Thermination Atau Terminasi

3M Electrical Markets Division
Electrical Products
Selvakumar – Application Development Engineer
Medium Voltage
Termination Theory
© 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.
Definition
To Terminate a MV
Shielded Power Cable
Means, ………………
To Discontinue, or End,
The Cable Insulation
Shield System.
2
1
Basic Functions of Cable Terminations
Distribution of Voltage Stress

Elimination of Voids
Conduction of Charging/Faults Currents
Adequate tracking distance
Environmental Seal
UV Protection
3
Definition – Based on Required Functions
Class I Termination
Electric Stress Control
@ Cable Shield Terminus
External Leakage Current Protection

Between H.V. Conductor & Ground
( Tracking Protection )
A Seal
To the External Environment
4
2
Common Termination Standards
IEEE-48
VDE 0278
CENELEC HD629.1 S2
IEC 60502-4
5
Performance Standards Comparison

3.6/6(7.2) kV Indoor Termination
6
3
Electric Stress Control
@ Cable Shield Terminus
Why Do We Need
Stress Control??
7
Distribution of Voltage Stress

Equipotential
Lines
Electrical Flux
Lines
8
4
When Preparing For Splicing or Terminating,

…………….
Cable Shield System

Must Be Partially Removed
WHY??
9
Flux
Line
Separate HV Conductor From Grounded Shield
Potential
Line
10
5
Possible Voltage Stress

100 V/Mil ( 4 kV/mm )
Air Breakdown Strength

76 V/Mil ( 3 kV/mm )
11

Insulation Damage - No Stress Control
Semi-con Removed - For Visual Clarity

12
6
No Stress Control
13
Geometric Stress Control
Semi-conductive layer Stress Cone
14
7
Improved Shape
Increased Distance
Additional Insulation
15

Concentrated
Voltage
Distribution
16
8
Refractive Stress Control
Law of Refraction
High-K (high dielectric constant) material is used to reduce stress at the shield
discontinuity by field refraction due to different K values of two adjacent dielectric
layers
Dielectric Constant - A measurement of the ability of a material to store a charge
Material K
Air 1
Cable Insulation 3
Splicing Tape 3
Hi-K Material 30
17
High Dielectric Constant ( High K )

Stress Relief Tube
Based on Theory of Field Refraction
18
9
Flux Line Refraction @ Dielectric Interface
K2 > K1
Insulation
K2 θ2
θ1 Insulation
K1
19
Different K values of two neighboring dielectric layers.
20
10
Result
Voltage Gradient
21
Geometric Method Vs Refractive Stress Control
Geometric Refractive
Stress stress
Control Control
Method Method
22
11
II. External Leakage Current Protection
Between Conductor & Ground
Flashover Protection Tracking Resistance
Insulator
Material Selection
Can Be Critical
Non-Organic? Organic?
23
Tracking – Definition
The decomposition of electrical

insulation caused by passage of
electrical current resulting in
the progressive formation of a
conducting carbon path.
24
12
What Causes Elect. Discharges?
Voltage Gradient Required To Cause

Electrical Discharging in Air is Approx.
76 Volts/Mil ( 3 kV/mm ).
Average Voltage Gradient on The Surface

Typical Termination Surface is Approx.
1 Volt/Mil ( 39.5 V/mm ).
So, What’s The Problem?
25
Tracking
Three Conditions Must Exist:
• CONTAMINATION • MOISTURE
- Dust - Humidity
- Chemicals - Fog
- Salt - Condensation
- Other Airborne Particles - Mist
- Snow
• VOLTAGE - Rain
- Surface Stress (V/mil)
26
13
Discharge
Formation Surface Resistance
Reduced When Wet
DRY BANDS
(Areas of Higher
Surface Resistance)
ELECTRICAL
&
DISCHARGES
Concentrated
Voltage Gradient (Generated in
Dry Band Areas)
27

Ways to Control
Tracking
Increase Distance from HV
to Ground
Rain Shed (Insulator Skirts)
Track Resistant Materials
Porcelain
Inorganic Fillers in
Rubber
Inorganic Fillers in EVA
(Heat Shrink)
Silicone Rubber
28
14
3
Silicone Rubber
Cold Shrink Terminations
29
Silicone Rubber
Silicone is Hydrophobic
Silicone Can Recover Its Hydrophobicity
Silicone is Inherently UV-Stable
Silicone is Mostly Inorganic (No Conducting Carbon Path)
Silicone Has a Smooth Surface
30
15
Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic
HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC
Contact Angle
Water “balls” up Surface “wets” out
Energy from leakage current can cause

insulator surfaces to become hydrophilic
31
Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic – Actual Example

SILICONE RUBBER PORCELAIN
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
(Water “Balls-up”) (Surface “Wets”)
32
16
Silicone Rubber
Termination Skirt
Water Beads-Up When New
33
SILICONE RUBBER INSULATOR

Coated with ASTM D-2132 Contaminant
Surface remains “Hydrophobic”
34
17
EPDM INSULATOR
UV Damage
35
Silicone Rubber Advantages
Silicone Insulators are superior to EPDM, EVA and porcelain

insulators
Silicone is more hydrophobic than other polymers or
porcelain
Silicone has the ability to regenerate its hydrophobicity in
the event that high-leakage current changes its state
Silicone Insulators are inherently stable to UV due to its high
backbone bond energy
36
18
III - Seal to The Environment
Moisture Must Be Kept Out Of Terminations

