5: Rectangular stress distribution
- The stresses in the reinforcing or prestressing steel are derived from the de-
sign curves in 7.2 (Figure 3.8) and 3.3 (Figure 3.10).
Flexure Design 7-3

- The initial strain in prestressing tendons is taken into account when as-
sessing the stresses in the tendons. CSiBridge determines the initial strain
7-4 Flexure Design

by multiplying the prestressing steel tensile strength fpk by user specified

factor εprePT and dividing it by Young’s modulus.
- The limit on mean compressive strain per paragraph (5) of Section 6 for
section in concentric loadings is not considered in the CSiBridge algo-
rithm.
7.2.2 Algorithms
At each section:
– The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on the slab area and the
slab width assuming a rectangular shape.
Aslab
tslabeq =
bslab
– The tendon and rebar location, area, and material are read. Only bonded
– The section properties are calculated for the section before skew, grade,
and superelevation are applied. This is consistent with the demands being
reported in the section local axis. The entire slab width is considered as ef-
fective in compression.
The ultimate moment resistance of a section is determined by using strain com-

patibility method, by iterative approach. The following steps are used:
1) Position of neutral axis is assumed and strains in individual rebars and

tendons are calculated. Bars and tendons falling within the concrete
compression zone are ignored.
2) Calculate from the stress-strain idealization the steel stresses appropri-
ate to the calculated steel strains.
3) Calculate from the stress-strain idealization the concrete stresses ap-
propriate to the strains associated with the assumed neutral axis depth.
4) Calculate the net tensile and compressive forces at the section. If these
are not equal (the acceptance criteria is abs {Fconc-[Frebar+FPT]}<=
0.001*Fconc), the neural axis depth is adjusted accordingly and the pro-
cedure returns to step 1.
Flexure Design 7-5

5) When the net tensile force is equal to the net compressive force, the
moments are taken about the cg of the concrete compressive block to
determine the ultimate moment resistance.
The resistance is evaluated only for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate ca-
pacity is calculated for positive and negative moment. The capacity is based on
bonded tendons and mild steel located in tension zone as defined in the Bridge
Object. Tendons and mild steel reinforcement located in compression zone are
not considered. It is assumed that all defined tendons in a section, stressed or not,
have effective stress after loses equal to εprePT * fpk. If a certain tendon should not
be considered for the flexural capacity calculation, its area must be set to zero.
7.3 Shear Design

− angle θ - The angle between concrete compression strut and the beam axis
− αl - Factor for transmission length of PT, used in shear resistance equation

6.4.
− Inner Arm Method - Method that will be used to calculate the inner lever
arm z of section. Options are: based on defined PT; based on defined rebar;
based on defined PT and rebar; multiplier of section depth.
− Inner Arm Limit - Factor that multiplies depth of section to get lower limit
of the inner lever arm z of section. (z ≥ Inner Arm Limit * Section Depth).
− Effective depth limit - Factor that multiplies depth of section to get lower
limit of the effective depth to tensile reinforcement d of section. (d = Effec-
tive depth limit * Section Depth).
− Type of section – Type of section for shear design; options are: program
determined; prestressed; non-prestressed. If program determined and at
7-6 Shear Design

least one bonded tendon (regardless if stressed or not) is defined in the sec-
tion cut the section is classified as prestressed.
options are: program determined; user defined. If program determined the
algorithm assumes the factor ν1 = ν; where ν is determined as follows:
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓
𝑣𝑣 = 0.6 �1 − 250 � (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 in MPa)
If the design stress of the shear reinforcement is below 80% of the characteris-
tic yield stress fyk, ν1 is taken as:
ν1 = 0,6 for fck ≤ 60 MPa (6.10.aN)
ν1 = 0,9 – fck /200 > 0,5 for fck ≥ 60 MPa (6.10.bN)
− Factor ν1 – user defined value of factor ν1
− Determining Factor αcw - Method that will be used to calculate the fac-
tor αcw . Options are: program determined; user defined. If program de-
termined the algorithm assumes the factor αcw as follows:

𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
�1 + � for 0 < 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 0.25𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
1.25 for 0.25 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 < 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 0.5𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
2.5(1 − for 0.5𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ) < 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 1.0𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
− Factor αcw- user defined value for factor αcw used to take account of
compression in the shear area
− Factor fywk - Multiplier of vertical shear rebar characteristic yield

strength to obtain a stress limit in shear rebar used in 6.10.aN. Typical
value 0.8 to 1.0
Shear Design 7-7

− Shear Rebar Material – A previously defined rebar material label that

will be used to determine the required area of transverse rebar in the
girder.
− Longitudinal Rebar Material - A previously defined rebar material la-

bel that will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal re-
bar in the girder.
7.3.1 Variables
VEd Ultimate design shear force demand per section cut excluding force
in tendons.
NEd Applied factored axial force per section cut, taken as positive if com-
pression.
MEd Ultimate design moment demand per section cut.
TEd Ultimate design torsion per section cut.
V2 c Shear in section cut excluding force in tendons.
V2Tot Shear in section cut including force in tendons.

stressing force; if Vp has the same sign VEd as the component is re-
d Effective section depth.
z Inner arm length.
dgirder Depth of slab.
b Slab width.
bw Effective slab width – the value is set equal to b - the adjustment for
presence of prestressing ducts in accordance with Section 6.2.3 (6) of
the code is not carried out.
dPTTop Distance from bottom fiber to center of prestressing steel near the top
fiber.
7-8 Shear Design

dPTBot Distance from top fiber to center of prestressing steel near the bottom
fiber.
APrebarBot, ARebarTop Area of reinforcing steel on the flexural tension side of

the member.
APTBot, APTTop Area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the
member.
Asw Area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length.

accordance with Section 9.2.2 (5) of the code.
fcd Design compression strength of concrete.
fyd Design yield strength of steel reinforcement.
fyk Characteristic yield strength of steel reinforcement.

The shear resistance is determined in accordance with section 6.2 of the EN
1992-1-1:2004. The procedure assumes that the concrete shear stresses are dis-
tributed uniformly over an area b wide and d deep, that the direction of princi-
pal compressive stresses (defined by angle θ) remains constant over d, and that
the shear strength of the section can be determined by considering the biaxial
stress conditions at just one location in the slab. For design, the user should se-
lect only those sections that comply with these assumptions by defining appro-
priate station ranges in the Design Request (see Chapter 4).
The effective slab width is taken as the equivalent slab width, measured paral-
lel to the neutral axis. In determining the effective slab width at a particular
level, a fraction of the diameter of grouted ducts at that level is not subtracted
from the slab width.
The Shear Design is completed on per entire section basis. The D/C ratio is cal-
culated and the required area of rebar is reported for the section
Shear Design 7-9

7.3.3 Algorithms
units to N, mm.
 For every COMBO specified in the Design Request that contains enve-
lopes, a new force demand set is generated. The new force demand set is
built up from the maximum tension values of P and the maximum absolute
values of V2 and M3 of the two StepTypes (Max and Min) present in the
envelope COMBO case. The StepType of this new force demand set is
named ABS and the signs of the P, V2 and M3 are preserved. The ABS case
follows the industry practice where sections are designed for extreme shear
and moments that are not necessarily corresponding to the same design ve-
hicle position. The section cut is designed for all three StepTypes in the
COMBOMax, Min and ABSand the controlling StepType is reported.
 The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective pre-
stressing force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is evaluated:
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 = 𝑉𝑉2𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑉2𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
– Inner lever arm z is determined based on stress strain compatibility

method described in section 7.2.2 of this manual. The calculated inner
arm z is compared against the minimum threshold specified in the de-
sign parameter Inner Arm Limit as z ≥ Inner Arm Limit * Section
Depth.
 The effective depth of section d of prestressed sections is determined as

follows :
If MEd > 0, then d=max(Effective depth limit * dgirder , dPTBot)

If MEd < 0, then d=max(Effective depth limit * dgirder , dPTTop)
The effective depth of section d of non-prestressed sections is determined

as follows :
If MEd > 0, then d=max(Effective depth limit * dgirder , drebarBot)

If MEd < 0, then d=max(Effective depth limit * dgirder , drebarTop)
7 - 10 Shear Design
If MEd > 0, then ρ1=min(0.02, APTBot /bwd)

If MEd < 0, then ρ1=min(0.02, APTTop /bwd)

lows :
If MEd > 0, then ρ1=min(0.02, ArebarBot /bwd)

If MEd < 0, then ρ1=min(0.02, Arebartop /bwd)
 The shear resistance without shear reinforcement of a non-prestressed

members or prestressed single span members in regions cracked in bending
is determined as:
1�
3+
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = [𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 𝑘𝑘�100𝜌𝜌1𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � 𝑘𝑘1 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ]𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
with a minimum of
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = [𝑣𝑣𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑘𝑘1 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ]𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is in MPa
200
𝑘𝑘1 = 1 + � ≤ 2.0 with d in mm
𝑑𝑑

𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = �(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 )2 + 𝛼𝛼1 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆
where:
𝐼𝐼 is the second moment of inertia
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 is the width of the cross-section at the centroidal axis, allowing

for the presence of ducts in accordance with Expressions (6.16)
and (6.17)
𝑆𝑆 is the first moment of area above and about the centroidal axis
Shear Design 7 - 11
𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is the compressive stress at the centroidal axis due to axial load-
ing and/or prestressing (𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ⁄𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 in MPa, 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 > 0 in com-
pression)
αl - Factor for transmission length of PT, defined in design parameters
 Ratio of Ved over VRd,c is calculated as

|𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 |
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅,𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅,𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 The design value of maximum shear force that can be sustained by the sec-
tion cut, limited by crushing of the compression strut is evaluated as:
𝛼𝛼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑧𝑧𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)
 Ratio of Ved over VR,max is calculated as:

|𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 |
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
 If Ved > VRd,c and the design parameter Factor fywk <0.8 then the area re-
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 |𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 |
=
𝑠𝑠 (𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ) 𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 cot 𝜃𝜃
 If Ved > VRd,c and the design parameter Factor fywk ≥ 0.8 then the area re-
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 |𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 |
=
𝑠𝑠 𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 cot 𝜃𝜃
The minimum area of vertical shear reinforcement per unit length is calcu-
lated as:
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.08 �𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
= 𝑏𝑏
𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
 The area of required longitudinal reinforcement is calculated as
7 - 12 Shear Design
0.5𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 cot 𝜃𝜃
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
 The shear demand/capacity ratio (D/C) is calculated based on slab effective

width to avoid crushing in accordance with equation 6.3.1 of the code:
𝐷𝐷 |𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 |
𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 =
𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
7.4 Crack Width Design

– kt - factor dependent on the duration of the load per EN 7.3.4. Typical val-
ues 0.6 for short term, 0.4 for long term.
– k1 - coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded

reinforcement per EN 7.11. Typical values 0.8 for high bond bars, 1.6 for
effectively plain surface.
– k2 - coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain per EN

7.11. Typical values 0.5 for bending, 1.0 for pure tension.
– k3 - coefficient k3 per EN 7.11. Typical values 3.4
– k4 - coefficient k4 per EN 7.11. Typical values 0.425.
– 𝜉𝜉 1 - adjusted ratio of bond strength taking into account the difference of

prestressing and reinforcing steel per EN 7.5. Typical values 0.1-1.0
– Cover Method - Method that will be used to calculate the rebar cover to
the longitudinal reinforcement; options are: program determined; user
defined. If program determined the algorithm calculates the cover based
on the position of the longitudinal rebar in the section and the bar diame-
ter.
Crack Width Design 7 - 13

7.4.1 Variables
Esk –Longitudinal reinforcement modulus of elasticity
Espk –Prestressing tendons modulus of elasticity
Ecm –Concrete modulus of elasticity
fctd – Design value of concrete tensile strength
𝜙𝜙s – Diameter of longitudinal tensile rebar
cOD – Cover to the tensile longitudinal rebar
7.4.2 Algorithms
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐴𝐴′𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝜇𝜇′ = �1 − �
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜂𝜂 =
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
7 - 14 Crack Width Design

2 𝑑𝑑′ 𝑎𝑎
∝= ��𝜂𝜂(𝜌𝜌𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝜇𝜇′ ) + 𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 � + �𝜇𝜇′ + 𝜌𝜌𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � 2𝜂𝜂 + 2𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 �1 − �
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
− 𝜂𝜂(𝜌𝜌𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝜇𝜇′ ) − 𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
∝ 𝑑𝑑 =∝ 𝑑𝑑
Rebar based moment of inertia
∝ 𝑑𝑑′ ∝ 𝑑𝑑′ 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ′ 2

𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = (1−∝) �1 − � 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑2 + �∝ − � � − � �1 − � 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑
3 𝑑𝑑 3 𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
∝ 𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
+ (𝑑𝑑 − 𝑎𝑎−∝ 𝑑𝑑) �𝑑𝑑 − 𝑎𝑎 − � 𝐴𝐴
3 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Stress in rebar
−𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 (𝑑𝑑 − 𝑎𝑎−∝ 𝑑𝑑)(𝑑𝑑−∝ 𝑑𝑑) 𝑀𝑀𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (𝑑𝑑−∝ 𝑑𝑑)

𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 = − +
∝ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠
+ 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 + 𝐴𝐴′𝑠𝑠
𝜂𝜂
Crack control width per EN 1992-1-1 Section 7.3.4

(ℎ−∝𝑑𝑑) ℎ
ℎ𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �2.5(ℎ − 𝑑𝑑) ; 3
; � effective height per Figure 7.1
2
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = ℎ𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 +ξ1 2 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
per equation 7.10
𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝐸
𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 −𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �1+ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 �
𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜎𝜎
∆𝜀𝜀 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
; 0.6 𝐸𝐸 𝑠𝑠 � strain delta per eq 7.9
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘1 𝑘𝑘2 𝑘𝑘4 𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠

𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑘𝑘3 𝑐𝑐𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 + maximum crack spacing per eq. 7.11
𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑤𝑤𝑘𝑘 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�0 ; 𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑟,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∆𝜀𝜀� crack width per equation 7.8
Crack Width Design 7 - 15

Chapter 8
Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
This chapter describes the algorithms used by CSiBridge for design and stress
check when the superstructure has a deck that includes precast I or U girders
with composite slabs in accordance with the Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1:2004
and EN 1992-2:2005 code.
ences button.
For PrecastComp design in CSiBridge each beam and its tributary composite
slab is designed separately. Moments and shears due to live load are distributed
to individual beans in accordance with the live load distribution method speci-
fied in the Design Request. Torsion effects are ignored.
8.1 Stress Design


the FactorCompLim to obtain concrete compression limit.
Stress Design 8-1


the FactorTensLim to obtain concrete tension limit.
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber of the composite slab:
the left corner, the centerline beam, and the right corner of the composite slab
tributary area. The locations of stress output points at the slab bottom fiber and
beam top and bottom fibers depend on the type of precast beam present in the
section cut. The locations are labeled in the output plots and tables
pression and tension limits are evaluated using the FactorCompLim - fck multi-
plier and FactorTensLim - fctk multiplier.
The stresses assume linear distribution and take into account axial (P) and ei-
ther both bending moments (M2 and M3) or only P and M3, depending on
which method for determining LLD factors has been specified in the design re-
quest (see Chapters 3 and 4).
orded.
8.2 Flexure Design


tendons after losses. Typical values are between 0.4 and 0.9.
8-2 Flexure Design

Chapter 8 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges

− Plane sections remain plane.
− The strain in bonded reinforcement or bonded prestressing tendons, whether

