ABSTRACT

This study identifies and investigates the current and actual factors affecting
cycling and produces a design of a bicycle lane related to the factors that can serve the
interests of the locals of Tuguegarao City and its cyclists. It also tackles the relationship
between the current problems brought about by the inevitable damages caused by urban
development and the possible advantage of cycling as mode of transportation. The
methodology included gathering of information from the previous studies in order to
obtain information and relate those of it in the actual community if it is consistent or there
is a deviation. The results will give an insight and findings of the possible importance and
the evaluation of the factors that can affect the bicycle transportation. A questionnaire
was distributed to conduct a survey from 400 respondents and the researchers were able
to get results for the descriptive analysis and theorization where each of the factors were
theorized based on the rankings and the percentages of the sample who voted for agree,
neutral and disagree. Therefore, it is the foundation for the conclusion and generalization
of the overall study.

Keywords: Safety, Healthy Environment, Bicycle Lane, Factors Affecting Cycling,

Traffic Congestion

INTRODUCTION

Throughout the years, we have been striving for vast progression in terms of
economy and technology. Part of this development is the invention of different engine -
powered vehicles for transportation. However, industrial evolution is, at present,
corresponds to environmental deterioration.
Air pollution has been one of the problems faced by the locals of Tuguegarao
City. Obnoxious gasses such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxide, Hydrocarbons and
other greenhouse gasses increase due to the smoke emitted by vehicles. About 30 percent
of the world's automobiles are being produced in the United States, yet still it contributes
about half of the world's emissions from cars. Alternative or better fuels, hybrid cars (e.g.
electric cars, solar powered vehicles), and new technologies in cars may help, but, the
overwhelming number of people who use old model cars on the roads counteract those
improvements. (Brinson, L. 2017)
People can help by driving less (Brinson, L. 2017). In order to encourage people
to resort to biking is by developing bicycle lanes. This has been a trend for many
progressive cities around the world (Lamentillo, M.Y. 2018) such as the United States
and the United Kingdom. In 2011, walkability and pedestrian facilities in Asian countries
were examined by the Asian Development Bank. Results showed that a quantity of trips
can be made by foot or by bicycle because the typical traveled distance is small. A data
from the Metro Manila Urban Transport Integration Study showed that nearly 35% of
destinations are within a 15-minute walk or bicycle trip, but the majority of short trips are
made by paratransit (e.g. jeepneys and tricycles) and cars. (Lamentillo, A. 2018)
Based on previous studies, cycling times on roadways is difficult for cyclists to
contest the number of vehicles and can cause the accidents when cycling in the same

1
roadway as to what vehicles also use. Infrastructures like a roadway that is intended for
bicycle users is a great advantage in terms of utilizing the space capacity, reduction of
traffic congestion, reduction of the harmful toxic gases and for aesthetic purposes. One
study found that on streets with protected bike lanes, bike riders suffer almost 90% fewer
injuries. Physical barriers that set off bike lanes may include plants and trees that can
beautify the area and can help reduce the pollution.
Biking, as a mode of transportation, could give many benefits for cities (Martin,
J.A. 2014). Various studies showed that a factor to improve the traffic flow of vehicles is
by the installation of traffic maneuvering system and by adding more existing lanes. It is
somewhat proven effective in various types of engine operated vehicles which is a
common thing in the modern era and environment but the consideration of the non-
engine operated vehicles can be also at a great advantage for easier maneuvering of
traffic systems. Promotion of bicycle use translates to significantly reduced carbon
emissions of the area because the only energy cycling requires is provided directly by the
traveler (Villafuerte, L. R. 2016). Thus it may help in enhancing air and water quality in
areas with massive use of motorized transportation. Likewise, it prevents and combats
certain diseases such as obesity, coronary heart diseases, stroke, hypertension,
depression, diabetes, and colon and breast cancer, thus it also improves the health of
riders.
Most cities emphasize the construction of separate bicycle lanes as a sure path
towards sustainable urban mobility. Historical evidence shows a singular focus on
building bicycle lanes without embedding them into a broader bicycle culture and politics
is far too narrow. Bicycle lanes were never neutral, but contested from the start. In
debating the regulation of urban traffic flows, urban-planning professionals projected
separate lanes to control rather than to facilitate working- class, mass-scale bicycling.
Significantly, cycling organizations opposed the lanes, while experts like traffic engineers
and urban planners framed automobility as the inevitable modern future. (Oldenziel, R.,
de la Bruhuze A.)
The positive benefits [of the construction of bicycle lanes and utilization of biking
as mode of transportation] may well be much higher than the negative consequences
caused by new safety problems. (Jensen S.U. 2008)
Statement of the Problem
The main objective of this study is to promote the safety of cyclinst and healthy
environment through the development of bicycle lanes on the streets of Tuguegarao City.
Specifically, the study aims to:
1. Review and investigate factors affecting cycling and the design of the project.
2. Determine and evaluate possible locations of the project.
3. Assess the problem of traffic congestion in the proposed location of the bicycle
lane.
4. Develop a design that is best suitable for a bicycle lane that will foster the needs
of the cyclists.
Hypothesis

