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Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 Kd;Diu

fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjJ bkhHp MFk;.

bkhHpahdJ irif bkhHp/ ngr;RbkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHp/ ,yf;fpa
bkhHp/ fzpdp bkhHp vdg; gy;ntW ghpzhk tsh;r;rpiag;
bgw;Ws;sJ. bkhHpapd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk; mHptpw;Fk;
murpay;/ thzpfk; Kjyhdit fhuzpfshf mikfpd;wd. ngr;R/
vGj;J/ ,yf;fpak;/ ,yf;fzk; epiwe;j bkhHpna jpUe;jpa
bkhHpahft[k; tsh;e;j bkhHpahft[k; Twg;gLfpd;wd. jkpH;/ bjY';F/
fd;dlk; Kjyhd bkhHpfs; jpUe;jpa jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; MFk;. FlF/
glfh/ ,Ush/ nfhz;o/ gpuhTap Kjyhd bkhHpfs; jpUe;jhj; jpuhtpl
bkhHpfs; MFk;.
,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;F ,yf;fzk; ,ak;gy; (ed;.161:1)
kughFk;. jkpH;bkhHpapy; _thapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng
,yf;fpa';fs; gilf;fg; bgw;Ws;sd. KJehiu/ KJFUF/ btz;lhsp/
tpahH khiy mfty; Kjyhd gy ,yf;fpa';fs; gH';fhyj;jpy;
,aw;wg;gl;ld. ,e;j ,yf;fpa';fSf;F ,yf;fzk; tFf;Fk; tifapy;
mfj;jpak;/ bjhy;fhg;gpak; Kjyhd ,yf;fz E]y;fs; njhd;wpd.
nkw;Fwpj;j ,yf;fpa';fs;/ mfj;jpak; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz E]y; Kjyhdit
fhy bts;sj;jpy; mHpe;J tpl;likahy;/ ,d;W fpilf;Fk; kpfg;
gHikahd E]y; bjhy;fhg;gpak; MFk;.

r';f fhyj;jpy; r';f ,yf;fpak;/ mLj;jLj;J r';fk; kUtpa

,yf;fpak;/ ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak;/ gf;jp ,yf;fpak;/ bgU';;fhg;gpak;/
rpWfhg;gpak;/ rpw;wpyf;fpak;/ rpWfij/ g[jpdk;/ g[Jf;ftpij vd
,yf;fpa';fs; fhye;njhWk; cUtj;jhYk; cs;slf;fj;jhYk; gy;ntW
khw;w';fisg; bgw;W te;Js;sd.

,yf;fpa';fspd; cUt/ cs;slf;f khw;w';fSf;F Vw;g/ ,yf;fz

tpjpfSk; khw;w';fSk; tsh;r;rpa[k; bgw;W te;Js;sd. ,tw;wpw;F Vw;gj;
bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpidj; bjhlh;e;J tPunrhHpak;/ nekpehjk;/ fhf;if
ghodpak;/ mtpeak;/ ahg;gU';fyk;/ ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpif/ ed;D]y;/
 2

,yf;fz tpsf;fk;/ ,yf;fzf; bfhj;J/ gpunahf tpntfk;/ bjhd;D]y;

tpsf;fk;/ Kj;JtPhpak;/ rhkpehjk;/ mWtif ,yf;fzk;/ VHhk;
,yf;fzk;/ g[Jf;ftpij ,yf;fzk;/ bjd;D]y;/ ahg;g[ E]y; vd
,yf;fz E]y;fs; fhye;njhWk; gilf;fg;bgw;W te;Js;sd.

jkpH; ,yf;fz E]y;fshy; bkhHpapd; tsh;r;rp/ ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rp/

bkhHpr; bry;thf;F/ bkhHpf; fyg;g[ Kjyhdit mwpag;gLfpd;wd.
murpay; khw;wk;/ thzpfk;/ kf;fspd; tsk; Kjypa fhuzpfshy;
bkhHpapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wKk; tsh;r;rpa[k; ,yf;fpa';fspYk;
,yf;fz';fspYk; gjpthfpa[s;sd.

Ma;tpd; ,d;wpaikahik

“cyfpy; cs;s vy;yhg; bghUs;fSk; tsh;r;rp bgw;W khw;wk;

bgWtJ nghy bkhHpa[k; tsh;r;rp bgw;W khw;wk; bgWfpwJ. ,d;Dk;
,ijg; bghJikg;gLj;jp tphpthfr; brhy;yg; nghdhy;/ cyfpy; cs;s
vy;yhg; bghUs;fSnk khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;lit. me;j khw;wk; tsh;r;rp
nehf;fpa khw;wkhft[k; ,Uf;fyhk;; nja;t[ nehf;fp khw;wkhft[k;
,Uf;fyhk;. khw;wj;jpw;F cl;glhjJ vJt[k; cyfpy; kdpj thH;tpy;
,y;iy vd;nw Twyhk;. ,e;j nehf;fpy; ghh;f;Fk;nghJ bkhHpa[k;
khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;lJjhd;. me;j khw;wk; tpiuthd khw;wkhf
,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ bky;y bky;y elf;fpw bkJthd khw;wkhf
,Uf;fyhk;.

,g;go khw;wj;jpDila ntfj;jpd; mst[ khWglyhnk jtpu

khw;wj;jpw;F cl;glhj bkhHp vd;W cyfpy; ve;j xU bkhHpa[k; ,Uf;f
KoahJ. mg;go khw;wj;jpw;F cl;glhj bkhHpahf xd;W ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;W fUjg; nghdhy; me;j bkhHp tHf;fpwe;j bkhHpahf ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;; mHpe;J nghd bkhHpahf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. thGfpd;w
bkhHp vJthdhYk; mJ khw;wj;Jf;F cl;gl;ljhfnt ,Uf;Fk;.
mg;go bkhHpapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;why; vj;jifa khw;wk;
Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gij vz;zpg; ghh;f;fyhk;.
 3

vGj;Jfspy; khw;wk; Vw;glyhk;. xypaikg;gpy; vGj;Jfs;

brhy;ypy; njhd;Wk; tud;Kiwfspy; khw;w';fs; Vw;glyhk;;
brhy;yikg;gpy; khw;w';fs; Vw;glyhk;; bjhluikg;gpy; khw;w';fs;
Vw;glyhk;; brhw;bghUs; mikg;gpYk;Tl khw;w';fs; Vw;glyhk;;
,Ue;j brhw;fs; kiwayhk;; g[jpjhfg; gy brhw;fs; njhd;wyhk;.
,g;gobay;yhk; bkhHpapy; khw;w';fs; Vw;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,e;j
khw;w';fisbay;yhk; jGtpf; bfhs;Sfpw tifapy; fhye;njhWk;
,yf;fz';fs; njitg;gLfpd;wd.

bkhHp tsh;r;rpa[k; g[jpa ,yf;fzj;jpd; njita[k; xd;Wf;bfhd;W

kpf beUf;fkhfj; bjhlh;g[ilait. bkhHp tsu tsug; g[jpa
,yf;fz';fSk; njhd;wpahf ntz;Lk;. mg;goj; njhd;whkw; nghdhy;
bkhHpapy; FHg;g';fs; kpFjpahFk;. bkhHp tHf;fpy; Xh; xUikg;ghLk;
brk;ika[k; ,y;yhky; ngha;tpLk;. Mfnt “bkhHp tsu tsug; g[jpa
,yf;fz';fs; njit vd;gJ bjspt[” (bghw;nfh/ ,yf;fz cyfpy;
g[jpa ghh;it/ bjhFjp 3/ gf;.2-3).

g[jpa g[jpa ,yf;fz';fs; njhd;Wk;nghJ giHad fHpjYk;/

g[jpad g[FjYk; ,ay;ghf eilbgWk;. ,e;j eilKiw jkpH;
,yf;fz E]y;fspy; fhzg;bgWfpd;wd. vdnt jkpH; ,yf;fz
tsh;r;rpia Ma;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

Ma;t[j; jiyg;g[

“bjhy;fhg;gpahpd; ,yf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;” vd;Dk;

jiyg;gpy; ,e;jj; jpl;lf;fl;Liu mike;Js;sJ.

Ma;t[ nehf;fk;
bjhy;fhg;gpah; fhy ,yf;fz tiffs; ed;D]y; fhyj;jpy;
vt;thW ntWgl;Ls;sd vd mwptJ ,e;j Ma;tpd; nehf;fk; MFk;.
 4

Ma;t[f; fUJnfhs;
fhy khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;gj; jkpH;bkhHpahdJ tise;J bespe;J
bfhLj;Jg; gy;ntW khw;w';fisg; bgw;W/ mwptpay; cyfj;jpw;F
<LbfhLj;J tsh;e;J tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j khw;wKk; tsh;r;rpa[k; jkpH;
,yf;fz E]y;fspy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd vd;gnj ,e;j Ma;tpd; fUJnfhs;
MFk;.

Ma;t[ Kd;ndho
1. N.,d;dhrp/ vGj;jpay;
2. br.it.rz;Kfk;/ brhy;ypyf;fzf; nfhl;ghL
3. br.it.rz;Kfk;/ bkhHp tsh;r;rpa[k; bkhHp czh;t[k;
4. bghw;nfh/ ,yf;fz cyfpy; g[jpa ghh;it
5. r.Rgh\; re;jpungh!;/ vGj;jpay;
Kjyhd ,yf;fz Ma;t[ E]y;fs; ,e;jj; jpl;lf; fl;Liuf;F Kd;ndho
Ma;t[fshf mikfpd;wd.

Ma;t[ vy;iy
bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ ed;D]y;/ ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpif/
jz;oay';fhuk;/ ek;gpafg;bghUs;/ g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy
,yf;fz E]y;fSk; ,e;jj; jpl;lf;fl;Liuf;F Kjd;ik Mjhu E]y;fs;
MFk;. ,yf;fz Ma;ntL/ ,yf;fz Ma;t[ E]y;fs;/ jpwdha;t[f;
fl;Liufs; Kjyhdit ,e;jj; jpl;lf;fl;Liuf;F JizE]y;fs; MFk;.

Ma;t[ mQFKiw
,e;jj; jpl;lf;fl;Liu tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;t[ KiwapYk;/
xg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;t[ mog;gilapYk; vGjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,ay; gFg;g[

“bjhy;fhg;gpahpd; ,yf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;” vd;w

jiyg;gpyhd ,e;jj; jpl;lf; fl;Liu Kd;Diu/ Kot[iu eP';fyhf/
1. vGj;jpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;
2. brhy;ypyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;
 5

3. bjhlhpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;

4. bghUspyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;
5. ahg;gpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;
6. mzpapyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;
vd;Dk; MW ,ay;fshfg; gFf;fg;bgw;W tpsf;fg;bgWfpd;wJ.

‘vGj;jpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;’ vd;Dk; Kjy; ,aypy;

rhh;bgGj;J/ bkhHp Kjy; vGj;J/ tpdh vGj;J/ rhhpia/
clk;gLbka;/ caphPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp/ bka;aPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp/ vz;Qg;
bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp Mfpait bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;J ed;D]ypy; vt;thW
khw;w';fs; bgw;W tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sd vd;W Muha;e;J
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

‘brhy;ypyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;’ vd;Dk; ,uz;lhk;

,aypy; MFbgah; tiffs;/ tpidbar;r tha;ghLfs;/ ,ilr;brhy;/
chpr;brhy; Mfpad bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;J ed;D]ypy; mile;Js;s
khw;w';fs; Muhag;bgw;W tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

‘bjhlhpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;’ vd;Dk; _d;whtJ

,aypy; ntw;Wik cUg[fs; bghUs;nfhs; Mfpait vLj;Jf;
bfhs;sg;gl;L tphpthf bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;J ed;D]ypy; Vw;gl;l
tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.

‘bghUspyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;’ vd;Dk; ehd;fhtJ

,aypy; mfg;bghUs; tsh;r;rp/ g[wg;bghUs; tsh;r;rp epiyfs; vLj;Jf;
bfhs;sg;gl;L mit bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fk; ek;gpafg; bghUSf;Fk;/
g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiyapy; vt;thW khw;wk; bgw;W tsh;r;rp
bgw;Ws;sd vd;W tphpthf xg;gpl;L tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

‘ahg;gpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;’ vd;Dk; Ie;jhtJ

,aypy; btz;gh tif/ mir/ rPh;/ jis/ mo/ bjhil Mfpait
 6

bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;J ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpif vt;thW khw;wk; bgw;W

tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sd vd;W tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

‘mzpapyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;’ vd;Dk; MwhtJ

,aypy; mzpapyf;fzj; njhw;wk;/ tsh;r;rp nghd;wit
bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;J tsh;r;rp bgw;W jz;oay';fhu E]ypy;
,lk;bgw;wpUf;Fk; Kiwik tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

nkw;Twpa MW ,ay;fspy; fz;lwpag;gl;l bka;k;ikfs;

bjhFf;fg;bgw;W Ma;t[ Kot[iuahfj; jug;gLfpd;wd.
xt;nthh; ,aypd; ,WjpapYk; nkw;nfhs; rhd;bwz; Fwpg;g[fs;
jug;gLfpd;wd.
gpd;dpizg;g[ vd;Dk; gFjpapy; Ma;t[f;Fg; gad;gl;l Kjd;ik
Mjhu E]y;fs;/ Jizik Mjhu E]y;fs;/ E]yhrphpah; bgahpd;
mfuthpirg;go mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,ay; 1
vGj;jpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;

1.0. Kft[iu
jkpH; ,yf;fzk; Ie;J tifg;gLk;. mit vGj;jpyf;fzk;/
brhy;ypyf;fzk;/ bghUspyf;fzk;/ ahg;gpyf;fzk;/ mzpapyf;fzk;
vd;gdthFk;. ,tw;wpd; tsh;r;rpahfj; bjhlhpyf;fzk;/ g[yik
,yf;fzk;/ jt ,ay;g[ ,yf;fzk; vd;gdt[k; jkpH; ,yf;fz';fshff;
fhzg;bgWfpd;wd. jkpH; ,yf;fz';fSs; mog;gilahdjhft[k;
Kjd;ikahdjhft[k; jpfH;tJ vGj;jpyf;fzk; MFk;.

bkhHpiag; ngr;R bkhHp/ vGj;J bkhHp vd ,uz;lhfg; gFj;J

mwp"h;fs; Muha;fpd;wdh;. ngr;R bkhHp vd;gJ xyp totk; MFk;.
vGj;J bkhHp vd;gJ thp totk; MFk;. gtze;jp KdptUk;/
bkhHpKjw; fhuzkhk; mQj;jpus; xyp
vGj;J. . . . . (ed;D]y;.58)
vd;fpwhh;. Kjy; vGj;J/ rhh;bgGj;J vd vGj;J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
nkYk; vGj;jpidr; Rl;blGj;J/ tpdh vGj;J/ clk;gL bka; vGj;J
vdt[k; gphpj;Jf; fhl;Lk; ,yf;fzpfs;/ fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g/ bkhHp
tsh;r;rpf;F Vw;g vGj;jpyf;fzj;Js; gy khw;w';fisf; Twpa[s;sdh;.
mtw;iw ,e;j ,ay; tpsf;fpr; bry;fpd;wJ.

1.1. bjhy;fhg;gpa ,yf;fzf; nfhl;ghL

vGj;jjpfhuk;/ brhy;yjpfhuk;/ bghUsjpfhuk; vd;W _d;W
mjpfhu';fsha; gFf;fg;bgw;Ws;s bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; vGj;jpyf;fzk;/
brhy;ypyf;fzk;/ bghUspyf;fzk;;/ ahg;gpyf;fzk;/ mzpapyf;fzk;/
bjhlhpyf;fzk; vd MW ,yf;fz';fs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw
tpsf;Fk; bjhy;fhg;gpah; jkf;bfd Xh; tiuaiw bra;J mjpfhu
itg;g[Kiw/ ,ay; itg;g[Kiw/ E]w;gh itg;g[Kiw Kjyhdit
Fwpj;J xG';FKiwiaf; ifahz;Ls;shh;.
 8

tlbkhHpapdpd;Wk; jkpH;bkhHp ,yf;fzj;ij cah;j;jpa[k;

rpwg;gpj;Jk; Tw ntz;Lk; vd;gnj bjhy;fhg;gpa ,yf;fzf;
nfhl;ghlhFk;. mnj neuj;jpy; jkpH;bkhHp tsh;r;rpapy; gy;ntW
khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; mjw;F ,lkspj;Jr; bry;fpd;wJ.

1.2. vGj;jpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghL

tlbkhHpapy; caph;/ bka; vd;Dk; vGj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy;
rhh;bgGj;Jfs; ,y;iy. mit jkpGf;nf chpa jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;.

1.3. rhh;bgGj;J
jkpHpy; capbuGj;J gd;dpuz;Lk; bka;baGj;J gjpbdl;Lk;
Mfpa Kg;gJk; KjbyGj;J vdg;gLk;. KjbyGj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J
tUk; Ma;jk;/ Fw;wpaYfuk;/ Fw;wpaypfuk; Mfpa _d;Wk; rhh;bgGj;J
vdg;gLk;. ,jidj; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
vGj;bjdg; gLg
mfu Kjy; dfu ,Wtha;
Kg;g~ bjd;g
rhh;e;Jtuy; kugpd; _d;wy'; filna (bjhy;.vGj;J.1)
vd;Dk; E]w;ghtpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,e;E]w;ghtpw;F ciu vGjpa
,sk;g{uzh;/ “vGj;J vidj;J tifahd; czh;j;jpdhnuh btdpd;/
vl;L tifahDk; vl;owe;j gy tifahDk; czh;j;jpdhh; vd;gJ.
mtw;Ws;/ vl;L tifahtd: vGj;J ,ida vd;wYk;/ ,d;d bgau
vd;wYk;/ ,d;d Kiwika vd;wYk;/ ,d;d mstpd vd;wYk;/ ,d;d
gpwg;gpd vd;wYk;/ ,d;d g[zh;r;rpa vd;wYk;/ ,d;d totpd vd;wYk;/
,d;d jd;ika vd;wYk;. vdnt mtw;Ws; jd;ika[k; tot[k; Mrphpah;
jhk; czUtbudpDk;/ ekf;F czh;j;jy; mUikapd; xHpe;j MWnk
,jDs; czh;j;jpdhh; vd czh;f.

,dp/ vl;owe;j gy tifahtd: cz;ikj; jd;ika[k;/ Fiwt[k;/

Tl;lKk;/ gphpt[k;/ kaf;fKk;/ bkhHpahf;fKk;/ epiya[k;/ ,dKk;/
xd;W gythjYk;/ jphpe;jjd; jphpgJ vd;wYk;/ gpwpbjd;wYk;/ mJt[k;
gpwpJk;; vd;wYk;/ epiyapw;W vd;wYk;/ epiyahJ vd;wYk;/ epiyapw;W
epiyahJ vd;wYk;/ ,d;ndhud;dt[k; vd ,it. ,itbay;yhk;
 9

MkhW nky; te;jtHpf; fz;Lbfhs;f” (bjhy;.vGj;J.1/ ,sk;g{uzh;

ciu) vd;W vGj;J tiffisg; gl;oaypl;L ,itnghy; tUk;
gpwtw;iwa[k; Vw;Wf; bfhs;f vd;fpwhh;.
capUk; clk;g[khk; Kg;gJk; Kjny(ed;D]y; 59)
vd;W gtze;jp Kdpth; KjbyGj;Jf;fs; Kg;gJ gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. bjhy;fhg;gpah; rhh;bgGj;Jf;fs; _d;W vd;gjid/
mitjhk;
Fw;wpa ypfuk; Fw;wpa Yfuk;
Ma;jk; vd;w
Kg;ghw; g[s;spa[k; vGj;njh ud;d (bjhy;.vGj;J.2)
vd;Dk; E]w;ghtpy; tiuaWj;Jf; TWfpd;whh;. Mdhy; gtze;jp Kdpth;
rhh;bgGj;J gj;J vd;W TWfpd;whh;.
caph;bka; Ma;jk; capusg[ xw;;wsg[
m~fpa ,c Ixs k~fhd;
jdpepiy gj;Jk; rhh;bgGj;J MFk; (ed;D]y;; 60)
,r;Nj;;jpuj;jpw;F ciu vGjpa kapiyehjh;/ “KjbyGj;jhe; jd;ik
mtw;wpw;fpd;dikahDk; rhh;gpw; nwhd;WjyhDk; ,g;gj;J";
rhh;ghfnt bfhs;s ntz;Lk;” vd;Wk;/ r';fuekr;rpthah; “caph;bka;
capUk; bka;a['; Tog; gpwj;jyhDk; Ma;jk; caph;nghy myF bgw;Wk;
bka;nghyg; bgwhJk; xUg[ilbahj;J mtw;wpdpilna rhh;e;J
tUjyhDk;/ Vida jj;jk; KjbyGj;jpd; jphpg[ tpfhuj;jhw;
gpwj;jyhDk; rhh;bgGj;jhapd vdf; bfhs;f” vd;Wk;/ rpt"hd Kdpth;
“caph;bka; xHpe;jd/ mfu Kjypad nghy; jdpj;jhDk;/ ffu
Kjypadnghy; cfunkhL rptzpahDk;/ ,a';Fk;; ,ay;;gpd;wp/ xU
bkhHpiar; rhh;e;J tUjny jkf;F ,yf;fzkhf cilikapw;
rhh;bgGj;jhapd vdf; nfhlYkhk; vd;f. ,dp Mrphpah; bjhy;fhg;gpah;
bra;if xd;wida[k; nehf;fpr; rhh;bgGj;J _d;bwdf; fUtp
bra;jhuhfypd;/ ,t;thrphpah; (gtze;jp Kdpth;) bra;ifa[";
bra;a[spaYk; nehf;fpr; rhh;bgGj;Jg; gj;bjdf; fUtp bra;jhbud;gJk;
ca;j;Jzh;f” vd;Wk; tpsf;fk; jUfpd;wdh;.
Ma;jj;ijg; gtze;jp Kdpth; “jdpepiy” (ed;.60) vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. jdpepiy vd;W Ma;jj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;ljw;Fr;
r';fuekr;rpthah;/ “caph;fnshLk; bka;fnshLk; Toa[k; TlhJk;
 10

mypnghyj; jdp epw;wypd; jdpepiy vdg;gLk;” (ed;.60) vd;W fhuzk;

TWfpd;whh;.
rhh;bgGj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ,yf;fzpfSf;fpilna
fUj;J ntWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. t.Rg.khzpf;fk;/
rhh;bgGj;J _d;W vdj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; TwpapUg;gt[k;
nekpehjKk; ed;D]Yk; rhh;bgGj;Jf;fis ,d;Dk; TLjyhff;
bfhz;ljw;F ,sk;g{uzhpd; ciuf; Fwpg;g[fns _ykhFk;1
vd;fpwhh;. “jw;fhy bkhHpapayhh;/ rhh;bgGj;Jf;fisg; bghJthf
khw;bwhypfSs; (Allophones) mlf;Fth;. Ma;jj;jpw;F ,d
vGj;jpd;ikapd; khw;bwhyp vdf; Twy; Iaj;jpw;fplkhfpwJ. Ma;jj;ij
y;/ s;/ H; Mfpatw;wpd; khw;bwhypfshff; fUJgtUk; cz;L.
Fw;wpaYfuk;/ Fw;wpaypfu';fs; Fwpj;jbjhU NH;epiyapy; kl;Lk;
tUjyhd; tifbahyp (Conditional Variation) vdf; fUj ,lk; jUk;.
clk;gLbka; nghd;W ,fuk; njhd;wpg; gpd;dh; FWFjypd;
Fw;wpaypfuk; tGf;bfhyp (Glide) ahft[k; fUjg;bgWk;. caph;
msbgilfis msbgLj;jjd; milahskhf ,Lk; FwpaPL (Marker)
vd;gh;.”
rhh;bgGj;ijg; gw;wp tpsf;Fk; nghJ bjhy;fhg;gpah; xU
fUj;jpduhft[k;/ Vida Mrphpah;fs; ntbwhU fUj;jpduhft[k;
cs;shh;fs;.2
rhh;bgGj;Jf;fs; fhye;njhWk; tsh;r;rp bgw;Wk; khw;wkile;Jk;
te;Js;sd. ,f;fUj;jpidg; gpd;tUk; g[s;sp tptuk; (kh.nfhtpe;juhR/
rhh;g[k; ntw;Wika[k;/ g.27) bjspt[gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