− The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
− The stresses in the concrete in compression are derived from the rectangular
design stress/strain relationship given in EN 1992-1-1 clause 3.1.7 (Figure
8.5). The factor λ, defining the effective height of the compression zone and
the factor η, defining the effective strength, follow from:
λ = 0.8 for fck ≤ 50 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 3.19)

and
η = 1.0 for fck ≤ 50 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 3.21)
η = 1.0 − (fck − 50)/200 for 50 < fck ≤90 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 3.22)
εcu3 ηtcd
Ac x λx
As
Fs
εs

Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1:2004
Flexure Design 8-3

– The stresses in the reinforcing or prestressing steel are derived from the de-
sign curves in EN 1992-1-1 Figures 3.8 and 3.10 (Figures 8.6 and 8.7).
σ A
kf yk kf yk
f yk kf yk γ s
=
k
B
A Idealized
B Design

Reinforcing Steel for Tension and Compression
Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1:2004
σ A
k pk
f p 0.1k k pk γ s
=
f pd f p 0.1k γ s
B
A Idealized
B Design

Prestressing Steel, Absolute Values are Shown for Tensile Stress and Strain
Eurocode 2 EN 1992-1-1:2004
− The initial strain in prestressing tendons is taken into account when assessing
the stresses in the tendons. CSiBridge determines the initial strain by multi-
8-4 Flexure Design

plying the prestressing steel tensile strength fpk by user specified factor eprePT
and dividing it by Young’s modulus.
− The limit on mean compressive strain in accordance with EN 1992-1-1,

clause 6.1 (5) for sections in concentric loading is not considered in the
8.2.2 Algorithms
At each section and each beam:
– The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on the slab tributary area
and the slab width assuming a rectangular shape.
Aslab
tslabeq =
bslab
– The tendon and rebar locations, areas, and materials are read. Only bonded
superelevation are applied. This is consistent with the demands being report-
ed in the section local axis. The entire composite slab tributary width is con-
sidered as effective in compression.
The ultimate moment resistance of a section is determined by using strain

compatibility method, by iterative approach. The following steps are used:
1) The position of the neutral axis is assumed and strains in individual rebars
and tendons are calculated. Bars and tendons falling within the concrete
compression zone are ignored.
is a T-section or rectangular section. If λ x > tslabeq the section is a T-
section.
Flexure Design 8-5

the neural axis depth is adjusted accordingly and the procedure returns to
Step 1.
The resistance is evaluated only for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate
on bonded tendons and mild steel located in tension zone as defined in the
Bridge Object. Tendons and mild steel reinforcement located in compression
zone are not considered. It is assumed that all defined tendons in a section,
8.3 Shear Design

− γc– Partial safety factor for concrete; Default Value = 1.5.
− γsreb– Partial safety factor for reinforcing steel; Default Value = 1.15.
− angle θ - The angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam ax-
is perpendicular to the shear force.
− αl - Factor for the transmission length of PT, used in shear resistance equa-
tion (EN 1992-1-1 6.4).
− Inner Arm Method - Method that will be used to calculate the inner lever arm
z of section. Options are based on defined PT; based on defined rebar; based
on defined PT and rebar; multiplier of section depth.
8-6 Shear Design

− Inner Arm Limit - Factor that multiplies the depth of the section to get the
lower limit of the inner lever arm z of the section (z ≥ Inner Arm Limit * Sec-
tion Depth).
− Effective depth limit - Factor that multiplies the depth of the section to get
the lower limit of the effective depth to tensile reinforcement d of the section
(d = Effective depth limit * Section Depth).
− Type of section – Type of section for shear design; options are program de-
termined; prestressed; non-prestressed. If the program determined option is
used and at least one bonded tendon (regardless if stressed or not) is defined
in the section cut, the section is classified as prestressed.
options are program determined or user defined. If the program determined
option is used, the algorithm assumes the factor ν1 = ν; where ν is determined
as follows:
 f 
=v 0.6 1 − ck  ( fck in MPa )
 250 
If the design stress of the shear reinforcement is below 80% of the character-
istic yield stress fyk, ν1 is taken as:
ν1 = 0.6 for fck ≤ 60 MPa (EN 1992-1-1 6.10.aN)
− Factor ν1 – user defined value of factor ν1.
− Determining Factor αcw - Method that will be used to calculate the factor αcw .
Options are program determined or user defined. If the program determined
option is used, the algorithm assumes the factor αcw as follows:

1.25 for 0.25 fcd < σcp < 0.5 fcd
Shear Design 8-7

− Factor αcw- user defined value for factor αcw used to take account of compres-
sion in the shear area.
− Factor fywk - Multiplier of vertical shear rebar characteristic yield strength to

obtain a stress limit in shear rebar used in equation (EN 1992-1-1 6.10aN).
Typical values are 0.8 to 1.0
− Shear Rebar Material – A previously defined rebar material label that will be
used to determine the required area of transverse rebar in the girder.
− Longitudinal Rebar Material - A previously defined rebar material label that

will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the girder.
8.3.1 Variables
member
member


b Minimum web width of the beam
dgirder Depth of girder
dPTbot Distance from top fiber to center of prestressing steel near the bottom
fiber
8-8 Shear Design

dPTtop Distance from bottom fiber to center of prestressing steel near the top
fiber
fcd Design compression strength of concrete
fyd Design yield strength of steel reinforcement
fyk Characteristic yield strength of steel reinforcement
MEd Ultimate design moment demand
NEd Applied factored axial force, taken as positive if compression
VEd Ultimate design shear force demand per beam excluding force in
tendons

stressing force; if Vp has the same sign as VEd the component is re-
V2 c Shear in section cut excluding force in tendons.
V2tot Shear in section cut including force in tendons.
z Inner arm length.

It is assumed that the precast beams are pre-tensioned, and therefore, no ducts
are present in webs. The effective web width is taken as the minimum web
width, measured parallel to the neutral axis.
Shear Design 8-9

The Shear Design is completed on a per beam basis. The D/C ratio is calculat-
ed and the required area of rebar is reported for each beam. For a description of
distribution of live and other loads into individual beams, please refer to Chap-
ter 3. Section torsion moments are ignored.
8.3.3 Algorithms
− All section properties and demands are converted from CSiBridge model
units to N, mm.
− For every COMBO specified in the Design Request that contains envelopes,
and the signs of the P, V2, and M3 are preserved. The ABS case follows the
− The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestress-
V2 c − V2tot
Vp =
nweb
− Inner lever arm z is determined based on the stress-strain compatibility meth-

od described in Section 8.1.2 of this manual. The calculated inner arm z is
compared against the minimum threshold specified in the design parameter
Inner Arm Limit as z ≥ Inner Arm Limit * Section Depth.
 The effective depth of the section d of the prestressed sections is determined

as follows:
If MEd > 0, then d = max(Effective depth limit * dgirder , dPTbot)

If MEd < 0, then d = max(Effective depth limit * dgirder, dPTtop)
8 - 10 Shear Design
The effective depth of the section d of the non-prestressed sections is deter-

mined as follows:

If MEd > 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, APTbot /bwd)

If MEd < 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, APTtop /bwd)

lows:
If MEd > 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, Arebarbot /bwd)

If MEd < 0, then ρ1 = min(0.02, Arebartop /bwd)

termined as:

13
=
with a minimum of
VRd=
where:
fck is in MPa
200
k1 =
d
In prestressed continuous or uncracked single span members, the shear re-

I ⋅ bw
( fctd )
2
S
Shear Design 8 - 11
where
I is the second moment of area
bw is the width of the cross-section at the centroidal axis, allowing

for the presence of ducts, in accordance with equations (EN
1992-1-1 6.16 and 6.17)
S is the first moment of area above and about the centroidal axis
σcp is the concrete compressive stress at the centroidal axis caused

by axial loading and/or prestressing
=( σcp N Ed Ac in MPa, N Ed > 0 in compression )
αl - Factor for transmission length of PT, defined in design parame-
ters
 Ratio of VEd over VRd,c is calculated as
VEd
Ratio VEd VRd ,c =
VRd ,c
 The design value of maximum shear force that can be sustained by the web,
limited by crushing of the compression strut, is evaluated as:
 Ratio of VEd over VR,max is calculated as
VEd
Ratio VEd VR,max =
VR,max
 If VEd > VRd,c and the design parameter Factor fywk < 0.8, then the required ar-
ea of vertical shear reinforcement per unit length is calculated as:
Asw VEd
=
8 - 12 Shear Design
 If VEd > VRd,c and the design parameter Factor fywk ≥ 0.8, then the required ar-
ea of vertical shear reinforcement per unit length is calculated as:
Asw VEd
=
s z f ywd cot θ
ed as:
Asw min 0.08 fck

= b
s f yk
0.5VEd cot θ
Asl =
f yld
Shear Design 8 - 13
Chapter 9
Design Steel I-Beam Bridge with Composite Slab
This chapter describes the algorithms CSiBridge applies when designing steel
I-beam with composite slab superstructures in accordance with the Eurocode 4
EN 1994-2:2005 code (Part 2).
9.1 Section Properties

9.1.1 Yield Moments
9.1.1.1 Composite Section in Positive Flexure
The depth of web in compression that is used in section classification is
derived based on positive yield moment, My .The positive yield moment is
determined by the program using the following user-defined input, which is
part of the Ultimate Design Request (see Chapter 4 for more information about
Design Requests).
Mdnc = The user specifies in the Design Request the name of the combo that
represents the moment caused by the permanent load applied before
the concrete deck has hardened or is made composite.
Mdc = The user specifies in the Design Request the name of the combo that
represents the moment caused by the remainder of the permanent load
(applied to the composite section).
9-1
The program solves for MAD from the following equation,
M dnc M dc M AD
Fyt = + +
S NC S LT S ST
and then calculates yield moment based on the following equation
M y = M dnc + M dc + M AD
where
SNC = Noncomposite section modulus
SLT = Long-term composite section modulus
SST = Short-term composite section modulus
My is taken as the lesser value calculated for the compression flange, Myc, or the
tension flange, Myt. The positive My is calculated only once based on Mdnc and
Mdc demands specified by the user in the Design Request. It should be noted
that the My calculated in the procedure described here is used by the program to
determine only the depth of web in compression that is used in classification of
webs in accordance with EN 1993-1-1:2005 Table 5.2 for positive bending in
the Ultimate Design Check.
Since for Staged and Non-Staged Constructability Design Checks it is difficult

to obtain built-up elastic stresses, for the sake of classification of the web it is
assumed that the depth of the web in compression for positive bending is based
on all stresses being applied to non-composite sections because this produces
the greatest depth of web in compression.
9.1.1.2 Composite Section in Negative Flexure

For composite sections in negative flexure, the procedure described for positive
yield moment is followed, except that the composite section for both short-
term and long-term moments consists of the steel section and the longitudinal
reinforcement within the tributary width of the concrete deck. Thus, SST and SLT
are the same value. Also, Myt is taken with respect to either the tension flange
or the longitudinal reinforcement, whichever yields first. Concrete tension
capacity is ignored.
9-2 Section Properties

Chapter 9 - Design Steel I-Beam Bridge with Composite Slab
For the sake of classification of the web, the depth of the web in compression
for negative bending is based on all stresses being applied to the composite
section because this produces the greatest depth of web in compression. This
assumption applies to all design checks.
9.1.2 Plastic Moments

The positive plastic moment, Mpl,Rd, is calculated as the moment of the plastic
forces about the plastic neutral axis. Plastic forces in the steel portions of a
cross-section are calculated using the yield strengths of the flanges, the web,
and reinforcing steel, as appropriate. The plastic force in the effective width of
the composite slab that is in compression is based on a rectangular stress block
with the magnitude of the compressive stress equal to 0.85fcd. Concrete in ten-
sion is neglected. The position of the plastic neutral axis is determined by the
equilibrium condition such that there is no net axial force.
The plastic moment of a composite section in positive flexure is determined as

follows:
 Calculate the element forces and use them to determine if the plastic neutral
axis is in the web, top flange, or concrete deck.
 Calculate the location of the plastic neutral axis within the element deter-
mined in the first step.
 Calculate Mpl,Rd.
Equations for the various potential locations of the plastic neutral axis (PNA)
are given in Table 9-1.
Section Properties 9-3

Table 9-1 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Positive Flexure
Case PNA Condition Y and Mp

 D   P − Pc − Ps − Prt − Prb 
= Y   t + 1
 2  Pw 
Pt + Pw ≥
I In Web Pw  2 ( 
Y + D − Y )  + [ Ps d s + Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pc d c + Pd
t t]
2
Pc + Ps + Prb + Pn =
M p
2D
 t   P + Pt − Ps − Prt − Prb 
= Y  c  w + 1
 2  Pc 
In Top Pt + P w + P c ≥
II
Y + ( tc − Y )  + [ Ps d s + Pn d n + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pd
c  2
P
t t]
2
Flange Ps + Prb + Pn =
M
2tc 
p
 P + Pw + Pt − Prt − Prb 
Concrete Pt + P w + Pc ≥ Y = ( ts )  c 
Deck  Ps 
III  crb 
Below   Ps + Prb + Pn  Y 2 Ps 
Prb  t2  M=
p   + [ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
 2ts 
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb ≥ Y = crb
Concrete
IV Deck at  crb   Y 2 Ps 
Prb   Ps + Pn M=  t t]
 + [ Prt d rt + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pd
 ts 
p
 2ts 
Concrete  P + Pc + Pw + Pt − Prt 
Deck Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb ≥ Y = ( ts )  rb 
Above  Ps 
V  crt 
Prb and   Ps + Pn  Y 2 Ps 
Below  ts  M=
t t]
Prt  2ts 
Concrete Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Pn ≥ Y = crt

VI Deck at  crt   Y 2 Ps 
Prt   Ps M=   + [ Prb d rb + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
 ts 
p
 2ts 
 P + Pc + Pw + Pt + Prt 
Concrete Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Prt < Y = ( ts )  rb 
Deck  Ps 
VII  crt 
Above   Ps  Y 2 Ps 
Prt  ts  M=
t t]
 2ts 

bs Arb Crt
Art
Prt
ts Ps Crb Y
Prb PNA
PNA
bc Pc
tc Y Y
Pw PNA
D tw
tt Pt
CASE I CASE II CASES III-VII
bt
Figure 9-1 Plastic Neutral Axis Cases
in which
Prt = Fyrt Art

Ps = 0.85fcdbsts
Prb = Fyrb Arb
Pc = Fycbctc
Pw = Fyw Dtw
Pt = Fyt bttt
Next the section is checked for ductility requirement in accordance with EN 4

1994-2:2005 6.2.1.2(2). For structural steel grades of web or bottom flanges
where fyd > 355 MPa, the MRd is taken as:
Mpl = β Mpl,Rd
where β is the reduction factor given in Figure 9-2. When the value of x pl h is
greater than 0.4, the section is classified as Class 3 or higher, and the plastic
moment of a composite section in positive flexure is set to zero.

