FRAC L06 CohSurfs PDF

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior
Lecture 6
L6.2
Overview
• Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Element- vs. Surface-based Cohesive Behavior
• Workshop 3 (Part 2)
Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

L6.4
• Surface-based cohesive behavior provides a simplified way to model

cohesive connections with negligibly small interface thicknesses using the
traction-separation constitutive model.
• It can also model “sticky” contact (surfaces can bond after coming into
contact).
• The cohesive surface behavior can be defined for general contact in
Abaqus/Explicit and contact pairs in Abaqus/Standard (with the
exception of the finite-sliding, surface-to-surface formulation).
• Cohesive surface behavior is defined as a surface interaction property.
• To prevent overconstraints in Abaqus/Explicit, a pure master-slave
formulation is enforced for surfaces with cohesive behavior.

L6.5
• User interface
Abaqus/CAE
Abaqus/Standard
*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=cohesive
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR
...
*CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=cohesive
surface1, surface2
Abaqus/Explicit
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR
...
*CONTACT
*CONTACT PROPERTY ASSIGNMENT
surface1, surface2, cohesive

L6.6
• The formulae and laws that govern surface-based cohesive behavior are
very similar to those used for cohesive elements with traction-separation
behavior: traction
• linear elastic traction-separation,
• damage initiation criteria, and GC
• damage evolution laws. separation
• However, it is important to recognize that damage in surface-based
cohesive behavior is an interaction property, not a material property.
• Traction and separation are interpreted differently for cohesive elements
and cohesive surfaces:
Cohesive elements Cohesive surfaces
Relative displacement ()
between the top and bottom
of the cohesive layer
separation Nominal strain () = Contact separation ()
Initial thickness (To)
traction Nominal stress () Contact force (F)

Contact stress (t) =
Current area (A) at
each contact point
L6.7
• Linear elastic traction-separation behavior

• Relates normal and shear stresses to the normal and shear separations
across the interface before the initiation of damage.
• By default, elastic properties are based on underlying element stiffness.
• Can optionally specify the properties.
• Recall this specification is required for cohesive elements.
• The traction-separation behavior can be uncoupled (default) or coupled.
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR, TYPE= { UNCOUPLED, COUPLED}

Optional data line to specify Knn, Kss, Ktt

L6.8
• Controlling the cohered nodes

• The slave nodes to which cohesive behavior is applied can be controlled
to define a wider range of cohesive interactions: Can include:
• All slave nodes
• Only slave nodes initially in contact
• Initially bonded node set
1• Applying cohesive behavior to all slave nodes (default)
• Cohesive constraint forces potentially act on all nodes of the
slave surface.
• Slave nodes that are not initially contacting the master surface
can also experience cohesive forces if they contact the master
surface during the analysis.
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR,
ELIGIBILITY = CURRENT CONTACTS

L6.9
2 Applying cohesive behavior only to slave nodes initially in contact
• Restrict cohesive behavior to only those slave nodes that are in

contact with the master surface at the start of a step.
• Any new contact that occurs during the step will not experience
cohesive constraint forces.
• Only compressive contact is modeled for new contact.
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR,
ELIGIBILITY = ORIGINAL CONTACTS

L6.10
3 Applying cohesive behavior only to an initially bonded node set

(Abaqus/Standard only)
• Restrict cohesive behavior to a subset of slave nodes defined
using *INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=CONTACT.
• All slave nodes outside of this set will experience only
compressive contact forces during the analysis.
• This method is particularly useful for modeling crack
propagation along an existing fault line.
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR,
ELIGIBILITY = SPECIFIED CONTACTS

L6.11
• Example: Double cantilever beam (DCB)

• Analyze debonding of the DCB model using the surface-based cohesive
behavior in Abaqus/Standard.
• To model debonding using surface-based cohesive behavior,
• you must define:
1• contact pairs and initially bonded crack surfaces;
2• the traction-separation behavior;
3• the damage initiation criterion; and
4• the damage evolution.
• You may also
5• specify viscous regularization to facilitate solution convergence
in Abaqus/Standard. u
• Note: Steps 3, 4, and 5, will be
covered later in this lecture.
-u
Initial crack Cohesive interface
Note: Only the Keywords interface is illustrated in the example;
the Abaqus/CAE interface is illustrated in the workshop exercise.
L6.12
1
• Define contact pairs and initially bonded crack surfaces
• The initially bonded portion of the slave surface (i.e., node set bond)
is identified with the *INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=CONTACT
option.
*NSET, NSET=bond, GENERATE