In Order To, ……
Maintain The Desired Creepage Distance
Prevent Corrosion of Metallic Components
Prevent Degradation of Insulations Affected By

Moisture
37

Top Seal
Conductor
Connection Top Seal
Conductor
Connection
Bottom Seal Bottom Seal

Jacket Seal Jacket Seal
Ground Seal Ground Seal
38
19
Normal
Creepage
Environmental
Path
&
Electrical
Sealing
Example Shown:
Porcelain
Normally
Compound-Filled
39

Sealing - Design Considerations
Sealing Pressure Vs. Adhesive Seal

Pressure / Adhesive Combination
Expansion & Contraction of Cable
Conformability to Cable & Lug
Cable Application Range
Ease of Installation
Product Life
40
20
Material
Technology
Options
41

SEALING with TAPE
42
21
POTTING with RESIN
43

SEALING
with
HEAT SHRINK
44
22
SEALING
with
45
COLD SHRINK
Termination Technologies
Taping Method
Heat Shrink
Cold Shrink
Push-on
46
23
Heat Shrink Termination - An Example
47
Heat Shrink Termination - Installation

(1)
Stress Relief
Material
(Semi-con Step
Filler)
(2)
Stress Control
Tube
48
24

(3)
Top
Seal
(4)
Jacket
Seal
49
(5)
Separate
Insulator
Tube
Allow Tube
To Cool (6)
Before Separate Shrink
Proceeding Insulator Evenly
Skirts With no
Tilt or Sag
50
25
Completed Termination
Outdoor Termination
(with skirts)
Indoor Termination
(same, but without skirts)
51
Cold Shrink Termination
52
26
Examples of Cold Shrink Termination Kits

3M™ QT-II Termination 3M™ QT-III Termination
Integrated 1-Piece
Silicone
Tape
Top Seal
Silicone
Grease
53
Cold Shrink Termination - Installation
Apply mastic
seal around jacket
& neutral wires
Apply filler to fill

semi-con step
54
27
Cold Shrink Termination - Installation

Install termination
by removing
supporting core
Complete top seal

with application
of silicone rubber
tape
55
Completed Cold Shrink Termination
Outdoor Termination
(With Skirts)
Indoor Termination
(Tubular, without Skirts)
56
28
3™ QT-III Termination
Integrated 1-Piece Design
Silicone Sealing Silicone Rubber Stress Control
Compound Insulator Compound
High Dielectric Constant Step Core

Stress Relief Tube
57
Improvement QTII vs QTIII
Improvements QT III vs QT II
58
29
Benefits of Cold Shrink
• No Tools for Installation
• Low Installation Force
• Good Interfacial Pressure
• Live Seal
• Broad Application Range
• Environmentally Stable Materials
59
Phase Clearance
Refer to the phase spacing guide handout to determine the

minimum recommended clearance between phases and
ground.
In accordance with National Electrical Code (N.E.C).
Phase clearance is not required between the same phases
for level connections. However it is still recommended to
maintain 5mm distance as a good engineering practice.
60
30
Phase Spacing Guide
d = Cable Jacket O.D. for single conductor cables.

= Insulator O.D. for 3-conductor cables.
r = Bending radius is suggested to correspond to
the industry norm for the specific power cable
utilized. For tape shielded cables the recommended
min. radius is 12x the overall diameter of the cable.
61
31

Thermination Atau Terminasi

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3M Electrical Markets Division

© 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

3M Electrical Markets Division

Basic Functions of Cable Terminations

Distribution of Voltage Stress

3M Electrical Markets Division

Definition – Based on Required Functions

External Leakage Current Protection

Common Termination Standards

3M Electrical Markets Division

Performance Standards Comparison

Distribution of Voltage Stress

When Preparing For Splicing or Terminating,

Cable Shield System

3M Electrical Markets Division

Possible Voltage Stress

Air Breakdown Strength

3M Electrical Markets Division

Semi-con Removed - For Visual Clarity

3M Electrical Markets Division

Geometric Stress Control

Semi-conductive layer Stress Cone

Geometric Stress Control

3M Electrical Markets Division

Refractive Stress Control

3M Electrical Markets Division

Refractive Stress Control

High Dielectric Constant ( High K )

Based on Theory of Field Refraction

Flux Line Refraction @ Dielectric Interface

3M Electrical Markets Division

Refractive Stress Control

Different K values of two neighboring dielectric layers.

3M Electrical Markets Division

Geometric Method Vs Refractive Stress Control

Flashover Protection Tracking Resistance

3M Electrical Markets Division

The decomposition of electrical

Voltage Gradient Required To Cause

Average Voltage Gradient on The Surface

So, What’s The Problem?

3M Electrical Markets Division

Three Conditions Must Exist:

3M Electrical Markets Division

3M Electrical Markets Division

Water “balls” up Surface “wets” out

Energy from leakage current can cause

3M Electrical Markets Division

Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic – Actual Example

3M Electrical Markets Division

SILICONE RUBBER INSULATOR

Surface remains “Hydrophobic”

3M Electrical Markets Division

Silicone Rubber Advantages

Silicone Insulators are superior to EPDM, EVA and porcelain

Moisture Must Be Kept Out Of Terminations

Maintain The Desired Creepage Distance

Prevent Corrosion of Metallic Components

Prevent Degradation of Insulations Affected By

3M Electrical Markets Division

Bottom Seal Bottom Seal

3M Electrical Markets Division

Sealing Pressure Vs. Adhesive Seal