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This study will prove that:
1. There will be a significant number of people that will agree on the construction of
the project.
2. There will be a significant increase in the number of people who will use bicycles.
3. The approval of the respondents about the project will be affected by these
factors:
 Weather or Climate in Tuguegarao City
 Location
 Distance of travel
 Health of user
 Air Quality around the area
 Safety of the cyclists
 Population of bicycle users
 Flow of traffic in the area
 Aesthetics of the design of the bicycle lanes
Significance of the Study
The researchers aim to address the problem of air pollution and noise pollution in the
City, hence, this study will tackle the need to reduce gas emissions and the sounds that
are produced by car engines. Also, this study will help lessen the problem of traffic
congestion in the City by introducing another mode of transportation- i.e. the bicycle
lane. It will give importance to put an emphasis on the benefits of the cyclists and take
into consideration the factors that might affect their desire of using bicycles. The said
study will also provide the best suitable design for the bicycle lanes from the result of
survey from the respondents. It will also contribute to the social aspects of transportation
by introducing the potential benefits of establishing a lane intended of cycling, and in
effect of this adaptation, it will close the gap about the knowledge of cycling
transportation with its benefits in mind.
Scope and Limitations
 This study takes a unique focus in Tuguegarao City which may be a promising
area for change in bicycling that can encourage people to use bicycles as a
mode of transportation.
 The researchers will accomplish this study within this time frame:
No. of weeks to
accomplis
Research Part h
Introduction 1
Review of Related
Literature 1.5
Synthesis and
Justification 0.5
Theoretical
Framework 0.5
Research Design 1

3
 Data Gathering
Procedure 2
Statistical Treatment 0.5
Analysis and
Interpretatio
n 0.5
Summary 1
Conclusion 1
Recommendation 0.5
Table 1: Time Frame
 This study will include surveys from citizens of Tuguegarao City who work
and/or live near the area will support the claims regarding the need to approve
the project of Constructing Bicycle Lanes along Enrile Boulevard, Tuguegarao
City.
 This study will use Measure of Central Tendency for the result of the survey.
 This study is designed and conducted to decrease the population of engine
operated vehicles in the City that may also lessen the pollution which is caused
by Chlorofluorocarbon emitted from vehicles.
 The researchers will use Autocad and SketchUp in designing the proposed
bicycle lane.
 The study limits its focus on the design of bicycle lanes approved by a
professional engineer and that will secure the safety of cyclists in the area.
Definition of Terms

1. Accidents – an unexpected incident or event that usually resulting to injury or danger.

2. Auto mobility - the measure of how automobiles can be tolerated.
3. Bicycle – a human-powered vehicle which has two wheels and a pedal which a person
pushes to make the wheels move simultaneously.
4. Bicycle lanes (US) or cycle lanes (UK) – is a road way only intended for the use of
bicycles wherein cyclist will not encounter engine vehicles while cycling.
5. Cardiovascular Exercise - is any exercise that trains your heart and lungs.
6. Cyclist - a person who rides a bicycle.
7. DPWH - The Philippines' Department of Public Works and Highways
(Filipino: Kagawaran ng mga Pagawain at Lansangang Pambayan). Agency
responsible for planning, designing, constructing and maintaining the major
infrastructures of the Philippines like highways, bridges, dams, and etc.
8. Environmental deterioration – is a decline in the quality of our environment. This
can be a result of pollutants that spoil the air, water or food supply, the over-
extraction of resources so that little remains for future use, or the destruction of
habitats so that the resources they once contained are no longer available.
9. Greenhouse gases - a gas that can absorb infrared radiation in the atmosphere.
10. Infrastructures - building and facilities that benefits the help a community and its
economy like roads, hospitals, schools and etc.
11. Pedestrian - a person who walks along a certain area.
12. Traffic – the quantity of vehicles moving along the roadways or a certain location.