Figure 9-2 Composite Positive PNA Limits

The plastic moment of a composite section in negative flexure is calculated by
an analogous procedure. Equations for the two cases most likely to occur in
practice are given in Table 9-2. The plastic moment of a non-composite section
is calculated by eliminating the terms pertaining to the concrete deck from the
equations in Table 9-1.
Table 9-2 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Negative Flexure

 D   P − Pt − Prt − Prb 
= Y   c + 1
 2  Pw 
I In Web Pc + Pw ≥ Pt + Prb + Pn
Pw  2 ( 
Y + D − Y )  + [ Pn d n + Prb d rb + Pd l l]
2
=
M p t t + Pd
2D
 t   P − P − Prt − Prb 
= Y  l  w c + 1
In Top  2  Pt 
II Pc + Pw + Pt ≥ Prb + Pn
Flange
Y + ( tl − Y )  + [ Pn d n + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pc d c ]
Pt  2 2
=
M
2tl 
p

Art Arb
Prt
ts Prb
Pt PNA
bc Y
tt Y
Pw PNA
D tw
tc Pc
bc CASE I CASE II
CASE V
in which
Prt = Fyrt Art

Ps = 0.85fcdbsts
Prb = Fyrb Arb
Pc = Fycbctc
Pw = Fyw Dtw
Pt = Fyt bttt
In the equations for Mp given in Tables 9-1 and 9-2, d is the distance from an
element force to the plastic neutral axis. Element forces act at (a) mid-thickness
for the flanges and the concrete deck, (b) mid-depth of the web, and (c) center
of reinforcement. All element forces, dimensions, and distances are taken as
positive. The conditions are checked in the order listed in Tables 9-1 and 9-2.
9.1.3 Classification of Cross-Sections

At each section cut the steel beam section is classified in accordance with EN
1993-1-1:2005 Section 5.5. The classification is carried out separately for posi-
tive and negative bending for both composite and non-composite sections. The
classification of a cross-section depends on the width to thickness ratio of the
parts subject to compression. A cross-section is classified according to the
highest (least favorable) class of its compression parts.

9.1.3.1 Composite Positive Bending

The resistance of the top flange is assumed as not being limited by its local
buckling resistance since it is restrained by effective attachment to a concrete
flange by shear connectors. The spacing of connectors is assumed to be in
accordance with Section 6.6.5.5 of the code, and the top flange is always
classified as Class 1.
When classifying the web, it is first assumed that the section satisfies require-
ments for Class 1 or 2, and the depth of web in compression is based on the
plastic range of the composite section for positive moment. When the web does
not satisfy requirements for Class 1 or 2 or when the entire composite section
does not satisfy requirements of EN 1994-2:2005 Section 6.2.1.2, the section is
classified as Class 3. In the next step, the web is verified for Class 3, where the
depth of web in compression is based on positive yield moment. See Section
9.1.1.1 of this manual for derivation of the yield moment for positive bending
of a composite section. When the web does not satisfy requirements for Class
3, the section is classified as Class 4.
The bottom flange is always in tension and therefore does not have an effect on
the classification of the section.
9.1.3.2 Non-Composite Positive Bending

The top flange is in compression and is not restrained by the composite slab. Its
resistance may be limited by its local buckling resistance. The flange is classi-
fied in accordance with Table 5.2 of EN 1993-1-1:2005 as subject to compres-
sion.
When classifying the web, it is first assumed that the section satisfies
requirements for Class 1 or 2, and the depth of the web in compression is based
on the plastic range of the steel beam section for positive moment. When the
web does not satisfy requirements for Class 1 or 2 or when the entire
composite section does not satisfy requirements of EN 1994-2:2005 Section
6.2.1.2, the section is classified as Class 3. In the next step, the web is verified
for Class 3, where the depth of web in compression is based on the neutral axis
of the steel beam. When the web does not satisfy requirements for Class 3, the
section is classified as Class 4.
The bottom slab classification follows the same procedure as is outlined in Sec-
tion 9.1.3.1 of this manual.

9.1.3.3 Composite Negative Bending

The top flange is always in tension and therefore does not have an effect on the
classification of the section.
requirements for Class 1 or 2, and the depth of web in compression is based on
the plastic range for negative moment. When the web does not satisfy
requirements for Class 1 or 2, the section is classified as Class 3. In the next
step, the web is verified for Class 3, where the depth of the web in compression
is based on the negative yield moment. See Section 9.1.1.2 of this manual for
derivation of the yield moment for negative bending of a composite section.
When the web does not satisfy requirements for Class 3, the section is
The bottom flange is in compression and unrestrained. The bottom flange

resistance may be limited by its local buckling resistance and is classified in
accordance with Table 5.2 of EN 1993-1-1:2005 as subject to compression.
9.1.3.4 Non-Composite Negative Bending

The classification of top and bottom flanges follows the same procedure as out-
lined in Section 9.1.3.3 of this manual.
requirements for Class 1 or 2, and the depth of the web in compression is based
on the plastic range of the steel beam for negative moment. When the web does
not satisfy requirements for Class 1 or 2, the section is classified as Class 3. In
the next step, the web is verified for Class 3, where the depth of the web in
compression is based on the position of the neutral axis of the steel beam.
When the web does not satisfy requirements for Class 3, the section is
9.1.4 Effective Section Properties

For each section the effective plate sizes, effective area, and moments of inertia
of the steel beam and composite section are calculated in accordance with EN
1993-1-5:2006.
9.1.4.1 Effective Section Composite Positive Bending

The top flange effective area is equal to the gross area.

The web flange effective area for plate buckling is derived in accordance with
Table 4.1 of EN 1993-1-5:2006, assuming a depth of the web in compression
based on positive yield moment. See Section 9.1.1.1 of this manual for deriva-
tion of yield moments for positive bending of composite sections.
The bottom flange is checked for shear lag in accordance with Section 3 of EN
1993-1-5:2006. The shear lag at the ultimate limit state is determined as the
elastic shear lag effect as determined for serviceability and fatigue limit states
in accordance with Section 3.3 (1) of EN 1993-1-5:2006.
Figure 9-4 Determination of β Factors for Shear Lag Effects
For flanges where b0 > Le/50 (where b0 is taken as the flange outstand, and Le is
the length between points of zero bending moment) the effective width beff for
shear lag under elastic conditions is determined from:
beff = βb0 (EN 1993-1-5:2006 (3.1))
9 - 10 Section Properties
where β is determined in accordance with EN 1993-1-5:2006 Table 3.1. For the

bottom flange in positive bending, the formula for hogging bending is used.
9.1.4.2 Effective Section Non-Composite Positive Bending

The top flange effective area for plate buckling is derived in accordance with
Table 4.2 of EN 1993-1-5:2006, assuming the uniform compression in the
flange ψ = 1 and the buckling factor kσ = 0.43.
based on the neutral axis of the steel beam.
The bottom flange is checked for shear lag in accordance with the procedure
outlined in Section 9.1.4.1 of this manual.
9.1.4.3 Effective Section Composite Negative Bending

The top flange is checked for shear lag in accordance with the procedure out-
lined in Section 9.1.4.1 of this manual. The factor β is determined in accord-
ance with EN 1993-1-5:2006 Table 3.1. For the top flange in negative bending,
the formula for hogging bending is used.
Table 4.1 of EN 1993-1-5:2006, assuming that the depth of the web in com-
pression is based on negative yield moment. See Section 9.1.1.2 of this manual
for derivation of yield moments for negative bending of composite sections.
The bottom flange effective area for plate buckling is derived in accordance
with Table 4.2 of EN 1993-1-5:2006, assuming uniform compression in the

based on the steel beam neutral axis.
Section Properties 9 - 11
The bottom flange effective area for plate buckling is derived in accordance
with Table 4.2 of EN 1993-1-5:2006, assuming the uniform compression in the
9.1.5 Unbraced Length L and Section Transitions

The program assumes that the top flange is continuously braced for all Design
Requests, except Constructability. For more information on flange lateral
bracing in the Constructability Design Requests, see Section 9.7.3 of this
manual.
The unbraced length L for the bottom flange is equal to the distance between
the nearest downstation and the upstation qualifying cross diaphragms or span
end, as defined in the Bridge Object. Some of the diaphragm types available in
CSiBridge may not necessarily provide restraint to the bottom flange. The
program assumes that the following diaphragm qualifies as providing lateral
restraint to the bottom flange: single beams and all types of chords and braces
except V braces without bottom beams.
The program calculates demands and capacities pertaining to a given section

cut at a given station without considering the section transition within the un-
braced length. It does not search for the highest demands versus the smallest
resistance within the unbraced length as the code suggests. It is the responsibil-
ity of the user to pay special attention to section transition within unbraced
lengths and to follow the guidelines in the code.
9.1.6 Lateral Torsional Buckling

The program calculates buckling verification at every section cut. It is the re-
sponsibility of the user to verify if the section cut locations correspond to EN
1993-2 clause 6.3.4.2(7), which allows the buckling verification to be per-
formed at a distance of 0.25Lk (i.e., 25% of the effective length) from the end
with the larger moment.
From EN 1993-2 clause 6.3.4.2(7) assuming factor γ = 0
m = 1 + 0.44 (1 + µ ) Φ1.5 (EN 1993-2 eq.(6.14))
µ =V2 V1
= 2 (1 − M 2 M 1 ) (1 + µ )
Φ for M2 > 0
For each demand set, the applied bending moments M1 and M2 and shears V1
and V2 at each end of equivalent strut are read from the section cuts located at
the nearest downstation and upstation diaphragms. The factors μ and ϕ are de-
rived in the following algorithm:
If M1 > = 0 or M2 > = 0, then

MomRat = 0
else
MomRat = Min(M2 / M1, M1 / M2).
If V1 = 0, then
μ=0
else
μ = Abs(V2 / V1).
If μ > 1, then μ = 1 / μ
ϕ = 2 * (1 − MomRat) / (1 + μ)
m = 1 + 0.44 * (1 + μ) * ϕ ^ 1.5.
It is possible to combine equations (6.10) and (6.12) of EN 1993-2 to produce a

single formula for slenderness, taking Af = btf for the flange area, as follows:
=
λ LT
Aeff f y
=
(A f + Awc 3) f y L2
= L
(1 + A
wc 3 Af )( f y Em )
N crit mπ2 EI π b tf
2 3
12 bt f
so
L fy A
=λ LT 1.103 1 + wc
b Em 3 Af
where
Awc = web compression zone. The depth of the web in compression is based
on negative yield moment. See Section 9.1.1.2 of this manual for
derivation of the yield moment for negative bending of the composite
section.
L = unbraced length
b = bottom flange width
Af = bottom flange area
The slenderness parameter is compared against the limit set in clause 6.3.2.2(4)
of EN 1993-1-1: λ LT ≤ 0.2.
If the limit is satisfied, the reduction factor χLT is set to 1.0. If the limit is not
satisfied, the section is checked for lateral torsional buckling. Based on the ra-
tio h/b, the relevant buckling curve is selected from Table 6.4 in clause 6.3.2.2
of EN 1993-1-1, and the imperfection factor for the lateral torsional buckling
curve αLT is determined from Table 6.3 of EN 1993-1-1. From equation (6.56)
in EN 1993-1-1 clause 6.3.2.2, the reduction factor χLT is determined as fol-
lows:
1
χ LT = but χLT ≤ 1.0
Φ LT + Φ 2LT − λ 2LT
where
Φ
= LT 0.5 1 + α LT ( λ LT − 0.2 ) + λ 2LT 
.
9.2 Design Request Parameters

The following Design Request parameters are available for user control:
Partial factor γc for concrete, default value = 1.5
Partial factor γc for rebar, default value = 1.15
Partial factor γo for structural steel, default value = 1.0
Partial factor γ1 for structural steel, default value = 1.1
Partial factor γ2 for structural steel, default value = 1.25
k1 – concrete service compression stress limit factor k1 in accordance with EN

1992-1-1 7.2(2), default value = 0.6
9 - 14 Design Request Parameters

k3 – reinforcement service tensile stress limit factor k3 in accordance with EN

1992-1-1 7.2(5), default value = 0.8
Method to evaluate distance bo, Specified Distance for bo and Multiplier of

steel top flange width - these three design parameters give users control
over how to determine the distance b0 between the centers of the outstand
shear connectors used in calculation of the effective width of the compo-
site slab in accordance with EN 1994-2:2005 Section 5.4.1.2.
Figure 9-5 Determination of Effective Flange Width
The b0 is determined based on the selected method. Note that the multi-
plier is always used to determine the minimum b0 in both methods.
The available methods are as follows:
1) Multiplier of top flange width: b0 = multiplier × top flange width
2) Specified distance from the outside edge of the steel top flange: b0 =
max(multiplier × top flange width, top flange width – 2 × distance)
Slenderness limit 1LT0 for lateral torsional buckling in accordance with EN

1993-1-1 6.3.2.3 (1), default value = 0.2.
Use Stage Analysis to determine stresses on composite section, Yes or No
Design Request Parameters 9 - 15

Modular ratio n (=Es/Ec) is the multiplier used to determine long-term com-

posite section properties, default value = 3.0.
End post type – in accordance with EN 1993-1-5 Figure 5.1, the end post type
is used to evaluate the contribution from the web χw to shear buckling re-
sistance.
Figure 9-6 End Post Support Types
Use EN 1994-2 5.5.2 (3) to check Class 3 web – instructs the program to
check cross-sections with a Class 3 web and Class 1 or 2 flanges if they
may be classified as Class 2 cross-sections with an effective web in ac-
cordance with Section 6.2.2.4 of the code (hole in the web method).
Design crack width in accordance with EN 1994-2, Table 7.1.
Effective concrete tensile strength is the mean value of the tensile strength of
the concrete, effective at the time when cracks may first be expected to
occur. Values of fct,eff may be taken as those for fctm, based on the defined
concrete material of the concrete slab. Alternatively when the age of the
concrete at cracking cannot be established with confidence as being less
than 28 days, a minimum tensile strength of 3 N/mm2 may be adopted in
accordance with EN 1994-2 (7.1)
k coefficient that allows for the effect of non-uniform self-equilibrating

stresses in accordance with EN 1994-2 (7.1), default value = 0.8

ks coefficient that allows for the effect of the reduction of the normal force
of the concrete slab due to initial cracking and local slip of the shear
connection in accordance with EN 1994-2 (7.1), default value = 0.9
9.3 Demand Sets

Demand Set combos (at least one required) are user-defined combination based
on LRFD combinations (see Chapter 4 for more information about specifying
Demand Sets). The demands from all specified demand combos are enveloped
and used to calculate D/C ratios. The way the demands are used depends on if
the design parameter "Use Stage Analysis?” is set to Yes or No.
If “Use Stage Analysis? = Yes,” the program reads the stresses on beams and
slabs directly from the section cut results. The stresses are calculated based on
gross section; the use of effective section properties cannot be accommodated
for this option. Therefore, if the section is classified as Class 4, the section is
flagged as invalid and skipped. To design Class 4 sections, the design
parameter "Use Stage Analysis?” should be set to No. Note that the Design
Request for staged constructability check (Steel-I Comp Construct Stgd) allows
only Nonlinear Staged Construction load cases to be used as Demand Sets.
When “Use Stage Analysis? = Yes,” the program assumes that the effects of
the staging of loads applied to non-composite versus composite sections and
the concrete slab material time dependent properties were captured by using the
Nonlinear Staged Construction load case available in CSiBridge.
If “Use Stage Analysis? = No,” the program decomposes load cases present in
every demand set combo to three Bridge Design Action categories: non-
composite, composite long term, and composite short term. The program uses
the load case Bridge Design Action parameter to assign the load cases to the
appropriate categories. A default Bridge Design Action parameter is assigned
to a load case based on its Design Type. However, the parameter can be
overwritten: click the Analysis > Load Cases > {Type} > New command to
display the Load Case Data – {Type} form; click the Design button next to the
Load case type drop down list, select the User Defined option for the Bridge
Design Action, and select a value from the list. The assigned Bridge Design
Action values are handled by the program in the following manner:
Demand Sets 9 - 17
Table 9-3 Bridge Design Action
Bridge Design Action Value Bridge Design Action Category

specified by the user used in the design algorithm
Non-Composite Non-Composite
Long-Term Composite Long-Term Composite
Short-Term Composite Short-Term Composite
Staged Non-Composite
Other Non-Composite
9.3.1 Demand Flange Stresses fbu