1, 121, 1
*SURFACE, NAME=TopSurf
_TopBeam_S1, S1
bond *SURFACE, NAME=BotSurf
_BotBeam_S1, S1
*CONTACT PAIR, INTER=cohesive
TopSurf, BotSurf
TopSurf
BotSurf *INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=CONTACT
TopSurf, BotSurf, bond
Note: Frictionless contact is assumed. slave surface master surface a list of slave nodes
that are initially bonded

L6.13
2• Define traction-separation behavior

t
• In this model, the cohesive behavior is only
enforced for the node set bond.
Kn (Ks , Kt)
• Use the ELIGIBILITY=SPECIFIED CONTACTS 1
parameter to enforce this behavior.

• Recall the default elastic properties are based
on underlying element stiffness. Here we Kn, Ks, and Kt: normal and
specify the properties. tangential stiffness components
...
bond
TopSurf, BotSurf
*INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=CONTACT
TopSurf
BotSurf TopSurf, BotSurf, bond
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR,
ELIGIBILITY=SPECIFIED CONTACTS
5.7e14, 5.7e14, 5.7e14 Optional
Kn Ks Kt
L6.14

t
• Damage modeling for cohesive
surfaces 
tnmax tsmax , ttmax 
• Damage of the traction-separation
response for cohesive surfaces is
defined within the same general
framework used for cohesive 
 nmax  smax ,  tmax  
 nf  sf ,  t f  
elements. tnmax , tsmax , and ttmax :
• The difference between the two peak values of the contact stress
approaches is that for cohesive  nmax ,  smax , and tmax :
surfaces damage is specified as peak values of the contact separation
part of the contact interaction
properties.  nf ,  sf , and  t f :
separations at failure

L6.15
• User interface
Abaqus/CAE
Abaqus/Standard
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR
*DAMAGE INITIATION
*DAMAGE EVOLUTION
*CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=cohesive
surface1, surface2
Abaqus/Explicit
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR
*DAMAGE INITIATION
*DAMAGE EVOLUTION
*CONTACT
*CONTACT PROPERTY ASSIGNMENT
surface1, surface2, cohesive

L6.16
• Damage initiation criteria
Maximum stress criterion Maximum separation criterion

 tn ts tt    n s  t 
MAX  max , max , max  1 MAX  max , max , max  1
 tn ts tt    n s  t 
*DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION=MAXS *DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION=MAXU
tnmax , tsmax , ttmax  nmax ,  smax , tmax
Quadratic stress criterion Quadratic separation criterion

2 2 2 2 2 2
 tn   ts   tt    n    s   t 
 max    max    max   1  max    max    max   1
 tn   ts   tt    n    s   t 
*DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION=QUADS *DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION=QUADU
tnmax , tsmax , ttmax  nmax ,  smax , tmax
tn: normal contact stress in the pure normal mode n: separation in the pure normal mode
ts: shear contact stress along the first shear direction s: separation in the first shear direction
tt: shear contact stress along the second shear direction t: separation in the second shear direction
Note: Recall the damage initiation criteria for the cohesive elements: if the initial constitutive thickness To = 1,
then  = /To = . In this case, the separation measures for both approaches are exactly the same.

L6.17
• Example: Double cantilever beam

3• Define the damage initiation criterion
• The quadratic stress criterion is specified for this problem.
...
TopSurf, BotSurf
bond
TopSurf
BotSurf *COHESIVE BEHAVIOR,
5.7e14, 5.7e14, 5.7e14
*DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION=QUADS
5.7e7, 5.7e7, 5.7e7
tnmax tsmax ttmax

L6.18
• Damage evolution
• For surface-based cohesive behavior, damage evolution describes the
degradation of the cohesive stiffness.
• In contrast, for cohesive elements damage evolution describes the
degradation of the material stiffness.
• Damage evolution can be based on energy or separation (same as for
cohesive elements).
• Specify either the total fracture energy (a property of the cohesive
interaction) or the post damage-initiation effective separation at
failure. t
• May depend on mode mix 