4
13. Traffic Congestion – is a condition on the road that makes vehicles to travel longer
and slower because of the large number of vehicles.
14. Traffic Noise – is a sound produce from the operating vehicles like cars, trucks, and
aircraft
15. Transportation - the act of movement from one place to another of people and cargo.
16. Walkability - is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides a summary of related literature and studies from published
and unpublished journals of different researchers that contain facts that are relevant to the
research study. In this part of the research, terms which are significant in the research
study are thoroughly explained in a manner which will be understandable for every
reader. This will also include a theoretical framework which will determine the nature
and background of the research study that will help readers to create an understanding
about the objectives of this study.
RELATED READINGS
Due to the lack of cycling-friendly facilities in the country, safety of bicycle users
are put to risk. To promote safety among cyclist throughout the Philippines, the House of
Representatives approved the “Minimum Overtaking of Cyclists Distance Act”, this law
mandates that the driver of a motor vehicle shall be of 1.5 meter distance when
overtaking a bicycle that is travelling in the same direction. Violators of the Act shall be
meted the following penalties: P5,000 fine for the first offense; P10,000 fine for the
second offense; P15,000 fine and suspension of driver’s license for three months for the
third offense; and P20,000 fine and revocation of driver’s license for the fourth offense.
According to Rep. Antonio Tinio, who authored the bill, this Act will protect the safety of
cyclist and other road users, and it can also promote the use of bicycles in the country
(Press and Public Affairs Bureau, 2019).
With bicycle lanes being installed, it will be safer for both bicycle user and
motorized vehicle driver. For the bicycle user, it will be safer to travel since he/she will
not be dealing with other vehicles in the bicycle lane, and for the motorized vehicle
driver, he/she will be safe from violating the Act since there will be a fixed distance
given by their respective lanes.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Bicycle Lane
Bicycle lanes are infrastructures proposed by modern cities that could possibly
make biking as a pillar of their transport systems. According from a documentation by
Roger Geller, it is only when they started building bicycle infrastructures that a vast
5
number of people began to utilize cycling. With the installation of such infrastructures,
bicycle use in Portland, Oregon continued to grow while the use of other modes of
transportation would either grow limitedly or decline (Geller, R. 2011).
Cycling solved many urban problems on commuting. For example, an individual
finds it costly to go by taxi but finds walking too tedious. One way a person could go to
his destination is with a bicycle. China, for example, is one of those that has heavily
encouraged people to use and share bicycles in their travels (Malasig, J. 2018).
According to Plaza in his article “Cycle City: What does it take to make bike
lanes work”, The MMDA or The Metro Manila Development Authority already proposed
installing bike lanes along the road network of EDSA or the Epifanio Delo Santos
Avenue. Of all cities in the Philippines, Marikina City is a good example of installing
bicycle lane through its streets linked to schools, offices and especially to the LRT 2 line
station.
A number of bike lanes are installed in Metro Manila and are often being utilized.
Bicycle lanes getting through houses or residential communities make a commuter or an
individual be at ease to travel from one’s place to elsewhere (Plaza, A. 2018).
Safety
The design and physical environment of the lane can affect the safety and comfort
of the users. The level of safety of physically separated lanes from protected bicycle lanes
is lower. The researcher also found out that the level of safety and comfort of the cyclist
decreases as the level of congestion in the main road increases (Zhibin, L. 2010).
Road safety of cyclists does not come from their increase in number but from the
infrastructure built for them to utilize. Earlier researches (2017) said that cities with
higher rates of cycling resulted to a lesser number of street fatalities because having more
cyclists in streets would impel drivers to slowdown and eventually decrease number of
accidents. However, from a study by the University of Colorado, they discovered that the
existence of bicycle infrastructures, specifically those that are protected with barriers and
are separated from cars, resulted to a safer road (University of Colorado Denver, 2019).
In November 2012, Asian Development Bank launched its own bicycle-sharing
program in partnership with Japan. The project aimed to “improve air quality” and
“reduce the rate of pedestrian accidents and fatalities linked with too many private
vehicles on the road” (Malasig, J. 2018).
Traffic Congestion
According to Larsen, Traffic congestion is due to the inevitable rise of
motorization in transportation. On one of the fastest growing city in China, these motor
powered vehicles had nearly transformed its roadways into virtual parking lots. As more
trucks occupied the streets of Beijing, average car speed becomes lesser and lesser. The
growth of biking transportation is seen as a probable solution that would stop, if not,
lessen traffic congestion (Larsen, J. 2013).
Pollution and traffic congestion remains one of the most pressing concerns in
urbanized regions like Manila, Beijing and Los Angeles. To solve this problem, countries

6
have started to encourage people to use bicycles as a means of transportation, especially
in short to mid-distance travel. (Malasig, J. 2018).
Healthy Environment
Healthy people require healthy environment (Lee, V., Mikkelsen, L. et al. 2008).
People need their environment to be designed and constructed in ways that helps them
access healthy foods and easily incorporate physical activities into their daily routines.
The creation of a healthy environment involves not only infrastructures that introduces
physical activity, hence, it also needs to have spaces for social activities and recreations
as to also include mental health.
Bicycling and walking could lessen air pollution in the community, relieve and
cease respiratory illness, as well as more opportunities for social interactions that have
positive impacts for mental and physical health (American Public Health Association,
2010). It is a given fact that increase in physical activities such as walking and cycling
could lessen the chance of obesity rates, it is done by providing adequate street-scale
improvements such as provision of sidewalks, bicycle lanes, and multi-use pathways.
Designing a multimodal transportation system helps create a healthier community
environment (Isbell, R. 2016). Efforts in greening the transportation system affects
greatly the amount of pollution in crowded areas, it also lessens the risk of the resident’s
exposure to gas emissions produced by cars around their communities.
Factors Affecting Cycling
Zhibin stated that the main factors that affects cycling are geometric design,
environmental conditions, and traffic condition. In designing bicycle lanes, the length,
width and curb width of the road increases the level of comfort of users while the
presence of grade decreases the comfort of users. Less parking and less distance from the
side building is much more preferable. Places with many disturbances such as the
commercial areas provides less comfort to users. Less bicycle flow rate are much more
preferable on the separated lanes while bicycle congestions in the on-street lane are much
more preferable in the on-street lane due to safety reasons as it impedes the flow of
vehicles (Zhibin, L. 2010).
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
Bicycle lane
Bike lanes are facilities in the roadway that separates bicycles from automobiles.
Provisions and planning of infrastructures related to cycling such as bicycle lanes and
bike parking facilities also affect the interest of people to use bicycle as mode of
transportation. 13% of people using bicycles feels threatened whenever bicycle lanes are
not present (Hussey, C. 2012).
The investment in creating bicycle infrastructures like bicycle lanes are said to be
four to five times greater than the costs and is more beneficial in the society, especially in
the environment, than the automobile-related infrastructures investments. Many potential
cyclists are seeking safer infrastructures for bicycles to be able to go for cycling for their
mobility. The creation of bicycle lanes would have a positive impact into the local

