F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
USD (ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN) Minimum Requirement of Reinforcement
1. At every section of a flexural member where tensile
NSCP 2015 SPECIFICATIONS – LOAD COMBINATION
reinforcement is required by analysis, except as provided in
No. 2 and No. 3, the area provided shall not be less than
that given by:
√
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR (NSCP 2010 and 2015)
Minimum Concrete Cover
Tension-Controlled………….....
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for
Compression-Controlled………
reinforcement:

Transition………………………. 1. Concrete cast against and permanently

Design Assumptions
1. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression
fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003.
exposed to earth ……… 75 mm
2. Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
20 mm through 36 mm diameter bar …… 50 mm
16 mm diameter bar and smaller ...... 40 mm
3. Concrete not exposed to weather or in
contact with ground:

2. Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength for Beams and columns: primary reinforcement, ties,
stirrups …40 mm
grade of reinforcement used shall be taken as times steel
strain. For strains greater than that corresponding to , stress
in reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and MODES OF DESIGN
equal to .
1. Balanced 2. Underreinforced 3. Overreinforced
3. Relationship between concrete compressive stress Design Design Design
distribution and concrete strain shall be assumed to be
rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic or any other shape that
results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with
results of comprehensive tests.

4. Requirements of No. 3 may be considered satisfied by an

equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution defined by
the following:

4a. Concrete stress of shall be assumed

uniformly distributed over an equivalent compression
zone bounded by edges of the cross section and a
straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a
distance from the fiber of maximum Minimum Steel Requirement
compressive strain.

4b. Distance from fiber of maximum strain to the

neutral axis shall be measured in a direction when
perpendicular to the axis.
when
4c. Factor shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete
strengths up to and including 28 MPa. For strengths √
or whichever is higher
above 28 MPa, shall be reduced continuously at a
rate of 0.05 for each 7 MPa of strength in excess of 28
MPa, but shall not be taken less than 0.65.
Maximum Steel Requirement
General Principles and Requirements
1. Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section when ( )
tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding to its
specified yield strength just as concrete in compression
Nominal Moment Capacity
reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.
2. For flexural members, and for members subject to combined ( )
flexure and compressive axial load when the design axial load
strength is less than the smaller of or , the Ultimate Moment Capacity
ratio of reinforcement provided shall not exceed 0.75 of the
ratio that would produce balanced strain conditions for the
section under flexure without axial load. For members with
compression reinforcement, the portion of equalized by
compression reinforcement need not be reduced by the 0.75
factor.
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila
SITUATION 1: A 350mm x 600 mm beam is carrying a Reinforcement at midspan:
superimposed dead load of 25 kN/m and superimposed live
load 40 kN/m all over the span of 5 m. The beam is Top bars 3 - 28mm
unrestrained. The concrete to be used has strength of 27.6 Bottom bars 3 - 28mm
MPa. The main reinforcement has yield strength of 415 MPa. Lateral ties 10mm
Use steel cover of 70 mm. Using USD,
Material Strengths:
a. Determine the design moment that the beam will carry in kN-
Concrete, fc’ = 27.5MPa
m at the midspan.
2 Steel, fy = 415 MPa
b. Determine the required steel area in mm .
c. Determine the number of 16 mm diameter bars. Dimensions:
SITUATION 2: Given the following data for a rectangular Beam = 350 mm x 400mm
beam: width b = 320 mm, effective depth d = 520 mm, f’c = 27 Slab thickness = 100mm (on top of the beam)
MPa, fy = 345 Mpa. DL Moment = 180 kN.m, LL Moment = Column = 350mm x 350mm
167 kN.m. Concrete cover to 10mm stirrups = 40mm
a. Determine the design strength of the beam.
b. Determine the required tension steel area.

SITUATION 3: A reinforced rectangular concrete beam having

a width of 300 mm and effective depth of 500 mm. If f’c=35
MPa and fy=415.

a. Determine the ultimate moment capacity if its reinforced with

5-28 mm diameter bars.
b. Determine the ultimate moment capacity if its reinforced with
5-32 mm diameter bars.
c. Determine the ultimate moment capacity if its reinforced with
5-36 mm diameter bars.