• Mode mix may be defined
in terms of energy or traction GTC

 nf  sf ,  t f  

L6.19
• Separation-based damage evolution

• Damage is a function of an effective t Linear post-
separation: initiation response

 n   s2   t2
2
• As with cohesive elements, the post

damage-initiation softening response can 
 nf  sf ,  t f  
be either:
• Linear
• Exponential
• Tabular

L6.20
• Separation-based damage evolution (cont’d)

• Usage:
*DAMAGE EVOLUTION, TYPE = DISPLACEMENT,

SOFTENING = { LINEAR | EXPONENTIAL | TABULAR },
MIXED MODE BEHAVIOR = TABULAR

L6.21
• Energy-based damage evolution

• As with cohesive elements, the energy-based damage evolution criterion
can be defined as a function of mode mix using either a tabular form or
one of two analytical forms:
Power law Benzeggagh-Kenane (BK)

   
 GI   GII   GIII   Gshear 
      1 GIC   GIIC - GIC     GTC
 GIC   GIIC   GIIIC   T 
G
where Gshear  GII  GIII
GT  GI  Gshear

L6.22
• Energy-based damage evolution (cont’d)

• Usage:
*DAMAGE EVOLUTION, TYPE = ENERGY,

SOFTENING = { LINEAR | EXPONENTIAL},
MIXED MODE BEHAVIOR = { TABULAR | POWER LAW | BK },
POWER = value

L6.23

4
• Define damage evolution
• The energy-based damage evolution based on the BK mixed mode
behavior is specified.
...
 TopSurf, BotSurf
G 
GIC   GIIC - GIC   shear   GTC *INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=CONTACT
 GT  TopSurf, BotSurf, bond
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR,
bond ELIGIBILITY=SPECIFIED CONTACTS
5.7e14, 5.7e14, 5.7e14
5.7e7, 5.7e7, 5.7e7
TopSurf
BotSurf *DAMAGE EVOLUTION, TYPE=ENERGY,
MIXED MODE BEHAVIOR=BK, POWER=2.284
280.0, 280.0, 280.0

GIC GIIC GIIIC

L6.24
• Viscous regularization
• Can be specified to facilitate solution convergence in Abaqus/Standard
for surface-based cohesive behavior when stiffness degradation occurs.
• Output:
• Energy associated with viscous regularization: ALLCD
*DAMAGE STABILIZATION

L6.25

5
• Specify a viscosity coefficient for ...
the cohesive surface behavior *CONTACT PAIR, INTER=cohesive
TopSurf, BotSurf
bond *SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=cohesive
*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR,
TopSurf 5.7e14, 5.7e14, 5.7e14
BotSurf
5.7e7, 5.7e7, 5.7e7
*DAMAGE EVOLUTION, TYPE=ENERGY,
MIXED MODE BEHAVIOR=BK, POWER=2.284
280.0, 280.0, 280.0
*DAMAGE STABILIZATION
1.e-5
viscosity coefficient, 

L6.26

• Summary of the input for the traction-separation response
Cohesive elements Cohesive surfaces

*COHESIVE SECTION, MATERIAL=cohesive, *SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=cohesive
RESPONSE=TRACTION SEPARATION, *COHESIVE BEHAVIOR,
ELSET=coh_elems, CONTROLS=visco
, 0.02
*MATERIAL, NAME=cohesive 5.7e14, 5.7e14, 5.7e14
*ELASTIC, TYPE=TRACTION *DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION=QUADS
5.7e14, 5.7e14, 5.7e14 5.7e7, 5.7e7, 5.7e7
*DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION=QUADS *DAMAGE EVOLUTION, TYPE=ENERGY,
5.7e7, 5.7e7, 5.7e7 MIXED MODE BEHAVIOR=BK, POWER=2.284
*DAMAGE EVOLUTION, TYPE=ENERGY, 280.0, 280.0, 280.0
MIXED MODE BEHAVIOR=BK, POWER=2.284 *DAMAGE STABILIZATION
280.0, 280.0, 280.0 1.e-5
*SECTION CONTROLS, NAME=visco,
VISCOSITY=1.e-5

L6.27
• Results
u2 = 0.006
Cohesive elements
Failed cohesive elements

u2
u2 = 0.006
Cohesive surfaces
u2

Element- vs. Surface-based
Cohesive Behavior
L6.29
Element- vs. Surface-based Cohesive Behavior
Preprocessing
• Cohesive elements
• Gives you direct control over the cohesive element mesh density
and stiffness properties.
• Constraints are enforced at the element integration
points.
• Refining the cohesive elements relative to the
connected structures will likely lead to improved
constraint satisfaction and more accurate results.
Integration points on an
• Cohesive surfaces 8-node cohesive element
• Are easily defined using contact interactions and cohesive

interaction properties.
• A pure master-slave in formulation is used.
• Constraints are enforced at the slave nodes.
• Refining the slave surface relative to the master surface will likely lead
to improved constraint satisfaction and more accurate results .

