VCCT For Abaqus PDF

L6.
Introduction
• Motivation is aircraft composite

structural analysis
• To reduce the cost of laminated
composite structures, large
integrated bonded structures are
being considered.
• In primary structures,
bondlines and interfaces
between plies are required to
carry interlaminar loads.
• Damage tolerance
requirements dictate that
bondlines and interfaces carry
required loads with damage.
Modeling debonding along

skin-stringer interface
Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Copyright 2007 Dassault Systèmes
L6.5
Introduction
• History
• The VCCT-for-Abaqus technology was developed by Boeing
Commercial Aircraft Group as part of the Composite Affordability
Initiative (CAI).
• Abaqus was selected to productize Boeing’s technology for commercial

usage.
• This add-on is called VCCT for Abaqus

1
L6.6
Introduction
• Solution path for analysis of composite damage

• Apply Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) to bondlines and
interfaces
• 2D and 3D delaminations
• Propagation
• Mode separation
• Multiple cracks
• Non-linear behavior (e.g., postbuckling)
• Composite structure
• Practical (CPU time, minimum set of models)

L6.7
Introduction
• VCCT uses LEFM concepts Pure Mode I

• Based on computing the energy Modified VCCT
release rates for normal and
shear crack-tip deformation
modes.
• Compare energy release rates
to interlaminar fracture Node numbers
are shown
toughness.
Nodes 2 and 5 will start to release when :
1 v1,6 Fv ,2,5
 GI  GIC Mode II treated
• See Rybicki, E. F., and Kanninen, M. 2 bd
F., "A Finite Element Calculation of where
similarly
Stress Intensity Factors by a Modified GI  mode I energy release rate
Crack Closure Integral," Engineering GIC  Critical mode I energy release rate
Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 9, pp. 931-
b  width
938, 1977.
Fv, 2,5  Vertical force between nodes 2 and 5
v1,6  Vertical displacement between nodes 1 and 6

2
L6.8
Introduction
• VCCT for Abaqus (features):

• Runs during an Abaqus analysis
• Utilizes the existing “debond” capability in Abaqus/Standard (2D and
extended for 3D)
• Does not utilize overlapped user elements as the basis for the
implementation
• Does not require matched meshes across bonded surfaces
• Includes post-failure ramp-down of crack tip force
• Self-similar crack propagation
• Includes post-failure penetration prevention
• Includes postprocessing capabilities within Abaqus/Viewer
• Includes analysis stabilization algorithms to help stabilize running cracks
in Abaqus/Standard
• Is compatible with existing Abaqus elements and material,
incrementation and convergence controls, and stress-based procedures

L6.9
Introduction
• Advantages
• Initiation of node release based on fracture mechanics
• Unlike cohesive failure models
• Relatively mesh-size independent
• Unlike direct techniques based on local displacement or stress
fields
• Intermediate crack-tip location
• Typically not available when VCCT applied manually
• Allows VCCT to be performed during nonlinear analysis
• Provides load-dependent mode separation
• Remeshing, re-analysis, and standalone post-processing are not
necessary (unlike traditional VCCT)
• Assumed crack interface, not crack direction

3
L6.10
Introduction
• Other details
• VCCT for Abaqus is a separately licensed add-on to Abaqus/Standard
• It includes:
• Software
• User’s Guide
• Installation and verification instructions
• Example problems
• It is fully supported, QA'd, and maintained by Abaqus
• It works with first-order linear triangular and quadrilateral element faces in
3D (and both first- and second-order element faces in 2D)
• Includes bricks, shells, and continuum shells
• It is compatible with surface-to-surface contact pairs
• Allows inclusion of shell thickness offset between debonding surfaces

L6.12
Usage
• VCCT for Abaqus utilizes an extension of the existing *DEBOND

capability
Delamination plane defined by

surface-based contact pair
** model definition
*CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=FRACTURE, ADJUST=Nsetbond
slave, master
*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=FRACTURE, UCRACK, DEPVAR=13,
PROPERTIES=11
w,
G_IC, G_IIC, G_IIIC, mixType, , m, n, o Passed into code
w, m, tol
*INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=CONTACT
slave, master, nsetbond
:
** history definition
*DEBOND, SLAVE=slave, MASTER=master

4
L6.13
Usage
• Surface interaction properties

• The parameter UCRACK invokes VCCT for Abaqus :
PROPERTIES=11
• The parameter DEPVAR allocates space for SDV output:
PROPERTIES=11
• Space for 13 SDVs must be allocated
• The parameter PROPERTIES indicates the number of material
properties passed into the VCCT for Abaqus routine
PROPERTIES=11
• More than 11 material properties may be defined if the critical
energy release rates vary spatially.