SITUATION 4: A trapezoidal beam 300 mm at the top and 200

mm at the bottom having depth of 500 mm is reinforced with 3-
25 mm diameter steel bars in the tension zone located 65 mm a. What is the ultimate moment capacity of beam GHI based
from the extreme tension fiber, f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 415 on its flexural reinforcement at supports.
MPa. b. Find the factored moment capacity of beam GH at midspan.

a. Determine the depth of the compression block.

b. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
T-BEAMS

In essence, for interior beams, the effective width “bf” should

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
SITUATION 5: A rectangular beam has width b=310 mm and
an effective depth d=460 mm. The beam will be designed to
carry a service dead load of 230 kN-m and service live load of
190 kN-m. Compression reinforcement if necessary will have
its centroid 70 mm from extreme concrete fiber. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 28
𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
a. Determine the depth of the compression block.
b. Determine the required steel area.
SITUATION 6: A simply supported rectangular beam 6 m long
is reinforced with 4-28 mm diameter tension bars at the bottom
and 2-28 mm compression bars at the top. The beam has a
width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 400 mm. The steel
covering to the centroid of reinforcements is 70 mm. Concrete
strength f’c = 28 MPa and steel yield strength fy = 415 MPa.
be the least of the three values below:
1. ⁄
2.
3. center-to-center spacing of beams
For exterior beams, the effective width “bf” shall be taken as
the least among the three values listed:
1. ⁄
2.
3. (b_w+center-to-center spacing)/2
SITUATION 8: A concrete slab, 115 mm thick, is supported by
beams 300 mm wide with effective depth of 650 mm. The
beams are 8 m long, spaced 4 m on centers, and reinforced
with six 28-mm diameter bars. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 350
MPa.
a. Compute the effective flange width.
b. Compute the depth of the compression block.
c. Compute the ultimate capacity of the beam.

a. Determine the depth of the compression block.

b. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
c. Determine the additional concentrated service live load at
midspan if the service dead load including the weight of the
beam is 20 kN/m.

SITUATION 7: Given beam GHI is reinforced as follows:

Reinforcement at supports:

Top bars 5 - 28mm

Bottom bars 3 - 28mm
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR (NSCP 2010)

Shear and Torsion………………

SHEAR in CONCRETE
( √ )
NOMINAL SHEAR CARRIED BY CONCRETE,
a. Calculate the spacing of stirrups at critical section near the
support.
SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION
For members subject to shear and flexure only: b. Calculate the spacing of stirrups at the third point of the
beam.
√
c. Calculate the spacing of stirrups at midspan.
For members subject to axial compression,
SITUATION 10: A 400 mm x 600 mm column is subjected to
( ) √
factored end moments as show in the figure. The column is
Quantity ⁄ shall be expressed in MPa. reinforced with eight 32-mm diameter vertical bars and 12-mm
diameter ties. Concrete strength f’c = 21 MPa and steel yield
DETAILED CALCULATION strength fy = 275 MPa for longitudinal bars and ties.
For members subject to shear and flexure only:
( √ )

but not greater than √ . When computing by Eq.

411-5, ⁄ shall not be taken greater than 1.0, where
occurs simultaneously with at section considered.

For members subject to axial compression, it shall be

permitted to compute using Eq. 411-5 with 𝑀 substituted to
𝑀 and ⁄𝑀 not then limited to 1.0, where
( )

However, shall not be taken greater than:

(√ ) √

⁄ shall be expressed in MPa. When as computed by

Eq. 411-6 is negative, shall be computed by Eq. 411-7.

For members subject to significant axial tension,

(√ ) √ 𝑀 𝑀

but not less than zero, where
shall be expressed in MPa.
NOMINAL SHEAR CARRIED BY SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
is negative for tension. ⁄ a. Determine the shear strength provided by the concrete using
the simplified calculation.
b. Determine the shear strength provided by the concrete
using the detailed calculation.
c. Determine the spacing of shear reinforcements using the
results of the detailed calculation.

Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement PRACTICE PROBLEM: A reinforced concrete girder is

subjected to torsional moment from the loads on the cantilever
( ) √ frame. The following factored forces are computed from this
{ beam:
( ) √ √ Factored moment, Mu = 440 kN⋅m
Factored shear, Vu = 280 kN
Minimum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement

√ Girder dimension, b × h = 400 mm × 500 mm

Concrete cover to centroid of tension steel = 65 mm
Concrete cover to centroid of compression steel = 65 mm
SITUAION 9: Given the following data for the beam shown in Concrete strength, f’c = 20.7 MPa
the figure:
Steel strength:
Beam Dimension:
Beam width, bw = 260 mm f’c = 21 MPa Lateral ties: fyh = 275 MPa
Overall depth, h = 600 mm fy = 415 MPa Longitudinal bars: fy = 415 MPa
2
Effective depth, d = 540 mm fyt = 275 MPa a. Determine the required area (mm ) of tensile reinforcement
Beam length, L = 7.5 m for the factored moment, Mu.
Stirrup diameter, dh = 10 mm, U-stirrup b. Determine the spacing (mm) of 12 mm diameter transverse
Loads: reinforcement due to factored shear Vu.
Pu = 147 kN wu = 19.6 kN/m (including beam
weight)