L6.30
Initial configuration:
• Must be bonded at the start of the analysis.
• Once the interface has failed, the surfaces do not re-bond.
• Cohesive surfaces
• Can bond anytime contact is established
(i.e., “sticky” contact behavior).
• Cohesive interface need not be bonded at the start of the
analysis.
• You can control whether debonded surfaces will stick or not stick if
contact occurs again.
• By default, they do not stick.

L6.31
Constitutive behavior:
• Allow for several constitutive behavior types:
• Traction-separation constitutive model
• Including multiple failure mechanisms
• Continuum-based constitutive model
• For adhesive layers with finite thickness
• Uses conventional material models
• Uniaxial stress-based constitutive model
• Useful in modeling gaskets and/or single adhesive patches
• Must use the traction-separation interface behavior.
• Intended for bonded interfaces where the interface thickness is
negligibly small.
• Only one failure mechanism is allowed.

L6.32

 Le 
Influence on stable time increment (Abaqus/Explicit only): t   
 cd 
• Often require a small stable time increment.
• Cohesive elements are generally thin and sometimes quite stiff.
• Consequently, they often have a stable time increment that is
significantly less than that of the other elements in the model.
• Cohesive surface behavior with the default cohesive stiffness
properties is formulated to minimally affect the stable time increment.
• Abaqus uses default contact penalties to model the cohesive
stiffness behavior in this case.
• You can specify a non-default cohesive stiffness values.
• However, high stiffnesses may reduce the stable time increment.

L6.33
Mass:
• The element material definitions include mass.
• Do not add mass to the model.
• Indented for thin adhesive interfaces; thus, neglecting adhesive
mass is appropriate for most applications.
• However, nonstructural mass can be added to the contacting
elements if necessary.

L6.34
Summary:
• Are recommended for more detailed adhesive connection modeling.
• Additional preprocessing effort (and often increased computational
cost) is compensated for by gaining:
• Direct control over the connection mesh
• Additional constitutive response options
• E.g., model adhesives of finite thickness
• Provides a quick and easy way to model adhesive connections.
• Negligible interface thicknesses only
• Surfaces can bond anytime contact is established
(“sticky” contact)
• Model contact adhesives, Velcro, tape, and other bonding agents
that can stick after separation.

Workshop 3 (Part 2)
L6.36
Workshop 3 (Part 2)
• Crack growth in a three-point bend specimen using surface-based

cohesive behavior
• Repeat the element-based exercise using surface-based behavior
• Use default traction-separation elastic properties
• Compare with element-based results

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Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Surface-based cohesive behavior provides a simplified way to model

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

traction Nominal stress () Contact force (F)

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Linear elastic traction-separation behavior

*COHESIVE BEHAVIOR, TYPE= { UNCOUPLED, COUPLED}

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Controlling the cohered nodes

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

2 Applying cohesive behavior only to slave nodes initially in contact

• Restrict cohesive behavior to only those slave nodes that are in

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

3 Applying cohesive behavior only to an initially bonded node set

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Example: Double cantilever beam (DCB)

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

*NSET, NSET=bond, GENERATE

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

2• Define traction-separation behavior

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Damage initiation criteria

Maximum stress criterion Maximum separation criterion

Quadratic stress criterion Quadratic separation criterion

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Example: Double cantilever beam

tnmax tsmax ttmax

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• May depend on mode mix 

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Separation-based damage evolution

• As with cohesive elements, the post

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Separation-based damage evolution (cont’d)

*DAMAGE EVOLUTION, TYPE = DISPLACEMENT,

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Energy-based damage evolution

Power law Benzeggagh-Kenane (BK)

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Surface-based Cohesive Behavior

• Energy-based damage evolution (cont’d)

*DAMAGE EVOLUTION, TYPE = ENERGY,

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus