STRUCTURAL REVIEW #1

Concrete shall be maintained above? 10 Degree Celsius and a

moist condition for at
least the 1st 7 days after
placement
In Bundled Bars shall be limited to _______ in 1 bundle 4 bars
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in layer shall be db but 25mm
not less than
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more layers shall 25mm between layers
be db but not less than

Conduits, pipes, and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in They are uncoated or
compression the displaced concrete provided: galvanized iron or steel
not thinner than
standard 40 steel pipe,
they have nominal inside
diameter no over 50mm
and are spaced not less
than 3 diameters on
centers.

For Conduits and Pipes Embedded in concrete slab,wall and beam what is 1/3 overall thickness
the minimum standard?

Bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in Beams

for highly-early strength concrete shall be maintained above? 10 Degree Celsius and a
moist condition for at
least the 1st 3 days after
placement
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear 1.5 db
distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than ________ or
40mm
Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural 40db
members shall terminate at different points with at least _______ stagger
Minimum concrete cover for bundled bars Equivalent diameter of
the bundle, but not be
greater than 50mm
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural 3 times ; 450mm
reinforcement sahll not be spaced father than ____ times the wall or slab
thickness, nor farther than ____
The minimum cover for cast in place concrete which are not exposed to 20mm
weather or in contact with ground for slabs, walls and joist if 36mm
diameter bar or smaller used

in Bundled Bars shall be en closed within Stirrups or ties

The minimum cover for cast in place concrete which are not exposed to 40mm
weather or in contact with ground for slabs, walls and joist if 45 to 60mm
diameter bars used

for beam or ribbed one way slab, the min. thickness of both end continuous L/21
is

For bar size 20, 32, and 36 mm what is the minimum bend diameters 8db
For beam or ribbed one way slab, the min. thickness of simply supported is L/16
In minimum bend diameters, what bar size if the minimum diameters used 10mm through 25mm
is 6 db
what is the wind velocity for zone 2 in kph 200

For Conduits and Pipes Embedded in concrete column, what is the minimum 4%
percentage?

For 16mm and smaller , what is the minimum bend diameters to be used 4db
The minimum concrete cover for prestressed concrete permanently 75mm
exposed to earth
For 32mm diameter or smaller, what size of lateral ties will be used 10mm
center to center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a member 5db ; 4db
shall not be less than _______ for wire nor _______ for strands
Minimum concrete cover for precast concrete if the concrete exposed to 20mm
earth or weather for wall panels if 36mm and smaller db used

For one way slab the min. thickness using L/10 is Cantilever
Minimum concrete cover for precast concrete if the concrete exposed to 50mm
earth or weather for other members (walls not included) if 45mm and
60mm db used
The minimum cover for cast in place concrete which are permanently 75mm
exposed to weather
for one way slab the min. thickness for simply supported will be L/20

for beam or ribbed one way slab, the min. thickness of CANTILEVER is L/8

For one way slab the min. thickness of one end continuous will be L/24
for beam or ribbed one way slab, the min. thickness of one end continous is L/18.5

Minimum concrete cover for precast concrete if the concrete exposed to 40mm
earth or weather for wall panels if 45mm and 60mm db used
For 36mm and boundled bars, what size of lateral ties will be used 12mm
for one way slab the min. thickness using L/28 is Both end continuous

What is the wind velocity for zone 1 in kph 250

what is the wind velocity for zone 3 in kph 125

STRUCTURAL REVIEW #1
A horizontal or nearly horizontal system, including horizontal bracing diaphragm
systems, that act to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements.
(NSCP Sec. 2.2.2)

Concrete members permanently loaded to cause internal stresses that are Post-tensioned concrete
opposite in direction to those caused by both live and dead loads. The
concrete is held in compression. Tension is placed on the reinforcing prior to
the placing of concrete. (NSCP Sec. 5.2.1)

In computing for the slenderness ratio of steel compression members, what K-factors
takes into account the effect of the degree of restraint at the top and
bottom supports?