E]y; rhh;bgGj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

bjhy;fhg;gpak; 03

tPunrhHpak; 05

nekpehjk; 09

ed;D]y; 10

,yf;fz tpsf;fk; 09

bjhd;D]y; tpsf;fk; 09

Kj;JtPhpak; 02
 11

1.4. bkhHp Kjy; vGj;J

jkpH; xU fl;likg;g[s;s bkhHpahFk;. jkpH; beL';fzf;F
thpir Kiwna jkpH;f; fl;likg;g[f;Fr; rhd;whFk;. vGj;Jf;fspd;
gpwg;g[/ ,lk;/ Kaw;rp/ xypa[Wg;g[fs;/ gw;Wf;nfhL Kjyhdtw;wpd;
mog;gilapy; capbuGj;Jf;fspd; thpir Kiwa[k; bka;baGj;Jf;fspd;
thpir Kiwa[k; mike;Js;sd. XbuGj;J my;yJ xd;wpw;F nkw;gl;l
vGj;Jf;fs; bjhlh;e;J te;J bghUs; jhpd; mJ brhy; vdg;gLk;.
v.L.: M/ < - XbuGj;jhy; Md brhw;fs;
fy;/ kz; - <buGj;Jf;fshy; Md brhw;fs;
fhw;W/ tuF - _btGj;Jf;fshy; Md brhw;fs;
gpwg;g[/ ,wg;g[ - ehd;bfGj;Jf;fshy; Md brhw;fs;
tsh;g;g[/ kfpH;r;rp - Ie;bjGj;Jf;fshy; Md brhw;fs;

vGj;jpdhy; cUthFk; brhw;fisj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; _d;W

tifapy; TWfpd;whh;.
XbuGj; bjhUbkhHp <buGj; bjhUbkhHp
,uz;owj; jpirf;Fk; bjhlh;bkhHp csg;gl
_d;nw bkhHpepiy njhd;wpa bewpna (bjhy;.vGj;J.45)
v.L.: g{ - XbuGj;bjhU bkhHp
kzp - <buGj;bjhU bkhHp
bfhw;wd; - bjhlh; bkhHp

jkpH;bkhHpr; brhw;fspy; Kjy; vGj;jhfj; jkpHpy; cs;s gy

vGj;Jf;fs; tUk;; rpy vGj;Jf;fs; thuh. mtw;iwj; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
gtze;jp Kdpth; Kjyhndhh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.

gd;dPUapUk; bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tUk;. f;/ j;/ e;/ g;/ k; Mfpa Ie;J
bka;fSk; gd;dPUapUlDk; nrh;e;J bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tUk;. r; vd;Dk;
bka; M/ ,/ </ c/ C/ v/ V/ x/ X Mfpa xd;gJ caph;fSld; nrh;e;J
bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tUk;; m/ I/ xs Mfpa _d;WapUlDk; nrh;e;J
bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tuhJ. t; vd;Dk; bka; c/ C/ x/ X Mfpa ehd;F
caph;fSlDk; nrh;e;J bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tuhJ; Vida vl;L
 12

caph;fSlDk; nrh;e;J bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tUk;. "; vd;Dk; bka; M/ v/

x vd;Dk; _d;Waph;fSlDk; nrh;e;J bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tUk;; Vida
xd;gJ caph;fnshL nrh;e;J bkhHpf;F Kjypy; thuh. a; vd;Dk; bka; M
vd;Dk; bel;LapUld; kl;Lk; nrh;e;J bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tUk;; Vida
gjpndhh; caph;fSlDk; nrh;e;J bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tuhJ. ,t;thW
bjhy;fhg;gpah; (bjhy;.vGj;J.59-64) Twpa[s;shh;.

r;/ ";/ a; Mfpa bka;fs; capbuGj;Jf;fSld; nrh;e;J bkhHpf;F

Kjypy; tUk; vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpah; Twpa tiuaiw ed;D]ypy; khw;wk;
bgw;Ws;sJ.
rfuf; fpstpa[k; mtw;nwh uw;nw
mI xsvDk; _d;wy'; filna (bjhy;.vGj;J.62)
vd;fpwhh; bjhy;fhg;gpah;. Mdhy; gtze;jp Kdpth; (ed;D]y; 102) r;
vd;Dk; bka; gd;dPUapUlDk; nrh;e;J bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tUk;
vd;fpwhh;.
nekpehjUk; ed;D]yhUk; rfuk; vy;yht[apUlDk; bkhHp Kjyhk;
vd;wdh;. mth;fs; tlbrhw;fisa[k; jkpH;r;brhy;bydf; Twpdh;.3
Mv
xvDk; _t[aph; "fhuj; Jhpa (bjhy;.vGj;J.64)
vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpah; Tw/
mMv xt;nthL MFk; "k;Kjy; (ed;.105)
vd;W gtze;jp Kdpth; TWfpd;whh;. bkhHpf;F Kjyhf tUgit "h/
b"/ b"h vd;W _d;bwGj;Jf;fisj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; Tw/ "/ "h/ b"/
b"h vd;W ehd;bfGj;Jf;fisg; gtze;jp Kdpth; TWfpd;whh;.
v.L.: "kyp/ "hyk;/ b"fpHp/ b"hs;fy;
"fu bka; M v X vd;Dk; _d;Waph;fSld; bkhHp Kjyhk; vdj;
bjhy;fhg;gpah; Twpaij nekpehjKilahh;/ ,yf;fz
tpsf;fKilahh; nghy;thh; Vw;wdh;. tPunrhHpaKilahUk;
ed;D]YilahUk; mfuj;JlDk; ("kyp vd) bkhHp KjyhFk;
vd;wdh;. ed;D]yhUf;Fg; gpw;gl;l ,yf;fz tpsf;fKilahh;
mfuj;ij tpl;ljd; fhuzk; g[yg;gltpy;iy. ‘tis "uy’
(gjpw;.30)/ ‘thp"pkpW’ (fyp.137) vd "fuk; mfu ,fu';fSld;
bkhHp Kjypy; r';f ,yf;fpa';fspy; te;jik bjhy;fhg;gpaUf;Fg;
 13

gpw;gl;l fhyj;jhfyhk;. euy - "uy/ kp"pW - "pkpW vd te;jd

vdpd; jilapy;iy.4
Mnth ly;yJ afu KjyhJ (bjhy;.vGj;J.65)
v.L. : ahd;.
vd tUk; vd;gJ bjhy;fhg;gpah; nfl;ghL MFk;. Mdhy; a; vd;Dk;
bka; m/ M/ c/ C/ X/ xs Mfpa MWaph;fSlDk; nrh;e;J bkhHpf;F
Kjypy; tUk; vd;fpwhh;.
mM cC Xxs ak; Kjy; (ed;.104)
v.L. : atdh;/ ahid/ a[fk;/ a{fp/ nahfk;/ bastdk;.
,t;thW g[jpa brhw;fs; te;jik gw;wp tpsf;Fk; rpt"hd Kdpth;/
“,d;ndhud;d rpy vGj;Jf;fis bkhHpf;F Kjyhfhbtd Mrphpah;
bjhy;fhg;gpah; tpyf;fpdhuhnyhbtdpd;/ ,t;tlbkhHpfSk;
jpirr;brhw;fSk mf;fhyj;J ,t;thW jkpHpd;fl; gapd;W thuhik
gw;wp vd;f” (ed;.106 tpsf;ft[iu) vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.
afu bka; Mfhuj;Jld; kl;Lnk bkhHp Kjypy; tUk; vd;whh;
bjhy;fhg;gpah;. gpw;gl;l tPunrhHpaKilahUk; ed;D]yhUk; m/ M/
c/ C/ X/ xs vd;Dk; MWaph;fSld; bkhHp Kjyhk; vd;wdh;.
atdh; vd;gJ jpirr;brhy;/ a[fk; Kjypait tlbrhy;. ,w;iwa[k;
nrh;j;Jf; (cyf tHf;fpy; ,Uj;jyhy;) Twpdh;. nekpehjKilahh;
M/ c/ X vd;Dk; _d;nw Twpdhh;. ,yf;fz tpsf;fKilahh;
bjhy;fhg;gpaiunaw;wdh;.5

bkhHp Kjw; Fw;wpaYfuk; “E” vd;gijj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; (68)

‘Ee;ij’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. gtze;jp Kdpth; ,r;brhy;iyf;
Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

1.5. tpdh vGj;J

xU brhy;ypd; Kd;bdhl;L my;yJ gpd;bdhl;lhf tpdh vGj;J
mikapd; m~J mftpdhr; brhy; vdg;gLk;. brhy;Yf;Fg; g[wj;nj tpdh
vGj;J mikapd; g[wtpdhr; brhy; vdg;gLk;. v/ V/ M/ X/ ah Mfpa
Ie;Jk; tpdh vGj;Jf;fs; MFk;.
vJ/ mtdh - mftpdhr; brhw;fs;
vt;tPL/ ve;jg; g[j;jfk; - g[wtpdhr; brhw;fs;
 14

“tpdhf; fpstpfs; vd;W fUjj;jf;fd tpdhr; brhw;fshft[k;

,Uf;fyhk;; tpdh xl;Lf;fshft[k; ,Uf;fyhk;. ahh;/ vd;d/ Vd;
Kjyhd fpstpfis tpdhr; brhy; vd;W ,';nf Fwpg;gpLfpnwhk;.
te;jhdh vd;gjpy; cs;s Mfhuj;ija[k;/ ,ijr; bra;jJ eP';fs; jhnd
vd;gjpy; cs;s Vfhuj;ija[k; ,it nghy;tdtw;iwa[k; tpdh xl;L
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpnwhk;. tpdhr; brhw;fs;/ tpdh xl;Lfs; Mfpa ,Utif
tpdhr; brhw;fisa[k; vLj;Jf; bfhz;L ehk; Ma;t[ bra;a ,Uf;fpnwhk;”
(bghw;nfh/ ,yf;fz cyfpy; g[jpa ghh;it/ bjhFjp 3/ g.51)
MV Xmk; _d;Wk; tpdh (bjhy;.vGj;J.32)
vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpah; tpdh vGj;Jf;fisg; gl;oaypl;Lf;
fhl;Lfpd;whh;. ,e;E]w;ghtpw;F ciu vGjpa ,sk;g{uzh;/ “jd;dpd
Koj;jy; vd;gjdhd; vfuKk; afu MfhuKk; tpdhg; bgWbkdf;
bfhs;f” vd;W tpsf;fk; jUfpd;whh;.
Mdhy; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/ vfuj;ija[k; ahfhuj;ija[k; jk;
E]w;ghtpy; ifahz;Ls;shh;.
ahbtd; tpdht[k; Mapay; jphpahJ (bjhy;.vGj;J.176)
ahbtd; tpdhtpd; Ibad; ,Wjpa[k; (bjhy;.vGj;J.179)
ahbtd; tpdht[k; . . . (bjhy;.vGj;J.225:2)
ahJvtd; vd;Dk; MapU fpstpa[k;
mwpahg; bghUs;tapd; brwpaj; njhd;Wk;
(bjhy;.brhy;.31)
bjhy;fhg;gpa E]w;ghf;fisa[k; ,sk;g{uzhpd; ciu tpsf;fj;ija[k;
fw;Wzh;e;j gtze;jp Kdpth;/
vah KjYk; MX <w;Wk;
V,U tHpa[k; tpdhth Fk;nk (ed;.67)
vdr; Nj;jpuk; ahj;Js;shh;. g[wj;Jk;/ mfj;Jk;/ bkhHp Kjw;fz; vfuKk;
aht[k;/ <w;wpd;fz; MfhuKk; XfhuKk;/ ,t;tpuz;olj;jpDk; VfhuKk;
jdpj;J tpdhg;bghUs; czh;j;jthpd; tpdh vGj;jhFk;.
v.L. : vJ/ ahJ/ Vd;/ mtdh? mtndh?
gtze;jpahh; tpdhthf tUbkdf; Twpa M/ V/ X Mfpa <w;W
tpdhtpy; V KjypDk; tUbkdf; Fwpg;gpl;lJ/ VJ vd;gJ Kjyhf
tUk; gpw;fhyj;J tHf;F nehf;fpajhy; ntz;Lk;. . . Mrphpah;
fhyj;Jg; gpd;dh; ahJ/ ahit vd;gd Kiwna vJ/ vit/ vdt[k;. .
 15

. jphpe;J tH';fpajhjyhy; ciuahrphpaUk; ed;D]yhUk; vfuj;ij

tpdh vGj;jhfj; jGtpf; bfhz;ldh; nghYk;6
vd;W f.bts;isthuzd; TWtJk; ,tz; nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.
bjhy;fhg;gpah; g[wtpdhr; brhw;fspy; tUk; tpdh vGj;Jf;fisj; jdpna
tiuaWj;Jf; TWfpd;whh;. gtze;jp Kdpth; g[w tpdh/ mf tpdh
,uz;ila[k; bjhFj;Jf; TWfpd;whh;.

1.6. clk;gL bka;

epiybkhHp <Wk; tUbkhHp KjYk; nrh;tjw;Fg; g[zh;r;rp vd;W
bgah;. epiybkhHp <W bka;baGj;jhft[k; tUbkhHp Kjy;
capbuGj;jhft[k; mikfpd;w nghJ/
cly;nky; caph;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;g[ (ed;D]y; 204)
vd;Dk; tpjpg;go g[zUk;. epiybkhHp <W capbuGj;jhft[k;/
tUbkhHp capbuGj;jhft[k; mikfpd;wnghJ caph;nky; caph; VwhJ.
vdnt ,uz;L caph;fisa[k; cld;gLj;Jtjw;F ,uz;L caph;fSf;Fk;
eLtpy; bka;j;njhd;Wk;. ,e;j bka;f;F clk;gLbka; vd;W bgah;.

clk;gL bka;ahf vy;yh bka;fSk; khwhJ. ,uz;L

caph;fisa[k; ,izg;gjw;F ,ilapy; tUk; bka; caph;j;jd;ik
cilajhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. jkpH;bkhHpapy; cs;s gjpbdl;L
bka;fSs; caph;j;jd;ik cila bka;fs; a;/ t; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; MFk;.
,itjhk; clk;gL bka;ahf tUk;. ,t;tpuz;L bka;f;Fk;
caph;j;jd;ik ,Ug;gjhy; ,tw;iw bkhHpapayhh; ‘miu caph;’ (Semi
Vowels) vd;W TWfpd;wdh;.
clk;gLbka; njhd;Wkplj;jpidj; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
vy;yh bkhHpf;Fk; caph;tUk; tHpna
clk;gL bka;apd; cUg[bfhsy; tiuahh; (bjhy;.vG.14)
,e;j E]w;ghtpy; bjhy;fhg;gpah; clk;gLbka; tUk; vd;W Twpa[s;shh;.
Mdhy; vd;bdd;d clk;gL bka; tUk; vd;W Twtpy;iy. ,nj
E]w;ghtpw;F ciubaGjpa ,sk;g{uzh; clk;gLbka;fs; (a;/ t;) vd;W
fhl;Lfpd;whh;.
“ciuapw;nfhly;” vd;gjdhy;/ clk;gLbka;ahtd afuKk;/
tfuKk; vdf; bfhs;f. ,futPWk;/ <fhuWk;/ IfhutPWk;
 16

afulk;gLbka; bfhs;td: my;ydbty;yhk; tfubka;bfhs;td.

“xd;bwd Koj;jy;” my;ydbty;yhk; tfubka;bfhs;td.
“xd;bwd Koj;jy;” vd;gjdhd; tpfhug;gl;l bkhHpf;fz;Qk;
clk;gLbka; bfhs;f. kuto/ MapUjpiz vd tUk;”
(,sk;g{uzh; ciu/ bjhy;.vG.141)
,sk;g{uzh; ciuf;Fk; gpd;g[ ,aw;wg;gl;l ed;D]ypy; gtze;jp Kdpth;
,sk;g{uzh; fUj;jpid Vw;Wg; gpd;tUkhW E]w;gh ahj;Js;shh;.
,< ItHp at;t[k; Vid
caph;tHp vt;t[k; VKd; ,t;tpUika[k;
caph;thpd; clk;gLbka; vd;W MFk; (ed;D]y;/ vG.162)
epiybkhHpapd; <w;wy; ,/ </ I vd;Dk; caph;fSk; tUbkhHpapd;
Kd;dh; capUk; tUk;nghJ afuk; clk;gL bka;ahf tUk;.
kzp + mHF - kzpaHF
jP + xsp - jPbahsp
gid + Xiy - gidnahiy
Vida caph;fshfpa m/ M/ c/ C/ x/ X/ xs vd;git epiybkhHp
<whft[k; caph;tUbkhHp Kjyhft[k; tu/ tfuk; clk;gL bka;ahf
tUk;.
rpy + cs - rpycs
gyh + ,iy - gyhtpiy
jpU + mUs; - jpUtUs;
g{ + ,jH; - g{tpjH;
beh + mHF - beht;tHF
nfh + ,y; - nfhtpy;
bfs + mHF - bfstHF
Vfhuk; epiybkhHp <whf tUk;nghJ afuk; my;yJ tfuk; clk;gL
bka;ahf tUk;;.
nr + mo - nrao/ nrto
bjhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; clk;gLbka; ,e;j ,lj;jpy; ,JtUk;
vd;Dk; tiuKiw ,y;iy. Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; clk;gLbka;fs;
tUk; tiuKiwfs; ,sk;g{uzh;/ gze;jpKdpth; Kjyhndhuhy;
tiuKiwfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 17

1.7. rhhpia
epiybkhHpa[k; tUbkhHpa[k; rpy ,l';fspy; nrh;e;J thuh.
mt;thW xd;wpw;F xd;W rhuhky; epw;Fk;. ,uz;L brhw;fisa[k; rhh;e;J
,iag[ gLj;Jtjw;F Xh; cUg[ tUk;. me;j cUg[f;Fr; rhhpia vd;W
bgah;. rhhpia Xh; ,ilr;brhy; MFk;. bgah;r; brhy;iya[k;
tpidr;brhy;iya[k; rhh;e;J rhhpia tUk;. rhhpia jdpj;J ,a';fhJ.
rhhpia brhy; totk; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; me;jr; brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUs;
,Uf;fhJ. vdnt bkhHpapayhsh; rhhpiaia btw;WUg[ (Empty
Morph) vd;W TWth;.

“xU bkhHpapy; ,U cUg[fs; ,ay;ghd Kiwapy; neuoahfr;

nrh;f;fg;glyhk;. rpy cUg[fis neuoahfr; nrh;f;f KoahkYk;
nghfyhk;. mt;thW Koahj epiyapy; mtw;iw ,izg;gjw;F Xh;
cUgpd; Jiz njitg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; mt;t[Ugpw;bfd;W
jdpg;bghUnsJk; ,y;iybad;whYk; mjDila brany bghUshf
mikfpwJ. mjhtJ ,izj;jy; vd;w bray; eilbgWfpwJ.
bghUnsJk; ,y;iybad;why; ,jid btw;WUgg[ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpnwhk;. jkpHpy; ,jidr; rhhpia vd;W Fwpg;gpLth;.”
v.L.: kuj;J + mj;J + I - kuj;ij
mJ + md; + I - mjid
mit + tw;W + I - mtw;iw
kuk; + mj;J + ,d; + my; - kuj;jpdhy;
,';F mj;J/ md;/ tw;W/ ,d; nghd;wit btw;WUg[fshf mike;J
bgah;r; brhy;iya[k;/ ntw;Wik cUgd;fisa[k; ,izf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd (rp.fUzhfud;/ t.b#ah/ bkhHpapay;/ gf;.65-
66).

rhhpia ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 1. vGj;Jr; rhhpia/ 2.brhw;rhhpia.

jdp bka;baGj;ija[k;/ jdp capbuGj;ija[k; xypf;fpd;wbghGJ
rhhpia nrh;e;J tUk;. jdpbka;ia cr;rhpf;f ,ayhJ. fhuzk;
jdpbka;f;F miu khj;jpiu/ miu khj;jpiu mst[f;F xypg;g[ ,y;iy.
mjdhy; me;j vGj;jpid xypg;gjw;Fr; rhhpia gad;gLfpd;wJ.
 18

fuk; fhuk; fhd; Kjyhdit vGj;Jr; rhhpia MFk;.

bjhy;fhg;gpah; vGj;Jr; rhhpiafis gpd;tUk; E]w;ghf;fspy;
tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.
fhuKk; fuKk; fhbdhL rptzp
neuj;njhd;Wk; vGj;jpd; rhhpia (bjhy;.vGj;J.135)
mtw;Ws;
fuKk; fhDk; bel;blGj;J ,ynt (bjhy;.vGj;J.136)
tuy;Kiw _d;Wk; Fw;bwGj;J cila (bjhy;.vGj;J.137)
Ifhu xsfhuk; fhbdhL njhd;Wk; (bjhy;.vGj;J.138)
bjhy;fhg;gpah; fhuk;/ fuk;/ fhd; Mfpa _d;W vGj;Jr; rhhpiafis
kl;Lk; tiuaiwg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. ,sk;g{uzh; Mdk;/ Vdk;/ Xdk;
vd;gtw;iwa[k; vGj;Jr; rhhpiaahff; TWfpd;whh;. gtze;jp Kdpth; m/
mfuk;/ fuk;/ fhuk;/ fhd; Mfpatw;iw vGj;Jr; rhhpiafshff;
TWfpd;whh;. vGj;Jr; rhhpia tUk; Kiwiag; gpd;tUk; ed;D]y;
Nj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gLj;;jp cs;sJ.
bka;fs; mfuKk; bel;Laph; fhuKk;
Ixsf; fhDk; ,Uikf; Fwpy; ,t;
,uz;blhL fuKk;Mk; rhhpia bgWk;gpw (ed;D]y;/ 126)
m - (f;) f
mfuk; - (f;) ffuk;
fhuk; - Mfhuk;/ <fhuk;/ Ifhuk;
fhd; - Ifhd;/ xsfhd;
fhuk; - Mfhuk;/ cfhuk;
fhd; - m~fhd;/ c~fhd;
fuk; - mfuk;/ ,fuk;
fhuk; - kfhuk;/ afhuk;
fhd; - k~fhd;/ a~fhd;
fuk; - kfuk;/ afuk;
m/ mfuk; Mfpa rhhpiafisj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; vGj;Jr;rhhpiag;
gl;oaypy; Twhky; tpl;lhYk; mth; jd;Dila E]w;ghtpy;
gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh;.
lwys vd;Dk; g[s;sp Kd;dh;f;
frg vd;Dk; _btGj;J chpa (bjhy;.vGj;J.23)
 19

vd;Dk; bjhy;fhg;gpa E]w;ghtpy; l;/ w;/ y;/ s;/ f;/ r;/ g; Mfpa VG
bka;baGj;Jf;fisa[k; bka; totj;jpy; Twhky; m vd;Dk; vGj;Jr;
rhhpiaiar; nrh;j;J Kiwna lwys/ frg vd;W TWfpwhh;.
tfuf; fpstp ehd;bkhHp <w;wJ (bjhy;.vGj;J.81)
vd;Dk; bjhy;fhg;gpa E]w;ghtpy; t; vd;Dk; bka;a[ld; mfuk; vd;Dk;
vGj;Jr; rhhpia nrh;e;J tfuk; vd te;jJ.
jdpbka;iaj; jdpj;J xypf;f ,ayhJ. jdpbka; mfuj;Jld;
bghUj;jp xypf;fg;gLk; vd;Dk; fUj;jpidj; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
bka;apd; ,af;fk; mfubkhL rptQk; (bjhy;.vGj;J.46)
vd;W TWfpwhh;.
jdp bka;baGj;Jfis xypf;Fk; Kiwa[k; vGJk; Kiwa[k;
mfuj;njhL nrh;e;nj tUk;.

jkpH; vGj;Jfspy; Fwpg;ghf bka;baGj;Jfis mfuj;njhL

nrh;j;nj f/ '/ a vd;nw ,yf;fz E]yhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,it
Kiwna f;/ ';/ a; vd;nw bfhs;sg;gLk;.
bghJthf capbuGj;Jf;fisg; nghd;W bka;baGj;Jfisj;
bjspthf xypj;Jtpl KoahJ. Vbddpy; bka;baGj;Jfs; xypf;fg;gLk;
nghJ thaiwapy; KGikahf my;yJ Xust[ jilnahL
xypf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; caph;nghy bka;ia KGikahff; fhjpy; th';f
KoahJ. mfuj;njhL nrh;j;J xypf;Fk;nghnj mwpa Koa[k;.
vGJk;nghJk; ,nj Kiwapy; vGjg;gLfpwJ.

bjhy;fhg;gpah; brhw;rhhpiafisg; gpd;tUk; E]w;ghtpy;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
mitjhk;
,d;nd tw;nw mj;nj mk;nk
xd;nd Mnd mf;nf ,f;nf
md;bdd; fpstp csg;glg; gpwt[k;
md;d vd;g rhhpia bkhHpna (bjhy;.vGj;J.120)
,e;j E]w;ghtpw;F ciubaGjpa ,sk;g{uzh; jk;/ ek;/ Kk;/ ck;/ bfG/
V/ I/ "hd;W Mfpa rhhpiafisa[k; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
 20