L6.14
Usage
• Surface interaction properties define the fracture mechanics (given on data line)
G_IC
G_IIC = Fracture toughness for modes I, II, and III, respectively
G_IIIC

 GII 
= 1 for B-K (2D shown): GIC   GIIC  GIC   
 GI  GII 
m n o
 GI   GII   GIII 
mixType = 2 for power law:      
 GIC   GIIC   GIIIC 

  GIII    GII  GIII 
= 3 for Reeder law (3-D only) GIC   GIIC  GIC   GIIIC  GIIC      
  GII  GIII   Gi 

 = Coefficient for B-K and Reeder laws
m, n, o = Exponents for mode mixity formula
w = Out-of-plane width (for 2D analysis only)

m = Viscous regularization coefficient
tol = Tolerance (for cutbacks)

5
L6.15
Usage
• Initial conditions
• The initially partially bonded contact pair is identified with the *INITIAL
CONDITIONS, TYPE=CONTACT option; for example,
ASURF, BSURF, BONDNODES
• ASURF and BSURF are the slave and the master surfaces.
• BONDNODES is a list of slave nodes that are initially bonded.

L6.16
Usage
• Debonding option
• Use the *DEBOND option to specify that debonding is to be considered
in a given step; for example,
*DEBOND, SLAVE=ASURF, MASTER=BSURF
• The SLAVE and MASTER parameters identify the surfaces to be
debonded.

6
L6.17
Usage
• Output
• VCCT output variables can be plotted in Abaqus/Viewer
• No separate post-processing software is needed
• Output through SDVs includes:
• Relative displacement behind and at crack tip when fracture
criterion is met.
• Damage parameter (including damping)
• Critical stress at failure for modes I, II, and III
• Mode I, II, and III strain energy release rates
• To request SDV output for VCCT for Abaqus :
*output field
*contact output
sdv,

L6.18
Usage
State variable (SDV) Description

1 Relative displacement at crack tip when fracture criterion is met
2 Relative displacement behind crack when fracture criterion is met
3 Damage parameter including damping
4 Damage parameter
5 Penalty stiffness
6 Fraction of stress remaining
7 Critical stress at failure for mode I
8 Critical stress at failure for mode II
9 Critical stress at failure for mode III
10 Mode I strain energy release rate (GI)
11 Mode II strain energy release rate (GII )
12 Mode III strain energy release rate (GIII )
13 Bond state. The bond state varies between 0.0 (fully bonded) and 1.0
(fully unbonded).

7
L6.19
Usage
• Improving analysis efficiency and convergence

• Activate damping across the debonding contact pairs
*CONTACT CONTROLS, STABILIZE
• Energy reported in ALLSD
• Apply damping to the motion of the entire model
*STATIC, STABILIZE
• Energy reported in ALLSD
• Viscous regularization
• Damping is applied on to the nodes in the contact pairs that have
just debonded.
• Energy reported in ALLVD
• Increase the maximum number of cutbacks and/or the number of SDIs
allowed for an increment
*CONTROLS, PARAMETER=TIME INCREMENTATION

L6.20
Usage
• VCCT for Abaqus plug-in

• allows you to interactively define the debond interface(s).
• supports the following keyword options required for VCCT for Abaqus
analyses.
*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=name, UCRACK, DEPVAR=13,

PROPERTIES=[11|16+N]
*DEBOND, SLAVE=slave, MASTER=master, OUTPUT=[fil|dat|both]
*OUTPUT, FIELD, FREQUENCY=freq

*CONTACT OUTPUT, MASTER=master, SLAVE=slave
SDV
*OUTPUT, HISTORY, FREQUENCY=freq
*CONTACT, OUTPUT, [(MASTER=master, SLAVE=slave)|(NSET=nset)]
SDV1, SDV2,...
• Details please refer to “VCCT for Abaqus plug-in utility,” Abaqus Answer
3235.

8
L6.21
Usage
• Example: Double Cantilever Beam (DCB)

• Analyze debonding of a DCB model using VCCT for Abaqus
• Steps required for setting up the model for VCCT analysis include:
• Define slave (TopSurf) and master (BotSurf) surfaces along the debond
interface
• Define a set containing the bonded region (part of TopSurf in this example)
• Note: Consistent Abaqus/CAE plug-in and Keywords interfaces are
provided.
bond
TopSurf
BotSurf

L6.22
Usage
1• Define surface interaction property

1a
• Select fracture criterion, viscosity
coefficient and cutback tolerance.
1a
*SURFACE INTERCTION,
NAME=InteractionProperty-1,
UCRACK, PROPERTIES=11, DEVAR=13
0.02,
280.0, 280.0, 280., 1, 2.284
0.02, 0.1, 0.2

9
L6.23
Usage
1b
• Specify critical strain energy release rates
1b
*SURFACE INTERCTION,
NAME=InteractionProperty-1,
UCRACK, PROPERTIES=11, DEVAR=13
0.02,
280.0, 280.0, 280., 1, 2.284
0.02, 0.1, 0.2

L6.24
Usage
2• Create contact pair
*CONTACT PAIR,
INTERACTION=InteractionProperty-1,
SMALL SLIDING, TYPE=NODE TO
SURFACE, NO THICKNESS Select the VCCT Interaction Property
TopSurf, BotSurf

10
L6.25
Usage
3• Define the VCCT bonded interface

3a
• Select the initially bonded region,
the crack propagation output file
and frequency, and the debond
initiation step
3a

TopSurf, BotSurf, bond
...
*STEP, NAME=Step-1
...
*DEBOND, SLAVE=TopSurf, MASTER=BotSurf
...

