Applied Petrophysics workflow

There are General Workflow :

1- Determine The Temperature Gradient.
2- Determine the basic elements (Rmf - Rmc - Rm - Rw ) @ Formation
temperature.
3- Environmental correction for tools (GR - Density - Neutron - Resistivity ).
4- Build Porosity model (Total Porosity - Primary Porosity - Secondary
Porosity - Effective porosity).
5- Water saturation ( Archie - Simendoux - Indonesian - ......... etc).
6- Cut-offs Value Models
7- Final template and Final Table and Final report and recommended
Perforated intervals .
Thanks

Introduction to Well Logging (Formation Evaluation Overview)

Introduction to Well Logging

Formation Evaluation Overview

The Scope of Formation Evaluation

Formation evaluation covers a large variety of measurement and analytic techniques.

Although the emphasis is on wireline logging techniques and log analysis methods,
these are far from the only tools available to the formation evaluator. Well logs are
central only in the sense that they are recorded in practically all wellbores and are
directly relatable to all the other parameters available from the associated sciences. For
example, a geophysicist needs borehole measurements to determine a time-depth
relationship, and a petrophysicist needs core analysis to properly define log response,
but a thin section or scanning electron microscope (SEM) photo of a rock sample are of
no direct help to the interpretation of a seismic section, nor is a vertical seismic profile
(VSP) of any help in deter-mining relative permeability. However, all the measurements
are pertinent to the complete task of defining a reservoir's limits, storage capacity,
hydrocarbon content, productivity and economic value.

To place the various disciplines in perspective, it is valuable to consider the overall

problem of formation evaluation in terms of orders of magnitude. If one meter is taken
as a unit of measurement, then each formation evaluation technique can be placed in
order, as shown in Table 1 .

Thus, formation evaluation techniques cover at least twelve orders of magnitude.

Equally far-ranging are the physical principles employed to make the basic
measurements. An enlightening way of viewing the vast spread is to consider the
frequency employed by the measuring processes available, as illustrated in Table 2 .
Few other sciences require, or use, such a wide range of measurement techniques over
such a wide range of physical dimensions.

Formation Evaluation Objectives

The primary objective of formation evaluation is to determine the size of a reservoir, the
quantity of hydrocarbons in place, and the reservoir's producing capabilities. The initial
discovery of a reservoir lies squarely in the hands of the exploration geologist using
seismic, gravity and magnetics studies, and other geologic tools. Formation evaluation
presupposes that a reservoir has been located and is to be defined by drilling as few
wells as possible. Enough data should be gathered from those wells to extrapolate
reservoir parameters fieldwide and arrive at realistic figures for both the economic
evaluation of the reservoir and the planning of the optimum recovery method. Formation
evaluation offers a way of gathering the data needed for both economic analysis and
production planning.

What, then, are the parameters that the manager, the geologist, the geophysicist, and
the reservoir and production engineers need? Which of these can be provided by
seismics, by coring, by mud logging, by testing, or by conventional wireline logging?
The geophysicist needs to know the time-depth relationship in order to calibrate
conventional seismic and VSP surveys. The geologist needs to know the stratigraphy,
the structural and sedimentary features, and the mineralogy of the formations through
which the well was drilled. The reservoir engineer needs to know the vertical and lateral
extent of the reservoir, its porosity (the nature of the porosity) and permeability, fluid
content, and recoverability.

The production engineer needs to know the rock properties, be aware of overpressure if
it exists, be able to assess sanding and associated problems, and recognize the need
for secondary recovery efforts or pressure maintenance. Once the well is in production,
he/she also needs to know the dynamic behavior of the well under production conditions
and be able to diagnose problems as the well ages.

Engineers also need to know formation injectivity and residual water saturation to plan
waterflooding and monitor waterflood progress when it is operational.

The manager needs to know the vital inputs to an economic study-the original
petroleum hydrocarbons in place, recoverability, cost of development and, based on
those factors, the profitability of producing the reservoir.

Log measurements, when properly calibrated, can give the majority of the parameters
required by all these professionals. Specifically, logs can provide either a direct
measurement or a good indication of

 porosity, both primary and secondary (fractures and vugs)

permeability

water saturation and hydrocarbon movability

hydrocarbon type (oil, gas, or condensate)

lithology

formation (bed) dip and strike

 sedimentary environment

travel times of elastic waves in a formation

From this data, good estimates may be made of the reservoir size and the petroleum
hydrocarbons in place.

Logging techniques in cased holes can provide much of the data needed to monitor
primary production and also to gauge the applicability of waterflooding and monitor its
progress when activated.

In producing wells, logging can provide measurements of

flow rates

fluid type

pressure

residual oil saturation

From these measurements, dynamic well behavior can be understood better, remedial
work planned, and secondary or tertiary recovery proposals evaluated and monitored.

In summary, logging, when properly applied, can answer a great many questions from a
wide spectrum of special interest groups on topics ranging from basic geology to
economics.

Of equal importance, however, is the fact that logging by itself cannot provide answers
to all formation evaluation questions. Coring, core analysis, and formation testing are
integral parts of any formation evaluation effort.