Evaluation of the flange stress, fbu, is dependent on the setting for the Design
Request parameter “Use Stage Analysis?”:
If the “Use Stage Analysis? = No,” then
P M NC M LTC M STC
f bu = + + +
Acomp Ssteel S LTC S STC
where MNC is the demand moment on the non-composite section, MLTC is the
demand moment on the long-term composite section, and MSTC is the demand
moment on the short-term composite section.
The short-term section modulus for positive moment is calculated by trans-

forming the concrete deck using the steel-to-concrete modular ratio. The long-
term section modulus for positive moment uses a modular ratio factored by n,
where n is specified in the Design Parameters as the “Modular ratio long-term
multiplier.” The effect of compression reinforcement is ignored. For negative
moment, the concrete deck is assumed cracked and is not included in the sec-
tion modulus calculations, while tension reinforcement is accounted for.
For sections classified as Class 4, the effective section properties as evaluated

in Section 9.1.4 of this manual are used to calculate stresses; all other section
classes use gross section properties
If “Use Stage Analysis? = Yes,” then the fbu stresses on each flange are read di-
rectly from the section cut results. The stresses are calculated based on gross
9 - 18 Demand Sets
section; the use of effective section properties cannot be accommodated with

this option. Therefore, if the section is classified as Class 4, the section is
flagged as invalid and skipped. To design Class 4 sections, the design parame-
ter "Use Stage Analysis?” should be set to No. The program assumes that the
effects of the staging of loads applied to non-composite versus composite sec-
tions and the concrete slab material time dependent properties are captured by
using the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case available in CSiBridge.
In the Strength Design Check, the program verifies the sign of the stress in the
composite slab, and if stress is positive (tension), the program assumes that the
entire section cut demand moment is carried by the steel section only. This is to
reflect the fact that the concrete in the composite slab is cracked and does not
contribute to the resistance of the section.
In Constructability checks, the program proceeds based on the status of the

concrete slab. When the slab is not present or is non-composite, the fbu stresses
on each flange are read directly from the section cut results. When the slab sta-
tus is composite, the program verifies the sign of the stress in the composite
slab, and if stress is positive (tension), the program assumes that the entire sec-
tion cut demand moment is carried by the steel section only. This is to reflect
the fact that the concrete in the composite slab is cracked and does not contrib-
ute to the resistance of the section.
Note that the Design Request for staged constructability check (Steel-I Comp
Construct Stgd) allows only Nonlinear Staged Construction load cases to be
used as Demand Sets. In that case stresses are calculated based on gross sec-
tion; the use of effective section properties cannot be accommodated for this
Design Request. Therefore, if the section is classified as Class 4, the section is
flagged as invalid and skipped. To design Class 4 sections, the non-staged con-
structability Design Request (Steel-I Comp Construct NonStgd) can be used.
9.4 Ultimate Design Request

The Strength Design Check calculates at every section cut positive bending ca-
pacity, negative bending capacity, shear capacity, positive bending shear inter-
action, and negative bending shear interaction. It then compares the capacities
against the envelope of demands specified in the Design Request.
Ultimate Design Request 9 - 19

9.4.1 Bending
9.4.1.1 Positive Bending – Class 1 and 2
The demand over capacity ratio is evaluated as
M Ed
DoverC = .
M pl , Rd
It should be noted that the additional rule in accordance with EN 1994-2-2005

Section 6.2.1.3 (2) is not verified. It is up to the user to ensure that for a con-
tinuous beam, MEd does not exceed 0.9 Mpl,Rd at any cross-section in Class 1 or
2 in sagging bending with the concrete slab in compression where both of the
following conditions are present:
 the cross-section in hogging bending at or near an adjacent support is in

Class 3 or 4, and
 the ratio of lengths of the spans adjacent to that support (shorter/longer) is

less than 0.6.
9.4.1.2 Positive Bending Shear Interaction – Class 1 and 2

Where the vertical shear force VEd exceeds half the shear resistance VRd, given by
Vpl,Rd in EN 1994-2-2005 Section 6.2.2.2 or Vb,Rd in Section 6.2.2.3, whichever is
smaller, allowance is made for its effect on the resistance moment. The influ-
ence of the vertical shear on the resistance to bending is taken into account by a
reduced design steel strength (1 − ρ) fyd of the web where:
=ρ ( 2VEd VRd − 1)
2
(EN 1994-2 2005 (6.5))
9 - 20 Ultimate Design Request

Figure 9-7 Shear Effects on Resisting Moments
The demand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows:
M Ed
DoverC =
M pl , RdRed
9.4.1.3 Positive Bending – Class 3

For derivation of stresses fbu in flanges see Section 9.3.1 of this manual. The
demand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows:
 fbuTop fbuBot f deck 

DoverC = max  , , 
 f ydTop f ydBot f cddeck
 
9.4.1.4 Positive Bending Shear Interaction – Class 3

In accordance with EN 1993-1-2006, Section 7.1 (1),
M f , Rd M Ed V
if η3 exceeds 0.5 and η1 ≥ , where η1 ≥ and η1 ≥ Ed ,
M pl , Rd M pl , Rd Vbw, Rd
the design resistance to bending moment is reduced to allow for the shear
force. The demand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows:
 M f , Rd 
DoverC =η1 + 1 −  ( 2η3 − 1)
2
 M
 pl , Rd 
where

Mf,Rd is the design plastic moment of resistance of the section consisting of

the effective area of the flanges;
Mpl,Rd is the design plastic resistance of the cross-section consisting of the ef-
fective area of the flanges and the fully effective web irrespective of its
section class.
9.4.1.5 Positive Bending - Class 4

If the Design Request parameter “Use Stage Analysis? = No,” the fbu stresses
on each flange are calculated based on the effective section properties (see Sec-
tion 9.3.1 of this manual). The demand over capacity ratio is calculated as fol-
lows:

 
If the Design Request parameter “Use Stage Analysis? = Yes,” the sections
classified as Class 4 are flagged as invalid and skipped.

The demand over capacity ratio is calculated using a procedure similar to that
used for Class 3 sections (see Section 9.4.1.4 of this manual), although the de-
sign plastic moments of resistance Mf,Rd and Mpl,Rd are based on the effective
area of the flanges.
 M f , Rd 
DoverC =η1 + 1 −  ( 2η3 − 1)
2
 M
 pl , Rd 
9.4.1.7 Negative Bending – Class 1 and 2

M Ed
DoverC =
χ LT M pl , Rd
For derivation of lateral torsional buckling reduction factor χLT, see Section
9.1.6 of this manual.

9.4.1.8 Negative Bending Shear Interaction – Class 1 and 2

used for positive bending (see Section 9.4.1.2 of this manual), although the de-
sign plastic moment of resistance Mpl,RdRed is based on negative bending and the
effects of lateral torsional bucking are considered.
M Ed
DoverC =
χ LT M pl , RdRed
9.4.1.9 Negative Bending – Class 3

For derivation of stresses fbu in flanges, see Section 9.3.1 of this manual. The
 fbuTop f f 
DoverC = max  , buBot , deck 
 f ydTop χ LT f ydBot f cddeck
 
9.4.1.10 Negative Bending Shear Interaction – Class 3

used for positive bending (see Section 9.4.1.4 of this manual), although the de-
sign plastic moments of resistance Mpl,Rd is based on negative bending.
 M f , Rd 
DoverC =η1 + 1 −  ( 2η3 − 1)
2
 M ,
 pl Rd 

lows:
 fbuTop f f 
 


sign plastic moments of resistance Mf,Rd and Mpl,Rd are based on negative bend-
ing and the effective area of the flanges.
 M f , Rd 
DoverC =η1 + 1 −  ( 2η3 − 1)
2
 M
 pl , Rd 
9.4.2 Shear
When processing the Design Request from the Design module, the program as-
sumes vertical stiffeners are present at supports only, and no intermediate ver-
tical stiffeners are present.
In the Optimization form (Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Optimize

command), the user can specify stiffener locations. The program recalculates the
shear resistance based on the defined stiffener layout. It should be noted that
stiffeners are not modeled in the Bridge Object, and therefore, adding/modifying
stiffeners does not affect the magnitude of the demands.
9.4.2.1 Design Shear Resistance

From clause 6.2.6(6) of EN 1993-1-1, resistance to shear buckling should be
checked if
hw ε
> 72 EN 1993-1-1, eq. (6.22)
tw η
where the value η = 1.20 is used for steel grades up to and including S460. For
higher steel grades, η = 1.00 is used, in accordance with EN 1993-1-5 Section
5.1.2 Note 2 and ε = 235 f y .
If the resistance to shear buckling does not control the design, shear resistance
is based on shear plastic resistance given by:
V= V=
(
Av f y 3 ) EN 1993-1-1, eq. (6.18)
γM0
bw , Rd pl , Rd

When resistance to shear buckling must be checked:
 the slenderness is obtained from EN 1993-1-5 equation (5.5) for stiffeners

at supports only,
hw
λw = ,
86.4t ε
 the slenderness is obtained from EN 1993-1-5 equation (5.6) for transverse

stiffeners at supports and intermediate transverse stiffeners,
hw
λw = ,
37.4t ε kτ
where
5.34 + 4.00 ( hw a )
kτ = when a hw ≥ 1
2
EN 1993-1-5 (eq A.5)

4.00 + 5.34 ( hw a )
kτ = when a hw < 1
2
a is the distance between transverse stiffeners.
The design resistance of the web is given by
χ w f yw hwt
Vbw, Rd = EN 1993-1-5 (eq 5.2)
3γ M 1
where the contribution from the web χw to shear buckling resistance is in ac-
cordance with EN 1993-1-5 Table 5.1.
Table 9-13
Rigid end post Non-rigid end post
λ w < 0.83 η η η
0.83 η ≤ λ w < 1.08 0.83 λ w 0.83 λ w
λ w ≥ 1.08 1.37 ( 0.7 + λ w ) 0.83 λ w

The contribution from the flanges and composite slab is always ignored. The
demand to capacity ratio is evaluated as
Ved
DoverC = .
Vbw, Rd
9.5 Service Stress Design Request

The service design check calculates at every section cut the stresses fbu at the
top steel flange of the composite section, the bottom steel flange of the compo-
site section, the shear stress and principal stress at the web, and the compres-
sion stress at the top of the composite slab. It then compares them against lim-
its specified in EN 1993-2 Section 7.3.
9.5.1 Positive Bending

For the derivation of stresses fbu in flanges, see Section 9.3.1 of this manual.
The shear stress in the web is derived as:
VEd
τ Ed ,ser = .
Aw
The principal stress is derived as follows:
σ Princ = σ Ed ,ser 2 + 3τ Ed ,ser 2
The demand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows, in accordance with EN

1993-2 Section 7.3:
 
 f τ σ 
buTop f buBot f
DoverC = max  , , deck , Ed ,ser , Princ 
 f ydTop f ydBot κ1 f cddeck yweb f yweb
f 
 
 3 
where k1 is the concrete service compression stress limit factor, in accordance

with EN 1992-1-1 7.2(2).
9 - 26 Service Stress Design Request

9.5.2 Negative Bending

The stresses in the steel section are derived using a procedure similar to that
used in Section 9.5.1 of this manual. Stress in rebar is calculated at the top
most rebar level, and the concrete slab tension capacity is ignored. Stresses in
reinforcement increase as a result of the effects of tension stiffening of concrete
between cracks. Δσs is calculated from:
0.4 f ctm
∆σ s = (EN 1994-2 eq.(7.5))
α st ρ s
AI
α s1 = (EN 1994-2 eq.(7.6))
A2 I 2
A, I are the area and second moment of area, respectively, of the effective
composite section neglecting concrete in tension and profiled sheeting,
if any;
A2, I2 are the corresponding properties of the structural steel section.
The demand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows in accordance with EN

1993-2 Section 7.3:
 
 f f Edrebar+∆σs τ Ed ,ser σ Princ 
buTop f buBot
DoverC = max  , , , , 
 f ydTop f ydBot k3 f yrebar f yweb f yweb 
 
 3 
where k3 is the reinforcement service tensile stress limit factor in accordance

with EN 1992-1-1 7.2(5).
9.6 Service Rebar Design Request

The Service Rebar Design Request checks each section for two conditions:
minimum rebar, in accordance with EN 1994-2 Section 7.4.2, and control of
cracking resulting from direct loading, in accordance with EN 1994-2 Section
7.4.3.
Service Rebar Design Request 9 - 27

9.6.1 Minimum Rebar

When determining the minimum rebar, the program calculates factor kc
1
=kc + 0.3 ≤ 1.0 (EN 1994-2 eq.(7.2))
1 + hc ( 2 zo )
where
 hc is the thickness of concrete slab
 zo is the vertical distance between the centroids of the uncracked concrete

slab and the uncracked composite section, calculated using the modular
ratio n0 for short-term loading;
If no rebar is defined in the slab, the rebar stress σs is determined from Table
7.2 of EN 1994-2 for the design crack width specified in the Design Request
parameter. For a design crack width > 0.2mm, the rebar stress σs is assumed as
the min(fy,360MPa), and for a design crack width = 0.2mm, the rebar stress σs
is assumed as the min(fy,280MPa).
If rebar is defined in the slab, the rebar stress σs is read from EN 1994-2 Table
7.1 based on the maximum diameter defined at the section and the specified
design crack width.
The area of minimum reinforcement is calculated as
As = k s kc k f ct ,eff Acd σ s . (EN 1994-2 eq.(7.1))
When no rebar is defined at the section cut, the maximum bar diameter and the
maximum bar spacing are read from Tables 7.1 and 7.2 of EN 1994-2 based on
the rebar stress σs and the defined design crack width. The maximum rebar
spacing reported is the smaller value of the required bar spacing to provide the
calculated minimum reinforcement or the maximum spacing in accordance
with Table 7.2 of EN 1994-2. The demand over capacity ratio is arbitrarily set
to 1E7.
When rebar is defined at the section cut, the demand over capacity is evaluated
as the ratio of the area per unit width of the required minimum reinforcement
versus the provided reinforcement. Maximum rebar spacing is read from Table
9 - 28 Service Rebar Design Request

7.2 of EN 1994-2 based on the rebar stress σs and the specified design crack
width.
9.6.2 Control of Cracking

The stress in rebar resulting from tension stiffening, Δσs, is calculated using
the same procedure as outlined in Section 9.5.2 of this manual. For each de-
mand set, the stress at the rebar level is calculated. The demand over capacity
ratio is reported as the ratio of the maximum bar diameter provided in the top
half of the composite slab and the maximum bar diameter, as specified in EN
1994-2 Table 7.1 for the defined design crack width. When no rebar is defined
at the section cut, the Δσs and the demand over capacity ratio are set to zero.
9.7 Constructability Design Request

9.7.1 Staged (Steel-I Comp Construct Stgd)
This request enables the user to verify the superstructure during construction
by using the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case. The nonlinear staged
analysis allows the user to define multiple snapshots of the structure during
construction, when parts of the bridge deck may be at various completion stag-
es. The user controls which stages the program will include in the calculations
of the controlling demand over capacity ratios.
For each section cut specified in the Design Request, the constructability de-
sign check loops through the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case output
steps that correspond to Output Labels specified in the Demand Set. At each
step the program determines the status of the concrete slab at the girder section
cut. The slab status can be non present, present non-composite, or composite.
The Staged Constructability design check accepts the following Bridge Object
Structural Model Options:
 Area Object Model
 Solid Object Model
The Staged Constructability design check cannot be run on Spine models.
The section stresses are calculated based on gross section; the use of effective
section properties cannot be accommodated for this design request. Therefore,
Constructability Design Request 9 - 29

if the section is classified as Class 4, the section is flagged as invalid and

skipped. To design Class 4 sections, the non-staged constructability design re-
quest (Steel-I Comp Construct NonStgd) can be used.
9.7.2 Non-Staged (Steel-I Comp Construct NonStgd)