The strength reduction factor for the design strength of a member with axial 0.90
tension and axial tension with flexure is as follows: (NSCP Sec. 5.9.3.2.2)

the maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure Ultimate strength
or rupture

The minimum thickness, based on span L, of horizontal members (beams) or L/16

ribbed one-way slabs if it is simply-supported is:

Concrete cover of pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than ___ for 40 mm
concrete exposed to earth or weather, nor 20mm for concrete not exposed
to weather or in contact with ground. (NSCP Sec. 6.3.10)

A built-up panel of laminated veneers conforming to PNS 196 of 1988. vinylwood

(NSCP 3.2.1)

A continuous type of spread footing that supports vertical load the weight of Wall footing
the wall itself, and the weight of the footing

A structural member of a horizontal bracing system that takes axial tension Diaphragm strut
or compression. It is parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers
shear to the vertical resisting elements or distributes loads within the
horizontal bracing system. (NSCP Sec. 2.2.2)

A structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame. Bearing wall system
This bracing system provides support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral
loads are provided by shear walls or braced frames. (NSCP Sec. 2.2.2 and
NSCP Sec. 2.2.4.6.1)

Accounted for in concrete design using reduced modulus of elasticity is the effect of creep on
deflections due to
sustained loadings
Also known as tie or collector, it is the element of a diaphragm parallel to diaphragm strut
the applied loads which collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the
vertical resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm and
may also take axial tension or compression. (NSCP 2.2.2)

Concerning the development of positive moment reinforcement, at least 150mm

one third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and one-
fourth the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members shall
extend along the same face of the member into the support. In beams, such
reinforcement shall extend into the support at least a distance of…(NSCP
5.12.11.1)

Concrete flexural members of precast and/or cast-in-place concrete composite concrete

elements constructed in separate placements but so interconnected that all flexural member
elements respond to loads as a unit. (NSCP Sec. 5.2.1)

Element, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces and also at wall
times, serve as structural member. (NSCP 5.2.1)

For precast concrete (manufactured under plant control conditions), the 15mm
minimum concrete cover or protection provided for primary reinforcement
for beams and columns shall be db and not exceed 40mm but not less than
(NSCP 5.7.7.2)

In a spirally reinforced concrete column, the clear spacing between spirals 75mm
shall not be less than 25mm but shall not exceed (NSCP 5.7.10.4)

In connection with splices of deformed bars, these splices shall be staggered 600mm
at least_______ and in such a manner as to develop at every section at least
twice the calculated tensile force at that section but not less than 140 MPa
for total area of reinforcement provided. (NSCP 5.12.15.4)

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, the critical 1.5 db

distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 40mm or… (NSCP
5.7.6.3)

Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural 40 db

members shall terminate at different points staggered at a distance of at
least (NSCP 5.7.6.6)

Inert material that is mixed with hydraulic cement and water to produce aggregate
concrete. (ACI 2.1 Definitions)

Intensity of force per unit area. (NSCP 5.2.1) stress

It is a continuous bar having a hook not less than 133 degrees with at least a crosstie
six diameter (but not less than 75mm) extension at one end and a hook not
less than 90 degrees with at least a six diameter extension at the other end
in such a way that these hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars.
(NSCP 5.21.1)

. It is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral diaphragm

forces to the vertical resisting system including the horizontal bracing
system. (NSCP 2.2.2)

It is a mat-formed panel consisting of particles of wood or combinations of particle board

wood particles and wood fibers bonded together with synthetic resins or
other suitable bonding system by a bonding process. (NSCP 3.2.1)

It is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a distributor

portion of the structure to vertical elements of the lateral force resisting
system. (NSCP 2.2.2)

It is a storey in which its lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the storey above soft storey
it. (NSCP 2.2.2)

It is an element at edges of openings or at perimeters of shear walls or boundary element

diaphragms. (NSCP 2.2.2)

It is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to column

average least lateral dimension of less than 3. (NSCP Sec. 5.2.1)

It is defined as the displacement of one level relative to the level above or storey drift
below it. (NSCP 2.2.2)
It is the secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members P-delta effect
induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame
during earthquake. (NSCP 2.2.2)

It is the term used for the fastest kilometer wind speed associated with an basic wind speed
annual probability of 0.02 measured at a point of 10 meters above the
ground for an area which is flat and generally open. (NSCP 2.32.)

