Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISSN: 2277–4998
3997
IJBPAS, June, 2015, 4(6)
Mahesha HB* and Thejaswini PH Research Article
3998
IJBPAS, June, 2015, 4(6)
Mahesha HB* and Thejaswini PH Research Article
tolerance, polyhedral bodies were treated in with 70 per cent ethyl alcohol using sterile
2% formaldehyde solution for 24h at 30 cotton wad. Then the leaves were cut to
+1ºC and used [7]. square shape (10 cm2) and 0.1 ml
For breed susceptibility, immediately after inactivated NPIBs suspension (from the
fourth moult, that is, after first two feedings stock of 0.835 x 107ml-1 NPIBs suspension
during fifth instar, mulberry leaves of M5 in sterile distilled water) was uniformly
variety were washed with distilled water and smeared, shade dried and chopped to
surface sterilized with 70 per cent ethyl required size and fed to the silkworms. Such
alcohol using sterile cotton wad. Then the type of inoculation was carried out thrice
2
leaves were cut to square shape (10 cm ) i.e., at the age of third instar second day,
and 0.115 ml NPIBs suspension (from the again at the age of fourth instar second day
stock of different concentrations of BmNPV and also, at the age of fifth instar first day.
viz., 5.44 x 107, 4.76 x 107, 4.08 x 107, 3.4 This was followed by treatment with 0.125
x 107, 2.72 x 107, 2.04 x 107 and 1.36 x ml of live NPIBs (from the stock of 1.36 X
107 polyhedral bodies ml-1 NPIBs 107 ml-1) on second day of fifth instar [7].
suspension in sterile distilled water) was Suitable untreated batches were also
uniformly smeared and fed to the maintained. All experimental batches were
silkworms. Such two leaves (40 cm2) maintained with 100 worms in triplicate.
smeared with NPIBs suspension were made Treated worms were allowed to complete
use for 100 worms. The NPIBs smeared development. Of the cocoons harvested,
leaves were shade dried and chopped to the only uniform and healthy cocoons were
required size and fed to the silkworms. selected, and preserved. The procedure
Suitable untreated batches were also followed for the preparation of layings &
maintained. All experimental batches were incubation, silkworm rearing and
maintained in triplicate. Later, the worms assessment of economic traits are as
were allowed to complete larval stage, described by Narasimhanna [11],
spinning, pupation and moth emergence. Krishnaswamy [9] and Mahesha [12]
Number of cocoons harvested from each respectively. The control batches, induced
batch was considered for calculation of the batches, induced followed by live virus
breed susceptibility. treated and live virus treated batches are
For induction of tolerance, the mulberry mentioned as C, I, IL and L respectively.
leaves of M5 variety were washed with The data obtained from the above
sterile distilled water and surface sterilized experiments were statistically analyzed
3999
IJBPAS, June, 2015, 4(6)
Mahesha HB* and Thejaswini PH Research Article
through SPSS by one way ANOVA, [13], viability of 96% (from treatment to cocoon
Scheffe’s post hoc test [14] and probit spinning), followed by 68% in N1, 58% in
analysis [15] wherever they were applicable. N2, 48% in N3, 42% in N4, 34% in N5, 11%
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in N6 and 12% in N7 batches. In case of
In Pure Mysore breed, the viability rate was single cocoon weight, N0 (control) batches
higher in the control batches and gradual revealed a highest mean weight of 1.895 g
reduction was noticed as the dose of followed by 1.715, 1.695, 1.665, 1.573,
BmNPV increased. The control (NO) worms 1.480, 1.448 and 1.380 g in N1, N2, N3, N4,
recorded a mean viability of 100% followed N5, N6 and N7 batches respectively. In case
by N1 of 72%, N2 of 64%, N3 of 52%, N4 of of shell weight, again, the control (N0) batch
41%, N5 of 32%, N6 of 22% and N7 of 16% registered a highest weight of 0.366 g
(Table 1). The N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6 and followed by 0.286, 0.267, 0.251, 0.236,
N7 are the silkworm batches inoculated with 0.221, 0.214 and 0.198 g in N1, N2, N3, N4,
BmNPV doses of 5.44 x 107, 4.76 x 107, N5, N6 and N7 sets respectively. The shell
4.08 x 107, 3.4 x 107, 2.72 x 107, 2.04 x 107 ratio also showed gradual reduction from
7 -1
and 1.36 x 10 NPIBs ml respectively. In 19.32% in the control to 14.39% in N7
case of single cocoon weight also, same batch.
pattern was noticed. The gradual reduction The F1 progeny obtained by selfing the
in the cocoon weight from 1.062 g in the moths emerged from the silkworms
control to 0.755 g in N7 (heavily inoculated inoculated with BmNPV, exhibited
batch) was observed. In case of shell inferiority as compared to control as well as
weight, gradual reduction from 0.133 g in induced, induced followed by live PIBs
the control to 0.071 g in N7 batch was inoculated batches in almost all the
noticed. There was sharp reduction in shell economic characters analyzed. The size of
weight from N0 to N7 batches. In the shell the eggs in the silkworm batches treated
ratio, the same pattern was noticed. A with NPIBs was small in both the strains.
gradual reduction from 12.52% in N0 batch Almost all commercial characters like
was reduced to 9.41% in N7 batches. fecundity, hatchability, cocoon yield,
In the NB4D2 breed, again, the larval cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio,
mortality was less in the control batches and filament length and effective rate of rearing
gradual reduction was observed as the dose showed reduction when compared to the
of BmNPV increased (Table 2). Silkworms control, induced and induced followed by
of control (N0) batch recorded a mean
4000
IJBPAS, June, 2015, 4(6)
Mahesha HB* and Thejaswini PH Research Article
live NPIBs inoculated sets of both the as well as the pathogen for their mutual
strains (Tables 3 and 4). defense mechanism.