This request enables the user to verify demand over capacity ratios during
construction without the need to define and analyze a Nonlinear Staged
Construction load case. For each section cut specified in the design request the
constructability design check loops through all combos specified in the Demand
Set list. At each combo the program assumes the status of the concrete slab as
specified by the user in the Slab Status column. The slab status can be non-
composite or composite and applies to all the section cuts.
The Non-Staged Constructability design check accepts all Bridge Object Struc-
tural Model Options available in the Update Bridge Structural Model form
(Bridge > Update > Structural Model Options option).
9.7.3 Slab Status vs. Unbraced Length

Based on the slab status the program calculates corresponding positive bending
capacity, negative bending capacity, shear capacity, and positive and negative
bending versus shear interaction. Next the program compares the capacities
against demands specified in the Demand Set by calculating the Demand over
Capacity ratio. The controlling Demand Set and the Output Label on a girder-
by-girder basis are reported for every section cut.
When the slab status is composite, the program assumes that the top flange is
continuously braced. When the slab status is not present or non-composite, the
program treats both flanges as discretely braced. It should be noted that the
program does not verify the presence of diaphragms at a particular output step.
It assumes that any time a steel beam is activated at a given section cut, the un-
braced length L for the bottom flange is equal to the distance between the near-
est downstation and upstation qualifying cross diaphragms or the span ends as
defined in the Bridge Object. The program assumes the same unbraced length
L for the top flange. In other words, the unbraced length L is based on the cross
diaphragms that qualify as providing restraint to the bottom flange. Some of
the diaphragm types available in CSiBridge may not necessarily provide re-
straint to the top flange. It is the user’s responsibility to provide top flange
9 - 30 Constructability Design Request

temporary bracing at the diaphragm locations prior to the slab acting compos-
itely.
9.7.4 Algorithm
When the slab status is composite, the staged and non-staged design checks
follow the procedure outlined in Section 9.4 of this manual. When the slab
status is non-composite, the section resisting demands consists of the steel
beam only. Because of the fact that the top flange is not continuously braced,
the section is reclassified, and the effective area of the top flange is
recalculated. In addition to the checks described in section 9.4 of this manual,
the top flange is also checked for lateral torsional buckling.
9.8 Section Optimization

After at least one Steel Design Request has been successfully processed,
CSiBridge enables the user to open a Steel Section Optimization module. The
Optimization module allows interactive modification of steel plate sizes and
definition of vertical stiffeners along each girder and span. It recalculates
resistance “on the fly” based on the modified section without the need to
unlock the model and rerun the analysis. It should be noted that in the
optimization process the demands are not recalculated and are based on the
current CSiBridge analysis results.
The Optimization form allows simultaneous display of three versions of the

section sizes and associated resistance results. The section plate size versions
are “As Analyzed,” “As Designed,” and “Current.” The section plots use
distinct colors for each version – black for As Analyzed, blue for As Designed,
and red for Current. When the Optimization form is initially opened, all three
versions are identical and equal to “As Analyzed.”
Two graphs are available to display various forces, moments, stresses, and
ratios for the As Analyzed or As Designed versions. The values plotted can be
controlled by clicking the “Select Series to Plot” button. The As Analyzed
series is plotted as solid lines and the As Designed series as dashed lines.
To modify steel plate sizes or vertical stiffeners, a new form can be displayed
by clicking the Modify Section button. After the section modification has been
completed, the Current version is shown in red in the elevation and cross-
Section Optimization 9 - 31
section views. After the resistance has been recalculated successfully by

clicking the Recalculate Resistance button, the Current version is designated
As Designed and displayed in blue.
After the section optimization has been completed, the As Designed plate sizes
and materials can be applied to the analysis bridge object by clicking the OK
button. The button opens a new form that can be used to Unlock the existing
model (in that case all analysis results will be deleted) or save the file under a
new name (New File button). Clicking the Exit button does not apply the new
plate sizes to the bridge object and keeps the model locked. The As Designed
version of the plate sizes will be available the next time the form is opened,
and the Current version is discarded. The previously defined stiffeners can be
recalled in the Steel Beam Section Variation form by clicking the
Copy/Reset/Recall button in the top menu of the form. The form can be
displayed by clicking on the Modify Section button.
9 - 32 Section Optimization
Chapter 10
Design Steel U-Tub Bridge with Composite Slab
This chapter describes the algorithms CSiBridge applies when designing steel
U-tub with composite slab superstructures in accordance with the Eurocode 4
EN 1994-2:2005 code (Part 2).
10.1 Section Properties

10.1.1 Yield Moments
The depth of web in compression that is used in section classification is de-
rived based on positive yield moment, My .The positive yield moment is deter-
mined by the program using the following user-defined input, which is part of
the Ultimate Design Request (see Chapter 4 for more information about Design
Requests).
Mdnc = The user specifies in the Design Request the name of the combo that
represents the moment caused by the permanent load applied before
the concrete deck has hardened or is made composite.
Mdc = The user specifies in the Design Request the name of the combo that
represents the moment caused by the remainder of the permanent load
(applied to the composite section).
10 - 1
The program solves for MAD from the following equation,
M dnc M dc M AD
Fyt = + +
S NC S LT S ST
and then calculates yield moment based on the following equation
M y = M dnc + M dc + M AD
where
SNC = Noncomposite section modulus
SLT = Long-term composite section modulus
SST = Short-term composite section modulus
My is taken as the lesser value calculated for the compression flanges, Myc, or
the tension flange, Myt. The positive My is calculated only once based on Mdnc
and Mdc demands specified by the user in the Design Request. It should be not-
ed that the My calculated in the procedure described here is used by the pro-
gram to determine only the depth of web in compression that is used in classi-
fication of webs in accordance with EN 1993-1-1:2005 Table 5.2 for positive
bending in the Ultimate Design Check.
Since for Staged and Non-Staged Constructability Design Checks it is difficult

to obtain built-up elastic stresses, for the sake of classification of the web it is
assumed that the depth of the web in compression for positive bending is based
on all loads being applied to non-composite sections because this produces the
greatest depth of web in compression.

For composite sections in negative flexure, the procedure described for positive
yield moment is followed, except that the composite section for both short-term
and long-term moments consists of the steel section and the longitudinal rein-
forcement within the tributary width of the concrete deck. Thus, SST and SLT are
the same value. Also, Myt is taken with respect to either the tension flanges or
the longitudinal reinforcement, whichever yields first. Concrete tension capaci-
ty is ignored.
Chapter 10 - Design Steel U-Tub Bridge with Composite Slab
For the sake of classification of the web, the depth of the web in compression
for negative bending is based on all loads being applied to the composite sec-
tion because this produces the greatest depth of web in compression. This as-
sumption applies to all design checks.
10.1.2 Plastic Moments

The positive plastic moment, Mpl,Rd, is calculated as the moment of the plastic
forces about the plastic neutral axis. Plastic forces in the steel portions of a
cross-section are calculated using the yield strengths of the flanges, the webs,
and reinforcing steel, as appropriate. The plastic force in the effective width of
the composite slab that is in compression is based on a rectangular stress block
with the magnitude of the compressive stress equal to 0.85fcd. Concrete in ten-
sion is neglected. The position of the plastic neutral axis is determined by the
equilibrium condition such that there is no net axial force.
The plastic moment of a composite section in positive flexure is determined as

follows:
• Calculate the element forces and use them to determine if the plastic neu-
tral axis is in the webs, top flanges, or concrete deck.
• Calculate the location of the plastic neutral axis within the element deter-
mined in the first step.
• Calculate Mpl,Rd.
Equations for the various potential locations of the plastic neutral axis (PNA)
are given in Table 10-1.
Table 10-1 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Positive Flexure

 D   P − Pc − Ps − Prt − Prb 
= Y   t + 1
 2  Pw 
Pt + Pw ≥
I In Web Pw  2 ( 
Y + D − Y )  + [ Ps d s + Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pc d c + Pd
t t]
2
Pc + Ps + Prb + Pn =
M p
2D
 t   P + Pt − Ps − Prt − Prb 
= Y  c  w + 1
 2  Pc 
In Top Pt + P w + P c ≥
II
Y + ( tc − Y )  + [ Ps d s + Pn d n + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pd
c  2
P
t t]
2
Flange Ps + Prb + Pn =
M
2tc 
p
 P + Pw + Pt − Prt − Prb 
Concrete Pt + P w + Pc ≥ Y = ( ts )  c 
Deck  Ps 
III  crb 
Below   Ps + Prb + Pn  Y 2 Ps 
Prb  t2  M=
t t]
 2ts 
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb ≥ Y = crb
Concrete
IV Deck at  crb   Y 2 Ps 
Prb   Ps + Pn M=  t t]
 + [ Prt d rt + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pd
 ts 
p
 2ts 
Concrete  P + Pc + Pw + Pt − Prt 
Deck Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb ≥ Y = ( ts )  rb 
Above  Ps 
V  crt 
Prb and   Ps + Pn  Y 2 Ps 
Below  ts  M=
t t]
Prt  2ts 
Concrete Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Pn ≥ Y = crt

VI Deck at  crt   Y 2 Ps 
Prt   Ps M=   + [ Prb d rb + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
 ts 
p
 2ts 
 P + Pc + Pw + Pt + Prt 
Concrete Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Prt < Y = ( ts )  rb 
Deck  Ps 
VII  crt 
Above   Ps  Y 2 Ps 
Prt  ts  M=
t t]
 2ts 
Arb Crt
Art
Prt
Ps Crb Y
Prb PNA PNA
Pc Y
Y
Pw PNA
Pt
CASE I CASE II CASES III -VII
Figure 10-1 Plastic Neutral Axis Cases — Positive Flexure
in which
Prt = Fyrt Art

Ps = 0.85 fcd bs ts
Prb = Fyrb Arb
Pc = 2 Fyc bc tc
Pw = (2 Fyw D tw) / cos αweb
Pt = Fyt bt tt where bt is effective width of bottom flange
Next the section is checked for ductility requirement in accordance with EN 4

1994-2:2005 6.2.1.2(2). For structural steel grades of web or bottom flanges
where fyd > 355 MPa, the MRd is taken as:
Mpl = β Mpl,Rd
where β is the reduction factor given in Figure 10-2. When the value of x pl h
is greater than 0.4, the section is classified as Class 3 or higher, and the plastic
moment of a composite section in positive flexure is set to zero.
Figure 10-2 Composite Positive PNA Limits

The plastic moment of a composite section in negative flexure is calculated by
an analogous procedure. Equations for the two cases most likely to occur in
practice are given in Table 10-2. The plastic moment of a non-composite sec-
tion is calculated by eliminating the terms pertaining to the concrete deck and
longitudinal reinforcement from the equations for composite sections.
Table 10-2 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Negative Flexure

 D   P − Pt − Prt − Prb 
= Y   c + 1
 2  Pw 
I In Web Pc + Pw ≥ Pt + Prb + Pn
Pw  2 ( 
Y + D − Y )  + [ Pn d n + Prb d rb + Pd l l]
2
=
M p t t + Pd
2D
 t   P − P − Prt − Prb 
= Y  l  w c + 1
In Top  2  Pt 
II Pc + Pw + Pt ≥ Prb + Pn
Flange
Y + ( tl − Y )  + [ Pn d n + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pc d c ]
Pt  2 2
=
M
2tl 
p
Art Arb
Prt
Prb
Pt PNA
Y Y
Pw PNA
Pc
CASE I CASE II
in which
Prt = Fyrt Art

Ps = 0
Prb = Fyrb Arb
Pc = Fyc bc tc where bc is effective width of bottom flange
Pw = (2 Fyw D tw)/cos αweb
Pt = 2 Fyt bt tt
In the equations for Mp, d is the distance from an element force to the plastic
neutral axis. Element forces act at (a) mid-thickness for the flanges and the
concrete deck, (b) mid-depth of the web, and (c) center of reinforcement. All
element forces, dimensions, and distances are taken as positive. The conditions
are checked in the order listed.
10.1.3 Classification of Cross-Sections

At each section cut the steel beam section is classified in accordance with EN
1993-1-1:2005 Section 5.5. The classification is carried out separately for posi-
tive and negative bending for both composite and non-composite sections. The
classification of a cross-section depends on the width to thickness ratio of the
parts subject to compression. A cross-section is classified according to the
highest (least favorable) class of its compression parts.
10.1.3.1 Composite Positive Bending

The resistance of the top flange is assumed as not being limited by its local
buckling resistance since it is restrained by effective attachment to a concrete
flange by shear connectors. The spacing of connectors is assumed to be in ac-
cordance with Section 6.6.5.5 of the code, and the top flange is always classi-
fied as Class 1.
plastic range of the composite section for positive moment. When the web does
not satisfy requirements for Class 1 or 2 or when the entire composite section
does not satisfy requirements of EN 1994-2:2005 Section 6.2.1.2, the section is
classified as Class 3. In the next step, the web is verified for Class 3, where the
depth of web in compression is based on positive yield moment. See Section
10.1.1 of this manual for derivation of the yield moment for positive bending
of a composite section. When the web does not satisfy requirements for Class
3, the section is classified as Class 4.
10.1.3.2 Non-Composite Positive Bending

The top flange is in compression and is not restrained by the composite slab. Its
resistance may be limited by its local buckling resistance. The flange is classi-
fied in accordance with Table 5.2 of EN 1993-1-1:2005 as subject to compres-
sion.
ments for Class 1 or 2, and the depth of the web in compression is based on the
plastic range of the steel beam section for positive moment. When the web
does not satisfy requirements for Class 1 or 2 or when the entire composite sec-
tion does not satisfy requirements of EN 1994-2:2005 Section 6.2.1.2, the sec-
tion is classified as Class 3. In the next step, the web is verified for Class 3,
where the depth of web in compression is based on the neutral axis of the steel
beam. When the web does not satisfy requirements for Class 3, the section is
10.1.3.3 Composite Negative Bending

The top flange is always in tension and therefore does not have an effect on the
classification of the section.
plastic range for negative moment. When the web does not satisfy requirements
for Class 1 or 2, the section is classified as Class 3. In the next step, the web is
verified for Class 3, where the depth of the web in compression is based on the
negative yield moment. See Section 10.1.1.2 of this manual for derivation of
the yield moment for negative bending of a composite section. When the web
does not satisfy requirements for Class 3, the section is classified as Class 4.
The bottom flange is in compression and unrestrained. The bottom flange re-
sistance may be limited by its local buckling resistance and is classified in ac-
cordance with Table 5.2 of EN 1993-1-1:2005 as part subject to compression.
10.1.3.4 Non-Composite Negative Bending

The classification of top and bottom flanges follows the same procedure as out-
lined in Section 10.1.3.3 of this manual.
ments for Class 1 or 2, and the depth of the web in compression is based on the
plastic range of the steel beam for negative moment. When the web does not
satisfy requirements for Class 1 or 2, the section is classified as Class 3. In the
next step, the web is verified for Class 3, where the depth of the web in com-
pression is based on the position of the neutral axis of the steel beam. When the
web does not satisfy requirements for Class 3, the section is classified as Class
4.
10.1.4 Effective Section Properties

For each section the effective plate sizes, effective area, and moments of inertia
of the steel beam and composite section are calculated in accordance with EN
1993-1-5:2006.
10.1.4.1 Effective Section Composite Positive Bending

The top flange effective area is equal to the gross area.
The web effective area for plate buckling is derived in accordance with Table
4.1 of EN 1993-1-5:2006, assuming a depth of the web in compression based
on positive yield moment. See Section 10.1.1 of this manual for derivation of
yield moments for positive bending of composite sections.
The bottom flange is checked for SLS and ULS shear lag and plate buckling ef-
fects in accordance with Section 3 and 4 of EN 1993-1-5:2006.
Figure 10-4 Determination of β Factors for Shear Lag Effects
For flanges where b0 > Le/50 (where b0 is taken as half the distance between
webs, and Le is the length between points of zero bending moment) the effec-
tives width beff for shear lag under elastic conditions is determined from:
beff = βb0 (EN 1993-1-5:2006 (3.1))
where β and κ are determined in accordance with EN 1993-1-5:2006 Table 3.1.