1.8. caphPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp

epiybkhHpapd; <w;wpy; capUk; tUbkhHpapd; Kjypy; ty;ypdk;/
bky;ypdk;/ ,ilapdk; ka';fpg; g[zh;tJ caphPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp
vdg;gLk;. ,e;j caphPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp ,U tifg;gLk;. mit my;tHpg;
g[zh;r;rp/ ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rp vd miHf;fgLfpwJ. caphPw;Wg;
g[zh;r;rpiaj; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
tpidba";R fpstpa[k; ctkf; fpstpa[k;
vdbtd; vr;rKk; Rl;od; ,Wjpa[k;
M';f vd;Dk; ciuair fpstpa[k;
"h';fh; fpse;j ty;byGj;J kpFnk (bjhy;.vG.205)
tpidbar;rkhfpa brhy;Yk;/ ctkr; brhy;Yk; vd vd;W brhy;y
tUfpd;w vr;rr; brhy;Yk;/ Rl;lhfpa mfu <Wk;. ciuairr; brhy;Yk; vd
,tw;wpd; Kd; ty;byGj;J kpFk;.

mfu <w;W tpidbar;rk;

cz + bfhz;lhd; - cdf;bfhz;lhd;
cz + je;jhd; - czj;je;jhd;

mfu <w;W ctkr; brhy;

g[yp + nghy + gha;e;jhd; - g[yp nghyg; gha;e;jhd;
g[yp + nghy + brd;whs; - g[yp nghyr; brd;whd;

vdvd; vr;rk;
bfhs;bsd + bfhz;lhd; - bfhs;bsdf; bfhz;lhd;

Rl;od; ,Wjp
m + bfhw;wd; - mf;bfhw;ws;

ciuairf; fpstp
M';f + bfhz;lhd; - M';ff; bfhz;lhd;.
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd;
frjg kpFtpj thjd kd;nd (ed;D]y; 165)
 21

,ay;ghft[k;/ tpjpapd; _yk; <w;wpy; caph; te;J/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; f/ r/

j/ g te;J g[zUk;.
gyrpy vDk;,it jk;Kd; jhk;thpd;
,ay;g[k; kpfYk; mfuk; Mf
yfuk; wfuk; MfYk; gpwthpd;
mfuk; tpfw;gk; MfYk; csgpw (ed;D]y; 139)
gy/ rpy vd;Dk; ,t;tpU brhy;Yk; jk;Kd;dh;j; jhk; tUkhapd;/
,ay;ghjYk;/ kpFjYk; mfu';bfl yfuk; wfukhfYk;/ ,tw;wpd; Kd;
gpw eP';fYk; cs;sd.
bjhluy; ,Wjp jk;Kd; jhk;thpd;
yfuk; wfubthw; whfY Khpj;nj (bjhy;.215)
bjhlh; bkhHpapy;yhj <buGj;bjhU bkhHpahfpa gy/ rpy vd;Dk;
mfutPw;Wr; brhy; jk; Kd;nd jhk; thpd;/ jk; <w;wpy; epd;w yfubthw;W
wfubthw;wha;j; jphpe;J KojYk; chpj;J.
chptU fhiy ehHpf; fpstp
,Wjp ,fuk; bka;bahLk; bfLnk
gfuk; xw;Wk; Mtap dhd (bjhy;.241)
ehHp vd;Dk; ,fu <w;W epiybkhHp Kd;dh; chp vd;Dk; brhy; tUk;
nghJ ,fuj;njhL Hfu bka;(Hp) bfl;L lfu bka; ,ilapy; tUk;.
chpthpd; ehHpapd; <w;Waph; bka;bfl
kUt[k; lfuk; chpapd; tHpna
afut[aph; bka;ahk; Vw;gd thpnd (ed;./ vGj;J/ 174)
chp vd;Dk; mst[g;bgah; thpd;/ thHp vd;Dk; mst[g;bgahpdJ
<w;Waph; bka; bfl/ mt;tHp lfubthw;W tUk;. chp vd;Dk
mst[g;bgahpd; gpd; afut[aph; bka; tUk;/ mt;taph;bka; tUjw;F Vw;w
tUbkhHpfs; MFk;;.
ehHp + chp
ehH; + chp (Hp <w;W ,fuk; bfl;L H;)
ehl; + chp (Hfuk; lfukhFk;)
ehLhp (cly; nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;g[ tpjpg;go
l; + c - L)
 22

gidKd; bfhothpd; kpfYk; typthpd;

Ingha; mk;Kk; jpus;thpd; cwH;t[k;
ml;Lwpd; Ibfl;le; ePs;t[khk; ntw;Wik (ed;.vGj;J.203)
gid vd;Dk; bgah; Kd;/ bfho vd;Dk; bgah; tUkhapd; te;jJ
kpFjYk;/ frjgf;fs; thpd; epiybkhHp <w;W Ifhu'; bfl;L mk;Kg;
bgWjYk;/ jpus; vd;Dk; bgah; tUkhapd; te;jJ kpFe;Jk; I ngha;
mk;Kg; bgw;We; jk;Ks; cwH;jYk;.
v.L. : gidf;bfho/ gd';fha; vdt[k; tUk;;.
gida[k; miua[k; Mtpiuf; fpstpa[k;
epida['; fhiy mk;bkhL rptQk;
Ivd; ,Wjp miu tiue;J bfLnk
bka; mtz; xHpa vd;kdhh; g[yth; (bjhy;.284)
gid/ miu/ Mtpiu vd;Dk; _d;W epiy bkhHpfnshLk; tUbkhHp
g[zUk; nghJ mk; rhhpia tUk;. gid/ Mtpiu vd;Dk; ,uz;od;
<w;W Ifhuk; bfLk;.
gid + gd; + fha; - gd';fha;.

1.9. bka;aPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp

epiybkhHpapd; <w;wpy; bka;a[k;/ tUbkhHpapd; Kjypy;
ty;ypdk;/ bky;ypdk;/ ,ilapdk;/ caph; nghd;wita[k; tUk; nghJ
Vw;gLk; g[zh;r;rp epiyia bka;aPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp vdg;gLk;.
"fhiu xw;wpa bjhHpw;bgah; Kd;dh;
my;yJ fpsg;gpDk; ntw;Wikf; fz;Qk;
ty;byGj; jpiaapd; mt;btGj;J kpFnk
cfuk; tUjy; Mtap dhd (bjhy;.297)
"fhuk; <w;wpd; fz; xw;W epd;w bjhHpw;bgahpd; Kd;dh; my;tHpf;
fz;Qk;/ ntw;Wikf; fz;Qk; ty;byGjJ Kjy;bkhHp/ tUbkhHp
Mapd; tUbkhHpf;fz; kpf;F Koa[k; Mz;L epiybkhHpf;fz; cfuk;
tUk;.
"zek ytsd xw;wpW bjhHpw;bgah;
Vty; tpidedp at;ty; bka;thpd;
ct;t[Wk; Vty; cWrpy rpy;tHp (ed;./ 207)
 23

auHf;fis xHpj;J vl;blhw;Wk; ,WjpahFk;. Kjdpiy

bjhHpw;bgaUk;/ Vty; tpida[k;/ nky; tpje;j afubkhHpe;j bka;
tUkhapd;/ bgUk;ghYk; cfur; rhhpiaia ,Wjpf;fz; bghUe;Jk;.
mfbkd; fpstpf;Ff; ifKd; thpnd
Kjdpiy bahHpa Kd;dit bfLjYk;
tiuepiy apd;nw ahrphp ah;f;f
bky;byGj;J kpFjy; Mtapdhd (316)
mfk; vd;Dk; brhy;ypw;F if vd;Dk; brhy; Kd; tUk;nghJ kfuk;
bfl;Lepd;W epiybkhHp Kjypy; epd;w mfuk; xHpa mjd; Kd; epd;w
mfuKk;mfuj;jhw; gw;wg;gl;l ffu bka;a[k;bfl;LtpLk;.
mfk; + if
mf + if (kfuk; bfLk;)
mf';if ('; njhd;Wk;)
mfKdh;r; brtpif thpd;,il adbfLk; (ed;D]y; 222)
mfk; vd;Dk; ,lg;bgah; Kd;dh; brtp if vd;D"; rpidg;bgah;
thpd;/ epiybkhHp ,Wjp kfuk; td;ikf;F ,dkhfj; jphpjnyad;wp/
mjdpil epd;w ffubthw;Wk; mjid Ch;e;j mfucapUk; bfLk;.
tfhu kpira[k; kfhu'; FWFk; (bjhy;.331)
nky; xU bkhHpf;fz; Twpa “zfhiu Kd;dh;” md;wp <z;Lg;
g[zh;bkhHpf;fz; tfuj;jpd; nkYk; kfu'; FWFk;.
kt;tP bwhw;wHpe; Japh; bwhg;gt[k;
td;ikf; fpdkhj; jphpgt[k; MFk; (ed;D]y; 219)
kfu <w;Wr; brhw;fs; ,Wjp kfu';bfl tpjpa[aphPwha; epd;W ,ay;g[aphP
nghy caph;thpd; clk;gLbka; njhd;wt[k;/ ty;ypdk; thpd;
,ay;ghft[k; g[zh;tdt[k; ty;ypdk; thpw; bflhJ.
zfhu ,Wjp ty;btGj; jpiaapd;
lfhu khFk; ntw;Wikg; bghUl;nf (bjhy;.303)
zfhu <w;Wg; bgah; ty;byGj;J Kjd;bkhHp ,iaapd;/ lfhukha;
Koa[k; ntw;Wikg; bghUl;g[zh;r;rpf; fz;
kz; + Flk; (zfuk; lfuk; MFk;)
kl; + Flk; - kl;Flk;
zdty; ypdk;tul; gpwt[k; gpwthpd;
,ay;g[k; MFk; ntw;Wikf; fy;tHpf;
 24

fidj;Jbka; thpDk; ,ay;gh Fk;nk (ed;.209)

zfuk;/ cfukhft[k;/ dfuk; wfukhft[k; ,ay;ghf khWk;.
ntw;Wikapd; bky;ypdKk;/ ,ilapdKk; te;jhy; ,ay;g[/
mt;tHpapy; _tpdk; te;jhy; ,ay;g[ MFk;.
njbdd; fpstp ty;byGj; jpiaapd;
nkdpiy xj;jYk; ty;byGj;J kpFjYk;
MKiw apuz;Lk; chpika[ Kilj;nj
ty;byGj;J kpFtHp ,Wjp apy;iy (bjhy;.341)
njd; vd;Dk; brhy; ty;byGj;J Kjd; bkhHpaha; te;Jnky; kPd;
vd;Dk; brhy;ypw;Fr; brhd;d jphpg[wH;r;rpapd; epiyikia xj;J
KojYk; tUbkhHp ty;byGj;J kpf;F KojYkhfpa mk;Kiwa[ila
,uz;oida[k; cilaJ.
njd; + Flk; (dfuk; wfuk; MFk;)
njw; + Flk; (njw;Flk;)
njd;bkhHp bka;thpd; ,ay;g[k; bkd;ik
nktpd; ,Wjp aHpt[k; typthpd;
<Wngha; typbkyp kpfYkhk; ,UtHp (ed;.214)
njd; vd;Dk; brhy; _tpd bka;a[k; thpd; ,Wjp dfuk; ,ay;ghjYk;/
bky;ypdk; thpd; mt;tpWjp ,ay;ghjnyad;wpf; bfLjYk; ty;ypdk;
thpd; ,Wjp ,ay;ghjnyad;wpf; bfl te;j ty;ypdkhjy;
mjw;fpzkhjy; kpFjYkhk;.
kPbdd; fpstp ty;byGj; JwH;nt (bjhy;.340)
kPd; vd;Dk; fpstp jd; jphpg[ ty;byGj;jpndhL cwH;e;J Koa[k;.
kPd; + fz;
kPw;fz;
kPd;wt; bthLbgh%ck; ntw;Wik tHpna (ed;.213)
kPd; vd;Dk; bkhHp ,Wjp dfuk; ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;byGj;J thpd;
wfuj;njhL cwH;e;J tUk;.

1.10. vz;Qg;bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp

xd;W Kjbyl; OWk; vz;csh;
gj;jpd;Kd; Md;thpw; gy;bthw; bwhHpanky;
vy;yh nkhLk; xd;gJk; (ed;.248)
 25

xd;W Kjy; vl;L vz;fnshL g[zh;e;j gj;bjd;Dk; vz; Kd;dh;

cUg[fs; g[zUk; ,lj;J ,ilna md;rhhpia thpd;/ mg;gbjd;Dk;
vz;zpdJ gfubthw;W xd;Wnk epw;f nky; epd;w vy;yhbtGj;J';
bfLk;.
v.L. : xU ghid/ xU ghij
xd;WKj byhd;ghd; ,Wjp Kd;dh;
epd;w gj;j bdhw;Wf;bfl Ma;jk;
te;jpil epiya[k; ,aw;ifj; bjd;g
Twpa ,aw;iff; Fw;wpa Yfuk;
Mw dpWjp my;tHp ahd (bjhy;.438)
xd;W Kjy; xd;gJf;F Kd;dh; epd;W gj;jd; Vw;W bfl;L Ma;jk; te;J
epw;Fk;.
v.L. : gj;J - g~J vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpah; TWfpwhh;.
ydbtd t%ck; g[s;sp apWjpKd;
ck;K'; bfGt[k; csg;glg; gpwt[k;
md;d kugpd; bkhHpapilj; njhd;wpr;
bra;a[s; bjhlh;tapd; bka;bgw epiya[k;
ntw;Wik Fwpj;j bghUs;tap dhd (bjhy;.482)
yd vd tUk; g[s;sp ,WjpKd; yd vd;W brhy; tUfpd;w g[s;spaPw;Wr;
brhy;Kd; ck; vd;Dk; rhhpiaa[k;/ bfG vd;Dk; rhhpiaa[k; csg;glg;
gpw rhhpiaa[k; mg;bgwg;gl;l kugpida[ila bkhHpapilj; njhd;wpr;
bra;a[s; bkhHpfisj; bjhd;bkhHpfisg; bgw;W ntw;Wikf; Fwpj;J
bghUl;g[zh;fpwJ.
g[s;spa[k; capUk; MW brhy;Kd;
jk;kpd; Mfpa bjhHpy;bkhHp thpnd
ty;ypdk; tpfw;gKk; ,ay;g[k; MFk; (ed;.255)
_d;whk; ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpa[s; xw;Wk; capUk; ,Wjpaha; epd;w brhy;
Kd;dh;f; ‘fUtp fUj;jh t[ldpfH;; tjd; bghUs;’ vd;gtw;Wl;
fUj;jhthfpa epiybkhHpg; bghUs; jk;khyhfpa bjhHpw; brhy;thpd;/
m';'dk; tUk; ty;ypdk;/ ntw;Wikg; bghJ Kog[ VyhJ/ tpfw;gKk;
,ay;g[khk;.
fpse;j my;y bra;a[Ss; jphpet[k;
tH';fpay; kU';fpd; kUbthL jphpet[k;
tpsk;gpa ,aw;ifapd; ntWglj; njhd;wpd;
 26

tH';fpay; kU';fpd; cah;e;jdh; xGf;fy;

ed;kjp ehl;lj; bjd;kdhh; g[yth; (bjhy;.484)
fpse;j my;yJ vd;Dk; bra;a[splj;J ntWgl tUtdtw;iwa[k;/ tHf;F
elj;Jkplj;J kUt[jnyhL ntWgl tUtdtw;iw/ Kd; brhd;d
Kogpaw;ifapd; ntWglj; njhd;wpd;/ ey;ywptpdJ Muha;r;rpahd;
tHf;F ,aYkplj;J mtw;Ws; ntWghLfis mwpe;J bfhs;f vd;W
g[yth; TWfpwhh;.
,jw;fpJ Kobgd; w";rh jpaht[k;
tpjpg;gst[ ,d;ikapd; tpjpj;jtw; wpayhd;
tFj;Jiu ahjt[k; tFj;jdh; bfhsny (ed;.256)
,jw;F ,J Kobgd;W ,t;tjpfhuj;Js; tpjpf;fj;
jFtdtw;iwbay;yhe; jdpj;jdp tiuaWj;J tpjpf;fg;g[fpd; mjw;F xU
tiuaiwapd;ikapd; tFj;J tpjpj;jdtw;wpd; ,yf;fz';fis VJthff;
bfhz;L/ tFj;J tpjpa[iuahjdtw;iwa[k; fUjyhzitahd;.
 27

rhd;bwz; Fwpg;g[fs;

1. t.Rg.khzpf;fk;/ bjhy;fhg;gpaf; fly;/ g.320.

2. br.it.rz;Kfk;/ vGj;jpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghL/ g.141.
3. M.rptyp';fdhh;/ jkpH; ,yf;fz czh;t[fs;/ g.52.
4. nkyJ./ g.53.
5. nkyJ./ g.53.
6. fh.bts;isthuzd; (c.M.)/ bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ ed;D]y;/
vGj;jjpfhuk;/ gf;.63-64.
 ,ay; 2
brhy;ypyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;

2.0. Kd;Diu
mfj;jpaj;jpd; tHpna bjhy;fhg;gpak; njhd;wpw;W vd;gh;. MapDk;
bjhy;fhg;gpak; tHf;fpw;F te;jgpd; mfj;jpak; E]ny kiwe;Jtpl;lJ.
Mdhy; ,j;bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; tHp vj;jidnah ,yf;fz E]y;fs;
njhd;wpDk; bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpwg;g[ rpwpJk; Fiwatpy;iy.

bjhy;fhg;gpaj;ijr; bra;jpUf;Fk; jpwk; ,d;g[wj;jf;fjhFk;. xnu

E]w;ghitg; gy ,l';fspy; TwpDk; mt;tplj;jpw;nfw;g me;E]w;ghtpd;
bghUs; mikar; bra;jYk; rpwg;g[wr; bra;Js;shh;.

2.1. brhy; tpsf;fk;

brhy; vd;gJ bghUs; gaf;Fk; ,yf;fzj;ij msitahff;
bfhz;L tFf;fg; bgWtJ vd;W rpyUk;/ nkYk; rpyh; brhy;ypd;
mog;gil tiutpyf;fznk bghUs; czh;j;JtJ vd;Wk; brhy; vd;gJ
bghUs; juf;ToaJ vd;Wk; rpyh; TWth;. nkYk; brhy;iy “r; + xy;”
vdg; gphpj;J “eh” thft[k;/ “xy;” xypahft[k; bfhz;Lk;/ brhy;
vd;gjw;F ehthy; xypf;fg; bgWk; bjhlhpir vd;gJ bghUs;
vd;bwy;yhk; gy tpsf;f';fs; Twg;gLfpd;wd.

2.2. bjhy; gw;wpa ciuahrphpah; fUj;Jfs;

 brhy; vd;gJ vGj;njhL g[zh;e;J bghUs; mwpt[Wj;Jk; Xir vd

,sk;g{uzh; TWfpwhh;.
 vGj;jpdhd; Mf;fg;gl;L ,Ujpizg; bghUs; jd;ika[k; xUth;
czh;tjw;Ff; fUtpahd Xirna brhy; vd er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;
TWfpwhh;.
fpstp/ brhy;/ bkhHp vd;gd bjhlf;fj;jpy; bghUl;fpstp vdr;
nrdhtiuah; TWfpwhh;.
Ke;epiyf; fhyKk; njhd;Wk; ,aw;if
vk;Kiwr; brhy;Yk; epfGk; fhyj;J
 29

bka;e;epiyg; bghJr;brhy; fpsj;jy; ntz;Lk;

(bjhy;.tpid.240)
vd;w E]w;ghtpy; “brhy;” vd;gJ bghUs; vd;nw bghUs;
Twg;gLfpd;wJ.

2.3. bjhy;fhg;gpa brhy;ypyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLfs;

bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; “brhy;” vd;gJ gy bghUs;fspy;

ifahsg;gLfpwJ. “d~fhd; xw;nw M^c mwpbrhy;” vd;w E]w;ghtpy;
vd;gJ tUgida[k; “jUbrhy; MapU fpstpa[k;”/ ‘gd;ik ciuf;Fk;
jd;ik brhy;ny’ vd;Dkplj;jpy; xl;Lf;fs; vd;w bghUisa[k; ‘epyDk;
bghUSk;/ fhyKk; vd;w bjhlhpy; brhy; vd;w bghUisa[k; jUfpwJ
vd;gh;.

,it jtpu ‘brhy;’ vd;gJ bjhlh; bkhHp vd;w bghUspYk;

bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUJth;. ‘tz;zr;
rpidr;brhy;’ vd;gjw;Fr; ‘br';fhy; ehiu’ vd;gij cjhuzkhff;
bfhLj;Js;shh;.
bghUz;ik bjhpjY"; brhd;ik bjhpjY";
brhy;ypdhL MFk; bkd;kdhh; g[yth; (bjhy;.bgahp-56)

2.4. brhy;ypyf;fzr; rpwg;g[fs;

bjhy;fhg;gpa _d;W mjpfhu';fspy; brhy;yjpfhunk mjpf
ciufs; fz;l bgUika[z;L. gy ciuahrphpah;fs; ciu
vGjpapUg;gpDk; kpfr; brk;ikahff; bfhLj;jth; nrdhtiuah; Mth;.

,sk;g{uzUk; fy;yhlUk; KGtJk; xj;j fUj;Jk;/

nrdhtiuaUk; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpaUk; xj;j fUj;Jk;/ bja;tr;rpiyah;
kl;Lk; khWgl;l fUj;jpidf; Twpa[s;shh;.

brhy;yjpfhuk;/ fpstpahf;fk;/ ntw;Wikapay;/ ntw;Wik

ka';fpay;/ tpspkug[/ bgahpay;/ tpidapay;/ ,ilapay;/ chpapay;/
vr;rtpay; vd xd;gJ ,ay;fisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; bgah;/
 30

tpidfis Kjy;epiyr; brhw;fshft[k;/ ,il chpr; brhw;fis

,uz;lhk; epiyr; brhw;fshft[k; tifg;gLj;jp mtw;wpd;
gad;ghl;oidg; bgahpay;/ tpidapay;/ ,ilapay;/ chpapay; vd
ehd;F ,ay;fspy; Twpa[s;shh;. brhw;fs; xd;nwhL xd;W ntWgLtij
ntw;WikapaypYk; Twpa[s;shh;. tpsf;fKiw mikg;gpy; brhw;fs;
ntWgLtij tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;fp ntw;Wik cUg[fSld; ntWgLk;
rpwg;iga[k; fhl;oa bjhy;fhg;gpah; bjhlhpay; mikg;gpy; brhw;fs;
,lk;bgWk;/ epuy; Kiwfisa[k;/ ,iag[ epiwfisa[k; tpsf;fp
TWfpwhh;.

bkhHpapd; Kf;fpakhd bjhlhpay; mikg;g[k;/ mjpy; brhw;fs;

,lk;bgWk; gh';ifa[k; brhy;yjpfhuk; tpsf;fpf; TWtjd; _yk;
tU';fhy ,yf;fz tsh;r;rpf;Fj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; tif bra;Js;shh;
vd;gij czuKofpwJ. mjd; mog;gilapny bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ciu
vGjpatUk;/ ed;D]y; nghd;wttw;wpy; g[Jikahd gy bra;jpfis
,dk; fhzKofpwJ.

2.4. MFbgah;
xd;wd; ,aw;bgah; mjbdhL bjhlh;g[ila kw;bwhU
bghUSf;Fj; bjhd;Wbjhl;Lg; bgauhfp tUtJ MFbgah; vdg;gLk;.
xd;W kw;bwhd;Wf;F Mfp tUtjhy; MFbgah; vd;W fhuzg; bgauhfp
tUfpwJ. ,g;bgah; epajpg;bgauhfp tUk; jd;ikiaf; bfhz;lJ.
,it fhye;njhWk; gytifahff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. bjhy;fhg;gpah;
jdJ brhy;yjpfhu E]w;ghtpy; VG tifahd E]w;ghf;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
Kjypy; TWk; rpidawp fpstpa[k;
rpidapy; TWk; Kjywp fpstpa[k;
gpwe;jtHpf; TwYk; gz;g[bfhs; bgaUk;
,ad;wJ bkhHpjYk; ,UbghUs; xl;Lk;
tpidKjy; ciuf;Fk; fpstpnahL bjhif,
mid kugpdnt MFbgah;f; fpstp (bjhy;.brhy;.114)
1. Kjw;bghUs; czh;j;Jk; brhy;iyr; rpidg; bghUSf;Ff; TWjy;.
 bj';F jpd;whd;/ fLj;jpd;whd;
 31

2. rpidg;bghUs; czh;j;Jk; brhy;iy KjYf;Ff; TWjy;.