In the present investigation, breed The F1 progeny obtained by selfing the
susceptibility was carried out by smearing moths emerged from the silkworms
the mulberry leaves with PIBs. Of the inoculated with BmNPV, exhibited
tested breeds, Pure Mysore exhibited more inferiority as compared to their respective
susceptibility when compared to NB4D2 control batches in all the economic traits
breed. In both the breeds, the viability rate analyzed. Similar observations made by
was higher in control sets; but, the treated Vail et al.[16] and, Vail and Gouch, [17] in
with BmNPV PIBs showed gradual Trichoplusia ni; Bullock et al. [18] in
reduction as the dose of the pathogen Pectinophora gossipiella; Simmons and
increased. However, contrary to the general Sikorowski [19] and, Sikorowski and
trend, the multivoltine, Pure Mysore was Thomson [20] in Heliothis virescens;
found to be more susceptible to BmNPV as Mahesha and Honnaiah [8] in Bombyx mori.
compared to a bivoltine. Such a However, Sikorowski et al. [21] observed
contradiction might have direct relationship that the virus particles are present in the
to the body weight that is a lighter race is haemolymph of Heliothis virescens larvae
more susceptible than the heavier races. and in the adult. This result suggested that
Similar observation was recorded by the developing eggs might be under the
Mahesha [12] during cytoplasmic influence of haemolymph, which contains
polyhedrosis. In addition to the mortality of virus particles. In addition, there was
silkworms there was a significant reduction variation protein content [22] and [23],
in the cocoon weight, shell weight and shell reduced enzyme activities [24] and
ratio in the surviving silkworms of all the haemolymph glucose level [25] were also
three silkworm varieties when compared to reported. Even in the case of nuclear
their respective control batches. The polyhedrosis also, the eggs produced by the
reduction in cocoon and shell weight might live BmNPV infected mother moth were less
be due the reduced feeding since pathogen in number as well as size; altered enzyme
attack. Moreover, the food material activities [26] and. [7] were reported. Thus,
absorbed by the pathogen might have been inferior commercial characters might be due
utilized for its multiplication. In addition, to weak larvae hatched out from the
the energy derived from the ingested food, undersized eggs produced under the
must have been distributed between the host influence of virus. On the other hand the
4001
IJBPAS, June, 2015, 4(6)
Mahesha HB* and Thejaswini PH Research Article
induced and induced followed by live virus Authors wish to thank University Grants
treated exhibited almost similarity as in case Commission, New Delhi, India, for financial
of control silkworms in the expression of assistance and University of Mysore for
commercial characters. Hence, the present extending the facilities to carry out this
investigation clearly indicated that the work.
progeny obtained by selfing the moths REFERENCES
emerged from live BmNPV inoculated [1] Nataraju B, Datta RK, Baig M,
silkworms, exhibited inferiority in almost all Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Samson
characters analyzed, and this knowledge can MV and Shivaprasad V, Studies on
be used in the sericulture industry during the the prevalence of NPV in
selection of parent seed cocoons for the sericultural areas of Karnataka,
preparation of disease free layings either for Indian J. Seric., 37 (2), 1998, 154-
commercial or academic purposes, which 158.
have a vital role in the improvement of [2] Christi MZ and Sohaf KA, Studies
sericulture industry. The information on the polyhedral diseases of
gathered in this research work may be silkworm, Bombyx mori L. in
applied in grainage activities during the Jammu and Kashmir state. Indian J.
selection of seed cocoons for the preparation Seric., 29, 1990, 155-157
of DFLs. In addition, the progeny obtained [3] Carbone D and Fortuna E, La
by selfing the moths emerged from vaccinazione dei bachi da seta, Terza
inactivated and inactivated followed by the Nota Preventiva. 11, 1932, 204-210.
live NPIBs inoculated silkworms, exhibited [4] Gargiulo F, Ulteriori ricerche sul
insignificant variation from the control sets giallume del baco da seta.
of almost all characters analyzed. Hence, Treatmenti immunizanti, Bioll. Lab.
the immunization techniques used in this Zool. Agr. Bachicol Milano., 4,
work may be used to develop a practical 1932, 103-112 .
control measure to be applied at rearers’ [5] Aizawa K, Sedimentation of the
level to avoid crop loss during required silkworm jaundice virus by the ultra
season. In addition, the information centrifuge. I. Effect of the vaccine
obtained from this research work made from the sediment. Japan. J.
contributes to basic virology in general. Appl. Zool. 18, 1953, 141-142.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [6] Nataraju B, Shivaprasad V and Datta
RK, Studies on development of an
4002
IJBPAS, June, 2015, 4(6)
Mahesha HB* and Thejaswini PH Research Article
4003
IJBPAS, June, 2015, 4(6)
Mahesha HB* and Thejaswini PH Research Article
4004
IJBPAS, June, 2015, 4(6)
Mahesha HB* and Thejaswini PH Research Article
4005
IJBPAS, June, 2015, 4(6)
Mahesha HB* and Thejaswini PH Research Article
Table 3: Effects of Nuclear Polyhedrosis on Commercial Characters of F1 Progeny. Race: Pure Mysore
Dose of Fecundity Hatching Yield per 10000 larvae brushed Cocoon wt. (g) Shell wt. (g) Shell ratio Filament ERR
BmNPV (%) (%) Length
Number Weight (kg) (mt)
Dose of BmNPV Fecundity Hatching Yield per 10000 larvae brushed Cocoon wt. (g) Shell wt. (g) Shell ratio Filament ERR
(%) (%) Length
(mt)
Number Weight (kg)
4006
IJBPAS, June, 2015, 4(6)