For the bottom flange in positive bending, the formula for hogging bending is
used.
The shear lag effective area at the ultimate limit state for negative bending is
determined per EN 1993-1-5:2006 Section 3.3 Note 3 allowing for limited
plastic strains.
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝛽𝛽 𝜅𝜅 ≥ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝛽𝛽
(for positive bending the Ac,eff is set equal to Aeff)
Where per EN 1993-1-5: 2006 Section 4.4
Ac,eff = ρ Ac
where ρ is the reduction factor for buckling of plate elements without longitu-
dinal stiffeners.
𝜌𝜌 = 1,0 for 𝜆𝜆̅𝑝𝑝 ≤ 0,673
�
𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 −0,055(3+𝜓𝜓)
𝜌𝜌 = �
𝜆𝜆2𝑝𝑝
≤ 1,0 for 𝜆𝜆̅𝑝𝑝 ≤ 0,673
Where assuming the uniform compression in the bottom flange ψ = 1 and
𝑏𝑏�
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡
𝜆𝜆̅𝑝𝑝 = � =
𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 28,4𝜀𝜀�𝑘𝑘𝜎𝜎
and buckling factor kσ=4.0 per Table 4.1 in EN 1993-1-5:2006 and
235
𝜀𝜀 = �
𝑁𝑁
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 [ ]
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

The top flanges effective area for plate buckling is derived in accordance with
Table 4.2 of EN 1993-1-5:2006, assuming the uniform compression in the
on the neutral axis of the steel beam.
10.1.4.3 Effective Section Composite Negative Bending

lined in Section 10.1.4 of this manual. The factor β is determined in accordance
with EN 1993-1-5:2006 Table 3.1. For the top flange in negative bending, the
formula for hogging bending is used.
4.1 of EN 1993-1-5:2006, assuming that the depth of the web in compression is
based on negative yield moment. See Section 10.1.1.2 of this manual for deri-
vation of yield moments for negative bending of composite sections.
The bottom flange is checked for shear lag and buckling in accordance with the
procedure outlined in Section 10.1.4.1 of this manual.
10.1.4.4 Effective Section Non-Composite Negative Bending

on the steel beam neutral axis.
10.1.5 Unbraced Length L and Section Transitions

The program assumes that the top flange is continuously braced for all Design
Requests, except Constructability when slab status is equal to ‘Non-
composite’. For more information on flange lateral bracing in the Constructa-
bility Design Requests, see Section 10.7.3 of this manual.
The unbraced length L for the top flange is equal to the distance between the
nearest downstation and the upstation qualifying cross diaphragms or span end,
as defined in the Bridge Object. Some of the diaphragm types available in
CSiBridge may not necessarily provide restraint to the bottom flange. The pro-
gram assumes that the following diaphragm qualifies as providing lateral re-
straint to the top flange: single beams and all types of chords and braces ex-
cept V braces without bottom beams.
The program calculates demands and capacities pertaining to a given section

cut at a given station without considering the section transition within the un-
braced length. It does not search for the highest demands versus the smallest
resistance within the unbraced length as the code suggests. It is the responsibil-
ity of the user to pay special attention to section transition within unbraced
lengths and to follow the guidelines in the code.
10.1.6 Lateral Torsional Buckling

The program calculates buckling verification at every section cut. It is the re-
sponsibility of the user to verify if the section cut locations correspond to EN
1993-2 clause 6.3.4.2(7), which allows the buckling verification to be per-
formed at a distance of 0.25Lk (i.e., 25% of the effective length) from the end
with the larger moment.
From EN 1993-2 clause 6.3.4.2(7) assuming factor γ = 0
m = 1 + 0.44 (1 + µ ) Φ1.5 (EN 1993-2 eq.(6.14))
µ =V2 V1
= 2 (1 − M 2 M 1 ) (1 + µ )
Φ
for M2 > 0
For each demand set, the applied bending moments M1 and M2 and shears V1
and V2 at each end of equivalent strut are read from the section cuts located at
the nearest downstation and upstation diaphragms. The factors μ and ϕ are de-
rived in the following algorithm:
If M1 > = 0 or M2 > = 0, then

MomRat = 0
else
MomRat = Min(M2 / M1, M1 / M2).
If V1 = 0, then
μ=0
else
μ = Abs(V2 / V1).
If μ > 1, then μ = 1 / μ
ϕ = 2 * (1 − MomRat) / (1 + μ)
m = 1 + 0.44 * (1 + μ) * ϕ ^ 1.5.
It is possible to combine equations (6.10) and (6.12) of EN 1993-2 to produce a

single formula for slenderness, taking Af = btf for the flange area, as follows:
=
λ LT
Aeff f y
=
(A f + Awc 3) f y L2
= L
(1 + A
wc 3 Af )( f y Em )
N crit mπ2 EI π b tf
2 3
12 bt f
so
L fy A
=λ LT 1.103 1 + wc
b Em 3 Af
where
Awc = web compression zone. The depth of the web in compression is based
on positive yield moment. See Section 10.1.1 of this manual for deriva-
tion of the yield moment for positive bending of the composite section.
L = unbraced length
b = bottom flange width
Af = bottom flange area
The slenderness parameter is compared against the limit set in clause 6.3.2.2(4)
of EN 1993-1-1: λ LT ≤ 0.2.
If the limit is satisfied, the reduction factor χLT is set to 1.0. If the limit is not
satisfied, the section is checked for lateral torsional buckling. Based on the ra-
tio h/b, the relevant buckling curve is selected from Table 6.4 in clause 6.3.2.2
of EN 1993-1-1, and the imperfection factor for the lateral torsional buckling
curve αLT is determined from Table 6.3 of EN 1993-1-1. From equation (6.56)
in EN 1993-1-1 clause 6.3.2.2, the reduction factor χLT is determined as fol-
lows:
1
χ LT =
Φ LT + Φ 2LT − λ 2LT
but χLT ≤ 1.0
where
Φ
= LT 0.5 1 + α LT ( λ LT − 0.2 ) + λ 2LT 
.
10.2 Design Request Parameters

The following Design Request parameters are available for user control:
Partial factor γc for concrete, default value = 1.5
Partial factor γc for rebar, default value = 1.15
Partial factor γo for structural steel – yielding, local instability, default val-
ue = 1.0
Partial factor γ1 for structural steel-resistance of members
to instability, default value = 1.1
k1 – concrete service compression stress limit factor k1 in accordance with EN

1992-1-1 7.2(2), default value = 0.6
k3 – reinforcement service tensile stress limit factor k3 in accordance with EN

1992-1-1 7.2(5), default value = 0.8
Method to evaluate distance bo, Specified Distance for bo and Multiplier of

steel top flange width - these three design parameters give users control over
how to determine the distance b0 between the centers of the outstand shear
connectors used in calculation of the effective width of the composite slab in
accordance with EN 1994-2:2005 Section 5.4.1.2.
Design Request Parameters 10 - 15

Figure 10-5 Determination of Effective Flange Width
The b0 is determined based on the selected method. Note that the multi-
plier is always used to determine the minimum b0 in both methods.
The available methods are as follows:
1) Multiplier of top flange width: b0 = multiplier × top flange width
2) Specified distance from the outside edge of the steel top flange: b0 =
max(multiplier × top flange width, top flange width – 2 × distance)
Slenderness limit 1LT0 for lateral torsional buckling in accordance with EN

1993-1-1 6.3.2.3 (1), default value = 0.2.
Use Stage Analysis to determine stresses on composite section, Yes or No
Modular ratio n (=Es/Ec) is the multiplier used to determine long-term com-

posite section properties, default value = 3.0.
End post type – in accordance with EN 1993-1-5 Figure 5.1, the end post type
is used to evaluate the contribution from the web χw to shear buckling re-
sistance.

Figure 10-6 End Post Support Types
Use EN 1994-2 5.5.2 (3) to check Class 3 web – instructs the program to
check cross-sections with a Class 3 web and Class 1 or 2 flanges if they may be
classified as Class 2 cross-sections with an effective web in accordance with
Section 6.2.2.4 of the code (hole in the web method).
Design crack width in accordance with EN 1994-2, Table 7.1.
Effective concrete tensile strength is the mean value of the tensile strength of
the concrete, effective at the time when cracks may first be expected to occur.
Values of fct,eff may be taken as those for fctm, based on the defined concrete ma-
terial of the concrete slab. Alternatively when the age of the concrete at crack-
ing cannot be established with confidence as being less than 28 days, a mini-
mum tensile strength of 3 N/mm2 may be adopted in accordance with EN 1994-
2 (7.1)
k coefficient that allows for the effect of non-uniform self-equilibrating

stresses in accordance with EN 1994-2 (7.1), default value = 0.8
ks coefficient that allows for the effect of the reduction of the normal force
of the concrete slab due to initial cracking and local slip of the shear
connection in accordance with EN 1994-2 (7.1), default value = 0.9
10.3 Demand Sets

Demand Set combos (at least one required) are user-defined combination based
on LRFD combinations (see Chapter 4 for more information about specifying
Demand Sets 10 - 17
Demand Sets). The demands from all specified demand combos are enveloped
and used to calculate D/C ratios. The way the demands are used depends on if
the design parameter "Use Stage Analysis?” is set to Yes or No.
If “Use Stage Analysis? = Yes,” the program reads the stresses on beams and
slabs directly from the section cut results. The stresses are calculated based on
gross section; the use of effective section properties cannot be accommodated
for this option. Therefore, if the section is classified as Class 4, the section is
flagged as invalid and skipped. To design Class 4 sections or sections where
gross and effective areas are not equal, the design parameter "Use Stage Analy-
sis?” should be set to No. Note that the Design Request for staged constructa-
bility check (Steel-U Comp Construct Stgd) allows only Nonlinear Staged
Construction load cases to be used as Demand Sets.
When “Use Stage Analysis? = Yes,” the program assumes that the effects of
the staging of loads applied to non-composite versus composite sections and
the concrete slab material time dependent properties were captured by using the
Nonlinear Staged Construction load case available in CSiBridge.
If “Use Stage Analysis? = No,” the program decomposes load cases present in
every demand set combo to three Bridge Design Action categories: non-
composite, composite long term, and composite short term. The program uses
the load case Bridge Design Action parameter to assign the load cases to the
appropriate categories. A default Bridge Design Action parameter is assigned
to a load case based on its Design Type. However, the parameter can be over-
written: click the Analysis > Load Cases > {Type} > New command to dis-
play the Load Case Data – {Type} form; click the Design button next to the
Load case type drop down list, select the User Defined option for the Bridge
Design Action, and select a value from the list. The assigned Bridge Design
Action values are handled by the program in the following manner:

Non-Composite Non-Composite
Long-Term Composite Long-Term Composite
Short-Term Composite Short-Term Composite
10 - 18 Demand Sets

Staged Non-Composite
Other Non-Composite
10.3.1 Demand Flange Stresses fbu

Evaluation of the flange stress, fbu, is dependent on the setting for the Design
Request parameter “Use Stage Analysis?”:
If the “Use Stage Analysis? = No,” then
P M M M
f bu = + NC + LTC + STC
Acomp Ssteel S LTC S STC
where MNC is the demand moment on the non-composite section, MLTC is the
demand moment on the long-term composite section, and MSTC is the demand
moment on the short-term composite section.
The short-term section modulus for positive moment is calculated by trans-

forming the concrete deck using the steel-to-concrete modular ratio. The long-
term section modulus for positive moment uses a modular ratio factored by n,
where n is specified in the Design Parameters as the “Modular ratio long-term
multiplier.” The effect of compression reinforcement is ignored. For negative
moment, the concrete deck is assumed cracked and is not included in the sec-
tion modulus calculations, while tension reinforcement is accounted for.
For sections classified as Class 4, the effective section properties as evaluated

in Section 10.1.4 of this manual are used to calculate stresses. All other section
classes use ULS effective section properties for Ultimate check and SLS effec-
tive properties for Service and Rebar checks.
If “Use Stage Analysis? = Yes,” then the fbu stresses on each flange are read di-
rectly from the section cut results. The stresses are calculated based on gross
section; the use of effective section properties cannot be accommodated with
this option. Therefore, if the section is classified as Class 4, the section is
Demand Sets 10 - 19

gross and effective areas are not equal, the design parameter "Use Stage Analy-
sis?” should be set to No. The program assumes that the effects of the staging
of loads applied to non-composite versus composite sections and the concrete
slab material time dependent properties are captured by using the Nonlinear
Staged Construction load case available in CSiBridge.
In the Strength Design Check, the program verifies the sign of the stress in the
composite slab, and if stress is positive (tension), the program assumes that the
entire section cut demand moment is carried by the steel section only. This is to
reflect the fact that the concrete in the composite slab is cracked and does not
contribute to the resistance of the section.
In Constructability checks, the program proceeds based on the status of the

concrete slab. When the slab is not present or is non-composite, the fbu stresses
on each flange are read directly from the section cut results. When the slab sta-
tus is composite, the program verifies the sign of the stress in the composite
slab, and if stress is positive (tension), the program assumes that the entire sec-
tion cut demand moment is carried by the steel section only. This is to reflect
the fact that the concrete in the composite slab is cracked and does not contrib-
ute to the resistance of the section.
Note that the Design Request for staged constructability check (Steel-U Comp
Construct Stgd) allows only Nonlinear Staged Construction load cases to be
used as Demand Sets. In that case stresses are calculated based on gross sec-
tion; the use of effective section properties cannot be accommodated for this
Design Request. Therefore, if the section is classified as Class 4, the section is
gross and effective areas are not equal, the non-staged constructability Design
Request (Steel-U Comp Construct NonStgd) can be used.
10.4 Ultimate Design Request

The Strength Design Check calculates at every section cut positive bending ca-
pacity, negative bending capacity, shear capacity, positive bending shear inter-
action, and negative bending shear interaction. It then compares the capacities
against the envelope of demands specified in the Design Request.

