Bunak language

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Bunak

Native to Indonesia, East Timor

Region central Timor

Ethnicity Bunak

Native 76,000 (2010)[1]

speakers

Language Trans–New Guinea

family
 Berau Gulf

 West Bomberai[2]

 Timor–Alor–Pantar

 Bunak

Language codes

ISO 639- bfn

3

Glottolog buna1278[3]
 Distribution of Bunak in East Timor (West Timor not shown)

The Bunak language (also known as Bunaq, Buna', Bunake) is the language of the Bunak people of the
mountainous region of central Timor, split between the political boundary between West
Timor, Indonesia, particularly in Lamaknen District and East Timor. It is one of the few on Timor which is
not an Austronesian language, but rather a Papuan language like groups on New Guinea. It is usually
classified in the Trans–New Guinea language family. The language is surrounded by Malayo-Polynesian
languages, like Uab Meto and Tetum.

Pronouns seem to tie Bunak more closely to the Alor–Pantar languages, in a group Ross (2005) calls
"West Timor", than with the Papuan East Timor languages. The independent pronouns and object
prefixes, which appear to retain the proto-Trans–New Guinea dual suffix *-li, are as follows:

sg du pl

ne-li ne-i
1excl
n- n-
ne-to
n-
i-li i
1incl
∅- ∅-

e-to e-li e-i

2
∅- ∅- ∅-

himo
3an
g- hala'i
–
g-
3inan homo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunak_language
Bunak people
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

Bunak people
Bunaq / Buna' / Bunake / Búnaque / Búnaque / Mgal / Gaiq /
G Eq / Gai / Marae

Holy House in Fatuc Laran, Lactos, Cova Lima District, East

Timor where 90% of the population are Bunak people.

Total population

76,000[1]

Regions with significant populations

Timor:

East Timor 55,837 (2010)[2]

Indonesia (West Timor) 23,000[3]

Languages
 Bunak, Indonesian, Kupang Malay, Portuguese

Religion

Animism (originally), Catholic (predominantly)

Related ethnic groups

Papuan people, Mambai people (Timor)

The Bunak (also known as Bunaq, Buna', Bunake) people are an ethnic group that live in the
mountainous region of central Timor, split between the political boundary between West
Timor, Indonesia, particularly in Lamaknen District and East Timor.[4]Their language, Bunak
language, is one of the few on Timor which is not an Austronesian language, but rather a Papuan
language like groups on New Guinea. It is usually put in the proposed language group Trans–New
Guinea.[5] They are surrounded by groups which speak Malayo-Polynesian languages, like
the Atoni and the Tetum.
According to Languages of the World (Voegelin and Voegelin, 1977), there were about 100,000
speakers of the language, split evenly between the two nations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunak_people
Compound Words

Grammarly

Grammarly

GRAMMAR TIPS

When two words are used together to yield a new meaning, a compound is formed. Compound words
can be written in three ways: as open compounds (spelled as two words, e.g., ice cream), closed
compounds (joined to form a single word, e.g., doorknob), or hyphenated compounds (two words joined
by a hyphen, e.g., long-term). Sometimes, more than two words can form a compound (e.g., mother-in-
law).

The most common spelling quandary writers face is whether to write compounds as separate words,
one word, or hyphenated words.

Open Compound Words

An open compound word is created in cases when the modifying adjective is used with its noun to
create a new noun. This isn’t quite the same as a noun with a modifying adjective. We just use a space
between the adjective and the noun, so sometimes it can be hard to identify as a compound; however, if
the two words are commonly used together, it’s considered to be a compound word.

living room

full moon

real estate

dinner table

coffee mug

When adverbs ending in -ly combine with another word, the resulting compound is always spelled as
two separate words.

largely irrelevant

newly formed
Closed Compound Words

Closed compound words look like one word. At one point, these words weren’t used together, but
they’re now accepted as a “real word” in the English language. Closed compound words are usually
made up of only two words. Here are some closed compound examples.

notebook

Superman

waistcoat

bookstore

fireman

The English language is always evolving, and when words become used more frequently, they are often
eventually written as one word. When the Internet first began, for example, we talked about going on-
line. Now that this is a daily experience for most of us, the spelling online has become commonly
accepted.