7
community as it would only mean that the local government really cares about the health
and safety of their people (Karanikola, P., Panagopoulos, T., Tampakis, S., et al 2018).
Bicycle lanes are built to enhance individual health as well as to reduce air
pollution, carbon emissions, noise, traffic dangers, and other harmful impacts of using
cars. It also supports the safety of the people from reckless drivers in the roadway.
Separate cycling infrastructures are associated with higher cycling levels. Cities with
greater supply of bicycle lanes have a significantly higher bicycle commute rates even
when regulating for land use, climate, socioeconomic factors, gasoline prices, public
transport supply, and cycling safety (Buehler, R. and Pucher, J. 2011).
The benefits of having cycle tracks that are protected are generally more about
comfort for bicyclist. Protected bicycle lanes are more safe and more comfortable for the
bicycle riders than the ordinary on-street and off-street bicycle infrastructure on any
given situations or conditions. Compared to the ordinary bike lane which is only defined
by inches-wide painted strip, protected bicycle lanes can also greatly promote the use of
bicycles as well as tourism with its design and aesthetics (Foster, N. 2014).
The development of pedestrian and bicycle facilities are instruments that will
pave a way for an increased level of non-motorized transportation (Gozum, B. and
Guillen M.D. 2008). A 30-kilometer bicycle lane was built in Marikina City in relation to
promotion of bicycle use. Due to the success achieved by the project, Marikina is now
dubbed as the “Healthy City” and has continued to construct another 30-kilometer stretch
of bicycle lane (Gozum, B. and Guillen M.D. 2008).
Here in Tuguegarao City, to achieve less traffic, it is recommended that
pedestrians should be prioritized and bicycles lanes should be provided for bicycle users
(Ramel, L. 2017).
Safety
Safety is the primary concern of people using bicycles. It can sum up the reasons
why people don’t use a bike going to a particular location and why people don’t shift to
riding bicycles as a mode of transportation. Many people find it dangerous and risky
when riding bicycles (Hussey, C. 2012).
From the study conducted by Foster, the survey from residents and cyclists
showed that the perceived threats to their safety (e.g. getting hit by a car or run over) are
large barriers to bicyclist of all types or level and it is the same with the lack of bicycle
lane facilities or infrastructures (Foster, N. 2014).
Bicyclists are the ones who are vulnerable when sharing the same roadway with
motorized vehicles. When a crash occurs between a bicycle and a motorized vehicle, it is
the bicycle rider who is more likely to get a severe injury. Therefore, it is a need to fully
understand the factors of cycling safety. Installing bicycle lane networks can encourage
cycling among people and can promote safety in riding (Chen, L., Chen., C., et al 2012).
According to Ganiron, one significant factor that would improve the safety of
bicycle users is its constructs in safety measures in the design. Intersections, entry, and

8
exit points, extra acre should be applied. Proper safety equipment of the cyclists must be
used. (Ganiron Jr. T. 2017).
The lack of enough infrastructures for cycling is associated with less safety,
especially for children. In order to ride bicycles and to be safe in all area, there should be
bicycle lanes connecting all major city attractions. Tourism in the area can also prosper if
there are bicycle lanes to be installed, tourists will have enough time to go around the
area and sightsee while riding their bicycles (Karanikola, P., Panagopoulos, T.,
Tampakis, S., et al 2018).
Many people think twice about getting into the use of bicycles for mobilization
because of its safety risks. According to Buehler and Pucher’s study, cities with greater
number of bicycle lanes has a higher rate of cycling safety. Bicycles lanes helped
decrease the accidents involving bicycles and motorized vehicles. (Buehler, R. and
Pucher, J. 2011).
Safety is important for every one of us because all of us desire to be safe and
comfortable. Traffic Management is used to control the use of road network in order to
attain advancement and enhancement in road safety and efficiency. In road safety,
geometric design is needed. Geometric design of roads pertain to the placing and
arranging of the physical elements of the roadway in accordance to the standards and
constraints. (Ramel, L. 2017).
Traffic Congestion
In many developing countries, heavy traffic is considered “normal”, it has been a
normal situation for the people. Industrialization comes in a fast pace and would often be
considered as a sign of progressively dynamic economy. Conversely, this growth is
usually accompanied by complications like traffic congestion and pollution. This
condition is often regarded as separation from sustainable development (Gozum, B. and
Guillen M.D. 2008).
Tuguegarao City is the capital of Region 2, many changes has been done in its
transportation system. Public and private vehicles increases in number which makes the
city noisier and polluted. Many citizens end up as tricycle drivers that has worsen the
problem of traffic congestion and air pollution in the city. The increase in number of
vehicles traveling already exceeds the ability of agencies to improve the roadways and
lessen the traffic congestion. Regarding to the behavior of the motorists that causes traffic
congestion, the government agencies like Land Transportation Office (LTO) and Traffic
Management Group (TMG) imposed some ordinances and increased the sanction of
traffic violators (Ramel, L. 2017).
Healthy Environment
The increase in demand of automobiles and burning of fossil fuels has a great
impact on the environment, it can affect the air quality. Unfortunately, it may cause
climate change, globally. Using bicycles as a mode of transportation may help us achieve
a healthy environment to live in. It will help reduce the greenhouse gases being released
to the atmosphere (Hussey, C. 2012).