10.4.1 Bending
10.4.1.1 Positive Bending – Class 1 and 2
M Ed
DoverC = .
M pl , Rd
It should be noted that the additional rule in accordance with EN 1994-2-2005

Section 6.2.1.3 (2) is not verified. It is up to the user to ensure that for a con-
tinuous beam, MEd does not exceed 0.9 Mpl,Rd at any cross-section in Class 1 or
2 in sagging bending with the concrete slab in compression where both of the
following conditions are present:
• the cross-section in hogging bending at or near an adjacent support is in

Class 3 or 4, and
• the ratio of lengths of the spans adjacent to that support (shorter/longer) is

less than 0.6.
10.4.1.2 Positive Bending Shear Interaction – Class 1 and 2

Where the vertical shear force VEd that includes shear from torsional effects (see
Section 10.4.2.1 of this manual for evaluation of torsional shear) exceeds half
the shear resistance VRd, given by Vpl,Rd in EN 1994-2-2005 Section 6.2.2.2 or Vb,Rd
in Section 6.2.2.3, whichever is smaller, allowance is made for its effect on the
resistance moment. The influence of the vertical shear on the resistance to
bending is taken into account by a reduced design steel strength (1 − ρ) fyd of
the web where:
=ρ ( 2VEd VRd − 1)
2
(EN 1994-2 2005 (6.5))

Figure 10-7 Shear Effects on Resisting Moments
The demand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows:
M Ed
DoverC =
M pl , RdRed
10.4.1.3 Positive Bending – Class 3


 

In accordance with EN 1993-1-2006, Section 7.1 (1),
M f , Rd M Ed V
if η3 exceeds 0.5 and η1 ≥ , where η1 ≥ and η1 ≥ Ed ,
M pl , Rd M pl , Rd Vbw, Rd
where the vertical shear force VEd includes shear from torsional effects (see
Section 10.4.2.1 for evaluation of torsional shear) the design resistance to
bending moment is reduced to allow for the shear force. The demand over ca-
pacity ratio is calculated as follows:
 M f , Rd 
DoverC =η1 + 1 −  ( 2η3 − 1)
2
 M
 pl , Rd 

where
Mf,Rd is the design plastic moment of resistance of the section consisting of the
effective area of the flanges;
Mpl,Rd is the design plastic resistance of the cross-section consisting of the ef-
fective area of the flanges and the fully effective web irrespective of its
section class.
10.4.1.5 Positive Bending - Class 4

lows:

 

sign plastic moments of resistance Mf,Rd and Mpl,Rd are based on the effective
area of the flanges.
 M f , Rd 
DoverC =η1 + 1 −  ( 2η3 − 1)
2
 M
 pl , Rd 
10.4.1.7 Negative Bending – Class 1 and 2

M Ed
DoverC =
χ LT M pl , Rd
Where lateral torsional buckling reduction factor χLT is taken as equal to 1.

10.4.1.8 Negative Bending Shear Interaction – Class 1 and 2

used for positive bending (see Section 10.4.1.2 of this manual), although the
design plastic moment of resistance Mpl,RdRed is based on negative bending and
the lateral torsional buckling reduction factor χLT is taken as equal to 1.
M Ed
DoverC =
χ LT M pl , RdRed

lateral torsional buckling reduction factor χLT is taken as equal to 1 and the de-
mand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows:
 fbuTop f f 
 

used for positive bending (see Section 10.4.1.4 of this manual), although the
design plastic moments of resistance Mpl,Rd is based on negative bending.
 M f , Rd 
DoverC =η1 + 1 −  ( 2η3 − 1)
2
 M
 pl , Rd 

tion 10.3.1 of this manual). The lateral torsional buckling reduction factor χLT is
taken as equal to 1 and the demand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows:
 fbuTop f f 
 


sign plastic moments of resistance Mf,Rd and Mpl,Rd are based on negative bend-
ing and the effective area of the flanges.
 M f , Rd 
DoverC =η1 + 1 −  ( 2η3 − 1)
2
 M
 pl , Rd 
10.4.2 Shear
When processing the Design Request from the Design module, the program as-
sumes vertical stiffeners are present at supports only, and no intermediate ver-
tical stiffeners are present.
In the Optimization form (Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Opti-

mize command), the user can specify stiffener locations. The program recalcu-
lates the shear resistance based on the defined stiffener layout. It should be not-
ed that stiffeners are not modeled in the Bridge Object, and therefore, add-
ing/modifying stiffeners does not affect the magnitude of the demands.
10.4.2.1 Design Shear Resistance

From clause 6.2.6(6) of EN 1993-1-1, resistance to shear buckling should be
checked if
hw ε
> 72 EN 1993-1-1, eq. (6.22)
tw η
where the value η = 1.20 is used for steel grades up to and including S460. For
higher steel grades, η = 1.00 is used, in accordance with EN 1993-1-5 Section
5.1.2 Note 2 and ε = 235 f y .
If the resistance to shear buckling does not control the design, shear resistance
is based on shear plastic resistance given by:
V= V=
(
Av f y 3 ) EN 1993-1-1, eq. (6.18)
γM0
bw , Rd pl , Rd

When resistance to shear buckling must be checked:
• the slenderness is obtained from EN 1993-1-5 equation (5.5) for stiffeners

at supports only,
hw
λw = ,
86.4t ε
• the slenderness is obtained from EN 1993-1-5 equation (5.6) for transverse

stiffeners at supports and intermediate transverse stiffeners,
hw
λw = ,
37.4t ε kτ
where
5.34 + 4.00 ( hw a )
kτ = when a hw ≥ 1
2
EN 1993-1-5 (eq A.5)

4.00 + 5.34 ( hw a )
kτ = when a hw < 1
2
a is the distance between transverse stiffeners.
The design resistance of the web is given by
χ w f yw hwt
Vbw, Rd = EN 1993-1-5 (eq 5.2)
3γ M 1
where the contribution from the web χw to shear buckling resistance is in ac-
cordance with EN 1993-1-5 Table 5.1.

Table 10-4
Rigid end post Non-rigid end post
λ w < 0.83 η η η
0.83 η ≤ λ w < 1.08 0.83 λ w 0.83 λ w
λ w ≥ 1.08 1.37 ( 0.7 + λ w ) 0.83 λ w
The St. Venant torsional shear stress in the web is determined as:
𝑇𝑇
𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣 =
2𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
Where Ao is enclosed area within the box section. Shear force per web resulting
from the torsional stress is evaluated as:
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣 𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
The contribution from the flanges and composite slab is always ignored. The
demand to capacity ratio is evaluated as
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 =
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
10.5 Service Stress Design Request

The service design check calculates at every section cut the stresses fbu at the
top steel flange of the composite section, the bottom steel flange of the compo-
site section, the shear stress and principal stress at the web, and the compres-
sion stress at the top of the composite slab. It then compares them against lim-
its specified in EN 1993-2 Section 7.3.
10.5.1 Positive Bending

For the derivation of stresses fbu in flanges, see Section 10.3.1 of this manual.
The shear stress in the web where the vertical shear force VEd includes shear
from torsional effects (see Section 10.4.2.1 for evaluation of torsional shear) is
derived as:
Service Stress Design Request 10 - 27

VEd
τ Ed ,ser = .
Aw
The principal stress is derived as follows:
σ Princ = σ Ed ,ser 2 + 3τ Ed ,ser 2
The demand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows, in accordance with EN

1993-2 Section 7.3:
 
 f τ σ 
buTop f buBot f
DoverC = max  , , deck , Ed ,ser , Princ 
 f ydTop f ydBot κ1 f cddeck f yweb f yweb 
 
 3 
where k1 is the concrete service compression stress limit factor, in accordance

with EN 1992-1-1 7.2(2).
10.5.2 Negative Bending

The stresses in the steel section are derived using a procedure similar to that
used in Section 10.3.1 of this manual. Stress in rebar is calculated at the top
most rebar level, and the concrete slab tension capacity is ignored. Stresses in
reinforcement increase as a result of the effects of tension stiffening of concrete
between cracks. Δσs is calculated from:
0.4 f ctm
∆σ s = (EN 1994-2 eq.(7.5))
α st ρ s
AI
α s1 = (EN 1994-2 eq.(7.6))
A2 I 2
A, I are the area and second moment of area, respectively, of the effective
composite section neglecting concrete in tension and profiled sheeting, if any;
A2, I2 are the corresponding properties of the structural steel section.
The demand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows in accordance with EN

1993-2 Section 7.3:
10 - 28 Service Stress Design Request

 
 f f Edrebar+∆σs τ Ed ,ser σ Princ 
buTop f buBot
DoverC = max  , , , , 
 f ydTop f ydBot k3 f yrebar f yweb f yweb 
 
 3 
where k3 is the reinforcement service tensile stress limit factor in accordance

with EN 1992-1-1 7.2(5).
10.6 Service Rebar Design Request

The Service Rebar Design Request checks each section for two conditions:
minimum rebar, in accordance with EN 1994-2 Section 7.4.2, and control of
cracking resulting from direct loading, in accordance with EN 1994-2 Section
7.4.3.
10.6.1 Minimum Rebar

When determining the minimum rebar, the program calculates factor kc
1
=kc + 0.3 ≤ 1.0 (EN 1994-2 eq.(7.2))
1 + hc ( 2 zo )
where
• hc is the thickness of concrete slab
• zo is the vertical distance between the centroids of the uncracked concrete

slab and the uncracked composite section, calculated using the modular
ratio n0 for short-term loading;
If no rebar is defined in the slab, the rebar stress σs is determined from Table
7.2 of EN 1994-2 for the design crack width specified in the Design Request
parameter. For a design crack width > 0.2mm, the rebar stress σs is assumed as
the min(fy,360MPa), and for a design crack width = 0.2mm, the rebar stress σs
is assumed as the min(fy,280MPa).
If rebar is defined in the slab, the rebar stress σs is read from EN 1994-2 Table
7.1 based on the maximum diameter defined at the section and the specified
design crack width.
Service Rebar Design Request 10 - 29

The area of minimum reinforcement is calculated as
As = ks kc k f ct ,eff Acd σ s . (EN 1994-2 eq.(7.1))
When no rebar is defined at the section cut, the maximum bar diameter and the
maximum bar spacing are read from Tables 7.1 and 7.2 of EN 1994-2 based on
the rebar stress σs and the defined design crack width. The maximum rebar
spacing reported is the smaller value of the required bar spacing to provide the
calculated minimum reinforcement or the maximum spacing in accordance
with Table 7.2 of EN 1994-2. The demand over capacity ratio is arbitrarily set
to 1E7.
When rebar is defined at the section cut, the demand over capacity is evaluated
as the ratio of the area per unit width of the required minimum reinforcement
versus the provided reinforcement. Maximum rebar spacing is read from Table
7.2 of EN 1994-2 based on the rebar stress σs and the specified design crack
width.
10.6.2 Control of Cracking

The stress in rebar resulting from tension stiffening, Δσs, is calculated using
the same procedure as outlined in Section 10.3.1 of this manual. For each de-
mand set, the stress at the rebar level is calculated. The demand over capacity
ratio is reported as the ratio of the maximum bar diameter provided in the top
half of the composite slab and the maximum bar diameter, as specified in EN
1994-2 Table 7.1 for the defined design crack width. When no rebar is defined
at the section cut, the Δσs and the demand over capacity ratio are set to zero.
10.7 Constructability Design Request

10.7.1 Staged (Steel-I Comp Construct Stgd)
This request enables the user to verify the superstructure during construction
by using the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case. The nonlinear staged
analysis allows the user to define multiple snapshots of the structure during
construction, when parts of the bridge deck may be at various completion stag-
es. The user controls which stages the program will include in the calculations
of the controlling demand over capacity ratios.
10 - 30 Constructability Design Request

For each section cut specified in the Design Request, the constructability de-
sign check loops through the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case output
steps that correspond to Output Labels specified in the Demand Set. At each
step the program determines the status of the concrete slab at the girder section
cut. The slab status can be non present, present non-composite, or composite.
The Staged Constructability design check accepts the following Bridge Object
Structural Model Options:
• Area Object Model
• Solid Object Model
The Staged Constructability design check cannot be run on Spine models.
The section stresses are calculated based on gross section; the use of effective
section properties cannot be accommodated for this design request. Therefore,
if the section is classified as Class 4, the section is flagged as invalid and
skipped. To design Class 4 sections or sections where gross and effective areas
are not equal, the non-staged constructability design request (Steel-U Comp
Construct NonStgd) can be used.
10.7.2 Non-Staged (Steel-U Comp Construct NonStgd)

This request enables the user to verify demand over capacity ratios during con-
struction without the need to define and analyze a Nonlinear Staged Construc-
tion load case. For each section cut specified in the design request the construc-
tability design check loops through all combos specified in the Demand Set
list. At each combo the program assumes the status of the concrete slab as
specified by the user in the Slab Status column. The slab status can be non-
composite or composite and applies to all the section cuts.
The Non-Staged Constructability design check accepts all Bridge Object Struc-
tural Model Options available in the Update Bridge Structural Model form
(Bridge > Update > Structural Model Options option).
10.7.3 Slab Status vs. Unbraced Length

Based on the slab status the program calculates corresponding positive bending
capacity, negative bending capacity, shear capacity, and positive and negative
bending versus shear interaction. Next the program compares the capacities
Constructability Design Request 10 - 31

against demands specified in the Demand Set by calculating the Demand over
Capacity ratio. The controlling Demand Set and the Output Label on a girder-
by-girder basis are reported for every section cut.
When the slab status is composite, the program assumes that the top flange is
continuously braced. When the slab status is not present or non-composite, the
program treats the top flanges as discretely braced. It should be noted that the
program does not verify the presence of diaphragms at a particular output step.
It assumes that any time a steel beam is activated at a given section cut, the un-
braced length L for the top flanges is equal to the distance between the nearest
downstation and upstation qualifying cross diaphragms or the span ends as de-
fined in the Bridge Object. Some of the diaphragm types available in
CSiBridge may not necessarily provide restraint to the top flange. It is the us-
er’s responsibility to provide top flange temporary bracing at the diaphragm lo-
cations prior to the slab acting compositely.
10.7.4 Algorithm
When the slab status is composite, the staged and non-staged design checks
follow the procedure outlined in Section 10.4 of this manual. When the slab
status is non-composite, the section resisting demands consists of the steel
beam only. Because of the fact that the top flange is not continuously braced,
the section is reclassified, and the effective area of the top flange is recalculat-
ed. In addition to the checks described in Section 10.4 of this manual, the top
flange is also checked for lateral torsional buckling.
10.8 Section Optimization

After at least one Steel Design Request has been successfully processed,
CSiBridge enables the user to open a Steel Section Optimization module. The
Optimization module allows interactive modification of steel plate sizes and
definition of vertical stiffeners along each girder and span. It recalculates re-
sistance “on the fly” based on the modified section without the need to unlock
the model and rerun the analysis. It should be noted that in the optimization
process the demands are not recalculated and are based on the current
CSiBridge analysis results.
The Optimization form allows simultaneous display of three versions of the

section sizes and associated resistance results. The section plate size versions
10 - 32 Section Optimization
are “As Analyzed,” “As Designed,” and “Current.” The section plots use dis-
tinct colors for each version – black for As Analyzed, blue for As Designed,
and red for Current. When the Optimization form is initially opened, all three
versions are identical and equal to “As Analyzed.”
Two graphs are available to display various forces, moments, stresses, and rati-
os for the As Analyzed or As Designed versions. The values plotted can be
controlled by clicking the “Select Series to Plot” button. The As Analyzed se-
ries is plotted as solid lines and the As Designed series as dashed lines.
To modify steel plate sizes or vertical stiffeners, a new form can be displayed
by clicking the Modify Section button. After the section modification has been
completed, the Current version is shown in red in the elevation and cross-
section views. After the resistance has been recalculated successfully by click-
ing the Recalculate Resistance button, the Current version is designated As
Designed and displayed in blue.
After the section optimization has been completed, the As Designed plate sizes
and materials can be applied to the analysis bridge object by clicking the OK
button. The button opens a new form that can be used to Unlock the existing
model (in that case all analysis results will be deleted) or save the file under a
new name (New File button). Clicking the Exit button does not apply the new
plate sizes to the bridge object and keeps the model locked. The As Designed
version of the plate sizes will be available the next time the form is opened, and
the Current version is discarded. The previously defined stiffeners can be re-
called in the Steel Beam Section Variation form by clicking the
Copy/Reset/Recall button in the top menu of the form. The form can be dis-
played by clicking on the Modify Section button.
Section Optimization 10 - 33
Chapter 11
Run a Bridge Design Request
This chapter identifies the steps involved in running a Bridge Design Request.
(Chapter 4 explains how to define the Request.) Running the Request applies
the following to the specified Bridge Object:
 Program defaults in accordance with the selected codethe Preferences
 Type of design to be performedthe check type (Section 4.2.1)
 Portion of the bridge to be designedthe station ranges (Section 4.1.3)
 Overwrites of the Preferencesthe Design Request parameters (Section