 ,iyel;L thGk;; g{ el;L thGk;
3. epyj;Jg; gpwe;j bghUs;nky; me;epyk; tUjy;.
 FHpg;gho nehpJ
4. gz;g[g;bgah; mg;gz;g[ila bghUis czh;j;jp epw;wy;.
 bts;is cLj;jpdhd;
5. Kjw;bgahpd; fhuzj;jhy; ,ad;w fhhpaj;ijf; Twy;.
 bghd; g{z;lhd;
6. md;bkhHpg; bgah;g; bghUs;nky; ,Ubgabuhl;L tUjy;.
 bghd;dhy; Mfpa bjho
7. bra;ag;gl;l bghUisr; bra;jtd; bgauhy; TWjy;.
 ,t;thil nfhypfd;
nkw;fz;ltw;iw MFbgauhf brhy;ypa bjhy;fhg;gpah; mjid
nkYk; ntWg;gLj;jp Twpa[s;shh;.
mitjhk;
jk;jk; bghUs;tapd; jk;bkhL rptQYk;
xg;g[,y; tHpahd; gpwpJ bghUs; Rl;lYk;
mg;gz; gpdnt EtYk; fhiy (bjhy;. brhy;.115)
mjd; bghUisa[k; mjndhL bjhlh;gpy;yhj ntW bghUisa[k;
gz;gpid cilaJ vd;fpwhh;. (v.fh.) EtYk; fhiy - brhy;Ykplj;J.
mst[k; epiwa[k; mtw;bwhL bfhs;tHp
csbtd bkhHpg czh;e;jprp ndhnu (bjhy;. brhy;.116)
msitg; bgaiua[k;/ epWj;jy; bgaiua[k; MFbgauhff; bfhs;s
,lKz;L vd;W mLj;J ,yf;fz tsh;r;rpf;F ,lk; mspj;J
brd;Ws;shh; bjhy;fhg;gpah;.
MFbgah; Fwpj;J ed;D]ypy; gtze;jp Kdpth; gd;dpuz;L
tifahd MFbgauhf tpthpj;Jf; Twpa[s;shh;.
bghUs;Kjy; MnwhL msit brhy;jhdp
fUtp fhhpak; fUj;jd; Mjpa[s;
xd;wd; bgauhy; mjw;F ,ia gpwpijj;
bjhd;Kiw ciug;gd MF bganu (ed;D]y;/ 290)
 32

vdg; bghUs; MnwhL/ msit/ brhy;/ jhdpathF/ fUtpahF/

fhhpathF vd;Wk; fUj;jpdhF bgabud;Wk; gd;dpuz;L Kiwahf
MFbgaiu ed;D]ypy; tpthpj;Js;shh;.
1. bghUshF bgah;
 jhkiu Kfk;
2. ,lthF bgah;
 mfdkh;e;J
3. fhythF bgah;
 fhh; mWj;jhd;
4. rpidahF bgah;
 btw;wpiy el;lhd;
5. gz;ghF bgah;
 fhh; epfh; if
6. bjhHpyhF bgah;
 tw;wbyhL cz;lhd;
7. msthF bgah;
 xd;wpuz;L bfhL
8. brhy;yhF bgah;
 E]w;F ciu fz;lhd;
9. jhdpahF bgah;
 fHy; el;lhd;
10. fUtpahF bgah;
 jpUthrfk;go
11. fhhpathF bgah;
 ,J my';fhuk;
12. fUj;jhthF bgah;
 fk;giug;go
vd ed;D]yhh; gd;dpuz;L tifahfg; gphpj;Jf; Twpa[s;shh;. ,JnkYk;
gytif MFbgauhff; Twg;gLfpwJ.
 33

,jpy; msthFbgah; (vz;zy;) vd;gij nkYk; gFj;J/

vLj;jy;/ Kfj;jy;/ ePl;ly; vd;Wk; fUj;jhthF bgah; nkYk; tsh;e;J
ctikahF bgah;. ,UkoahF bgah;/ Kk;koahF bgah;/
gpd;bkhHpahF bgah;/ Kd;bkhHpahF bgah; vd MFbgah;
tsh;r;rpaile;J tUfpwJ vd;gij czuKofpwJ.

2.5. tpidbar;r tha;ghLfs;

tpidbar;rk; vd;gJ tpidiaf; bfhz;L Koaf; ToajhFk;.
“te;J brd;whd;” vd;gjpy; “te;J” vd;gJ tpidbar;rkhFk;. “te;jhd;
brd;whd;” vd;Dk; bjhlnu te;J brd;whd; MfpaJ/ tpidv";rp
epw;gjhy; tpidbar;rk; vd;gJ fhuzg;bgauhFk;.
bjhHpYk; fhyKk; njhd;wpg; ghy;tpid
xHpa epw;gJ tpidvr; rk;nk (ed;D]y;/ 342)
ed;D]ypy; gtze;jp Kdpth; TWfpd;whh;. 1. bjhHpiya[k;
,wg;g[/ epfH;t[/ vjph;t[ vd;Dk; Kf;fhy';fisa[k; fhl;Lk;. 2.
,Ujpiz Ik;ghYk; tpida[k; Fiwe;J epw;Fk; ,it tpidr;
brhy;ypd; bghJtpyf;fzkhff; TWfpd;whh;.
bjhy;fhg;gpah; tpidbar;r tha;ghLfisa[k; bghUj;j tiuapy;
xd;gJ tifahd tha;ghLfis tpthpf;fpwhh;.
bra;J bra;a{r; bra;g[ bra;bjdr;
bra;apah; bra;apa brapd; brar; braw;bfd
mt;tif xd;gJk; tpidba";R fpstp (bjhy;. brhy;.228)
vdf; TWfpd;whh;. nkYk; ,tw;wpy; ,we;j fhyj;jpy; tUtjhf
_d;wpida[k;/ epfH;fhyj;jpy; tUtjhf xd;Wk;/ vjph;fhyj;jpy;
miktjhf Ie;Jk; tUbkdf; Twp mjw;fhd tUkpl';fisa[k;
tpthpj;Jf; TWfpd;whh;.

tpidbar;r tha;ghLfisg; bghUj;j tiuapy; ed;D]ypy;

gtze;jpahh; gd;dpuz;lhf tpthpj;Jf; Twpa[s;shh;. bjhy;fhg;gpah;
xd;gJ jhd; Twpa[s;shh;. ed;D]yhh; _d;W g[jpjhf ,izj;J
Twpa[s;shh;.
bra;J/ bra;g[ bra;ahf; bra;a{r;
bra;bjdr; brar; brapd; bra;apa bra;apah;
 34

thd; ghd; ghf;F,d tpidbar; rk;gpw

Ie;Jxd;W MWk;Kf; fhyKk; KiwjUk; (ed;D]y;/ 343)
vd;W g[jpjhf thd;/ ghd;/ ghf;F vd;w _d;wpid ,izj;Jf;
Twpa[s;sjd; _yk;/ tpidbar;r tha;ghLfs; ed;D]yhh; fhyj;jpy;
tsh;r;rp bgw;Ws;sij ciuKofpwJ.

bjhy;fhg;gpak; ed;D]y;

tpidbar;r tha;ghLfs; 9 tpidbar;r tha;g;ghLfs; 12

,we;jfhyk; 3 ,we;jfhyk; 5

epfH;fhyk; 1 epfH;fhyk; 1

vjph;fhyk; 5 vjph;fhyk; 6

TLjy; 9 TLjy; 12

tpidbar;r tha;ghLfs; Kf;fhy';fspy; njhd;Wkpl';fs;

Fwpj;Jj; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/ Twpaija[k; gtze;jpahh; Twpaija[k;
czuKofpwJ.

2.6. ,ilr;brhy;
jkpH;r; brhw;fs; bgah;/ tpid/ ,il/ chp vd ehd;F tifahfg;
gFf;fg; bgw;Ws;sd. bgaUk; tpida[k; jdpj;J ,a';Fk; jd;ik
cilaitahft[k;/ ,ila[k; chpa[k; mtw;iwr; rhh;e;J ,a';Fk;
jd;ik cilaitahft[k tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,ilr;brhw;fs; brhw;fspd; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; epw;Fkhapd;

bgUk;ghYk; ,ilapy; epw;Fk; ,ay;ig cilad. mjdhy;
,ilr;brhy; Mapw;W vd;gJ nrdhtiuah; fUj;J.

jdpj;J ,a';Fk; Mw;wy; mw;wJ ,ilr;brhy;. mJ bgah;/

tpidfisr; rhh;e;J (,lkhff; bfhz;L) njhd;Wk;. mjdhy;
,ilr;brhy; vd;gnj ,ilr;brhy; vd tH';FfpwJ vd;gJ
bja;tr;rpiyahh; fUj;J.
 35

bgah;r;brhy;Yk; MfhJ/ tpidr; brhy;Yk; MfhJ; mt;tpuz;Lk;

ntWkhfhky; ,il epfudtha; epw;gjhy; ,ilr;brhy; Mapw;W vd
,t;,ilr;brhy;Yf;F ed;D]y; ciuahrphpah;fSs; xUth;
r';fuekr;rpthah; vdf; TWfpwhh;. ,ilr;brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzk; TWtJ
,ilapay; MFk;.

2.7. chpr;brhy;
bjhy;fhg;gpah; chpapaypy; chpr;brhw;fs; gw;wp tphpthff;
Twpa[s;shh;. ehd;F tifr; brhw;fspy; chpr;brhy; vd;W bgah;.
tpidfSf;F milahf tuf; ToajhFk;. chpr;brhw;fs; jdpahd nth;r;
(Root) brhw;fisg; bgw;wpUf;Fk;. Mdhy; jdpj;J ,a';Fk; Mw;wy;
mw;wit. ,jdhy;jhd; bjhy;fhg;gpah; ,ilr;brhw;fisa[k;
chpr;brhw;fisa[k; jdpg; gFg;ghff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. chpr;brhw;fisr;
bra;a[Sf;F chpait vd;Wk; TWfpd;whh;.
chpr;brhy; kU';fpDk; chpait chpa (bjhy;. brhy;.455)
bjhy;fhg;gpah; bjhFj;Jf; Twpatw;wpy; bgUk;ghyhdit tHf;F
bkhHpapy; ,d;ikia czh;e;J mwp"h;fs; ,it bra;a[s;fSf;F
chpait vd;gh;.

nth;r;brhy;/ mor;brhy; mikg;gpy; bgUk;ghd;iahd

chpr;brhw;fs; fhzg;gLtjhy; bja;tr;rpiyahh; tlbkhHpapd; “jhJ”
(Drath) vd;gnjhL bjhlh;g[ gLj;Jfpwhh;.

ed;D]yhh; ehd;F E]w;ghf;fspy; kl;Lk; chpr;brhy;iy

tpsf;Fthh;. gpd;dh; caph;g;bghUs; gw;wpa kug[r; bra;jpfis tpsf;f
Kw;gLfpwhh;. bjhy;fhg;gpah; chpr;brhw;fspd; njhw;wj;ij
epidt[g;gLj;Jk; nghJ ‘,irapDk; Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDk; njhd;wp’
tpidapDk; bgahpDk; bka;jLkhwp/ xUbrhy; gy bghUl;F chpik
njhd;wpa[k; gy brhy; xU bghUl;L chpikj; njhd;wpa[k; tUk; vd;gh;.
gtze;jpahh;/
gy;tifg; gz;g[k; gfh;bga uhfp
xUFzk; gyFzk; jGtpg; bgah;tpid
xUth bra;a[l; Fhpad chpr;brhy; (ed;. 442)
 36

vd;fpwhh;. gy;tifg; gz;g[k; gfh; bgah; vd;gjhy; ,ir/ FWpg;g[/ gz;g[

vd;Dk; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk; vd mwpfpnwhk;. bgah;tpid xUth
vd;gjhy; bgah;tpidr; brhw;fis tpl;L eP';fhjit vd;W
czh;fpnwhk;. bgahpDk; tpidapDk; bka;jLkhwp tUk; vd;w fUj;nj
mjpy; g[yg;gLfpwJ. xU Fzk; gy Fzk; jGtp tUk; vd;w nghnj xU
brhy; gy bghUl;F chpik njhd;wpa[k;/ gy brhy; xU bghUl;F
chpik njhd;wpa[k; tUk; vd;w fUj;J tw;g[Wj;jg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;.
bra;a[l;Fhpad vd;w fUj;ijj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; tw;g[Wj;jtpy;iy.

ntWrpy fUj;Jf;fisa[k; ghh;g;nghk;. chpr;brhy; vd;gJ

nth;r;brhy; vd;Dk; fUj;ijr; nrdhtiuaUk; bja;tr; rpiyahUk;
vLj;Jiug;gh;. bra;a[Sf;F chpaJ vd;gij ed;D]yhh; Fwpg;gpLthh;.
nrdhtiuaUk; jk; ciuapy; bgUk;ghd;ika[k; bra;a[l;F chpadtha;
tUjypd; chpr;brhy; Mapw;W vd;ghUk; csh; vd;W Fwpg;gpLthh;.
lhf;lh; fkpy;Rtybgy; vd;gth; tpidail bgauil vd;nw tpsf;f
Kw;gLthh;. chpr;brhy; Fzg;gz;g[k; bjhHpw;gz;g[khfpa ,uz;oDs;
ml';Fk; gy;ntWgl;l gz;g[fisa[k; czh;j;Jk; bgauhfp epw;gij
vLj;Jzh;j;Jthh; r';fuekr;rpthah;. bghJthf nehf;Fk;nghJ
bjhHpw;bgah;fs; (Verbal nouns), gz;g[g; bgah;fs; (Abstract nouns)/
mtw;wpd; Kjdpiy (Bases) _d;Wnk ,t;tpaypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

chpr;brhw;fs; ntWgLj;jpa[k; ntWgLj;jg;gl;Lk; tUtJz;L

bjhy;fhg;gpah; ,ilr;brhy; vy;yhk; ntw;Wikr; brhy;ny vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;l gpd;dh; ‘chpr;brhy; kU';fpDk; chpait chpa’ vd;W
bgauhft[k;/ bgah;f;bfhilahft[k; epiybgWk; jd;ikia
epidt[g;gLj;Jfpwhh; ,jid ed;D]yhh; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
milepiy milbgWk; epiy
FUkzp tps';F FU
bry;yy; neha; mU";bry;yy;
,d;dy; Fwpg;g[ nghpd;dy;
,ilr;brhy;ypd; bghJtpyf;fzj;jpidj; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
,ilvdg; gLg bgabuhLk; tpidbahLk;
eilbgw;W ,aYk; jkf;fpay;g[ ,ynt (bjhy;. brhy;.249)
 37

,ilr;brhw;fs; bgah;/ tpid vd;Dk; ,uz;L tifr; brhw;fSf;Fk;

Kd;dhYk;/ gpd;dhYk; ,ize;J epd;W mg;bgah; tpidfspd;
bghUisj; bjspt[g;gLj;Jk;. bgUk;ghYk; ,t;tifr; brhw;fs;
,Ubrhw;fSf;F ,ilna tUtjhy; ,ilr;brhw;fs; vdg;gl;ld.
v.fh.
 Inah ,we;jhd; - Inah vd;Dk; ,ilr;brhy; tpidf;F
Kd;nd te;Js;sJ.
 bfhd;whd; T T - vd;gjpy; tpidapd; gpd;id TT vd;Dk;
,ilr;brhw;fs; te;jd.
 kw;bwhd;W - kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;brhy; bgaUf;F Kd;
te;jJ
,jd; _yk; ,ilr;brhw;fs; bgaUf;F Kd;nda[k; gpd;nda[k;
tUtijf; fhzyhk;.

,ilr;brhw;fspd; tiffisg; bghUj;j tiuapy;

bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
mitjhk;
g[zhpay; epiyapilg; bghUs; epiyf;F cjt[et[k;
...............
xg;gpay; tHpahd; bghUs; bra;Fet[k; vd;W
mg;gz; gpdnt etY'; fhiy (bjhy;.brhy;.250)
vd;W VG tifahd ,ilr;brhw;fisf; TWfpd;whh;.

,ilr;brhw;fs; Fwpj;Jg; gtze;jp Kdpth; TWk;nghJ

vl;Ltifahd ,ilr;brhw;fisf; TWfpd;whh;.
ntw;Wik tpid rhhpia xg;g[ cUg[fs;
.................
.................
xd;Wk; gyt[k; te;J xd;WtJ ,ilr;brhy; (ed;D]y;/ 420)
vd xd;W nrh;j;J vl;L tifahd ,ilr;brhw;fisf; TWfpd;whh;.
bjhy;fhg;gpah; gpd;tUk; mog;gilapy; vy;yh chpr;brhw;fisg;
gw;wp tpsf;f Kay;fpwhh;.
 38

1. ,irapd; njhd;Wjy;
2. Fwpg;gpd; njhd;Wjy;
3. gz;gpd; njhd;Wjy;
4. bgahpDk; tpidapDk; bka;jLkhwy;
5. xUbrhy; gybghUl;F chpik njhd;w tUjy;
6. xUbrhy; gybghUs; czh;j;jy;
7. gybrhy; xUbghUl;F chpik njhd;w tUjy;
8. gapd;wit rhh;j;jpg; bghUs;ntW fpsj;jy;
,tw;Ws; gybrhy; xU bghUl;F chpik njhd;w tUjy; vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy; bjhy;fhg;gpah; jUk; 32 E]w;ghf;fis Kd;itj;J Muhayhk;.
mtw;Ws; xd;W gpd;tUkhW:
mitjhk;
cWjt edpbad t%ck; _d;Wk;
kpFjp bra;a[k; bghUs vd;g (bjhy;.brhy;.299)
ed;D]yhh; xUFzk; jGtpa gy chpr;brhw;fs; vd;w Kiwapy;
,f;fUj;ij btspapLthh;.
rhy cWjt edp fHpkpfy;
xU brhy; gy bghUl;F chpik njhd;w tUjy; vd;Dk; Kiwapy; 11
E]w;ghf;fspy; gy brhw;fs; epidt[g;gLj;Jthh; bjhy;fhg;gpah;.
mtw;Ws; fobad;Dk; fpstp xd;whFk;. mJ 12 bghUs; jUk;.
fobad; fpstp
tiunt Th;ik fhg;ng g[Jik
tpiunt tpsf;fk; kpFjp rpwg;ng
mr;rk; Kd;njw;W Maph; Ie;Jk;
bka;glj; njhd;Wk; bghUl; lhFk;nk (bjhy;.brhy;.383)
IaKk; fhpg;g[k; MfYk; chpj;nj (bjhy;. brhy;.384)
gtze;jpahh; Kd;njw;W Iak; ,uz;ila[k; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
TLjyhf ehw;wk;/ ahg;g[/ kd;wy; vDk; bghUisr; Rl;of; TWfpwhh;.
xU Fzk; jGtpa brhw;fs; vDk; epiyapy;/
khw;wk; Etw;rpbrg; g[iufiu behoapir
Tw;Wg; g[fwy;bkhHp fpstp tpsk;giw
ghl;Lg; gfh;r;rp ,ak;gy; brhy;ny (ed;.brhy;.458)
KHf;F ,ul;blhypfyp ,irJit gpspW ,iu
,uf;fH'; F,ak;gy; ,kpH;Fsp Wfjph;Fiw
 39

fidrpiy fk;ik bfsit fk;giy

mutk; Mh;g;nghL ,d;id Xir (ed;.brhy;.459)
vd;W ,UE]w;ghf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthh;. brhy; Xir vd;gjw;Fhpa
gy;ntW brhw;fisna vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. Mdhy; bjhy;fhg;gpah; gy;ntW
brhw;fis tpsf;fpr; brhy;fpwhh;. fk;giy/ fk;ik/ fyp/ mH';fy;
vd;git mutg;bghUs; vd;Wk; Jitj;jy;/ rpiyj;jy;/ ,ak;gy;/
,u';fy; vd;gd ,irg;bghUs; fpstp vd;Wk; TWthh;. chpapaypy;
bjhy;fhg;gpah; Twpa bra;jpfs; gytw;iw ed;D]yhh;
vLj;Jiuf;ftpy;iy. khwhf kugpaypy; fhg;gpah; Twpa rpy bra;jpfis
ed;D]yhh; chpapaypy; mikj;Jf; bfhs;thh;.
 ,ay; 3
bjhlhpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;

3.0. Kft[iu
bjhlh; my;yJ thf;fpaj;jpd; ,yf;fzj;ijf; fl;likg;gJ
bjhlhpyf;fzk; MFk;. brhy;ypyf;fzf; TWfns
bjhlhpyf;fzf;fj;jpw;F totk; jUfpd;wd. vGtha;/ gadpiy Mfpa
,uz;Lk; ,ize;j totnk thf;fpak; vDk; mikg;igj; jUfpwJ.
bgah;/ tpid/ ,tw;nwhL ,iza[k; cUg[fns thf;fpaj;ij
KGikahf jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd. Kd;g[k; gpd;g[k; vJt[k; tUjy;
ntz;lhk; vd;w mog;gilapy; “Kd;g[k;/ gpd;g[k; tUfpd;w tpl;oira[k;
Fuypira[k; cilad thf;fpak;.

kugpyf;fzj;jpy; bjhlhpyf;fzk; ngrg;gltpy;iy vGj;J/

brhy; kl;Lnk ngrg;gLfpd;wd. vGj;jjpfhuj;jpy; g[zh;r;rpiag; gw;wpg;
ngRkpl';fs; brhy;/ bjhlh; ,yf;fzf; TWfis tpsf;fpf; TWtjhf
cs;sJ.

“g[zh;r;rpia vGj;jjpfhuj;jpy; tpsf;Fjy; m';Fr; brhy;ypay;

bjhlhpay; cz;ikfSk; g[ije;jpUf;fpd;wd” vd;W Kj;Jr;rz;Kfk;
TWfpd;whh;.

3.1. ntw;Wik
bgah;r; brhy;Yf;Fhpa rpwg;g[ ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;gjhFk;.
bgah;r;brhy;ypy; ntw;Wik cUg[ nrh;tjhy; bghUs; ntWgLk;.
,uhkd; moj;jhd;
,uhkid moj;jhd;
,e;j ,uz;L bjhlh;fSf;Fk; ntWghL cz;L. Kjy; bjhlhpy;
moj;jtd; ,uhkd;. ,uz;lhk; bjhlhpy; mogl;ltd; ,uhkd;.
vdnt/ bgah;r;brhy;ypd; bghUs; jd;ikia ntw;Wik bra;tJ
ntw;Wik vdg; bgah;bgWfpd;wJ. ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;w
bgah;f;Fk;/ ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;fhj bgah;f;Fk; ntWghL cz;L.
 41

vdnt bgah;r;brhy;Yk; ntw;Wik MFk;. bgah;r;brhy;jhd; Kjy;

ntw;Wik. ,jw;F ntw;Wik cUg[ ,y;iy.

ntw;Wik cUg[fs;
bjhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpw;Fk; Kd;g[ VG tif ntw;Wikfs;
,Ue;jd. mjdhy; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
ntw;Wik jhnk VbHd bkhHpg (bjhy;.brhy;.62)
vd;fpwhh;. Mdhy; bgah;r;brhy;iy Kd;dpiyahf;fp tpspg;gija[k;
ntw;Wikahff; bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;gJ bjhy;fhg;gpahpd; bfhs;if.
vdnt mth;/
tpspbfhs; tjd;fz; tpspnah bll;nl (bjhy;.brhy;.63)
vd;W mLj;jjhff; TWfpd;whh;.
fz;zd; goj;jhd;
fz;zidg; ghuhl;odhd;
fz;zbdhL cz;lhd;
fz;zDf;Ff; bfhLj;jhd;
fz;zdpd; eP';fpdhd;
fz;zdJ E]y;
fz;zd;fz; brd;whd;
fz;zh thH;f
nkw;Fwpj;j vl;Lj;bjhlh;fSk; Kiwna xd;W Kjy; vl;L
ntw;Wikfisa[k; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vl;L ntw;Wikfisa[k;
bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
mitjhk;
bgah; I xL F
,d; mJ fz;tpsp vd;Dk; <w;w (bjhy;.brhy.64)
Twpa Kiwapd; cUg[epiy jphpahJ
<Wbgah;f; fhFk; ,aw;ifa vd;g (bjhy;.brhy;.69)
vd;W bkhHpfpd;whh;. bgah;/ I/ xL/ F/ ,d;/ mJ/ fz;/ tpsp Mfpa
vl;Lk; ntw;WikahFk;. bgah; ntw;Wikf;Fk; tpsp ntw;Wikf;Fk;
cUg[ ,y;iy. Vida ntw;WikfSf;F cUg[fs; cs;sd. bgah;r;
brhy;ypd; <w;wpy; ntw;Wik cUg[ gpd;bdhl;lhf ,iza[k;.
 42

“FHk;g[ tpl;Lf; fye;j FHk;g[r; nrhw;iwa[k; japh;tpl;Lf; fye;j

japh;r; nrhw;iwa[k; itj;Jg; gf;fj;jpy; xd;Wk; fythj nrhw;iwa[k;
itj;jhy;/ ghh;g;gtd; mtw;iwf; FHk;g[r; nrhW/ japh;r; nrhW vd;W
bgah;r; brhy;yp tUk;nghJ xd;Wk; fythj nrhw;iw bts;isr;nrhW
vd;W brhy;ykhl;lhd;. mJnghy I Kjypa cUg[fs; nrh;e;J
ntw;Wikg;gLj;jg;gl;l bjhlh;fis ntw;Wikj; bjhlh;
vd;wikahy;/ mtw;iw nehf;f Kjy; bjhlUk; vl;lhe; bjhlUk;
ntw;Wikg;gl;oUj;jypd; mt;tpuz;Lk; ntw;Wikj; bjhlh;
vdg;gl;ld.1
,uz;lh Ftnj
Iabdg; bgahpa ntw;Wikf; fpstp (bjhy;.brhy;.72)
_d;wh Ftnj
xLbtdg; bgahpa ntw;Wikf; fpstp (bjhy;.brhy;.74)
ehd;fh Ftnj
Ft;btdg; bgahpa ntw;Wikf; fpstp (bjhy;.brhy;.76)
Ie;jh Ftnj
,d;bddg; bgahpa ntw;Wikf; fpstp (bjhy;.brhy;.78)
Mwh Ftnj
mJbtdg; bgahpa ntw;Wikf; fpstp (bjhy;.brhy;.80)
VHh Ftnj
fz;bzdg; bgahpa ntw;Wikf; fpstp (bjhy;.brhy;.82)
vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpaUk;/
,uz;lh tjDUg[ Inah (ed;.296)
_d;wh tjDUg[ My;Md; XLxL (ed;.297)
ehd;fh tjw;FUg[ MFk; Ft;nt (ed;.298)
Ie;jh tjDUg[ ,d;Dk; ,y;Yk; (ed;.299)
Mwd; xUikf;F mJt[k; MJt[k;
gd;ikf;F mt;t[k; cUghk; (ed;.300)
VHd; cUg[ fz; (ed;.301)
vd;W gtze;jp KdptUk; ntw;Wik cUg[fisg; gl;oaypLfpd;wdh;.
,tw;iwg; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; gFj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.
 43

ntw;Wik bjhy;fhg;gpak; ed;D]y;

2 -I -I

3 - xL - My;/ - Md;/ -
xL/ -XL

4 -F -F

5 - ,d; -,d;/ -,y;

6 - mJ - mJ/ -MJ/ -m

7 - fz; - fz;
nkw;Fwpj;j ml;ltiz ntw;Wik cUg[fspd; tsh;r;rpiaf;
fhl;Lfpd;wwJ.