9
 The benefits of promoting bicycle usage for the people and their environment has
been recognized by certain countries in Asian and Europe. Promoting cycling can
significantly reduce pollution and mitigates climate change, that way, we can achieve a
healthier environment to live in (Karanikola, P., Panagopoulos, T., Tampakis, S., et al
2018).
Environmental degradation is one of the problems experienced in the Philippines.
The physical environment has greatly deteriorated given the huge amounts of vehicles on
the roads in spite of soaring fuel prices. A healthy environment could ultimately be
achieved if biking would be embraced as an option in transportation (Gozum, B. and
Guillen M.D. 2008).
Bicycles and kalesa are non – motorized transport. The local government should
use this mode of transportation more often. We should work on becoming a global
environmental mode of transportation for a healthy environment. For us to be able to
achieve that, we should make walking and cycling or bicycle lane and motivate people to
use this transport mode in worthwhile way (Ramel, L. 2017).
Factors Affecting Cycling
According to Hussey, rates of usage of bicycle as mode of transportation are
attributed to many factors of cycling including:
 Distance of travel
Shorter distances of travel able people to use bicycles since they won’t be
needing fuel that may cost them their money while traveling short distances
with automobiles.
 Safety
The primary concern of people is about their safety while cycling. Bicycle
facilities can reduce accidents with cyclists and can also encourage people to
use bicycles since it will be much safer for cyclists to travel.
 Bicycle planning and infrastructures
Existence of bicycle facilities will help to get more people into cycling.
Bicycle programs, promotion, education and media campaigns can elevate the
use of bikes as transportation.
 High cost of car ownership
The value or cost of buying cars will affect the demand of using
automobiles for transportation and also the increase in fuel cost can cause
financial problem for the individual owning a car. This factor can also result in
more people using bicycles.
 Health benefits
Also, the use of bicycles have health benefits like lowering the body mass
index and increase physical activity.
According to Ganiron, other reasons were: bike ownership, possible stealing of
the bike, not capable of riding in some places, bad road conditions like canals and

10
manholes, not enough facilities, no bike access, cultural constraints, no time for biking,
and bad weather. (Ganiron Jr., T 2017).
As stated by Foster, the perceived threats (e.g. getting hit by a car or run over) are
large barriers to bicyclist of all types or level and same with the lack of bicycle lane
facilities or infrastructures. The researchers conducted a telephone survey to the Portland
area residents, asking them what are their experiences and attitudes in different situations
and conditions while riding bicycles and their idea towards bicycling. They found out that
half of the respondents are more concerned about getting hit by other vehicles but the
other half are even more concerned with their interest of riding a bicycle that they do not
acknowledge their fear of being in an accident. With bicycle lanes being installed,
cyclists and residents can enjoy cycling while not being bothered and afraid of other
vehicles (Foster, N. 2014).
Walking and bicycling is the most basic urban transport mode for traveling. And
bicycle-derived makes a huge involvement in transportation in the world especially in
most low and middle income countries. In Balzain – Tanza intersection in Tuguegarao
City, factors such as lack of spaces, lanes and facilities are the causes of the lack of
pedestrian crossing. But in wide and big streets, it is possible to have pedestrian spaces
and path walks. Some are afraid to use bicycles because they are concerned about their
safety (Ramel, L. 2017).
Synthesis and Justification
From the collection of related literatures and studies, two of the biggest problems
in transportation are the occurrence of traffic congestion and the effect it has on the
environment. According to the past researches, the number of motorized vehicles is
directly proportional to traffic congestion and air pollution in an area.
One solution for traffic congestion and pollution is to install bicycle lanes. These
bicycle lanes encourage people to resort to the use of bicycle for mobilization. Bicycles
do not emit gases that can give bad effect to the environment and they don’t take up too
much spaces that can cause congestion. Researchers also emphasized that the use of
bicycles have benefits that can improve the health of the user.
All researches coincide in the same factor that may affect cycling in their
respective cities or towns, it is the safety of the bicycle user. According to the researches,
many people do not use bicycles for transportation because of the safety risks like getting
into accidents with motorized vehicles.
The differences of the studies and literatures that were collected are the purpose
of the author and the place or setting of their study. Factor affecting the use of bicycle
differ in every country or city.

Theoretical Framework
Tuguegarao City, at present, is slowly being identified as one of the rising cities in
our country. Huge industrial buildings are rising, road ways and bridges are developing,