Level at which earthquake motions is considered to be imparted to the base

structure. (NSCP 2.2.2)

Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement in tie

compression members. (NSCP 5.2.1)

Method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned before concrete pretensioning
is placed. (NSCP 5.2.1)

Plain or reinforced concrete element cast elsewhere than its final position in precast concrete
the structure. (NSCP 5.2.1)

Solid-sawn rectangular lumber beams, rafters and joists shall be supported 6mm
laterally to prevent rotation or lateral displacement. The ends shall be held
in position, as by full-depth sold blocking, bridging, nailing or bolting to
other framing members, if the ratio of the depth to thickness (based on
nominal dimensions) is… (NSCP 3.6.8)

Stress remaining in concrete due to prestressing after all calculated losses effective prestress
have been deducted, excluding effects of superimposed loads and weight of
member. (NSCP 5.2.1)

The commercial size designation of width and depth, in standard sawn nominal size
lumber and glued laminated lumber grades; somewhat larger than the
standard net size of dressed lumber in accordance with PNS 194 for sawn
lumber: (NSCP 3.2.1)

The filling of mortar into a joint after the masonry units are laid. (NSCP 6.2) pointing

The required strength (U) to resist dead load D and live load L shall be at 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
least equal to (NSCP Sec. 5.9.2)

The strength reduction for shear and torsion is: 0.85

The tendency of most materials to move or deform over time under a creep
constant load. The amount of movement varies enormously depending
upon the material. The area that is highly stressed will move the most. The
movement causes stresses to be redistributed.

The type of incidental friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified curvature friction
prestressing tendon profile. (NSCP 5.2.1)

The A. Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear is 14.5 ksi., B. Maximum A,B,D
allowable stress (Fb) for bending is 24 ksi., C. Yield point (Fy) us 56 ksi. ,D.
Modulus of elasticity (E) is 29,000 ksi
Which of the above statements are true structural properties of an A36
steel are as follows:

This refers to the length of reinforcement or mechanical anchor or hook or end anchorage
combination therof beyond point of zero stress in reinforcement. (ACI 2.1
Definitions)

What is a design analysis requirement, considered as basis for the structural Distribution of horizontal
design of buildings and structures where the total lateral forces are shear
distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force resisting
system in proportion to their rigidities considering the rigidity of the
horizontal bracing system or diaphragm? (NSCP Sec. 2.2.5.5)

What is the load factor (strength reduction factor) of a structural member 0.70
that is subjected to axial compression, and axial compression with flexural
stess and with lateral ties as reinforcement? (NSCP Sec. 5.9.3.2)

What is the temporary force exerted by a device that introduces tension Jacking force
into pre-stressing tendons? (NSCP Sec. 5.2.1)

What type of concrete when air-dried weighs 1900 kg/m3? (NSCP Sec. 5.2.1) Lightweight concrete

2 forces equal in magnitude but oppositely directed and produce moment is Couple
called

a beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater CONTINUOUS BEAM
rigidity and smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar
spans and loading. Both fixed end and continuous beams are indeterminate
structures for which the values of all reactions, shears and moments are
dependent not only on span and loading but also on cross sectional shape
and material

a beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation. The FIXED END BEAM
fixed ends transfer bending stresses, increase the rigidity of the beam and
reduces its maximum deflection

A brick wall is weak in Tension

a coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a unit MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
stress aSd the corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived
from Hooke’s law and represented by the slope of he straight line portion of
the stress- strain line diagram

a design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for UNDERREINFORCED
balanced conditioned. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give DESIGN
warning to the user of thee structure to decrease the load

a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for OVERREINFORCED
balanced condition DESIGN

a design so proportioned that the maximum stress in concrete (with strain BALANCED DESIGN
of 0.003) and steel (with strain of Fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once
the ultimate load is reached, causing them to fall simultaneously
a force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member, TRANSVERSE FORCE
producing bending and shear