“bjhy;fhg;gpar; bra;jpfspypUe;J bgah;/ tpidf;fpilna

fhzg;bgWk; ,yf;fz cwthfpa bjhlhpay; cwnt ntw;Wik
vdyhk;. ,t;t[wt[ rpy cUg[fshy; btspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lg;bgWjYk;
cz;L. ,t;t[Ug[fs; ntw;Wik cUg[fs; vdg;gLk;.

bghUis ntWgLj;Jjy; vd;gjw;Fr; r_f cwt[fisg;

gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; bkhHpapy; fhzg;bgWk; rKjhag;
goepiyfis ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ljy; vd;Dk; tifapy; fh.rptjk;kgp
(1999:27) tpthpj;Js;shh;.

r.mfj;jpayp';fk; (1976:1) bgah;r; brhy;Yf;Fk;

tpidr;brhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilnaa[s;s bghUs; bjhlh;ng ntw;Wik
vdt[k; ,j;bjhlh;gpidg; g[yg;gLj;Jk; cUg[fs; ntw;Wik cUg[fs;
vdt[k; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

uhgh;l; fhy;Lbty; (1976:262) jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd;

ntw;Wikfisr; rpj;jpa bkhHpfnshL bjhlh;g[gLj;jpa[s;shh;. nkYk;
jkpHpy; vl;L ntw;Wik vd;gJ tlbkhHpapidg; gpd;gw;wp
mikf;fg;gl;l xd;W vdt[k; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
 44

gpy;nkhh; (1968:35) g[ij epiyapy; xU thf;fpak; bjhlhpay;

gFjpahf mikahky; bghUz;ikapay; gFjpahf mikfpd;wJ vdt[k;
tpida[k; bgah;j;bjhlUk; thf;fpaj;jpd; mog;gilahdit vdt[k;
Kjd;ikahd tpidnahL bgah;j; bjhlh;fSf;fpilna fhzg;bgWk;
cwnt ntw;Wik vdt[k; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

Kj;Jr;rz;Kfd; (1978:30) ntw;Wikfis Kjy;epiy ntw;Wik/

Jizepiy ntw;Wik vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpj;Jf; fhz;fpwhh;.
M.ntYg;gps;is (1979:36) brhw;fis xd;nwhblhd;W
,izf;Fk;nghJ jkpHpy; ntw;Wik cz;lhfpd;wJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

F.gukrptk; (1983:268) bgah;r; brhy;nyhL ntw;Wik cUg[fis

,izf;Fk;nghJ mjd; mfuhjpg; bghUs; khw;wk; milahky;
,yf;fzg; bghUs; kl;Lnk khw;wk; mila[bkdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

bjhlhpy; xU bgaUf;Fk; xU tpidf;Fk; ,ilna fhzg;bgWk;

,yf;fz cwthfpa bjhlhpay; cwnt ntw;Wik vd;gnj
ntw;Wikapd; Kiwahd tpsf;fkhf mika[k;. ,t;t[wtpidr; Rl;Lk;
tifapy; mike;Js;s xl;Lf;fns ntw;Wik cUg[fs; vdf;
Fwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sd.

cUgpd;ik fhuzkhf vGtha; ntw;Wik xU ntw;Wik

,y;iy vd;ghUk; cz;L. ntw;Wik cwt[ epiyapid btspg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;Lk; tot[jhd; ntw;Wik cUngbahHpa/ cUg[jhd; ntw;Wik
vd;gJk; cUgpd;ikahy; ,J xU ntw;Wik md;W vd;gJk;
Vw;fj;jf;fjd;W”2 vd;W ntw;Wikf;Fg; gy;ntW mwp"h;fs; Twpa
fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jf;TWk; V. Mjpj;jd; jk; fUj;ija[k;
btspg;gLj;jpa[s;shh;.

bgaUf;Fk; tpidf;Fk; chpa cwtpid ,izj;J tpsf;Fk;

ntw;Wikfspy; Mwhk; ntw;Wik jdpj;jd;ika[ilaJ. Mwhk;
 45

ntw;WikahdJ bgaUf;Fk; bgaUf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s cwtpidf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

ntw;Wik cUg[fSs; jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,l ntWghL ,y;iy.

Mdhy; ,e;jf; fUj;jpdpd;Wk; Mwhk; ntw;Wik ntWgLfpd;wJ. Mwhk;
ntw;Wik cUg[fs; - mJ/ - MJ m~wpiz xUikg;bgaiua[k; - m’
m~wpizg; gd;ikg;bgaiua[k; ,izf;Fk;. ,it cah;jpizg;
bgah;fis ,izf;fh. cah;jpizg; bgah;fis ,izf;Fk; Mwhk;
ntw;Wik bjhifahf tUk; my;yJ ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ ‘F’
ka';fp tUk;. ,jidj; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
mJbtd; ntw;Wik cah;jpizj; bjhiftapd;
mJbtd; cUg[bflf; Ffuk; tUnk (bjhy;.brhy;.94)
vd;W brg;g[fpd;whh;.
(v.L)

vdJ E]y;  m~wpiz xUikg; bgah; ‘E]y;’

vdhJ E]y; ,izg;g[f;F ‘-mJ’/ ‘-MJ’ cUg[fs;
te;Js;sd.

vd E]y;fs;  m~wpizg; gd;ikg;bgah; ‘E]y;fs;’

,izg;g[f;F ‘-m’ cUg[ te;Js;sJ.

vd; khkh/  cah;jpizg; bgah; ,izg;g[f;F

vdf;F khkh Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhifahft[k;
ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ ka';fpa[k;
te;Js;sd.

bjhlhpay; cwtpid ntw;Wik ,izf;fpd;wJ. bjhlhpaypy;

bgah;r; brhy;Yk; tpidr;brhy;Yk; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; Mwhk;
ntw;Wikj; bjhlhpy; bgah;r;brhy;Yk; bgah;r;brhy;Yk;
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. bgah;r;brhy; tpidr;brhy;byhL
,iztjpy;iy. vdntjhd;/ “Mwhk; ntw;Wikg; bghUisf;
Fiwg;bghUs; vd;w bgauhy; tH';FjYk; cz;L”3 vd;W
f.bts;isthuzh; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
 46

Mwhk; ntw;Wikf;Fj; jpiz/ ghy; ntWghL cz;L. Mdhy;

jpiz/ ghy;/ ntWghL ,y;yhky; Mwhk; ntw;Wikf;F ‘cila’
vd;Dk; brhy;yUg[ tUfpd;wJ. ,jidj; bjhy;fhg;gpanuh gtze;jp
Kdptnuh Twtpy;iy. ed;D]Yf;F tpUj;jp ciu vGjpa r';fu
ekr;rpthah; TWfpd;whh;.

“m~wpizbahUik gd;ikfl;F ,iae;j cUg[

,';'d';Twnt/ cah;jpizbahUik gd;ikahfpa fpHikg;bghUl;F
,t;t[Ug[fs; Vyhbtd;gJ bgw;whk;. mit tU';fhy; mtDila
tpwyp/ mtDila tpwypah; vd _d;W brhy;yha; ,uz;L re;jpaha;
Kd;dJ vGtha;r; re;jpa[k; gpd;dJ bgabur;rf; Fwpg;g[r; re;jpa[khk; vd;f.
mtd; tpwyp vd;g[Hp/ cila vd;gJ ,irbar;rk;. rhj;jDila ,ay;g[/
rhj;jDila if vd;ww;bwhlf;fj;jdt[k; md;d. ,tw;iw Mwhk;
ntw;Wikr; re;jp vd;Wk; cila vd;gjidr; brhy;yUg[ vd;Wk;
TWthUKsh;. Mrphpah; bjhy;fhg;gpadhUk; cah;jpiz xUik
gd;ikfl;F ,t;t[Ug[fs; Vyh vd;gJ fUjp “mJbtd; ... Ffuk; tUnk”
(bjhy;.brhy.94) vd;whh;4 vd;W r';fuekr;rpthah; tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.

“bjhlhpay; nehf;fpy; mJ. cila vd;w ,uz;L fpstpfisa[k;

EQfp Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhy; ‘mJ’ vd;w cUg[ xd;wd; ghy; tpFjpapypUe;J
te;jJ vd;gJk;/ ‘cila’ vd;w brhy;YUg[ ‘cil’ vd;w tpidapypUe;J
gpwe;j bgabur;rj;jpypUe;J te;jJ vd;gJk; bjspthf tps';Fk;”5 vd;W
bghw;nfh TWtJk; ,tz; nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.

ntw;Wik cUg[fs; fhye;njhWk; tsh;e;Js;sd. Fwpg;ghf

_d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[fs;/ Mwhk; ntw;Wik cUg[fs; ,tw;iwf; Tw
ntz;Lk;. rpwg;ghfr; brhy;y ntz;Lbkdpy;/ g[j;jkpkpj;jpudhh;
tPunrhHpaj;jpy; (tPu.brhy;.2) vGtha; ntw;Wikapd; cUg[fshf ‘-R’/ ‘-
mh;’/ ‘-mh;fs;’/ ‘-Mh;’/ ‘-Mh;fs;’/ ‘-fs;’/ ‘-khh;’ Mfpatw;iwf; TWtijr;
Rl;of;fhl;lyhk;.
 47

“,f;fhyj; jkpHpy; ,Ugj;bjhd;gJ ntw;Wikfs; ,Ug;gjhf

bkhHpapay; mwp"h;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. ,tw;Ws; rpytw;iw
ntw;Wikfshff; fUj ,ayhJ. nkYk; rpy ntw;Wikfs; ,yf;fz
E]yhh; Fwpg;gpLk; rpy ntw;Wikfspd; bghUz;ikfnshL bjhlh;g[
bfhz;L tps';Ftjhy; mtw;iw ,yf;fz E]yhh; Fwpg;gpLk;
ntw;WikfSf;Fs; mlf;fpf; fhz Koa[k;. ,d;Dk; rpytw;iw
btt;ntW ntw;Wikfspd; g[wepiy tHf;Ffshff; fUj ,aYk;.

Fwpg;gpl;l rpy tot';fs; ntw;Wik cUg[fnshL ,ize;J

g[jpa bghUisr; Rl;LtJz;L. ,g;bghUz;ikfis bkhHp tpsf;f
bewpf;nfw;gj; jdpj;jdp ntw;Wikfshff; fUjhky; mt;tt;
ntw;Wikfspd; g[wepiy tHf;Ffshff; fUJtnj rpwg;g[ilaJ”6 vd;W
V.Mjpj;jd; ntw;Wikfisg; gw;wp Muha;e;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.

fhye;njhWk; bkhHpa[k; ,yf;fpaKk; ,yf;fzKk; ,yf;fzf;

TWfSk; tsh;e;J bfhz;nl tUfpd;wd. bkhHpapy; Vw;gLk;
khw;w';fshy; gy tsh;r;rpfSk; epfH;fpd;wd. jkpH;bkhHpapy; ngr;Rj;
jkpH;/ vGj;Jj; jkpH;/ ,yf;fpaj; jkpH; vd;Dk; epiyfspy; bjhlh;fs;
mikfpd;wd. ,jdhy; vGj;J/ brhy;/ bjhlh;epiyfspy; gy khw;w';fs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd. “giHad fHjYk; g[jpad g[FjYk;” vd;Dk; bfhs;if
ntw;Wik cUg[fspYk; fhzg;bgWfpd;wd.

“ntw;Wik ,yf;fzj;ijg; bghWj;jtiuapy; Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik

cUghf ed;D]yhUk; bjhy;fhg;gpaUk; Rl;oa ‘-,d;’ vd;w cUg[
,d;iwa jkpHpy; kiwe;nj ngha;tpl;lJ. fhynthl;lj;jpy;
rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mDgt tsh;r;rpf;Fk; fUj;J tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Vida
NHy;fSf;Fk; Vw;g ntw;Wikf; nfhl;ghLfs; tsh;e;jd. ,jd;
tpisthfr; brhy;YUg[fspd; vz;zpf;if ,d;iwa jkpHpy;
bgUfpa[s;sdh;”7 vd;W bghw;nfh ciug;gJk; ,';Ff;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
 48

,';'dk; jkpH; ,yf;fzf; TWfSs; xd;whfpa ntw;Wika[k;

mjd; cUg[fSk; gy khw;w';fisg; bgw;W tsh;r;rpaile;jtw;iw EQfp
Muha[';fhy;/ bkhHpapy; khw;wKk; tsh;r;rpa[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;Dk;
fUj;jpid mwpa Kofpd;wJ.

3.2. bghUs;nfhs;
bghUs;nfhs; vd;gJ jFe;j fhuz';fnshL bra;a[spd;fz;
rhd;nwhh;fshy; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l brhw;fis/ bkhHpapd;
mog;gilj; bjhluikg;g[f;Fg; bghUe;j Kiwg;gLj;jpj; je;J/
chpabghUs;fisg; gpiHapd;wp czh;j;Jk; rpwe;j gzpiar;
brk;ika[ld; bra;tnj MFk;.

Ie;J ,yf;fz';fspy; vGj;Jj;jtpu Vida ehd;F

,yf;fz';fspy; bgUk;ghyhd g[yth;fshy; bghUs;nfhs; ,izj;Jg;
ngrg;gLfpwJ.

gy;ntW fhuz';fshy; bra;a[spd;fz; Kiwkhwpf; fplf;Fk;

gy;ntW mog;gilj; bjhlh;fis mikg;g[fSf;F Vw;g khw;wpf;
Tl;og;bghUs; bfhs;Sjy; “bghUs;nfhs;” vd;gjhFk;.

3.3. bjhy;fhg;gpag; bghUs;nfhs;

bjhy;fhg;gpah; brhy;Yf;fhd ,yf;fzk; TWk;
brhy;yjpfhuj;jpd; ,Wjp ,ayhd vr;rtpaypy; bghUs;nfhs; gw;wpar;
bra;jpfisf; TWfpd;whh;.
epudpiw Rz;zk; mokwp bkhHpkhw;W
mitehd;F vd;g bkhHpg[zh; ,ay;ng (bjhy;.brhy;.404)

bghUs;nfhs;

epudpiw Rz;zk; mokwp bkhHpkhw;W

vd;W TWfpd;whh;. nkYk; epudpiwg; bghUs;nfhs;.

 49

bgah; epuy;epiw

epuy; epiw

tpidepuy; epiw

epudpiwg; bghUs;nfhs;
mtw;Ws;
epudpiw jhnd
tpidapDk; bgahpDk; epidaj; njhd;wpr;
brhy;ntW epiy,g; bghUs;ntW epiyay;
vd;W gFj;Jf; fhl;oa[s;shh;.

bjhileak; nehf;fp nfhitahf;fg;gl;l brhw;fspd; Tl;lnk

bra;a[s;.
brhy;yhjy; brhy;ypd; bghUshjy; Kjd;Kiwiaj;
jt;tif neh;nfhs; epuy;epiwahk;/ mt;tt;
tpilapl; bljpUk; tpuha;r;brhy; ,ilapil
,l;ldRz;zk; fpuz;loahw; brhy;tu
epw;g jobkhHp khw;wy; mjo
kwpah KGJk; ahg;g[ (ah.tp./ 95)
vd mkpjrhfuh; Ie;J tifahd bghUs;nfhs;fisf; TWfpd;whh;.

bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Twg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F tifahd

bghUs;nfhs;fs; nrh;j;J vl;Ltifahd bghUs;nfhs;fs; ed;D]ypy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ahw;WePh; bkhHpkhw;W epuy;epiw tpy;g{z;
jhg;gpir miskwp ghg;g[ bfhz;L Tl;L
mokwp khw;W vdg; bghUs;nfhs; vl;nl
(ed;D]y;.411)
vd;W ed;D]ypy; gtze;jp Kdpth; Twpa[s;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 50

khwdy';fhuk; 12 tifahd bghUs;nfhs;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. nkw;fz;lthW bjhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpypUe;J
gy;ntW epiyfspy; tsh;r;rp bgw;W tphptile;J te;jpUg;gij
czuKofpwJ.
 51

rhd;bwz; Fwpg;g[fs;

1. M.rptyp';fdhh;/ jkpH; ,yf;fz czh;t[fs;/ g.89.

2. V.Mjpj;jd;/ jkpH; ,yf;fztpay;/ gf;.98-100.
3. f.bts;isthuzhh;/ bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ ed;D]y;/ brhy;yjpfhuk;/
g.114.
4. r';fu ekr;rpthah; tpUj;jpa[iu/ ed;D]y;/ g.300.
5. bghw;nfh/ ,yf;fz cyfpy; g[jpa ghh;it/ bjhFjp - 1/ g.102.
6. V.Mjpj;jd;/ jkpH; ,yf;fztpay;/ g.118.
7. bghw;nfh/ ,yf;fz cyfpy; g[jpa ghh;it/ bjhFjp - 3/ gf;.8-9.
 ,ay; 4
bghUspyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;

4.0. Kft[iu
cyfj;jpy; gy;ntW bkhHpfspy; ,yf;fzk; fhzg;gl;lhYk;/
cyfpy; cs;s ve;j ,yf;fz E]Yf;Fk; fpilf;fhjg; bgUik jkpH;
bkhHpapYs;s bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F cz;L/ cyfpy; cs;s vy;yh
bkhHpfSk; vGj;Jf;Fk;/ brhw;fSf;Fk; bghUs; jUfpd;wd nghJ
jkpH;bkhHp kl;Lnk thH;tpaypd; bghUSf;nf bghUs; TWfpwJ. jkpH;
,yf;fz bjhy;fhg;gpak; bghUspay; thH;tpaiy mfk;/ g[wk; vd
,uz;lhfg; gphpj;Jg;bghUs; TwpaJ.

ek;gpafg;bghUspYk; Twg;gl;Ls;s mfg;bghUs;

epfH;t[fisbay;yhk; fstpay;/ fw;gpay; bghUspay; vd;W TWfpwJ.
bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; ,njnghd;W mfj;jpizapaypy;/ fstpay;
tiutpay;/ fw;gpay;/ xHpg;gpay; vd;W ek;gpafg; bghUSk;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. bghUspyf;fz tsh;r;rpa[k; nfhl;ghLfSk; vd;fpd;w
nfhzj;jpy; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.

4.1. mfj;jpizapay;
xU ehspid MW rpW gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;Jf; bfhz;L mjw;F
MWtifahfg; bgahpl;Ls;shh; bjhy;fhg;gpah;. Mdhy; ek;gpafg;
bghUspy; rpW bghGJfs; Ie;J gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

t.vz; bjhy;fhg;gpa rpWbghGJfs; ek;gpafg; bghUs; rpWbghGJfs;

1. khiy khiy

2. ahkk; ahkk;

3. itfiw itfiw

4. tpoay; vw;gLfhiy

5. Vw;ghL -

6. ez;gfy; ez;gfy;
 53

vd;W TWtjd;_yk; bjhy;fhg;gpak; Twpa “tpoay;” vd;gjw;Fg;

gjpyhf “vw;gLfhiy” vd;Wk; “vw;gL” vd;gjw;F bghUs; ,y;yhky;
tpLj;Jk; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4.2. fUg;bghUs; tifg;ghL

bjhy;fhg;gpah; fUg;bghUs; tifg;ghl;oidj; bja;tk;
bjhl';fp ahH; tiu vl;L tifahff; TWfpd;whh;.
bja;tk; czhnt khkuk; g[l;giw
bra;jp ahHpd; gFjpnahL bjhif,
mt;tif gpwt[k; fUbtd bkhHpg (bjhy;.mfk;.20)
ek;gpafg;bghUs; bja;tj;ij (Muzf;F) Kjyhff; bfhz;l
fUg;bghUs; tifg;ghl;ilf; TWfpd;wJ.
Muz';Fah;e;njhh; my;nyhh; g[s;tpy';F
Th;ePh; g{ku Kzhg;giw ahH;gz;
bjhHpbydf; fUtpbuG tifj;jUk; (ek;gp.mfk;.19)
,t;thW fUg;bghUshdJ gjpdhd;F tifapidf; bfhz;ljhf
ek;gpafg; bghUs; TWfpd;wJ. bjhy;fhg;gpak; Twpa vl;Ltifahd
fUg;bghUs;fnshL cah;e;njhh;/ my;nyhh;/ Ch;/ ePh;/ g{/ gz;/ vd;gd
nrh;j;J gjpdhd;fhf ek;gpafg; bghUs; TWfpd;wJ. Mdhy;
bjhy;fhg;gpah; Twpar; bra;jp vd;gjw;F gjpyhf ek;gpahh; bjhHpy;
vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

4.3. bgUe;jpiz
bgUe;jpizg; gw;wpa bra;jpfis ek;gpahh; tphpthff;
Twtpy;iy. Mdhy; bjhy;fhg;gpah; bgUe;jpizia ehd;F tifj;
jpwkhff; TWfpd;whh;.
Vwpl kly; jpwk; ,sik jPh;jpwk;
njWjy; xHpe;j fhkj;J kpfjpwk;
kpf;f fhkj;J kplbyhL bjhif,r;
brg;gpa ehd;F bgUe;jpizf; Fwpg;ng (bjhy;.mfk;.54)
 54

4.4. cs;Siw ctkk;

mfj;jpizg; ghf;fisj; bjspt[w tpsf;Ftjw;Ff; ifahsg;gLk;
cj;jpna cs;Siw ctkkhFk;. ,jid/
cs;SWj;J ,jndhL xj;Jg; bghUs; Kobfd
cs;SWj;J ciug;gnj cs;Siw ctkk; (bjhy;.mfk;.17)
vd;fpwJ bjhy;fhg;gpak;. cs;Siw ctkk; vd;gJ Fwpg;ghy; mwpa
ntz;oaJ/ cl;bghUis cilaJ/ ghlypy; btspg;gilahf xU
bra;jp brhy;yg;gl;oUf;Fk;. Fwpg;ghy; czh;e;J bfhs;s jf;f xU
bra;jpahdJ ghlypy; cs;ns brhy;yg;gl;oUf;Fk; ,t;thW
cs;Siwahf Twpa bghUnshL xj;j ctikahff; Twg;gl;oUf;Fk;.

ek;gpafg;bghUspy; cs;Siw ctkj;jpd; ,yf;fzj;ij

mfj;jpizapaypy; TwhJ xHpg;gpaypy; Twpa[s;shh; ehw;ftpuhrek;gp.
m~jhtJ cs;Siw ctkk; vdJ Muha;e;jwpa[k; gFjpapid cilajha;
gwitnahLk;/ tpy';bfhLk; njhd;Wk; vd;gjhFk;. cs;Siw
ctkj;jpd; tifapid cs;Siw ctkk;/ Vid ctkk; vd;W
bjhy;fhg;gpaUk;/ cs;Siw ctkk;/ btspg;gil ctkk; vd ek;gpafg;
bghUSk; tifg;gLj;JfpwJ.