11
universities are being recognized, tourism is evolving, and its economy is growing. As
time goes by, it has been noticeable that the city is progressing.
However, part of every city’s development process are the unescapable
complications. Due to the said advancements, more people visit or even stay for work or
studies. Thus, making the population doubled from time to time. Such increase of people
in the area caused an increase in the number of vehicles (i.e. SUV’s, personal cars,
tricycles) being used, therefore, resulting to traffic congestion.
Traffic congestion is the overcrowding of bicycles in the separated lanes that
might cause irritability to the people. According to a study traffic congestion is a
situation brought about by urban sprawl. In many developing countries, heavy traffic had
already been considered a normal situation for the people. In addition, traffic congestion
is also due to the inevitable rise of motorization in transportation. In one of the
researches, these motor powered vehicles had nearly transformed a city’s roadways into
virtual parking lots.
The physical environment has greatly deteriorated given the huge amount of
vehicles on the roads in spite of soaring fuel prices. All or most vehicles that travel within
the city are engine powered, giving rise to another problem which is air and noise
pollution. These pollutions are from the motorized vehicles which emits a gas that is
harmful to the atmosphere and noise from the vehicles’ engine, respectively. Problem
arises after another problem. Due to pollution, series of health complications are also
being addressed.
The government had already started implementing ways on how to solve traffic
congestion. One is by developing new traffic systems like improved route system,
installation of traffic lights, and road widening.
The use of automobiles is a common and a known method of transportation but it
provides a detrimental effect to the environment as it is one of the main causes of global
warming. While it is true that inventions of hybrid versions of automobiles (e.g. e-
jeepney, e-trike) can also be helpful to improve the environment, it cannot be affordable
by many. These solutions, however, are not enough to solve the said difficulties. The
increase in number of vehicles traveling already exceeds the ability of agencies to
improve the roadways and lessen the traffic congestion. This urged the researchers to
think of another way that could possibly bring solution to the problem.
The use of bicycle has a significant role in maintaining the air quality and
reduction of pollutions. When there is enough people that will be encouraged to use
bicycle then many factors will be expected like the maintenance of air quality, the
reduction of noise and providing the overall health of the user.
Biking is a mode of transportation which is operated and powered through its
pedals by means of the driver’s feet. Traffic congestion may decrease if there will be an
increase in the use of bicycles. Bicycles does not need any fuel in order to function. Thus,
this could possibly reduce the consumption of fuel and may help reduce the greenhouse
gases being released to the atmosphere and eventually its [bicycling] promotion would
reduce pollution and chances of climate change. Cycling does not only resolve the

12
problems in traffic congestion and air pollution but also it enhances the health of a
person. It is a form of exercise which is good for the body. It reduces health risks such as
obesity, heart diseases, stroke, and hypertension.
Though biking offers lots of benefits, in the Philippines it is highly observed that
cycling is not widely utilized by the people, particularly in cities. One factor is due to
safety issues.Safety is the primary concern of people using bicycles hence, [personal
safety] is the number one factor for not using bicycle or not riding more. The lack of
infrastructures greatly affects cycling for it is associated with less safety, especially for
children.
The growth of biking transportation is seen as a probable solution that would stop,
if not, lessen traffic congestion. But how would people be encouraged to consider biking
as an option for transportation?
According to Geller (2011), building bicycle infrastructures lead to a vast number
of people who began to utilize cycling. This infrastructure is called Bicycle lanes or
bicycle ways.
Bicycle lane is a special lane
intended only for the use of bicycle. In
many developing countries in Asia and
Europe, the use of bicycle facilities have
been implemented because of its known
benefits in the environment, traffic
management, health and economy.
Bicycles without cycle lanes are
inefficient because of safety reasons that
concerns all the users. One researcher found
out that 13% of people using bicycle
feels unsafe when there are no bicycle
lanes implemented. Bicycle facilities may
accommodate the volume of bicycle users in one lane but problem arises when the lane
provided for them can cause discomfort that may lead to sudden dis-encouragement of
the users because of the ineffectivity of its geometric design, weather condition and also
when the lane is near the noisy and chaotic areas. Overall, in the effective design of a
bicycle lane, the most important things to consider first is by analyzing the traffic
situation, second is to determine the possible benefits and the demand of cycling
facilities, third is the geometric design of lanes and lastly is the proper implementation of
traffic laws and revised traffic system.
Promoting cycle lanes is related to sustainable traffic development, a network of
cycle lanes to be used by the city dwellers established in all important institutions and
facilities was proven for the improvement of urban tourism in populated cities. 

Figure 1: Theoretical Framework

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 Figure 2: Conceptual Framework
METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
This part of the research study presents the ideas, procedures and
research techniques to be used in analyzing and collecting information. This
shows the plans and strategies by the researches to gather, assemble and evaluate
data. Questionnaires needed for the gathering of data will also be presented in
this part of the research study.
Phase 1: Review and analysis of Bicycle Lane aspects
This phase includes the initial steps about the factors and key concepts to
be considered in this study. In order to proceed for the other phases, the origin or
the cause must be evaluated first. These factors like traffic congestion, safety of
riders, and healthy environment is the main reason why this study existed.
Step 1: Review and analyze factors that can affect cycling from the review of
related literature.
 This step includes the assessment of the key concepts of this study which
are the following: bicycle lane, safety, traffic congestion, healthy
environment and factors affecting cycling.
 Researchers will gather information about the traffic characteristics in
certain locations. Traffic characteristics can be measured by the vehicle
counts to determine the amount of traffic volume in a certain time. The
higher the volume count in the area, the higher the chances of it being
congested.
 As we all know, motorized vehicles emit gases that are harmful to the
environment. This means that the rate of traffic volume can be correlated
with the rate of air pollution.
 The geometric design of the area can influence the level of safety of the
motorist.
Step 2: Gather data about traffic congestion in Tuguegarao City and its
contribution to the environment.
 Data from the Review of Related Literature shall be reassessed in
order to define further the factors which may relate to the