A number 8 (#8) steel reinforcing bar has a diameter of 25mm

A paste of cement, sand and water laid between bricks, blocks, or stones Mortar

A simply supported beam , l meters long , carrying a uniformly distributed Wl/2

load of w in n/m produces a maximum shear force of

A slight curve built intentionally into a beam, girder, or truss to compensate Camber
for anticipated deflection

A steel rolled section driven into the ground to carry the force from Soldier beam
horizontal sheeted earth bank

a tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a AXIAL FORCE
structural member and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial
stress without bending, torsion

According to ACI code, for symmetrical T-beam, the effective width b shall 1/4
not exceed_____ of the span length of the beam

As the depth of a beam increases, its ability to resist bending? Increases

Closely set piles of timber, reinforced or pretressed concrete or steel driven Sheet piles
vertically in to the ground to keep earth or water out of an excavation

Description of an open girder, beam , column, etc, built from members Lattice
joined by intersecting diagonal moment in the member at a joint by
intersecting diagonal bars of wood, steel, or light alloy

Distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension effective depth
reinforcement in a reinforced concrete element

For a force system to be static equilibrium, the algebraic summation of Zero

forces is:

For safety purposes for concrete aci code allows designers to use 0.002

in reinforced concrete beams, which portion is under compression Top

In reinforced concrete beams, which portion is under tension Bottom

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear 40mm

distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5 db or less than

In ultimate strength design the ultimate reduction factor for bending is 0.90

is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion Collector

of a structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system

is the boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to DIAPHRAGM CHORD
take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of the beam
It is a contact pressure developed between 2 bodies Bearing stress

IT IS A MAXIMUM SAFE STRESS THAT A MATERIAL CAN WIDSTAND ALLOWABLE STRESS

It is a web found in the structural member Batten

It is also known as elastic limit Deformation

It is an isolated column masonry or a bearing wall not bonded at the sides Pier
into associacted masonry, when its horizontal dimension measures at the
right angles to the thickness does not exceed for times its thickness

It is defines as the unit strength of a material Stress

It is the middle part of a wide flange Web

It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 % of the stiffness of the Soft storey
storey above or less than 80% of the average stiffness of the 3 stories above

Loads that change position within the span of a beam in short amount of Moving loads
time. these loads are often exemplified by wheel loads

maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original Elastic limit
length but has incurred a permanent deformation we call permanent set

maximum stress which the material springs back to the original length when Proportional limit
the load is released

Members that are generally vertically, subjected to compressive loads, Columns

sometimes with bending moments are called

produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads UNIFORMLY

DISTRIBUTED LOADS
stress at which material specimen breaks Rupture strength

Structures that are subjected to transverse loads arecalled Beams

the ability of a material to regain and rebound to original shape when the MALLEABILITY
load is released

the act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the TENSION
elongation of an elastic body

The actual strain by which a concrete fails is 0.004

The actual stress in a material under a given loading Working stress

the bottom of a cantilever beam is in Compression

The commercial size designation of width and depth, in standard sawn Nominal size
lumber glued lumber grades, somewhat larger than the standard net size of
dressed lumber

The general relationships between stress and strain is frequently reffered to Hooke's law
as
the lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes SHEAR
one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction
parallel to their plane contact

The maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column Critical buckling load
without causing it to buckle

The maximum moment of a simply supported beam whose span length is L, Wl squared / 8
in meter carrying uniformly distributed load of w in N/m is

The maximum spacing of vertical reinforcement (flexural reinforcement) of 3 times wall thickness,
a wall is: (NSCP Sec. 5.7.6.5 and NSCP Sec not more than 18”

the maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a ALLOWABLE STRESS
structural member, usually a fraction of the material’s elastic limit, yield
strength, or ultimate strength. Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS,
WORKING STRESS

The minimum bend diameters for 10mm through 25mm diameter bars 6db