4.5. g[wj;jpizapay;
g[wj;jpizapay; vd;gJ thH;tpaypy; g[wr;bra;jpfs; Fwpj;J
tpthpf;fpd;wJ. mit jkpHh;fspd; nghh;/ tPuk;/ thH;tpay; mwk; kw;Wk;
bfhil <if rpwg;g[g; gw;wpf; TWfpwJ. mg;gog;gl;l g[wthH;tpid
bjspthfj; bjhy;fhg;gpag; bghUsjpfhuk; tpthpf;fpwJ. fhy Xl;lj;jpy;
mit vt;thW tsh;r;rpg;bgw;wJ vd;gijg; g[wg;bghUs;
btz;ghkhiy czh;j;JfpwJ.

4.6. g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiya[k;/ bjhy;fhg;gpa

bghUsjpfhuKk;
g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiyiaa[k;/ bghUsjpfhuj;jpy;
g[wj;jpiziaa[k; xg;gpl;L ghh;f;Fk;nghJ g[wg;bghUspy; cs;s
glyKk;/ bghUsjpfhuj;jpy; cs;sita[k; xd;Wnghynt
 55

njhd;wpdhYk; vz;zpf;if khWgl;Lj; njhd;Wfpd;wd.

bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; xt;bthd;wpYk; ,uz;lhf cs;sd. Mdhy;
g[wg;bghUspy; xt;bthd;Wk; jdp/ jdpahf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
bghUsjpfhuj;jpy; VG jpizfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

btl;rp
xU ehl;Lld; nghhplf; fUjpa nte;jd; Kjypy; me;ehl;od;
Mepiufisf; fth;e;J tuf; fUJthd;. btl;rpg;g{itr; Noa kwth;fs;
gifth; ehl;L Mepiufisf; fth;e;J tUtJ btl;rpj;jpiz vdg;gLk;.

bghUsjpfhuj;jpd; btl;rpj;jpizapy; gjpdhd;F Jiwfs;

tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nte;jdpd; Vtw;go/ gifehl;L Mepiufisf; ftu
Chpd; Kw;wj;jpy; To vGfpd;w ngbuhyp/ rFdk; ghh;j;jy;/ gifth;
ehl;L xw;wh;fs; mwpahjthW bry;Yjy; xw;Wth;fs; te;J Twpa gpd;dh;
bry;Yjy; gpd;dh; fhtyiu tPH;j;jp/ Mepiufis ifg;gw;wp jd;
ehl;ow;F tUjy;/ ifg;gw;wpa Mepiufis tPuh;fSf;F gfph;e;J
bfhLj;jy;/ ifg;gw;wpa kfpH;r;rpapy; fs;Sz;L kfpH;jy;/ ifg;gw;wpa
Mepiufis ViH vspa kf;fSf;F cjtp bra;jy; vd btl;rpjpiz
Jiwfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
gil ,a';F Mtk; ghf;fj;J tphpr;rp
g[ilbflg; nghfpa bry;nt g[ilbfl
xd;wpd; Mfpa ntna nta;g;g[wk;
Kw;wpd; Mfpa g[wj;J,iu Kw;wpa
Ch;bfhiy Mnfhs; g{ry; khw;nw
nehad;W ca;j;jy; Ety;tHpj; njhw;wk;
je;Jepiu ghjPL cz;lhl;L bfhil vd
te;j <nuH; tifapw;W MFk; (bjhy;.bghUs;.59)
g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiyapy; 19 btl;rp Jiwfs;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sd. ,J bghUsjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s Jiwfis tpl ehd;F
Jiwfs; TLjyhf cs;sd.
g[ydwp rpwg;g[
gps;is tHf;F
Joepiy
 56

bfhw;wit epiy
btwpahl;L
,it g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiyapy; tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sd.

t";rp
jd;id kjpahj murdJ ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wf; fUJthd; Xh;
murd;. mjd; fhuzkhf mg;giftaurdpd; ehl;od; kPJ gilbaLj;Jr;
bry;thd;. ,t;tHf;fj;jpw;F t";rpg;g{tpidr; Nor;bry;th;. ,g;g{tpd;
fhuzkhf ,J t";rp vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ. t";rp vd;gJ jw;fhyj;jpy;
rPe;jpy; bfho vd tH';fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpiziag; giHa bra;a[s;
tl;fhh; nky; bry;tJ t";rp vd vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

t";rp ehl;ltUk;/ vjph;ehl;ltUk; jPapl;L nghh; bra;jy;/

nghhpLk; nghJ kd;dh;fs;/ j';fs; giltPuh;fis g[fH;e;J ngRjy;/
jpwk;gl nghhpl ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf kd;dh;fs; j';fs; tPuh;fSf;F
ghprspj;jy;/ gifth; ehl;oy; cs;s fhtyh;fis mHpj;jy;/ gifth;
gifia xU bghUl;lhff; fUjhky; nghhpLk; tPuh;fspd; Mz;ikia
tpsf;Fjy;/ nghh; bra;tjw;F Kd;g[ kd;dh;/ jd; tPuh;fSf;F cztspj;J
jhDk; cz;lhd;. nghhpy; njhy;tp mile;j kd;dd; btd;w
kd;dDf;Fj; jpiwg;bghUs; bfhLg;gij Fiwghlhff; fUJjy;.nghh;f;
fsj;jpy; rPwptUk; gilf; fUtpfisj; jLj;J tpGg;g[z; gl;lth;fis
Muj;jGtpf; fhj;jy;.

,it midj;Jk; bghUsjpfhuj;jpy; t";rpj; jpizia tpsf;fp

TWfpd;wd. t";rpj;jpizapy; gjpd;_d;W Jiwfs; cs;sd.
,a';Fgil murk; vhpgue;J vLj;jy;
ta';fy; va;jpa bgUik ahDk;
bfhLj;jy; va;jpa bfhilik ahDk;
mLj;J csh;e;J ml;l bfhw;wj; jhDk;
khuhak; bgw;w beLbkhHp ahDk;
 57

bghUspd;W ca;j;j nguhz; gf;fKk;

tUtpirg; g[diyf; fw;rpiw nghy
xUtd; jh';fpa bgUik ahDk;
gpz;lk; nka bgU";nrhw;W epiya[k;
btd;nwhh; tpsf;fKk; njhw;nwhh; nja;t[k;

Fd;whr; rpwg;gpd; bfhw;w ts;isa[k;

fHpgil jg;nlhh; jHp";rpbahL bjhif,f;
fHpbgUk; rpwg;gpd; Jiwgjpd; _d;nw (bjhy;.bghUs;.65)
g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiyapy; ,UgJ Jiwfs; cs;sd.
bghUsjpfhuj;jpy; gjpd;_d;W Jiwfs; cs;sd. g[wg;bghUs;
btz;ghkhiyapy; VG Jiwfs; tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sd. VG Jiwfs;
ntWgLfpd;wd.

cHpi"j;jpiz
nte;jd; xUtd; ,d;bdhU ehl;od; nky; gil vLj;Jr; brd;W
me;ehl;L kjpiy Kw;Wif ,LtJk; kjpYf;F chpa nte;jd; cs;spUe;J
fhj;jYk; cHpi"j;jpiz vdg;gLk;.

nghh;eil bgWk; Kd;dh; btz;bfhw;wf; Filia ey;y ehs;

ghh;j;Jg; g[wtPl;ow;F bfhz;L bry;Yjy;/ thspid J]a;ikr; bra;jy;/
kjpy; nky; Vwpg; nghh; bra;jy;/ ePiu tPl;L mfyhj ghrpiag; nghyg;
g[w cHpi"aUk; mf cHpi"aUk; g[wk; bfhlhky; nghhpLjy;/ ghrp
ePhpy; tpyFtJk; nrh;tJkhf ,Ug;gJ nghy; CUf;Fk; g[w kjpYf;Fk;
,ilapy; epd;W nghhpLjy;/ btd;w cHpi"ah;/ jkf;F btw;wpiag;
bgw;Wj; je;w thspidg; g[dpj ePuhl;Ljy;/ mf/ g[w cHpi"aUs; btw;wp
bgw;w nte;jd; jk;Kila tPuh;fis xd;W nrh;j;Jg;
bgUikg;gLj;Jjy;.

g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiyapy; ,Ugj;jp xd;gJ Jiwfs;

cs;sd. bghUsjpfhuj;jpy; ,UgJ Jiwfs; cs;sd. g[wg;bghUs;
btz;ghkhiyapy; xd;gJ Jiwfs; tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sd. ,uz;ow;Fk;
xd;gJ Jiwfs; ntWgl;Ls;sd.
 58

Fila[k; thSk; ehs;nfhs; md;wp

kilaik Vzpkpir kaf;fKk; fil,r;
fw;wkh; xHpa btd;Wiff; bfhz;L
Kw;wpa Kjph;t[k; fd;wp Kw;wpa
mfj;njhd; tPH;e;j mehr;rpa[k; kw;wjd;

g[wj;njhd; tPH;e;j g[Jik ahDk;

ePh;r;brU tpH;e;j ghrpa[k; mjhmd;W
Ch;r;brU tPH;e;j kw;wjd; kwDk;
kjpy; kpirf;F ,th;e;j nknyhh; gf;fKk;
,fy;kjpy; FLkp bfhz;l kz;Q k';fyKk;

btd;w thspd; kz;bzhL xd;wj;

bjhifepiy vd;Dk; JiwbahL bjhif,
tifehy; _d;nw Jiwvd bkhHpg (bjhy;.bghUs;.69)

,yf;fzf; nfhl;ghL
bjhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; tsh;r;rp bgw;w ,yf;fzk; mjw;F
Kd;g[k; epiwe;j brHpika[ila ,yf;fpa';fisf; bfhz;ljhf
,Ue;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; ,yf;fpa';fis itj;J kdpj
thH;tpid mf/ g[wk; vd;W tFj;Jk; Twpa[s;shh;. fUg;bghUs;fs;
tifg;ghL/ Kjw;bghUs;/ epyk; fhyk; vd midj;ija[k; mjw;F
cz;lhd tpsf;f';fisa[k; bjhy;fhg;gpah; tpthpf;f jtwtpy;iy/
nkYk; mt;,yf;fzbkhHp mLj;j tsh;r;rpf;F mog;gilahf
mike;Js;sij czuKofpwJ. g[wj;jpizapay; bra;jpfspy; g[wthH;t[
Fwpj;J bra;jpfis tphpthf tpthjpj;Jf; Twpa[s;shh;.
 ,ay; 5
ahg;gpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;

5.0. Kft[iu
xt;nthh; bkhHpf;Fk; jdpj;jdpf; fl;likg;g[ cz;L.
jkpH;bkhHpapd; fl;likg;gpid ,jd; beL';fzf;FKiw
btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vGj;Jf;fshy; Md brhy;/ brhw;fshy; Md
bjhlh;/ bjhlh;fshy; Md ,yf;fpak; vd ,yf;fzbkhHp tsh;r;rp
bgw;Ws;sJ. gH';fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ bra;a[s; totj;jpy;
ahf;fg;bgw;wJ bra;a[spy; vGj;J mir/ rPh;/ jis/ mo/ bjhil vd;Dk;
cWg;g[fs; ml';fpa[s;sd. gy cWg;g[fs; nrh;e;J xU bghUs;
cUthtijg; nghy; gy cWg;g[fs; nrh;e;J xU bra;a[s;
,aw;wg;gLfpwJ. bra;a[s; vd;gjw;Fg; gtze;jp Kdpth;/
gy;tifj; jhJtpd; caph;f;Fcly; nghw;gy
brhy;yhy; bghUl;L ,ldhf czh;tpdpd;
ty;nyhh; mzpbgwr; bra;td bra;a[s;
(ed;D]y;/ 268)
vd;W tiuaiw TWfpd;whh;. bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs; fhyk;njhWk; gy;ntW
khw;w';fs; bgw;Ws;sd. mtw;iw ,t;tpay; tpsf;FfpwJ.

5.1. bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs;

bjhy;fhg;gpah; bra;a[s; cWg;g[fshf Kg;gj;J ehd;fpidf;
TWfpd;whh;.
khj;jpiu baGj;jpay; mirtif vdhm
ahj;j rPnu moahg; bghdhm
kung J]f;nf bjhiltif vdhm
nehf;nf ghnt mstpay; vdhm
jpizna ifnfhs; bghUs;tif vdhm
nfl;nghh; fsnd fhytif vdhm
gand bka;g;gh bgr;rtif vdhm
Kd;dk; bghUns Jiwtif vdhm
khl;nl tz;znkh oahg;gpay; tifapd;
MW jiyapl;l me;eh iye;Jk;
 60

mk;ik mHF bjhd;ik njhny

tpUe;nj ,iang g[ynd ,iHbgdhmg;
bghUe;jf; Twpa vl;blhLe; bjhif,
ey;ypirg; g[yth; bra;a[ beWg;bgd
ty;ypjpw; Twp tLj;Jiuj;j jdnu (bjhy;.bghUs;.310)
,e;j E]w;ghtpy; khj;jpiu Kjy; tz;zk; <whf Kw;Twg;gl;l
,Ugj;jhWk; xt;bthU bra;a[l;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjdtha; tUk;
cWg;g[fs; vdt[k;/ gpw;Twg;gl;l mk;ik Kjypa vz;tif
tdg;g[f;fSk; bra;a[l;fs; gy bjhlh;e;Jjike;j bjhlh;epiyg;
gDtYf;nf bgUk;ghd;ika[k; cWg;g[fshft[k; jdepiyr;
bra;a[l;fspy; xbuhbtd;whft[k; tUtd vdt[k; nguhrphpaUk;
er;rpdhh;f;fpdpaUk; bjspthff; Fwpj;Js;sdh;.

bra;a[Sf;Fhpa cWg;g[f;fspy; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; bjhFj;Jf;

TWtjhfpa Nj;jpuj;jpy; “jis vd;gJ jdpa[Wg;ghf
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy. jisahtJ/ epd;w rPhpd; <w;wira[ld;/
tU";rPhpd; Kjyir xd;wpa[k; xd;whkYk; jk;Ks; jisj;J (fl;lg;gl;L)
epw;wy;. rPuhJ bjhHpyhfpa ,j;jisiar; bra;a[Sf;Fhpa jdpa[Wg;ghff;
bfhs;shJ rPuhyhfpa moapd; mikg;ghfnt bfhz;L
,yf;fz';Twpdhh; bjhy;fhg;gpadhh;. ,t;thwd;wpr; rpWfhf;if
ghodpahh; Kjypa gpw;fhy ahg;gpyf;fz Mrphpah;fs;
jisbad;gjidr; bra;a[Sf;Fhpa jdpa[Wg;ghfnt bfhz;ldh;. ,UrPh;
,ize;jJ Fwsoahk; vd;gJ Mrphpah; bjhy;fhg;gpadhh;f;Fk; gpw;fhy
ahg;gpyf;fz E]yhrphpah;f;Fk; xg;g Koe;jjhFk;. ,dp/ rPhpuz;L
jisj;J epw;wy; jisbad;De; jdpa[Wg;ghbkdf; bfhs;spd; ,t;tpUrPh;
,izg;igf; Fwsobad ntnwhh; cWg;ghff; bfhs;Sjy; bghUe;jhJ/
md;wpa[k; jisgy mLj;J elg;gnj mobadf; bfhs;Sk; gpw;fhy
ahg;gpyf;fz Mrphpah;f;Fj; jhk; cWg;bgdf; bfhz;ljisahy;
motFg;gjd;wpr; rPuhy; motFj;jy; Fw;wkha; Koa[k;. Mjyhy; rPuhdJ
bjhHpyhfpa jisbad;gjidr; bra;a[Sf;Fhpa jdpntWWg;ghff;
bfhs;Sjy; Tlhbjd;gJ nguhrphpah;/ er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; Kjypnahh;
JzpthFk;.
 61

mkph;jrhfuh; bra;a[s; cWg;g[fshf vGj;J/ mir/ rPh;/ jis/ mo/

bjhil/ gh/ ghtpdk; Mfpa vl;oida[k; TWfpd;whh;. bjhy;fhg;gpah;
Twpa rpy bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpa tiffshf
khwptpl;ld. bjhy;fhg;gpah; tpsf;fkhff; Twhj jis gpw;fhyj;jpy;
tiwaiwr; bra;ag;gl;L VG tiffshff; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpUe;J/
g[yd;/ tz;zk; Kjyhdit gpw;fhyj;jpy; bra;a[s; tiffshf
khwpa[s;sd.
mir/ rPh;/ jis/ mo/ bjhil/ gh/ ghtpdk; Mfpatw;wpd; tif
kw;Wk; tiuaiwapy; bjhy;fhg;gpahplkpUe;J mkph;jrhfuh; gy
,l';fspy; ntWgLfpd;whh;.

5.1.1. mir
vGj;J mire;J ,irf;bfhs;tjw;Fg; bgah; mirahFk;.
bra;a[s; cWg;g[fspy; xd;W XbuGj;ija[k; gy vGj;ija[k;
bghUj;j Xir bfhs;Sjypd; mir vdg;gl;lJ. ,J neuir/
epiuair vd ,U tifj;jha;/ rPuf;F cWg;gha; miktJ.1
bjhy;fhg;gpah; neuir/ neh;g[mir/ epiuair/ epiug[mir vd
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. ,jid/
Fwpny beony Fwpy;,iz Fwpy;beoy;
xw;bwhL tUjbyhL bka;g;gleho
neUk; epiua[k; vd;wprpd; bganu (bjhy;.bghUs;.312)
,Utif cfubkhL ,iae;J mit thpnd
neh;g[k; epiug[k; MFk; vd;g
Fwpy; ,iz cfuk; my;tHp Md (bjhy;.bghUs;.313)
vd;Dk; E]w;ghf;fs; _yk; tpsf;Ffpwhh;. ,f;fUj;J gpd;tUk;
ml;ltizfspy; rhd;Wfs; _yk; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
neuir epiuair
1. Fwpy; m/f 1. Fwpy; ,iz Mdp/ jzp
2. beoy; M/ fh 2. Fwpy; beoy; muh/ Fuh
3. xw;Wld; my;/ fy; 3. xw;Wld; mzpy;/ Fuhy;
My;/ fhy;
 62

neh; neh;g[ epiu epiug[

fh - fhJ th - tuF

fhy; - fhw;W muf; - muf;F

fd; - fd;W kyh - kyhl

fh - fht[ gdhl; - gdhl;L

rhh; - rhh;g[ fj - fjt[

fy; - fy;y g[zh; - g[zh;rp

neh;/ epiw vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; ,ayir/ neh;/ epiug[ vd;Dk;

,uz;Lk; chpair vdg; bgah;bgWk; vd;gijj; bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
,ayir Kjypuz;L Vdit chpait
(bjhy;.bghUs;.314)
bjhy;fhg;gpah; Twpa neuir/ epiuair ,tw;iw mg;gona
Vw;Wf; bfhz;l mkpjrhfuh; neh;g[ mir/ epiug[ mir ,tw;iwf;
Twtpy;iy. gpd;tUkhW fhhpifapy; mkpjrhfuhpd; fUj;J
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpny beony Fwtpiz Vidf;Fwpy;eony
bewpna thpD; epiwe;bjhw; wLg;gpDk; neh;epiubad;W
mwpnty; g[iua[bkd; njhsp cjhuzk; MHpbthd;nty;
btwpna Rwhepwk; tpz;nlha; tpshbkd;W ntz;Ltnu
(ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpif/ 5)
,';'dk; bjhy;fhg;gpah; Twpa mirg; ghFghl;oypUe;J
mkph;jrhfuh; vspikg;gLj;jp Twpa[s;shh;. nkYk; ,ayir/ chpair
vd;Dk; ghFghl;ilf; Twtpy;iy.

5.1.2. rPh;
mir ,iae;J epw;gJ rPh; vdg;gLk;. vGj;Jf;fshy; Mfpa
mirfs; nrh;e;J bra;a[s; mof;F cWg;ghf mikgit rPh; vdg;gLk;.
bjhy;fh;gpah; rPh; vd;gjw;Fg; gpd;tUkhW tiuaiwf; TWfpd;whh;.
 63

<uir bfhz;Lk; _tif g[zh;j;Jk;

rPh; ,iaw;W ,w;wJ rPidg; gLnk (bjhy;.bghUs;.320)
bjhy;fhg;gpah; rPhpid bghJthf Xuirr;rPh;/ <uirr;rPh;/ _tirr;rPh;
vd;Wk; <uirr;rPhpid ,aw;rPh;/ chpr;rPh; vdtifg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
,ayir kaf;fk; ,aw;rPh; Vid
chpair kaf;fk; Mrphpa chpr;rPh; (bjhy;.bghUs;.321)

<uirr;rPh;

,aw;rPh; chpr;rPh;

neh;-neh;/ epiu-epiu neh;g[-neh;g[/ epiug[-epiug[

neh;-epiu/ epiu-neh; neh;g[-epiug[/ epiug[-neh;g[
ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpifapy; mkpjrhfuh; <uirr;rPh;/ _tirr;rPh;/
ehd;firr;rPh; vd tifg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. <uirr;rPiu Mrphpa chpr;rPh; vd;Wk;
neuir ,Wjpahfpa _tirr;rPiu btz;gh chpr;rPh; vd;Wk;/ epiuair
,Wjpahfpa _tirr;rPiu t";rp chpr;rPh; vd;Wk; ehd;F mirr;rPhpid
bghJr;rPh; vd;Wk; tpsf;Ffpd;whh;. Xuirr;rPhpid mirr;rPh; vd;W
TWfpwhh;. rPh;tifg; ghl;oid gpd;tUk; fhhpif tpsf;FfpwJ.
<uir ehw;rPuftw; Fwpabtz; ghtpdthk;
neuir ahypw;w _tifr; rPh;epiu ahypWgp
thuir bkd;Kiy khnjtFj;jt"; rpf;Fhpr;rPh;
Xuir naepd;W"; rPuhk; bghJbthU ehyirna
(ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpif/ 6)

<uirr;rPh;

rPh; tha;g;ghL

neh; neh; njkh

epiu neh; g[spkh

epiu epiu fUtpyk;

neh; epiu Ttpyk;

 64

_tirr;rPh;

btz;gh chpr;rPh; tha;g;ghL

neh; neh; neh; njkh';fha;

epiu neh; neh; g[spkh';fha;

epiu epiu neh; fUtpy';fha;

neh; epiu neh; Ttpy';fha;

t";rp chpr;rPh; tha;g;ghL

neh; neh; epiu njkh';fdp

epiu neh; epiu g[spkh';fdp

epiu epiu epiu fUtpy';fdp

neh; epiu epiu Ttpy';fdp

fha;r;rPh;fshf tUk; btz;gh chpr;rPUk; neh;g[ epiug[ nrh;e;JtUk;

Mrphpa chpr;rPUk; Mrphpag;ghtpy; Xuoapy; nrh;e;J epw;gjpy;iy. t";rp
chpr;rPh; t";rpg;ghtpy; kl;Lnk tUk;.

t";rpg;gh mofspy; nehPw;Wr;rPh;fs; tUtjpy;iy. fypj;jiyapy;

njkh/ g[spkh tha;g;ghL nehPw;Wr; rPh;fs; tUtjpy;iy. fha;r;rPh;fshf
tUk; btz;gh chpr;rPUk; neh;g[/ epiug[/ nrh;e;J tUk; Mrphpa chpr;rPUk;
Mrphpag;ghtpy; Xuoapy; nrh;eJ epw;gjpy;iy. ,itbtay;yhk;
bjhy;fhg;gpahpd; rPh;bjhlh;ghd nfhl;ghlhFk;.