L6.26
Usage
3b
• Request output
...
*STEP, NAME=Step-1
3b ...
*DEBOND, SLAVE=TopSurf, MASTER=BotSurf
*OUTPUT, FIELD,
*CONTACT OUTPUT, SLAVE=TopSurf,
MASTER=BotSurf, FREQUENCY=1
SDV
*OUTPUT, HISTORY
*CONTACT OUTPUT, SLAVE=TopSurf,
MASTER=BotSurf, FREQUENCY=1
SDV1, SDV3

11
L6.27
Usage
• The relevant keywords will

be generated when writing
the input file using
Abaqus/CAE.
Surface interaction
Initial contact conditions
Debond
Output

L6.28
Usage
• Results
VCCT
Cohesive
VCCT
cohesive

12
L6.30
Comparison with Cohesive Elements
• VCCT and cohesive element technology are very similar in their

application and formulation.
• Both theories
• are used to model interfacial shearing and delamination crack
propagation and failure,
• use an elastic damage constitutive theory to model the
material's response once damage has initiated, and
• dissipate the same amount of fracture energy between damage
initiation and complete failure.

L6.31
• The fundamental difference between VCCT and cohesive element

technology is in the way damage initiation is predicted.
• In VCCT damage initiation is based on the calculated fracture
energy dissipation in a small but finite zone just behind the crack
front.
• In cohesive element technology, damage initiation is based strictly
on the predefined ultimate (normal and/or shear) stress limit.

13
L6.32
• VCCT may be viewed as more fundamentally based on fracture

mechanics.
• The damage initiation and damage evolution are both based on
fracture energy, whereas cohesive elements use the fracture energy
only during damage evolution.
• Applicability of VCCT limited to “self-similar” crack propagation analyses.
• This implies a steady-state running crack.
• Difficult to produce in practice.

L6.33
• Summary: Complementary techniques for modeling of debonding

VCCT for Abaqus Cohesive elements
Available in Abaqus/Standard as an add-on Available in Abaqus/Standard and
capability Abaqus/Explicit
Requires a License Addendum No separate licensing required
Use *DEBOND framework (surface based) Interface elements (element based)
Assumes an existing flaw Can model crack initiation
Brittle fracture using LEFM occurring along a Ductile fracture occurring over a smeared
well defined crack front crack front modeled with spanning
cohesive elements
Requires GI, GII, and GIII Requires E, σmax, GI, GII, and GIII
Crack propagates when strain energy release Crack initiates when cohesive traction
rate exceeds fracture toughness exceeds critical value and releases critical
strain energy when fully open
• Both are needed to satisfy general fracture requirements

14

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L6.

• Motivation is aircraft composite

Modeling debonding along

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

• Abaqus was selected to productize Boeing’s technology for commercial

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

• Solution path for analysis of composite damage

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

• VCCT uses LEFM concepts Pure Mode I

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

• VCCT for Abaqus (features):

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

• VCCT for Abaqus utilizes an extension of the existing *DEBOND

Delamination plane defined by

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

• Surface interaction properties

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

 = Coefficient for B-K and Reeder laws

m, n, o = Exponents for mode mixity formula

w = Out-of-plane width (for 2D analysis only)

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

State variable (SDV) Description

2 Relative displacement behind crack when fracture criterion is met

3 Damage parameter including damping

6 Fraction of stress remaining

7 Critical stress at failure for mode I

8 Critical stress at failure for mode II

9 Critical stress at failure for mode III

10 Mode I strain energy release rate (GI)

11 Mode II strain energy release rate (GII )

12 Mode III strain energy release rate (GIII )

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

• Improving analysis efficiency and convergence

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

• VCCT for Abaqus plug-in

*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=name, UCRACK, DEPVAR=13,

*DEBOND, SLAVE=slave, MASTER=master, OUTPUT=[fil|dat|both]

*OUTPUT, FIELD, FREQUENCY=freq

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

• Example: Double Cantilever Beam (DCB)

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

1• Define surface interaction property

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

2• Create contact pair

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

3• Define the VCCT bonded interface

*INITIAL CONDITIONS, TYPE=CONTACT

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

• The relevant keywords will

Initial contact conditions

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Comparison with Cohesive Elements

• VCCT and cohesive element technology are very similar in their

Modeling Fracture and Failure with Abaqus

Comparison with Cohesive Elements