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 contribution of traffic congestion to the environment.
 In order to gather the needed data for the traffic volume,
researchers will be requesting data from the Tuguegarao City
Traffic Management Group (TCTMG).
 The researchers are going to collect data from literatures or
previous surveys regarding the contribution of motorized vehicles
of the environment.
Step 3: Evaluation of causes of traffic congestion.
 This step pertains to the Evaluation of causes of traffic
congestion. Possible causes of congestion will be addressed and
listed down. It will be achieved through the processes stated
beforehand and through actual observation. Through this,
researchers will, then, be able to determine if the theoretical cause
really exists in that actual location.
Phase 2: Evaluation of possible location
This phase aims to select and finalize the possible location(s) where the
researchers may be able to conduct the said study. This will be achieved through
the following steps:
Step 4: List down possible location for the bicycle lanes
The researchers listed down locations that are most probable by
reviewing certain characteristics which gives a prior advantage in building the
infrastructure.

 Enrile Blvd., Carig Sur

Most government offices are located in this area. Traffic
volume is inconsiderably high, however, in order to promote the
utilization of cycling as mode for transport, there is a high
expectancy for the government employees to stand as role model
to its citizens.
 Calle Commercio
This is known to be the city’s centre for economic
activities such as trading, commerce, and services which are
essential to the community. Considering the presence of a bike
lane in this location, many individuals may be encouraged to
engage in using a bicycle to buy their needs and necessities
instead of commuting.
 Linao-Carig Road and Pinacanauan-na-Tuguegarao Avenue
These road facilities are currently being developed. Aside
from its infrastructure development, a rich environment is present
in its surrounding which must be protected from the damaging
effects of engine-powered vehicles. This may also serve as an
attraction to the cyclists, of which may encourage more people to
engage in bicycling. Due to the stated reasons, creating a bicycle
lane in these locations may effect to a great impact.
 Caggay Road to Enrile Blvd.

15
 Considering the presence of cyclists who prefer long
distance travels within the city, this location is appropriate for
them.
 College Avenue
A high percentage of vehicular traffic is present at this
location due to the existence of many students. By deliberating
the statements coming from the different literatures, it may be
proved true by adopting this location. The presence of a bicycle
lane may urge students to use a bicycle in going to school instead
of commuting. Due to this, there could be a significant change in
the number of motorized vehicles, most specially tricycles.
Traffic congestion is most possibly be lessened through this
infrastructure.
Step 5: Conduct preliminary survey to determine the location
For better execution, this step will be subdivided with the following
stages:
 The researchers will formulate questions that will contain
adequate relative questions understandable to the target
respondents. The questionnaires will also include spaces for
recommendations in order to produce the best results.
 The researchers are going to provide a letter to the respondents to
permit data collection.
 Present the questionnaire to the respondents and let them answer
the questions and give suggestions for the project.
Step 6: Select the most possible location for the bicycle lanes
This step determines the best possible location for the bicycle lanes. The
selection process will depend upon the results of the conducted surveys through
questionnaires. The opinions of the qualified respondents taken at the five
different locations will be reviewed first. In that way, it is probable to gather
analysis and comparisons from the information, of which can make a way for the
final selection of the location. The criteria for the most probable location will be
the availability of the roadway for the bicycle traffic, the geometric
characteristics of the roadway which can match the bicycle transportation,
characteristics of traffic volume, safety factors based from the opinion of the
respondents and the level of air pollution in the area. Whichever among the
selected locations will fit most of those criteria will be the most probable
location of the bicycle facility.
Phase 3: Review and Investigation of Current Trends and Factors affecting
cycling and design of the project.
The results from the preliminary survey will be evaluated using the
measures of central tendencies. This will determine the most possible location
where the research project may take place. After which, the following steps shall
be followed.
Step 7: Gather geographic data from respective government office.
 Researchers are to compose a letter addressed to the Department
of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to request for a

16
 land survey on the selected location.
 Review the geographic data and also the factors that can affect
cycling in the area.
Step 8: Prepare questionnaire that would determine the factors affecting cycling.
 Prepare a questionnaire which would contain questions referring
to the needs and problems of cyclists that can help improve the
condition of cycling in the selected location.
Step 9: Conduct a survey on the selected location.
 Provide a letter to the respondents, at least 100 respondents which
are chosen randomly, to permit the data collection.
 Present the questionnaire to the respondents and let them answer
the questions and give suggestions for the project.
Phase 4: Evaluation of the Factors affecting the Design of Bicycle Lane
This phase aims to summarize and analyze the gathered data relevant to
the factors which could affect the design and utility of the infrastructure in order
to formulate the most suitable design needed on the selected area. Under this
stage, the following are the steps to be followed:
Step 10: Make a statistical analysis to determine factors and needs of the
possible users
In this step, compilation of data gathered from the questionnaire shall
determine the key factors that may affect cycling and also the design of the
infrastructure. The result of this step will be determined by the use of Measures
of Central Tendencies.
Phase 5: Design Development
This phase of the project entails the production of a design of bicycle
lane that is most appropriate to the selected area. The developed design would
serve as the physical output for the main objective of this research project which
is to promote safety of cycling and produce a healthy environment through the
development of the best possible design of bicycle lane in Tuguegarao City. The
following are the steps identified:
Step 11: Develop a design of a bicycle lane
This step is to create and develop a design which will be suitable for the
given location and is also applicable for the factors that can encourage the
people to use bicycles and the facility with the use of design applications namely
Auto cad and Sketch Up.
Step 12: Assess and evaluate the design
The design will be assessed and evaluated in accordance to the American
Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials Bike Guide of 2012
(AASHTO Bike Guide 2012). This will now determine the validity and
reliability of the design of the infrastructure which is the bicycle lane. The
positive results of the evaluated infrastructure will serve as an output of the
research project.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Demographics of Respondents