5.1.3. jis
bra;a[spy; epd;w rPhpd; <w;w miriaa[k; tU";rPhpd;
Kjyiriaa[k; ,izg;gjw;Fj; jis vd;W bgah;. bjhy;fhg;gpah;/
fypj;jis kU';fpd; foat[k; glhm (bjhy;.bghUs;.332)
fypj;jis motapd; neh;<w;W ,aw;rPh;
epiyf;F chpj;jd;nw bjhpa[ nkhh;f;nf
(bjhy;.bghUs;.333)
 65

vd;Dk; E]w;ghf;fspy; kl;Lk; jisg; gw;wpar; rpwg;gpidf; Twpa[s;shh;.

jis vd;gjw;F bjhy;fhg;gpah; tiuaiuf; Twhj fhuzj;jpdhy;
ciuahrphpah;fs; xt;bthUtUk; xt;bthUtpjj;jpy; tpsf;fk;
mspj;Js;shh;. nguhrphpah;/ “jisbad;W XJgdbty;yhk;
vGj;bjd;dpr; rPh; tFf;fg;bgWk; fl;lis moapidnaf; Fwpf;Fk;”
vd;fpwhh;. ,f;fUj;jpidna er;rpdhh;f;fpdpaUk; ciuj;Js;shh;.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; jisf;fhd tiuaiwa[k; tifg;ghLk; tsh;r;rpg;

bgw;Ws;sd. mkph;jrhfuh; ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpifapy; ,aw;rPh;
btz;lis/ btz;rPh; btz;lis nebuhd;wpa Mrphpaj;jis
epiwbahd;wpa Mrphpaj;jis/ xd;wpa t";rpj;jis/ xd;whj t";rpjis/
fypj;jis vd VGtifg;gLj;jp tpsf;Ffpd;whh;. ,jid gpd;tUk;
fhhpif tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
jz;rPh; jdbjhd;wpy; jd;jis ahe;jz thjt";rp
tz;rPh; tpfw;gLk; t";rpf;Fhpj;Jty; nyhh; tFj;j
btz;rPh; tpfw;g'; fypj;jis aha;tpLk; ntz;Ljisahk;
xz;rPh; mfty; chpr;rPh; tpfw;gLk; xz;Qjnyh
(ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpif/ 10)

kh Kd; epiu tpsk; Kd; neh;  ,aw;rPh; btz;lis

fha; Kd; neh;  btz;rPh; btz;lis

kh Kd; neh;  nebuhd;wpa Mrphpaj;jis

tpsk; Kd; epiu  epiubahd;wpy; Mrphpaj;jis

fdp Kd; epiu  xd;wpa t";rpj;jis

fdp Kd; neh;  xd;whj t";rpj;jis

fha; Kd; epiu  fypj;jis

btz;ghtpy; ,aw;rPh; btz;lisa[k; btz;rPh; btz;lisa[k; tuyhk;.

ntw;Wj;jisfs; tuf;Tlh gpwghf;fspy; jisfs; fye;J tuyhk;.
 66

5.1.4. mo
xd;wpf;F nkw;gl;l rPh;fs; nrh;e;J te;jhy;m~J mo vdg;gLk;.
jisfs; mLj;J elg;gjhy; mobadg; bgah; bgw;wJ. Xuoapy; xU rPh;
kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; mjw;Fj; jdpr;brhy; vd;W bgah;.

bjhy;fhg;gpah; vGj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mog;gilapy; mof;F

bgah; itf;fpd;whh;. mobad;W rpwg;gpj;J brhy;yg;gLtJ ehd;F
rPh;fisf; bfhz;l mo MFk;. Mdhy; Xuoapy; ,uz;L rPh;fs; Kjy;
gjpdhd;F rPh;fs; tiu tUk;. bjhy;fhg;gpah; Fwso/ rpe;jo/ msto
(neuo)/ beoyo/ fypbeoyo vd;W tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. ,e;j
tiff;F me;j moapy; tUk; vGj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifna fhuzpahFk;.
,tw;iwg; gpd;tUk; bjhy;fhg;gpa E]w;ghf;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

Fwso
ehy; vGj;J Mjpahf MbwGj;J
Vwpa epyj;nj Fwso vd;g (bjhy;.bghUs;.344)
rpe;jo
VH; vGj;J vd;g rpe;jof;F msnt
<h; vGj;J Vw;wk; my;tHp Md (bjhy;.bghUs;.345)
msto
gj;J vGj;J vd;g neuof;F msnt
xj;j ehbyGj;J xw;wy'; filna (bjhy;.bghUs;.346)
beoyo
_ite;J vGj;nj beoyof;F msnt
<buGj;J kpFjYk; ,ay;bgd bkhHpg
(bjhy;.bghUs;.347)
fHpbeoyo
_thW vGj;nj fHpbeow;F msnt
<buGj;J kpFjYk; ,ay;bgd bkhHpg
(bjhy;.bghUs;.348)
 67

motif vGj;Jf;fs; rPw;bwy;iy vGj;Jf;fs;

ngbuy;iy

1. Fwso ehd;F MW

2. rpe;jo VG xd;gJ

3. msto gj;J gjpdhd;F

4. beoyo gjpide;J gjpndG

5. fHpbeoyo gjpbdl;L ,UgJ

Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; vGj;J vz;zpf;if mog;gilapy; mof;F

bgah; itg;gJ khwp tpl;lJ. rPh;fspd; vz;zpf;if mog;gilapy;
mof;F bgah; itf;fg;gl;lJ. jdpr;brhy;yhf tUk; xU rPh; mof;F
brhw;rPuo vd;W bgah; ,uz;L rPh;fs; tUk; mof;Ff; Fwso vd;W
bgah; _d;W rPh;fs; tUk; mof;Fr; rpe;jo vd;W bgah;. ehd;F rPh;fs;
tUk; mof;F neuo (m) msto vd;W bgah;/ Ie;J rPh;fs; tUk; mof;F
beoyo vd;W bgah;. Ie;jpw;Fk; nkw;gl;l rPh;fs; Xuoapy; te;jhy;
mjw;Ff; fHpbeoyo vd;W bgah;. rhd;whf MW rPh;fs; bfhz;l mof;F
mWrPh; fHpbeoyo vd;Wk; VG rPh;fs; bfhz;l mof;F vGrPh;
fHpbeoyo vd;Wk; vl;L rPh;fs; bfhz;l mof;F vz;rPh; fHpbeoyo
vd;Wk; ,t;thW gjpdhd;F rPh;fs; bfhz;l fHpbeoyoafs; bra;a[spy;
gapd;W tUfpd;wd.

5.1.5. bjhil
rPh;fisf; bfhz;Lk; mofisf; bfhz;Lk; bjhLf;fg;gLtjw;F
bjhil vd;W bgah;. mofSf;F ,ilna cs;s bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L
bjhFj;J tpsf;fg;gLtjhy; bjhil vdg;bgah; bgw;wJ.
bjhy;fhg;gpah; bjhilia nkhid/ vJif Kuz; ,iag[/ msgil
vd;Wk; bkhHpg;g[/ x%c/ bre;bjhil vd;Wk; epuy; epiwj;bjhil
,ul;ilj;bjhil vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. monjhWk;
KjbyGj;J xj;J tUtJ nkhidj; bjhil MFk;. ,uz;lhk; vGj;J
xd;w tUtJ vJifj; bjhil MFk;. monjhWk; brhy;yhYk;
bghUshYk; khWgLtJ Kuz;bjhil vdg;gLk;. monjhWk;
<w;bwGj;J (m) <w;wir (m) <w;Wr;rPh; ,iae;J tUtJ ,iag[ bjhil
 68

vdg;gLk;. monjhWk; msbgLj;J te;jhy; m~J msgilj; bjhil

vdg;gLk;. Xuoapy; xU rPh;tpl;L xU rPh; vJif my;yJ nkhidg;
bghUe;jp te;jhy; bkhHpg;g[ bjhil vdg;gLk;. Xuoapy; Kjw;rPUk;
ehd;fhk; rPUk; nkhid/ vJif Kjyhdtw;why; xd;wp te;jhy;
cUtj;bjhil vdg;gLk;. xU bra;a[spy; nkw;Fwpj;j ve;jtifj;
bjhila[k; ,y;iybad;why; me;jr; bra;a[spy; ,Ug;gJ bre;bjhil
MFk;. ,tw;iwj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; gpd;tUk; E]w;ghf;fspy;
tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.
mobjhWk; jiybaGj;J xg;gJ nkhid
(bjhy;.bghUs;.400)
m~J xHpj;J xd;wpd; vJif MFk; (bjhy;.bghUs;.401)
MapW bjhilf;Fk; fpisbaGj;J chpa
(bjhy;.bghUs;.402)
bkhHpapDk; bghUspYk; KuQjy; Kunz
(bjhy;.bghUs;.403)
,Wtha; xd;wy; ,iagpd; ahg;ng (bjhy;.bghUs;.404)
msg[vHpd; mitna msbgilj; bjhilna
(bjhy;.bghUs;.405)
xUrPh; ,ilapl;L vJif ahapd;
bghHpg;bgd bkhHpjy; g[yth; Mnw (bjhy;.bghUs;.406)
,UrPh; ,ilapod; x%cbtdbkhHpg
(bjhy;.bghUs;.407)
brhy;ypa bjhilbahL ntWgl;L ,aypd;
brhy;ypay; g[yth; mJ bre;bjhil vd;g
(bjhy;.bghUs;.408)
bjhilapd; tiffshfj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; 13/699 vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; bjhil tiffs; tsh;r;rpg; bgw;Ws;sd.
nkhid/ vJif/ Kuz;/ ,iag[/ msbgil Mfpaj; bjhilfs;
monjhWk; tUtnjhL rPh;njhWk; tUtjw;Fk; bgah;fs;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,d/ bghHpg;g[/ x%c/ TiH/ nkw;fJtha;/ fPw;fJtha;/ KwpJ

vd;Dk; cg;gphpfs; njhd;wpd. Xuoapy; Kjy; ,uz;L rPh;fspy; nkhid
Kjyhdit te;jhy; ,idnkhid/ ,id vJif/ ,idKuz;/
 69

,id ,ay;g[/ ,idmsbgil vd;W bgah;. Xuoapy; Kjy;rPhpYk;

_d;whk; rPhpYk; nkhid Kjyhdit xj;J te;jhy; bghHpg;g[ nkhid/
bghHpg;g[ vJif bghHpg;g[ Kuz;/ bghHpg;g[ ,iag[/ bghHpg;g[
msgil vd;W bgah;. Xuoapy; Kjy; rPhpYk; ehd;fhk; rPhpYk; nkhid
Kjyhd xj;J te;jhy; x%c nkhid/ X%c vJif/ X%c Kuz;/ x%c
,iag[/ x%c msgil vdg;bgah; bgWk;.
Xuoapy; Kjw;rPhpYk; ,uz;lhk; rPhpYk;/ _d;whk; rPhpYk;
nkhid Kjyhdit te;jhy; mJ TiHnkhid/ TiH vJif/ TiH
Kuz;/ TiH ,iag[/ TiH me;jhjp vdg;bgah; bgWk;.
Xuoapy; Kjw;rPhpYk; _d;whk; rPhpYk; ehd;fhk; rPhpYk; nkhid
Kjyhdit xj;J tUtJ nkw;fJtha; Kuz;/ nkw;fJtha; me;jhkp
vdg; bgah; bgWk;.
Xuoapy; Kjy; rPhpYk;/ ,uz;lhk; rPhpYk;/ ehd;fhk; rPhpYk;
nkhid Kjypait xj;J tUtJ fPH;fJtha; nkhid/ fPH;fJtha;
,iag[/ fPH;f;fJtha; me;jhjp vdg; bgah; bgWk;.
Xuoapy; ehd;F rPhpYk; nkhid Kjyhdit xj;J te;jhy;
mtw;wpf;F Kw;Wnkhid/ Kw;W vJif/ Kw;W ,iag[/ Kw;W Kuz;/
Kw;W me;jhjp vd;W bgah;.
bjhy;fhg;gpah; x%c bjhiliaj; jdpahff; TWfpd;whh;. Mdhy;
mkpjrhfuh; nkhid Kjyhd bjhilapd; cl;gphpthff; TWfpd;whh;.
,id/ bghHpg;g[/ TiH/ nkw;fJtha;/ fPH;fJtJtha; Kw;W Mfpa MW
cl;gphpt[j; bjhilfis mkprhfuh; tpsf;fpa[s;shh;. ,it
bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl tpy;iy.

5.2. bjhFg;g[iu
bra;a[s; ahg;gjw;F vGj;J/ mir/ rPh; jis/ mo/ bjhil
Kjyhd cWg;g[fs; ,d;wpaikahjitahFk;. bjhy;fhg;gpak;
fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Twg;gl;l bra;a[s; cWg;g[fSs; gy gpw;fhyj;jpy;
,yf;fpa tiffshf khwpd. gy bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs; tHf;bfhHpe;jd.
bjhy;fhg;gpah; Twhj gy ahg;g[ cl;TWfs; gpw;fhy
ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpapy; Twg;gl;Ls;sd. mir/ rPh;/ ,tw;wpy; khw;w';fs;
epfH;e;Js;sd. mofis tifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzpfs; khw;w
bgw;Ws;sd. bjhil tiffs; gy g[jpadthf g[Fe;Js;sd.
 70

rhd;bwz; Fwpg;g[

1. jp.nt.nfhghiyah;/ jkpH; ,yf;fz ngufuhjp/ ahg;g[-1/ g.14.

 ,ay; 6
mzpapyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;

xU bkhHpapd; mHif tpsf;FtJ/ mjpYs;s mzp ,yf;fzk;

MFk;. mzpfspd; ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;FtJ mzp ,yf;fzk; MFk;.
mzp vd;gjd; bghUs; tpsf;fk;/ bjhd;ik/ tiffs;/ gad;
Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp ,';Ff; fhzyhk;.

6.1. mzp bghUs; tpsf;fk;

clypd; mHif eiffs; Mfpa mzpfs; mHFg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
bra;a[spd; fUj;ij mzpfs; mHFg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. brhy;yhYk;
bghUshYk; mHFgl vLj;Jiug;gJ mzp,yf;fz ,ay;ghFk;.
tlbkhHpapy; mzpia ‘my';fhuk;’ vd;ghh;fs;.

6.2. mzpapyf;fzr; rpwg;g[fs;

vGj;J/ brhy;/ bghUs;/ ahg;g[ Mfpa ehd;F ,yf;fz';fSk;
bkhHpf;F bkhHp khWgLtd kw;Wk; ntWgLtd. Mdhy; mzp
,yf;fzk; vy;yh bkhHpfSf;Fk; bghJthdJ MFk;. vLj;Jf;Tw
tpUk;g[k; fUj;ij ve;j eilapy;/ ve;j Kiwapy; vLj;Jiug;gJ vdf;
TWtJ vy;yh bkhHpfspYk; cs;s E]y;fSf;F bghJthdjhf cs;sJ.
,J gpw ,yf;fz';fSf;F ,y;yhj jdpr;rpwg;g[ MFk;.

6.3. mzp ,yf;fzj; bjhd;ik

bjhy;fhg;gpa ctkapay;/ mzp ,yf;fzk; gw;wp vLj;Jiug;gJ
vd;gij mwpnthk;.
tputpa[k; t%ck; kugpdvd;g (bjhy;. bghUs;.273)
,y';Fgpiw mz;z tpy';Fthy; itba lhw;W
(mfk;.flt[s; thH;j;J)
ctkg;nghyp Ie;Jvd bkhHp (bjhy;.bghUs;.295)
vd;gdtw;wpy; vd;g/ bkhHp vd;Dk; brhy;yhl;rpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
“vd;g/ bkhHpg” vd;W TWk; brhw;fs; Mrphpah;fs; ,t;thW TWthh;fs;
vd;gJ bghUs; MFk;. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; fhyk; fp.K.3 (m) 4 Mk;
 72

E]w;whz;L vd Muhl;rpahsh;fs; TWth;. vdnt mjw;Fk; Kw;gl;l

fhyj;jpYnk ,e;j mzp ,yf;fz kug[fs; jkpHpy; ,Ue;Js;sij
mwpaKofpwJ.

6.4. mzp ,yf;fzg; gFjpfs;

mzp ,yf;fzk; bghJtzpapay; bghUszpapay;/
brhy;yzpay; vd _d;W gFjpahfj; jz;oy';fhuk; TWfpwJ.

6.4.1.1. bghJtzpapay;
bra;a[spy; ,lk;bgWk; mzpfs; Fwpj;J bghJthd
,yf;fzj;ijf; bfhz;lJ bghJtzpapay; MFk;.

6.4.2.2. bghUszpapay;
jd;ik mzp/ ctik mzp/ cUtf mzp Kjyhd bghUs;
mog;gilapyhd gy mzpfs; ,g;gFjpapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld;
tpthpf;fg;gLtJ MFk;.

6.4.3.3. brhy;yzpapay;
kuf;fzp/ rpj;jpuf;ftp vd;Dk; brhy; mog;gilapyhd ,uz;L
mzpfis tpthpf;fg;gLtJ MFk;.

6.4.4. mzp,yf;fzg; gad;

mzp ,yf;fzk; bghUs; g[yg;gLj;JjYk; mHFg;gLj;JjYk;
Mfpa gad;ghLfis cilaJ.

6.4.5. bghUs; g[yg;ghL

mzpfSf;bfy;yhk; jhahft[k; Kjd;ikahft[k; tpsf;FtJ
ctikazp MFk;. bjhpahjg; bghUs;fisg; gw;wpj; bjhptpf;f/ bjhpe;j
bghUs;fis ctikahff; TWtJ kug[. fhl;L tHpapy; brd;w xUtd;
fhl;Lg; gRit fhz;fpwhd;. fhl;Lg;gR vd;gJ ehl;oYs;s gRitg;
nghd;w njhw;wj;ij cilaJ vdf; nfs;tpg;gl;oUe;jhy;/ ,J
fhl;Lg;gR vd mwpe;J bfhs;fpwhd;. ,jid/ Mg;nghYk; Mkh (M-gR)
 73

(Mkh - fhl;Lg;gR) vd bjhy;fhg;gpa ciuapy; rhd;Wf;fhl;o

,sk;g{uzh; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

6.4.6. mHFg;gLj;Jjy;
bjhpe;j/ bghUs;fisg; gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;Fk; nghJk; eak;gl
ciuf;Fk; epiyapy; ctik gpw;fhyj;jpy; gad;glyhdJ. “jhkiu
nghd;wJ bgz;fspd; Kfk;” vd tUk; ctikg; gFjpapy;
mHFg;gLj;jny mikfpd;wJ. gpw mzpfSk; ,t;thW mHFg;gLj;jp
ciuj;jw;F Vw;gl;ld MFk;. bghpa khspiff;F mjd; Kd;g[wj;jpy;
mika[k; XtpaKk;/ bghpa efuj;jpw;F mjd; gFjpapy; mika[k;
nfhg[uKk; mHF nrh;g;gJ nghyr; bra;a[Sf;F mHF nrh;g;gJ mzp
MFk;.

6.5. mzp ,yf;fz tsh;r;rp

bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk;bgWk; ctktpay; fUnfhns/ gpw;fhy
mzp ,yf;fz E]y;fSf;F _ykhf mike;jd. tlbkhHpapy;
fhzyhFk; mzp ,yf;fzr; rpe;jidfspd; jhf;fk;/ gpw;fhy mzp
,yf;fz E]y;fspy; bgUkstpy; cs;sJ.

6.6. bjhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay; bra;jpfs;

bjhy;fhg;gpah; ctktpaypy; ctikapd; njhw;wk;/ epiyf;fsd;/
ctk cUg[fs; cs;Siw ctik/ kug[/ g[wdil Mfpad
,lk;bgw;Ws;sd.

6.7. ctikapd; njhw;wk;

tpid (bray;) gad;/ bka; (totk;)/ cU (epwk;) Mfpa ehd;fpd;
mog;gilapy; ,U bghUs;fSf;F ,ilna ctik mika[]k;.
mtw;Ws; xU TW kl;Lk; my;yhky;/ ,uz;L _d;W TWfSk; bghUe;jp
tuyhk;. ctikahff; fhl;LtJ bghUistpl cah;e;jjhfnt
mika[k;.
 74

6.8. bjhy;fhg;gpaKk; jz;oay';fhuKk;

gpw;fhy mzp ,yf;fz E]y;fSs; rpwe;J tps';FtJ
jz;oay';fhuk; MFk;. ,e;E]y; bjhy;fhg;gpa ctktpay;
fUj;Jf;fisa[k; tlbkhHpj; jhf;fj;ija[k; bfhz;L mike;Js;sJ.

6.9. mzpfSk; tlbkhHpj; jhf;fKk;

,iwadhh; fstpaYiu vd;Dk; E]ypy; ghz;oa kd;dd; xUtd;
vGj;Jk;/ brhy;Yk; ahg;g[k; mwpe;j g[yth;fs; fpilf;fg;bgw;w epiyapy;/
bghUspyf;fzk; mwpe;jhh; fpilf;fg; bgwtpy;iyna vd V';fpr;
rptbgUkhdplk; Kiwapl/ mth; ,iwadhuhfj; njhd;wp mfg;bghUs;
,yf;fzj;ij mWgJ E]w;ghf;fspy; ,aw;wpaUspdhh; vd;Dk; bra;jp
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjpapy; mzp ,yf;fzk; fpilf;fg; bgw;wJ
vd;nwh/ fpilf;fg; bgwtpy;iybad;nwh vt;tpjf; Fwpg;g[k; ,y;iy.
vdnt mzp,yf;fzk; vd;W xd;W jdpj;J mf;fhyj;jpy; mwp"h;fs;
TWth;.

6.10. mzpfSk; tlbkhHpg; bgah;fSk;

jkpHpy; fhzg;gLk; mzp,yf;fz E]y;fspy; (jz;oay';fhuk;/
khwdy';fhuk;) my';fhuk; brhy;ny cs;sJ. mzpfspd; bgah;fSk;
jkpH;bkhHpapd; jd;ikf;F Vw;g tot khw;w';fisg; bgw;Ws;sd.
,tw;why; bjhy;fhg;gpa ctkapay; rpe;jidfis mobahw;wpa[k;/
tlbkhHp E]y;fisj; jGtpa[k; mzp,yf;fz E]y;fs; jkpHpy;
vGe;Js;sij mwpaKoa[k;.

6.11. gpw;fhy mzpfspd; tsh;r;rp

mzp ,yf;fz tsh;r;rpiag; bghUs; ,yff;z tsh;r;rp/ brhy;
,yf;fz tsh;r;rp/ vd ,uz;lhfg; gFf;fyhk;.
bjhy;fhg;gpah; ctktpaypy; ctik mzpia kl;Lnk
vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;. mjw;F ciuj;je;j nguhrphpah; ctikapd; tiffs;
rpytw;iwf; TWfpwhh;. bjhy;fhg;gpa ctktpaypy; bghUszp gw;wpaf;
fUj;nj ,lk;bgwtpy;iy. Mdhy; bjhy;fhg;gpa bra;a[spaypy; cs;s
klf;F me;jhjp Kjyhd gFjpfs; brhy;yzpf;fhd tpijfshf cs;sd.
 75

6.12. bghUs; mzp tsh;r;rp

t. E]y; bgzh; bghUs; mzpfspd;

vz;. vz;zpf;if

1. ahg;gU';fy tpUj;jp ciu 27

2. nre;jd; jpthfuk; 28

3. tPunrhHpak; 35

4. jz;oay';fhuk; 35

5. khwdy';fhuk; 35

6. jpUj;jzp tprhfg; bgUkhs; Iah; 100

mzp ,yf;fzk;

7. Ftyahde;jk; 120

brhy;yzp tsh;r;rp

t. E]y; bgah; bghUs; mzpfspd;

vz;. vz;zpf;if

1. jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; njthuj;jpy; 10
,lk;bgw;Ws;s mzpfs;

2. tPunrhHpak; 2

3. jpthfuk; 21

4. jz;oay';fhuk; 2

5. ahg;gU';fyk; 22

6. ahg;gU';fhy ciu 33

7. 2

8. khwdy';fhuk; ciu 2

jz;oay';fhuk;
6.13. ctikazp
gz;g[e; bjhHpYk; gaYbkd; wptw;wpd;
xd;Wk; gyt[k; bghUnshL bghUs;g[zh;e;j;
bjhg;g[ik njhd;wr; brg;g[t Jtik.
 76

gz;g[j;bjhHpy;/ gad; vd;gd fhuzkhf xd;whfpa[k;/ gythfpa[k;

tUk; bghUnshL bghUszpia itj;J xg;g[ik g[yg;glg; ghLtJ
ctikbad;Dk; my';fhukhk;.
xd;Wk; gyt[k; bghUnshL bghUs; g[zh;j;jy;/ xU bghUnshL
xU bghUSk;/ xU bghUnshL gyg; bghUSk;/ gyg;bghUnshL
gyg;bghUSk;/ gyg;bghUnshL xU bghUSk; ,iaag; g[zh;j;jy;
MFk;.
g[zh;j;jpr; brhy;yg;gLk; mt;tpUg; bghUSf;Fs;ns/
xg;g[ikawptjw;Ff; fhuzkha; epw;Fk; bghUs; ctkhdk; vdt[k;/
mjdhy; ctkpff;g;gLk; bghUs; ctnkak; vdt[k; Twg;gLk;.

gz;g[tik
gtsj; jd;dnkdp
vdt[k;/
ntz; g[iu gizj;njhs;
vdt[k;/
bjk;Kid aplj;jpw; nra;bfhy;
mk;kh thpit ath;brd;w ehnl
vdt[k; tUk;.

bjhHpy; ctik Mrphpag;gh

mhpkh td;d tz';Filj; Jg;gpw;
wpUkh tstd;
vdt[k;/
fspw;wpiu bjhP,y; ghh;t byhJf;fpd;
xspj;jpa';F kugpd; tag;g[yp nghy
vdt[k; tUk;.

gaDtik
Mrphpag;gh
khhp ad;d tz;ifj;
njh;nt sheaf; fhzpa brd;nk
brWeh;j; nta;j;j bry;YwH; jlf;if
vdt[k; tUk;.
 77

m~njy;/
nta;g[iu gizj;njhs;
vd;gJ tot[tik vdt[k;/
bjk;Kid aplj;Jr; nra;bfhy;
vd;gJ/ vy;iya[tik vdt[k; brhy;Ythh;fs;.