4.1.4)
 Load combinationsthe demand sets (Chapter 2)
 Live Load Distribution factors, where applicable (Chapter 3)
For this example, the AASHTO LRFD 2007 code is applied to the model of a
concrete box-girder bridge shown in Figure 11-1.
It is assumed that the user is familiar with the steps that are necessary to create
a CSiBridge model of a concrete box girder bridge. If additional assistance is
needed to create the model, a 30-minute Watch and Learn video entitled,
”Bridge – Bridge Information Modeler” is available at the CSI website
11 - 1
www.csiamerica.com. The tutorial video guides the user through the creation
of the bridge model referenced in this chapter.
Figure 11-1 3D view of example concrete box girder bridge model
11.1 Description of Example Model

The example bridge is a two-span prestressed concrete box girder bridge with
the following features:
Abutments: The abutments are skewed by 15 degrees and connected to the

bottom of the box girder only.
Prestress: The concrete box girder bridge is prestressed with four 10-in2
tendons (one in each girder) and a jacking force of 2160 kips per tendon.
Bents: The one interior bent has three 5-foot-square columns.
Deck: The concrete box girder has a nominal depth of 5 feet. The deck has
a parabolic variation in depth from 5 feet at the abutments to a maximum
of 10 feet at the interior bent support.
Spans: The two spans are each approximately 100 feet long.
Figure 11-2 Elevation view of example bridge
11 - 2 Description of Example Model

Chapter 11 - Run a Bridge Design Request
Figure 11-3 Plan view of the example bridge
11.2 Design Preferences

Use the Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Preferences command to
select the AASHTO LRFD 2007 design code. The Bridge Design Preferences
form shown in Figure 11-4 displays.
Figure 11-4 Bridge Design Preferences form
11.3 Load Combinations

For this example, the default design load combinations were activated using the
Design/Rating > Load Combinations > Add Defaults command. After the
Bridge Design option has been selected, the Code-Generated Load Combina-
tions for Bridge Design form shown in Figure 11-5 displays. The form is used
Design Preferences 11 - 3
to specify the desired limit states. Only the Strength II limit state was selected
for this example. Normally, several limit states would be selected.
Figure 11-5 Code-Generated Load Combinations for Bridge Design form
The defined load combinations for this example are shown in Figure 11-6.
Figure 11-6 Define Load Combinations form
11 - 4 Load Combinations
Chapter 11 - Run a Bridge Design Request
The Str-II1, Str-II2 and StrIIGroup1 designations for the load combinations are
specified by the program and indicate that the limit state for the combinations
is Strength Level II.
11.4 Bridge Design Request

After the Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Design Request com-
mand has been used, the Bridge Design Request form shown in Figure 11-7
displays.
Figure 11-7 Define Load Combinations form
The name given to this example Design Request is FLEX_1, the Check Type
is for Concrete Box Flexure and the Demand Set, DSet1, specifies the combi-
nation as StrII (Strength Level II).
Bridge Design Request 11 - 5

The only Design Request Parameter option for a Concrete Box Flexural check
type is for PhiC. A value of 0.9 for PhiC is used.
11.5 Start Design/Check of the Bridge

After an analysis has been run, the bridge model is ready for a design/check.
Use the Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Run Super command to
start the design process. Select the design to be run using the Perform Bridge
Design form shown in Figure 11-8:
Figure 11-8 Perform Bridge Design - Superstructure
The user may select the desired Design Request(s) and click on the Design
Now button. A plot of the bridge model, similar to that shown in Figure 11-9,
will display.
If several Design Requests

have been run, the individ-
ual Design Requests can be
selected from the Design
Check options drop-down
list. This plot is described
further in Chapter 12.
Figure 11-9 Plot of flexure

check results
11 - 6 Start Design/Check of the Bridge

Chapter 12
Display Bridge Design Results
Bridge design results can be displayed on screen and as printed output. The
on-screen display can depict the bridge response graphically as a plot or in data
tables. The Advanced Report Writer can be used to create the printed output,
which can include the graphical display as well as the database tables.
This chapter displays the results for the example used in Chapter 11. The model
is a concrete box girder bridge and the code applied is AASHTO LRFD 2007.
Creation of the model is shown in a 30-minute Watch and Learn video on the
CSI website, www.csiamerica.com.
12.1 Display Results as a Plot

To view the forces, stresses, and design results graphically, click the Home >
Display > Show Bridge Superstructure Design Results command, which will
display the Bridge Object Response Display form shown in Figure 12-1.
The plot shows the design results for the FLEX_1 Design Request created using
the process described in the preceding chapters. The demand moments are envel-
oped and shown in the blue region, and the negative capacity moments are shown
with a brown line. If the demand moments do not exceed the capacity moments,
the superstructure may be deemed adequate in response to the flexure Design Re-
quest. Move the mouse pointer onto the demand or capacity plot to view the val-
ues for each nodal point. Move the pointer to the capacity moment at station 1200
Display Results as a Plot 12 - 1

and 536981.722 kip-in is shown. A verification calculation that shows agreement

with this CSiBridge result is provided in Section 12.4.
Figure 12-1 Plot of flexure check results for the example bridge design model
12.1.1 Additional Display Examples

Use the Home > Display > Show Bridge Forces/Stresses command to select, on
the example form shown in Figure 12-2, the location along the top or bottom por-
tions of a beam or slab for which stresses are to be displayed. Figures 12-3 through
12-9 illustrate the left, middle, and right portions as they apply to Multicell Con-
crete Box Sections. Location 1, as an example, refers to the top left selection op-
tion while location 5 would refer to the bottom center selection option. Locations
1, 2, and 3 refer to the top left, top center, and top right selection option while
locations 4, 5, and 6 refer to the bottom left, bottom center, and bottom right se-
lection options.
12 - 2 Display Results as a Plot

Chapter 12 - Display Bridge Design Results
Figure 12-2 Select the location on the beam or slab for which results are to be displayed
1 2 3 1 2 3
Top slab cut line
4
Bottom slab cut line
5 6 4 5 6
Centerline of the web Centerline of the web
Figure 12-3 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Vertical
Display Results as a Plot 12- 3

1 2 3 1 2 3
Top slab cut line
Bottom slab cut line 4
5 6 4 5 6
Centerline of the web
Figure 12-4 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Sloped
1 2 3 1 2 3
Top slab cut line
4
5 6 4 5 6
Figure 12-5 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Clipped

1 2 3 1 2 3
Top slab cut line
4
5 6 4 5 6
Figure 12-6 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders and Radius
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Top slab cut line

4, 5
6 4
5 6 4 5 6
Figure 12-7 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Sloped Max
Display Results as a Plot 12- 5

1 2 3 1 2 3
Top slab cut line
4
5 6 4 5 6
Figure 12-8 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - Advanced
1 2 3

Top slab cut line
4
5 6
Figure 12-9 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - AASHTO - PCI - ASBI Standard
12.2 Display Data Tables

To view design results on screen in tables, click the Home > Display > Show
Tables command, which will display the Choose Tables for Display form shown
in Figure 12-10. Use the options on that form to select which data results are to
be viewed. Multiple selection may be made.
Display Data Tables 12- 7

Figure 12-10 Choose Tables for Display form
When all selections have been made, click the OK button and a database table
similar to that shown in Figure 12-11 will display. Note the drop-down list in the
upper right-hand corner of the table. That drop-down list will include the various
data tables that match the selections made on the Choose Tables for Display form.
Select from that list to change to a different database table.
12 - 8 Display Data Tables

Figure 12-11 Design database table for AASHTO LRFD 2007 flexure check
The scroll bar along the bottom of the form can be used to scroll to the right to
view additional data columns.
12.3 Advanced Report Writer

The File > Report > Create Report command is a single button click output
option but it may not be suitable for bridge structures because of the size of the
document that is generated. Instead, the Advanced Report Writer feature within
CSiBridge is a simple and easy way to produce a custom output report.
To create a custom report that includes input and output, first export the files using
one of the File > Export commands: Access; Excel; or Text. When this com-
mand is executed, a form similar to that shown in Figure 12-12 displays.
Advanced Report Writer 12- 9

Figure 12-12 Choose Tables for Export to Access form
This important step allows control over the size of the report to be generated.
Export only those tables to be included in the final report. However, it is possible
to export larger quantities of data and then use the Advanced Report Writer to
select only specific data sets for individual reports, thus creating multiple smaller
reports. For this example, only the Bridge Data (input) and Concrete Box Flexure
design (output) are exported.
After the data tables have been exported and saved to an appropriate location,
click the File > Report > Advanced Report Writer command to display a form
similar to that show in Figure 12-13. Click the appropriate button (e.g., Find ex-
isting DB File, Convert Excel File, Convert Text File) and locate the exported
data tables. The tables within that Database, Excel, or Text file will be listed in
the List of Tables in Current Database File display box.
12 - 10 Advanced Report Writer

Figure 12-13 Create Custom Report form
Select the tables to be included in the report from that display box. The selected
items will then display in the Items Included in Report display box. Use the vari-
ous options on the form to control the order in which the selected tables appear in
the report as well as the headers (i.e., Section names), page breaks, pictures, and
blanks required for final output in .rft, .txt, or .html format.
After the tables have been selected and the headers, pictures, and other formatting
items have been addressed, click the Create Report button to generate the report.
The program will request a filename and the path to be used to store the report.
Figure 12-14 shows an example of the printed output generated by the Report
Writer.
Advanced Report Writer 12- 11

Figure 12-14 An example of the printed output
12.4 Verification
As a verification check of the design results, the output at station 1200 is exam-
ined. The following output for negative bending has been pulled from the
ConBoxFlexure data table, a portion of which is shown in Figure 12-10:
Demand moment, “DemandMax” (kip-in) = −245973.481

Resisting moment, “ResistingNeg” (kip-in) = 536981.722
Total area of prestressing steel, “AreaPTTop” (in2) = 20.0
Top k factor, “kFactorTop” = 0.2644444
Neutral axis depth, c, “CDistForNeg” (in) = 5.1286
Effective stress in prestressing, fps, “EqFpsForNeg” (kip/in2) = 266.7879
A hand calculation that verifies the results follows:
 For top k factor, from (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2),
 f   245.1 
k = 2  1.04 − PY  = 2  1.04 − = 0.26444 (Results match)
 fPU   270 
12 - 12 Verification
 For neutral axis depth, from (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4),
c=
( )
APT fPU − 0.85 f ′c bslab − bwebeq tslabeq
, for a T-section
fPU
0.85 f ′c β1bwebeq + kAPT
YPT
APT fPU
c= , when not a T-section
f
0.85 f ′c β1bwebeq + kAPT PU
YPT
20.0(270)
=c = 5.1286 (Results match)
 270 
0.85(4)(0.85)(360) + 0.26444(20)  
 114 
 For effective stress in prestressing, from (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1),
 c   5.1286 
fPS = fPU  1 − k  =270  1 − 0.26444 =266.788 (Results match)
 YPT   144 
 For resisting moment, from (AASHTO LRFD eq. 5.7.3.2.2-1),
 cβ   cβ t 
M N APT f PS  YPT − 1  + 0.85 f ′c ( bSLAB − bwebeq ) tslabeq  1 − slabeq 
=
 2   2 2 
 cβ 
=M N APT f PS  YPT − 1  , when the box section is not a T-section
 2 
 5.1286(0.85) 
=
M N 20.0(266.788)  144 − =  596646.5 kip-in
 2 
M R φ=
= = 536981.8 kip-in (Results match)
M N 0.85(596646.5)
The preceding calculations are a check of the flexure design output. Other design
results for concrete box stress, concrete box shear, and concrete box principal
have not been included. The user is encouraged to perform a similar check of
these designs and to review Chapters 5, 7, and 8 for a detailed descriptions of the
design algorithms.
Verification 12- 13
Bibliography
ACI, 2007. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08)
and Commentary (ACI 318R-08), American Concrete Institute, P.O.
Box 9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
AASHTO, 2007. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications — Customary

U.S. Units, 4th Edition, 2008 Interim Revision, American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capitol
Street, NW, Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001.
AASHTO, 2009. AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge

Design. American Association of Highway and Transportation Offi-
cials, 444 North Capital Street, NW Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.
AASHTO 2012. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications — U.S.

Units, 6th Edition, American Association of State High way and
Transportation Officials, 2012.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 2006. Canadian Highway Bridge De-

sign Code. Canadian Standards Association, 5060 Spectrum Way,
Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L4W 5N6. November.
EN 1994-2:2005, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete struc-

tures, Part 2: Composite Bridges, European Committee for Standardi-
zation, Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels.
Bibliography - 1
SAFE Reinforced Concrete Design
Indian Roads Congress (IRC), May 2010: Standard Specifications and Code of
Practice for Road Bridges, Section V, Steel Road Bridges. Kama Koti
Marg, Sector 6, RK Puram, New Delhi- 110 022.
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Bridge Superstructure Design

ISO BRG102816M11 Rev. 1

Copyright  Computers & Structures, Inc., 1978-2017

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

Computers & Structures, Inc.

info@csiamerica.com (for general information)

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE

Bridge Superstructure Design

1.1 Organization 1-1

1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice 1-2

2 Define Loads and Load Combinations

2.1 Load Pattern Types 2-1

2.2 Design Load Combinations 2-2

2.3 Default Load Combinations 2-7

3 Live Load Distribution

3.1 Methods for Determining Live Load Distribution 3-1

3.2 Determination of Live Load Distribution Factors 3-2

3.3 Apply LLD Factors 3-3

3.3.1 User Specified (Method 1) 3-3

3.4 Generate Virtual Combinations (Method 1 and 3) 3-4

3.4.1 Stress Check (Methods 1 and 3) 3-4

3.5 Read Forces/Stresses Directly from Girders (Method 2) 3-5

3.5.1 Stress Check (Method 2) 3-5

4 Define a Bridge Design Request

4.1 Name and Bridge Object 4-4

4.2 Check Type 4-4

4.3 Station Range 4-6

4.4 Design Parameters 4-6

4.5 Demand Sets 4-18

4.6 Live Load Distribution Factors 4-18

5 Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges

5.1 Stress Design 5-1

5.2 Flexure Design 5-1

5.3 Shear Design 5-7

5.3.1 Variables 5-9

6 Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA

6.1 Stress Design 6-1

6.2 Flexure Design 6-2

6.3 Shear Design 6-6

7 Design Concrete Slab Bridges

7.1 Stress Design 7-1

7.2 Flexure Design 7-2

7.2.1 Design Process 7-2

7.3 Shear Design 7-6

7.3.1 Variables 7-8

7.4 Crack Width Design 7-13

7.4.1 Variables 7-14

8 Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges

8.1 Stress Design 8-1

8.2 Flexure Design 8-2

8.3 Shear Design 8-6

8.3.1 Variables 8-8

9 Design Steel I-Beam Bridge with Composite Slab

9.1 Section Properties 9-1

9.2 Design Request Parameters 9-14

9.3 Demand Sets 9-17

9.4 Ultimate Design Request 9-19

9.4.1 Bending 9-20

9.5 Service Stress Design Request 9-26

9.5.1 Positive Bending 9-26

9.6 Service Rebar Design Request 9-27

9.7 Constructability Design Request 9-29

9.8 Section Optimization 9-31