Objectives
The objective of interpretation of wireline well logs depends very much on the user.
Quantitative analysis of well logs provides the analyst with values for a variety of
primary parameters, such as:

 porosity

water saturation, fluid type (oil/gas/water)

lithology

permeability

From these, many corollary parameters can be derived by integration (and other means)
to arrive at values for:

 hydrocarbons-in-place

reserves (the recoverable fraction of hydrocarbons-in-place)

mapping reservoir parameters

But not all users of wireline logs have quantitative analysis as their objective. Many of
them are more concerned with the geological and geophysical aspects. These users are
interested in interpretation logs for:

 well-to-well correlation

facies analysis

synthetic seismograms

regional structural and sedimentary history

In quantitative log analysis, the objective is to define

 the type of reservoir (lithology)

its storage capacity (porosity)

its hydrocarbon type and content (saturation)

its producibility (permeability)

As a preliminary to discussing methods of log analysis it is worthwhile to define the

terms used.

Formation Evaluation Methods

In practice, the order in which formation evaluation methods are used tends to follow the
order-of-magnitude table, i.e., from the macroscopic to the microscopic. Thus a
prospective structure will first be defined by seismic, gravity, and/or magnetics studies.
Most wellbores drilled through such a structure are mud-logged and/or measured while
drilled, from which cores may be cut or sidewall samples taken. Once the well has
reached a prescribed depth, logs are run. Subsequent to logging, an initial analysis of
mud log shows, together with initial log analysis, may indicate zones that merit
examination either by the wireline formation tester or by drillstem testing. Should such
tests prove the formation to be productive, more exhaustive analyses will be made of all
available data, including core analysis. The whole process is summarized in Table 1 .

(Mechanical) Mud Logging

Mud logging, more precisely referred to as hydrocarbon mud logging, is a process

whereby the circulating mud and cuttings in a drilling well are continuously monitored by
a variety of sensors. The combined analysis of all the measurements provides an
indication of the rock type and its fluid content. The sundry measurements are displayed
on a log as curves or notations as a function of depth. Not all wells are logged in this
manner. Development wells, for example, normally are drilled and logged by wireline
logging tools only. In contrast, wildcat wells nearly always are monitored by the mud-
logging process. The advantages of mud logging include the availability on a semi-
continuous basis of actual formation cuttings analysis (which, in turn, gives immediate
indications of rock type and hydrocarbon presence) and the ability to predict drilling
problems (such as overpressure) before they become unmanageable.

Coring

A number of methods are in use to cut cores in a wellbore. Conventional cores are cut
using a special core bit and retrieved in a long core barrel. The recovered core sample
may undergo physical changes on its journey from the core depth to the surface, where
it can be analyzed. More sophisticated coring mechanisms now in use conserve either
the orientation, the pressure, or the original fluid saturations of the rock sample
gathered. An awareness of these changes and sampling methods is essential to an
understanding of core analysis results.

Other coring methods are available where additional rock samples are required after the
well has been drilled and before it has been cased. These methods require wireline
tools that cut core plugs from the sides of the wellbore.

Many parameters needed to correctly interpret openhole wireline logs can only be
determined from accurate core analysis that presupposes cores have been cut. Thus,
coring plays a major part in field development.

Measurements While Drilling (MWD)

Increasingly, formation properties are being measured by use of special drill collars
housing measuring devices at the time the formation is drilled. These MWD tools are
particularly valuable in deviated offshore wells where wellbore path control is critical and
where an immediate knowledge of formation properties is vital for decision making on
such matters as choosing logging and casing points. Although not as complete as
openhole logs, the measurements obtained by MWD are rapidly becoming just as
accurate and usable in log analysis procedures.

Formation Testing

Formation testing is the "proof of the pudding." If the well flows petroleum (oil or gas or
both) on a drillstem test (DST), no amount of logging data or core analysis can deny
that a productive zone has been found. However, a drillstem test provides not only proof
that hydrocarbons exist in the formation and will flow, but also supplies vital data about
both the capacity of the reservoir and its ability to produce in the long term. Correct
interpretation of pressure records from drillstem tests help the overall formation
evaluation task immensely.

Wireline formation testers (RFT)

complement drillstem tests by their ability to sample the fluid in many different horizons
in the well and also gather detailed formation pressure data that it is almost impossible
to obtain from a DST
alone. This detailed pressure information can be used to calculate fluid contacts, such
as the free water level.

Openhole Logging

Openhole logging provides the great meeting place for all the formation evaluation
methods. Only through openhole logging can a continuous record of such formation
properties as porosity, water saturation, and rock type be made, versus depth. In
particular, wireline logs can record formation self potential, electrical resistivity, bulk
density, natural and induced radioactivity, hydrogen content, and elastic properties.
Almost without exception, every well drilled for hydrocarbons is logged with wireline
instruments. Unfortunately, the full potential of the logs is not always utilized, or the logs
are incorrectly analyzed, because of a lack of training on the part of the analyst or a lack
of understanding of where wireline logs fit in relation to the other formation evaluation
tools.

All too often logs are seen as an end in themselves and are considered in isolation. It is
hoped that this module will encourage the reader to take a broader view of log analysis
in the context of overall formation evaluation.

Figure 1 illustrates the formation evaluation picture and the central role of openhole
logging and log analysis.