Nj;jpuk;
tz;zj;jpd; totpistpw;F Ritapbsd;
wd;d gpwt[ jd;FZ Ejyp
,d;d jpJbtd t%c kpaw;if
vd;d fpstpa[k; gz;gpd; bwifna
vd;g[Hp totk; gz;bgdf; TWth;
bjhy;fhg;gpadhh;/ nra;ikazpik bad;gdt[k;/ msthfyhw;
gz;bgdg;gLk;.

xU bghUnsh blhUbghUs;/
brt;th dd;d nkdp
vdt[k;/
xU bghUnshL gybghUs;
mt;thd;/ ,y';Fgpiw ad;d tps';Fthy; itbaapW
vdt[k;/
gybghUnshL gybghUs;
fspbwwp RWtpdj; jd;d thnshh; bkha;g;g
khP,nah uwpahJ ike;J gl;ld;nw
vdt[k;/
gybghUnshblhU bghUs;
bgUkb;gah;f; fhpfhyd; Kd;dpidr; bry;yhg;
gPod; kd;dh; nghy
XLit kd;dhy; thil ePbakf;nf
vdt[k; tUk;.
m~njYtika[k; bghUSk; xj;j gz;g[khdit vdpd; “gtsk;
nghY"; brt;tha; vd;g[Hpg; gtsk; ctik badt[k;/ ctkhdbkdt[k;
gLk;. tha; bghUbsdt[k;/ ctikbadt[k; gLk;. brk;ik
 78

,uz;ow;Fk; bghJthfpa Fzbkdg;gLk; nghYbkd;gJ

ctikapUoilr;brhy; ,~J gz;g[fhuzkhf te;j ctik vdg;gLk;.
,jid ctikbad;wbjd;id “gtstha;” vd;gjid bjhifa[tik
vd;Wk;/ “gtsr; brt;tha;” vd;gjid tphpt[tik vd;W Twpathfypd;/
my;yJ]ck; ‘gtsk; nghyr; bra;atha;’ vd;gjid Kw;Wtik bad;W';
TWgthfypd;/
<z;L ctik ay';fhubkd;gJ mj;bjhlh;r;brhy; KGtJk;
vdf;bfhs;f kw;Wk; gz;gpa[k;/ gz;g[k;/ bjhHpYk;/ gaDk; vdf;
Twg;gLgtd ehd;F. mtw;Ws/ gz;gpidbad;gd/ fhl;rpg;
bghUSf;Fk; fUj;Jg; bghUSkhfpa ,a';F jpiza[k;
epiyj;jpiza[khk;.

gz;bgd;gd: mtw;wpd;Fzkha;j; njhd;wpj; jkf;F ntW Fzkpd;wp

epfH;td.
bjhHpbyd;gd: mtw;wpd; g[ilbgah;r;rpaha; fhyk; g[zh;e;J epw;gd.
gabdd;gd: mitf; fhuzkhfg; g[yg;gL';fhhpak;.
gz;oahfpa xU bghUSf;F ctika';fhy;/ ,uz;ow;Fk;
bghJthfpanjhh; Fzk; vJthfyhDk;/ bjhHpy; vJthfyhDk;
gad;vJthfyhDk; xg;gpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;.
vd;wptw;wpd; vd;gjdhy;/ gz;g[ bjhHpy; gabdd;gd/ xnu
bthd;nwad;wpg; gyt['; fhuzkhf tUk;.
fhd ahid iftpL gR';fiH
kPbdwp J]z;oyp dptf;Fk;
ifahL tl;oypw; nwd;Wk;
fhe;juszpkyh; eWe;jh J]Jk; Jk;gp
ifahL tl;ow; nwd;Wk; (jz;o.5)
vd;gJ my;yJ]ck; mt;tpnyrhd gz;g[ bjhHpy; gabddpd;
gpwfhuzkhft[k; tUk; ctikay';fhuk; vd;gJ mit Kd;dh;
ciuf;fg;gLk;.
 79

6.15. mzpapyf;fz tsh;r;rpa[k; nfhl;ghLk;

jkpHpy; gy;ntW fhyfl;l';fspy; gy;ntW rpwg;g[g;bgw;w
,yf;fz';fs; njhw;wk; bgw;W te;Js;sd. mzpapyf;fz';fSs;
rpwg;gpj;Jr; brhy;yg;gLk; jd;ik tha;e;jJ jz;oay';fhuk; MFk;.

jz;oay';fhuk; bghJtzpapy;/ bghUszpapay;/

brhy;yzpapay; vDk; _d;W ,ay;fisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
bghJtzpapaypy; bra;a[s; tif/ bra;a[w;bewp vd;gd bra;a[Sf;Fhpa
,yf;fzj;ijr; Rl;Ltdthf cs;sd. bghUszpapaypy; Kg;gj;ije;J
mzpfspd; ,yf;fzk; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ. cUtf mzp gjpide;J
tiffshfg; ghFg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cUtf mzp gpw bghUnshL
ka';Fk;. jPtftzp gy tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
brhw;ggpd;tUepiyazp/ bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp/
brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp vd gpd;tUepiyazp _d;W
tifg;gLk;. ,t;tifnahL brhy;Yk; bghUSk; bra;a[s;fspy;
gy;ntW NHy;fspy; te;J njhd;Wk; jd;ikf;F Vw;wthW mike;Js;sJ.

tpyf;fzp gjpd;_d;W tifg;gLk; mJ td;brhy;/ thH;j;J/

jiyik/ ,fH;r;rp/ Jizbray; Kaw;rp/ gutrk;/ cghak;/ ifawy;/
cld;gly;/ btFsp/ ,u';fy;/ Iak; nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;Ftjd; _yk;
njhw;wk; bgWfpwJ. tPuk;/ mr;rk;/ ,Hpt[/ tpag;g[/ fhkk;/ mtyk;/
cUj;jpuk;/ eif Mfpa xd;gJ Ritfspy; VnjDk; xd;iw cs;slf;fp
Ritazp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

rpnyilazp brk;bkhHp/ gphpbkhHp vDk; ,UtUk;

gphpt[fisa[k; VG rpW gphpt[fisa[k; bfhz;L tps';Ffpd;wJ.
brhy;yzpapaypy; klf;F rpj;jpuftp/ tGf;fspd; tif/ kiyt[ vDk;
ehd;F mzpfisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. rpj;jpuf;ftp VnjDk; xU totj;ijf;
bfhz;L tps';Ffpd;wJ. ctikazpapy; bghUs; gy;ntW epiyapy;
btspg;gl;L epw;fpd;wJ.

cUtftzp gy;ntW bghUs; btspg;ghl;il bfhz;Ls;sJ.

,J brhw;Fiwt[/ brhy; tphpt[/ bjhlh;g[ila mzpeag;bghUw;/
 80

bghUs; tpsf;f tiuaiw vd;gd nghd;w gy;ntW brhy;

bghUs;bghUz;ikf; TWfisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. ntw;Wikazpfspd;
bghUw; gy;bghUs; vd;git ntw;Wik mzpfspd; bghUs;
btspg;ghlhFk;. mzpfs; xUbghUs; gybrhy;/ gybghUs;/
gybghUs; xU brhy;/ vjph;brhy; vdg; gy brhw;bghUz;ikf;
TWfis mog;gilahff; bfhz;L bray;gLfpwJ.

jz;oya';fhuj;jpy; brhy;yg;glhj cUtf mzpfis

tPunrhHpaj;jpYk; Kj;JtPhpaj;jpYk; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; Twg;gl;Ls;sd.
tPunrhHpaj;jpy; tHpepiy cah;g[Utfk;/ Jtik cUtfk;/ bjw;WUtfk;
(m) tpnuhj cUtfk;/ mt;tpaUtJk;/ tpaU cUtfk;/ Vfhl;o cUtk;/
ngJUtfk;/ g[z;g[Utfk;/ tphpa[UtJk; rpnyil cUtfk;/ rfy
cUtfk;/ cWg;g[Utfk;/ jj;Jthgd cUtfk; nghd;wit
tPunrhHpaj;jpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sd.

Kj;JtPhpaj;jpy; bjhif cUtfk;/ tphpa[Utfk;/ ,ilg[Utfk;/

,ilapyp cUtfk;/ tpaepiy cUtfk;/ cUtf cUtfk;/ Vfh';f
cUtfk;/ mndfh';f cUtfk; ,it jz;oay';fhj;jpd; mzpnahL
xj;J xnu bghUis jUfpd;wd. ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; ctika[k;
bghUSk; ntw;Wikiaf; bfhz;L xd;bwd Mfp tUtij cUtfk;
vd;fpwJ. mWtif ,yf;fzj;jpy; ctik/ cilik/ fw;gid/ epfH;r;rp/
Mf;fk; vDk; Itifg; ghFghLfshfg; gphpj;Jg; g[jpa gy kug[fisf;
bfhz;L mikfpwJ.
 Kot[iu

Ma;t[f;fhd _y';fs; jkpH;bkhHpapy; kpfg; gythfg; gue;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; ,yf;fzf; TWfSk; ml';Ffpd;wd. bkhHp
vd;gJ fhye;njhWk; gy;ntW khw;w';fisg; bgw;W tsh;e;J
tuf;ToaJ MFk;. mk;bkhHpapy; cs;s ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz
tifg;ghLfSk;/ fUj;Jf;fSk; khw;w';fisg; bgw;W tUfpd;wd.
khw;w';fs; ,y;iybadpy; bkhHp/ ,yf;fpak;/ ,yf;fzk; Kjyhdit
tsh;r;rpailatpy;iy vd;gJ bghUs; MFk;.

bjhy;fhg;gpah; jkpHpy; cs;s Itif ,yf;fzj;ija[k; xnu

E]ypy; (bjhy;fhg;gpak;) tpsf;fpa[s;shh;. jkpH; ,yf;fz tsh;r;rpapd;
fhuzkhfg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; xt;nthh; ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdp
,yf;fz E]y;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.

bjhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; epytpa ngr;RbkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHp

,tw;wpw;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jJ bjhy;fhg;gpak; MFk;.
bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ciubaGjpa ,sk;g{uzh;/ nrdhtiuah;/
er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; Kjyhndhh; fhyj;jpy; ngr;R bkhHpapYk;/ vGj;J
bkhHpapYk; gy;ntW khw;w';fs; bgw;wpUe;jd. mjdhy;
bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ciubaGjpa ciuahrphpah;fs; ‘ciuapw;nfhly;’
vd;Dk; cj;jpahy; j';fs; fhyj;jpy; epytpa ngr;RbkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHp
tHf;fhWfisa[k; jj;jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.

xt;nthh; ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdpna ,yf;fz E]y; ,aw;wpa

,yf;fzpfs; jj;jk; fhy tHf;fhWfSf;F Vw;g ,yf;fzj;jpy; gy
khw;w';fisr; bra;J ,yf;fz E]y;fisg; gilj;Js;sdh;. ,tw;Ws;
tHf;F xHpe;jit ePf;fg;gl;ld; tHf;fpy; g[jpjhf te;jit
g[Fj;jg;gl;ld. rhd;whf bkhHpKjy; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; Twg;gLk; xnu brhy; “Ee;ij” MFk; ,r;brhy;
 82

bjhy;fhg;gpauhy; Twg;gl;lJ. gtze;jp Kdptuhy; Twg;gltpy;iy.

clk;gLbka; ,itbad;W bjhy;fhg;gpauhy; Rl;of; Twg;gltpy;iy.
Mdhy; gtze;jp Kdpth; clk;gLbka; a;/ t; vd;W Rl;of;TWfpd;whh;.
bjhy;fhg;gpah; Twpa rpy ,yf;fzf; TWfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sd.

rhd;whfj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; rhh;bgGj;Jf;fis _d;W vd;W

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. Mdhy; gtze;jp Kdpth; gj;J vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. bjhy;fhg;gpah; Mwhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ “mJ” vd;W
xd;wpid kl;Lk; TWfpd;whh;. gtze;jp Kdpth; Mwhk; ntw;Wik
cUg[fs; mJ/ MJ/ m vd;W _d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

bjhlhpyf;fzk;/ ahg;gpyf;fzk;/ mzpapyf;fzk;/

bghUspyf;fzk; vd;gtw;wpYk; bjhy;fhg;gpah; Twpa nfhl;ghLfs;
gpw;fhyj;jpy; gy khw;w';fisg; bgw;W tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sd.
bjhy;fhg;gpah;/ ctik mzp xd;wpid kl;Lnk mzpahff;
TWfpd;whh;. khwdy';fhuk;/ jz;oay';fhuk; Kjyhd mzpapyf;fz
E]y;fs; E]w;Wf;F nkw;gl;l mzp tiffisf; TWfpd;wd.

vGj;J/ brhy;/ bjhlh;/ ahg;g[/ mzp Mfpa ,e;j ,yf;fz';fs;

jkpH; bkhHpf;Fk;/ jkpH;r; bra;a[Sf;Fk; tpjpfisf; TWfpd;wd. Mdhy;
cyfpy; ve;j bkhHpfspYk; ,y;yhj bghUspyf;fzk; jkpH;bkhHpapy;
cz;L. ,e;jg; bghUs; ,yf;fzk; jkpH; kf;fspd; thH;f;iff;F
tiuaiw TWfpd;wd. mf thH;f;iff;F mfg;bghUs; ,yf;fzKk; g[w
thH;f;iff;Fg; g[wg;bghUs; ,yf;fzKk; tiuaiw TWfpd;wd.
bjhy;fhg;gpah; mfthH;f;ifbaDk; xGf;fj;jpid VG jpizfspYk;
g[w thh;f;ifapd; xGf;fj;jpid VG jpizfspYk; TWfpd;whh;.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy ,aw;wpa Iadhhpjdhh;
g[wj;jpizfs; gd;dpuz;L vd;W Twp tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.
 83

,t;thW bjhy;fhg;gpah; Itif ,yf;fzj;jpw;F tiuaiw

TwpapUe;jhYk; mtw;Ws; bjhlhpyf;fzj;ija[k; brhy; ,yf;fzj;Js;
mlf;fpf; Twpa[s;shh;. mtUila ,yf;fzf; nfhl;ghLfs;
fhye;njhWk; gy;ntW ghpzhk tsh;r;rpiag; bgw;Ws;sd. ,e;j
tsh;r;rp epiyfs; jkpH;bkhHpapd; rpwg;iga[k;/ tsh;r;rpiaa[k;/
g[Jikiaa[k; g[yg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 JizE]w; gl;oay;

Mj;jpjd;/ V./ jkpH; ,yf;fztpay;/

epa{ br";Rhp g[f; At[!;/
brd;id/
2013.

r';fu ekr;rptahh; ed;D]y; tpUj;jpa[iu/

(c.M.) fHf btspaPL/
brd;id/
1966.

rptyp';fdhh;/ M./ jkpH; ,yf;fz czh;t[fs;/

fgpyd; gjpg;gfk;/
g[Jr;nrhp/
2005.

bghw;nfh/ ,yf;fz cyfpy; g[jpa ghh;it

bjhFjp - 1/
epa{ br";Rhpg[f; At[!;/
brd;id/
2000.

---. ,yf;fz cyfpy; g[jpa ghh;it

bjhFjp - 3/
epa{ br";Rhpg[f; At[!;/
brd;id/
2000.

bts;is thuzhh;/ bjhy;fhg;gpak; - ed;D]y;/

brhy;yjpfhuk;/
jkpH;g; gy;fiyf;fHfk;/
j";rht{h;/
2010.
bjhy;fhg;gpahpd; ,yf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk;
tsh;r;rpa[k;

ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fHfj; jkpH; KJfiyg;

gl;lg;gog;gpd; xUgFjp epiwthf
mspf;fg;bgWk; jpl;lf;fl;Liu

Ma;thsh; :
bg.utpr;re;jpud;
gjpt[ vz;: 16PTL3008

(jkpH;ehL cah;fy;tp kd;wj;jpd; epjp ey;ifa[ld; ,e;jj;

jpl;lf;fl;Liu Ma;t[ nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ)

bewpahsh;
Kidth; kh.nfhtpe;juhR
,izg; nguhrphpah;

jkpH;jJ
; iw
kd;dh; runghrp muRf; fy;Y}hp (jd;dhl;rp)
(njrpaj; ju kWkjpg;gPl;Lf; FGthy; “A” juepiy bgw;wJ)
j";rht{h; 613 005

Vg;uy; 2018
Kidth; kh.nfhtpe;juhR/
vk;.V. (jkpH;)/ vk;.V. (bkhHpapay;)/ gp.vl;./ vk;.~gpy;./ gpvr;.o./
,izg; nguhrphpah;/
jkpH;j;Jiw/
kd;dh; runghrp muRf; fy;Y]hp (jd;dhl;rp)/
jŠrht{h; - 613 005.

bewpahsh; rhd;wpjH;

j";rht{h;/ kd;dh; runghrp muRf; fy;Y]hpapy; jkpH; - ,uz;lhk;

Mz;L gapYk; khztd; bg.utpr;re;jpud; (gjpt[ vz; : 16PTL3008)
mth;fs; vd;Dila nkw;ghh;itapy;/ “bjhy;fhg;gpahpd; ,yf;fzf;
nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fHf
KJfiyg; gl;l nkw;gog;gpd; xU gFjpia epiwt[ bra;a[k; bghUl;L
Ma;t[ nkw;bfhz;L 2017-2018 Mk; fy;tpahz;oy; mtuJ brhe;j
Kaw;rpahy; ,e;jj; jpl;lf;fl;Liu vGjg;gl;lJ vdr; rhd;wspf;fpd;nwd;.

,lk; : j";rht{h;/
ehs; :
bewpahsh; ifbahg;gk;

Jiwj;jiyth; ifbahg;gk;
bg.utpr;re;jpud;/
gjpbtz; : 16PTL3008,
KJfiyj; jkpHpyf;fpak; ,uz;lhkhz;L/
kd;dh; runghrp muRf; fy;Y]hp (jd;dhl;rp)/
jŠrht{h; 613 005.

Ma;thsh; cWjpbkhHp

“bjhy;fhg;gpahpd; ,yf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k;” vd;Dk;

jiyg;gpy; KJfiy ,uz;lhk; Mz;L jkpH; ,yf;fpag; gl;lg;gog;gpd;
xU gFjp epiwthf mspf;fg;bgWk; ,e;jj; jpl;lf;fl;Liu/ jkpH;j;Jiw
,izg; nguhrphpah; Kidth; kh.nfhtpe;juhR mth;fspd;
nkw;ghh;itapy; vd; brhe;j Kaw;rpahy; cUthdJ vd;Wk;/ ,e;jf;
fl;Liu ntW gl;lj;jpw;nfh/ Ma;tu';fpw;nfh tH';fg;gltpy;iy
vd;Wk; cWjp TWfpd;nwd;.

,lk; : j";rht{h;/
ehs; :

Ma;thsh; ifbahg;gk;

bewpahsh; ifbahg;gk;
 ed;wpa[iu
bjhy;fhg;gpahpd; ,yf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k; vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy; gFj;jha;tjw;F mDkjpaspj;j ghujpjhrd;
gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpw;F/ vd; ed;wpiaj; bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

Ma;t[ nkw;bfhs;s mDkjpaspj;j fy;Y]hp Kjy;th;

Kidth; jp.mwpt[ilek;gp mth;fSf;Fk;/ vd; Ma;t[g; gzpf;F Mjut[
ey;fpa jkpH;j;Jiwj; jiyth; Kidth; J.nuhrp mth;fSf;Fk; vd;
Kjw;fz; ed;wpiaj; bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

vd;Dila Ma;t[f;F ey;y mwpt[iufis tH';fpa[k;/ Ma;t[

brk;ika[wt[k;/ Mw;Wg;gLj;jp E]y;fs; tH';fp tHpfhl;oa bewpahsh;/
Kidth; kh.nfhtpe;juhR mth;fSf;F vd; be";rhh;e;j ed;wpiaj;
bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

vg;nghJk; khzth;fsplk; md;nghLk; ghrj;njhLk;

ey;byz;zj;njhLk; ele;J bfhs;tnjhL gy mwpt[iufisa[k;
tH';fpa jkpH;j;Jiwg; nguhrphpah;fs; nguh.,uh.rhe;jp/ Kidth;
Mh;.tujuh#h/ Kidth; tp.ghhp/ Kidth; F.gunk!;tud;/ Kidth;
K.fz;izad;/ Kidth; fh.,uhkyp';fk;/ bu.rjhrptk;/ Kidth;
nrh.fz;zjhrd;/ rh.rj;jpa_h;j;jp/ Kidth; F.re;jpud;/ Kidth;
fh.yl;Rkp/ Kidth; j.,s";brHpad;/ Kidth; g.,uhrkhzpf;fk;/
Kidth; b#.gpUe;jh$/ Kidth; bt.rj;aehuhazd;/ midtUf;Fk;
vd; cs;s';fdpe;j ed;wpiaj; bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

vd;Dila Ma;tpw;F cjtpg[hpe;j Kidth; R.rpj;jpunty;/

cjtpg;nguhrphpah;/ Kidth; gp.khhpag;gd;/ tpy';fpay; Jiwj;jiyth;/
rh.rutzd;/ fz;fhzpg;ghsh;/ nt.Rg;ukzpad;/ mYtyf cjtpahsh;/
r.gpufh\;uht;/ mYtyf cjtpahsh; S.M.b#uhy;L/ Tl;Lwt[
gz;lfrhiy/ N.b#abyl;Rkp/ Tl;Lwt[ gz;lfrhiy Mfpnahh;f;Fk;
vd; ed;wpiaj; bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.
 jkpH;j;Jiw E]yfg; bghWg;g[ tfpf;Fk; nguhrphpah; bu.rjhrptk;
mth;fSf;Fk;/ fy;Y]hp E]yfh; jpU.nfh.btw;wpbfhz;lhd; mth;fSf;Fk;
ed;wpfs;.
vd; Ma;tpw;F cjtpa rutzd;/ bt';fl;/ ,s";brHpad;/
Rg;ukzpad;/ nuhfpzp/ b#ae;jp/ Nh;ah/ kPdh/ nrhgpah/ tpndhjpdp/
gpufhR/ nfhghy;/ Kj;JfpU\;zd;/ fypa_h;j;jp kw;Wk; jkpH; kw;Wk;
M';fpy ,yf;fpa midj;J khzth;fSf;Fk;/ Mk;!;l;uh';/ gphpah/ R#p/
br";Rlh;/ khyjp/ tpf;nd!;thp/ fz;kzp Mfpnahh;f;Fk; vd; ed;wp.

vd;id <d;W Mshf;fpanjhL thH;tpy; nkd;nkYk; vy;yh

epiyapYk; tsuj; Jizepd;w vd; jha; bg.re;jpuh/ epidtpy; thGk;
je;ij br.bghparhkp mth;fSf;Fk;/ mz;zd; bg.uhkr;re;jpud;/ mz;zp
P.nuQfh/ mf;fh P.Kj;Jbyl;Rkp-gpug[/ k';ifah;f;furp-r';fh;/ kw;Wk;
Ma;tpw;F cjtpg[hpe;j tFg;g[j; njhHpfSf;Fk;/ ,j;jpl;lf;fl;Liuia
chpa neuj;jpy; vdf;Ff; fzpg;bghwp _yk; totikj;Jj; je;j ehF
fzpdp ikaj;jpw;Fk; Ma;tpw;Fj; njitahd E]y;fis md;nghL
je;Jjtpa jkpH;j;Jiw E]yfg; bghWg;ghrphpah; mu';f.rjhrptk;
mth;fSf;Fk; vd; cs;sk; fdpe;j ed;wpiaj; bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

ed;wpa[ld;/
bg.utpr;re;jpud;
RUf;ff; FwpaPl;L tpsf;fk;

Fws;. - jpUf;Fws;
bjhy;. - bjhy;fhg;gpak;
g. - gf;fk;
gf;. - gf;f';fs;
gh. - ghly;
nkyJ. - nkny cs;s E]y;
 bghUslf;fk;

,ay; gf;fk;

Kd;Diu 1

xd;W vGj;jpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k; 7

,uz;L brhy;ypyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k; 28

_d;W bjhlhpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k; 40

ehd;F bghUspyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k; 52

Ie;J ahg;gpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k; 59

MW mzpapyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk; tsh;r;rpa[k; 71

Kot[iu 81

JizE]w; gl;oay; 84
,ay; ehd;F

Kd;Diu
 ,ay; xd;W

vGj;jpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk;
tsh;r;rpa[k;
 ,ay; ,uz;L

brhy;ypyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk;
tsh;r;rpa[k;
 ,ay; _d;W

bjhlhpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk;
tsh;r;rpa[k;
 ,ay; ehd;F

bghUspyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk;
tsh;r;rpa[k;
 ,ay; Ie;J

ahg;gpyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk;
tsh;r;rpa[k;
 ,ay; MW

mzpapyf;fzf; nfhl;ghLk;
tsh;r;rpa[k;
 ,ay; e
hd;F
Kot[iu
 ,ay; ehd;F

JizE]w; gl;oay;