Hyphenated Compound Words

There are a great many grammar rules regarding hyphens in compound words. One important rule of
thumb to remember is that in most cases, a compound adjective is hyphenated if placed before the
noun it modifies, but not if placed after the noun.

a long-term solution

an up-to-date user guide

But…

This is not a good solution for the long term.

This user guide is not up to date.

This is just one of many rules concerning hyphens in compound words and it is often necessary to
consult the dictionary to determine whether these terms should be hyphenated or not.

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/open-and-closed-compound-words/
What Are Compound Words?
Imagine a feast of cheesecake, jellybeans, watermelon, cupcakes, meatballs, and strawberries.
What do all of these foods have in common, besides being delicious? The names for these foods are
all compound words.
Compound words are made up of two or more smaller words that are combined to make a new
word with its own meaning. The smaller words that form a compound word are like puzzle pieces
you fit together to create a new bigger picture. Take the words milk and shake. If we fit these pieces
together, we get the compound word milkshake.
All this talk about food is making me hungry. Can you think of other foods that are compound words?
What about doughnut? The ingredients for this compound word are the smaller words dough and
nut.

Types of Compound Words

Not all compound words are put together the same way. There are three types of compound words:
closed, open and hyphenated.

1. Closed compound words are made up of two words without a space in-between. Examples
of closed compound words are: moonlight, classroom, and sunflower.
2. Open compound words have a space between the smaller words that make them up. Even
though the words seem separate, when you read them together they have a new meaning.
Full moon is an open compound word. When we read the smaller separate words 'full' and
'moon' together, they have a new, unique meaning.
3. Hyphenated compound words are formed by using a hyphen, a small dash used to
connect words together. Numbers like fifty-nine and twenty-one are hyphenated compound
words.

Word Detective
Tracking down clues, solving mysteries, the life of a detective sounds pretty exciting. Many
compound words let you play word detective. Sometimes you can use the smaller words that make
up a compound word as clues to its meaning.
To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-compound-words-meaning-examples.html
Compounds
from English Grammar Today

Compound words

A compound word is two or more words linked together to produce a word with a new
meaning:

1. tooth + brush = toothbrush eco + friendly = eco-friendly animal + lover = animal lover

We make compounds in all word classes:

nouns: car park, soap opera pronouns: anyone, everything, nobody

adjectives: environmentally-friendly, fat-free numerals: twenty-seven, three-quarters

verbs: daydream, dry-clean prepositions: into, onto

adverbs: nevertheless, nowadays conjunctions: although, however

See also:
 Hyphens
Compound nouns

We usually make compound nouns with a noun + noun, with a verb (or a word made
from a verb) + noun, or with an adjective + noun:

noun + noun: earphones verb -ing form + noun: parking ticket

verb base form + noun: rescue team adjective + noun: blackboard

The usual spoken stress pattern is with stress on the first item
(earphones, blackboard).
In a compound noun, we can combine different elements. These include:

1. subject + verb: earache (an ear that aches), rainfall (rain that falls)

2. verb + subject: cleaning products (products that clean)

3. verb + object: know-all (person who thinks they know everything)

4. object + verb: shoe-polish (polishes shoes), dishwasher (washes dishes)

See also:
 Hyphens
 Noun phrases: order
Compound adjectives

Compound adjectives most commonly end in an adjective (e.g. homesick), or in an -

ing or -ed adjective form (e.g. ground-breaking, short-sighted).

Compound verbs

Compound verbs are far less common than compound nouns or adjectives. They can
be made by making a verb from another word class, normally from an already existing
compound noun (e.g. a daydream – to daydream).

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/word-formation/compounds
Nouns: compound nouns

from English Grammar Today

Some nouns consist of more than one word. These are compound nouns. Compound nouns can be
formed in different ways. The most common way is to put two nouns together (noun + noun); other
common types are adjective + noun and verb + noun.

noun + noun

car park Iceland shopkeeper website

adjective + noun

blackberry grandstand greenhouse small talk

verb + noun

breakwater fall-guy go-kart runway

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/about-nouns/nouns-compound-nouns