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 The researchers randomly selected 400 respondents from the locals of
Tuguegarao City. Among them, 187 (46.8%) are male, 203 (50.8%) are female and the
remaining 10 (2.5%) remains to be unknown. Respondents of age range of 10-20 were
164 (41%), age 21-30 were 170 (42.5%), age 31-40 were 34 (6.5%) and 1.5% were
unidentified. Respondents’ monthly income were also sorted. The results showed that
37.3 % of the respondents has their salary at less than Php15, 000.00, 11.5% with salary
range of Php15, 000.00 – Php29, 999.99, 1.5% for those with an income of Php30,
000.00 – PHp44, 999.99 and 4.5% were those receiving salary of more than Php45, 000.
Majority of the respondents were either students or unemployed individuals.
A large gap of bike users and non-bike users were observed with bike-riding
respondents of 369 or 92.3% of the total respondents and 31 (7.8%) does not ride a
bicycle.

Survey Questionnaire Results

For the data gathering procedure, the researchers used a 5-point likert scale to
analyse the opinions of the respondents. 5 point likert scale is a scale used to know if the
respondents (1) Strongly Disagree, (2) Disagree, (3) Neutral, (4) Agree and (5) Strongly
Agree with the given statements. For the analysis of the lkert scale, the researchers made
use of measures of central tendencies and locate the mean of each statement in the likert
scale mean range. The mean range is given by:

Promote Safety with Bicycle Lanes

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 88% of the respondents agreed that bicycle lanes can promote safety among
cyclists. Establishing a boundary between motor vehicles and non-motor vehicles can
protect both riders from encountering accidents. When accidents happen between motor
vehicle and a bicycle, the most vulnerable will be the cyclist. From the opinions of the
majority of the respondents, installation of bicycle lanes can prevent accidents to happen.
Promote healthy environment with the use of bicycles

Bicycles are non-motorized vehicles, thus, using this as a mode of transportation

will not only give humans a healthy body but it can also help to provide a healthy
environment for all living creatures like us, humans, and 88.5% of the respondents agree
with this. As per Mr. Leon B. Soriano, Senior Environmental Specialist of Environmental
Management Bureau, motor vehicles are one of the major pollutants of Tuguegarao City.
Problems motorists encounters at Pinacanauan-na-Tuguegarao Avenue
Pinacanauan-na-Tuguegarao Avenue is a road facility usually taken by
employees living near the center of Tuguegarao and working at around the Regional
Center at Carig, Tuguegarao City, because of this, this roadway is usually congested at
rush hours, at around 6:00am-8:00am and at 4:30pm-6:00pm. Through observation, the
problems encountered by motorists are the following:
1. The road facility is a two-lane, thus, cannot accommodate a larger traffic
volume especially at rush hours and is resulting to congestion.
2. Some roadway users are rushing to go to their destination and resort to
over-taking other vehicles then blocks the lane of the opposite direction.
3. There are garbage seen at the sides of the road.
Factors affecting the design of the project
The researchers considered the insights and preferences of the locals in the
design of the proposed bicycle lane. They formulated questions and/or statements with
regards to the factors that may affect the design of the lane.

Firstly, the researchers surveyed for the respondents’ desired location. The
first option was to place the cycling lanes at both sides of the roadway wherein, 60 (15%)
of the respondents disagreed, 283 (70.8%) agreed, and 57 (14.3%) were neutral. The
other option was to place the lanes in the middle of the roadway. Respondents who
disagreed were 305(76.3%), 38 (9.5%) agreed and 57(14.3%) were neutral.
The results showed that the 77.85% of respondents were in par with the first
option which was to install the pavements at both sides of the road. Therefore according
to the said result, lanes on both sides of the road is much strongly preferable and this has
something to do with the safety perceptions of the users for the reason that most cycle

19
lanes are on the both sides of the road and this evaluation is consistent with the findings
in the previous studies. Both of the question received the same rate of neutrality of
14.7%, but, its effect is still not that much significant for comparison to the larger
population.

For the safety aspect, outcome showed that the respondents strongly agree
that the existence of a bicycle lane will promote safety among cyclists with 352 (88%) of
the total respondents agreeing. 88.5% of the respondents wanted a lane to be protected,
39.8% wants the lane to be protected from the heat of the sun; which means that a
protected lane is much of a priority to them rather than a protection from the ultraviolet
rays. 53.6% agrees for a plant box barrier while there are 70.6% agrees for a roadside
barrier. Those results provide more perception to safety. The other design aspects that
will be contributing to the functionality of the lane are ranked below.

The grade or the elevation of the lane shows less importance as there are only
48.3% who agrees that a lane should be elevated and its more on a neutral side. This
shows that whether the lane is inclined or not, there is not much effect on the comfort and
perception of safety of the users and which basically explains why bicycle lanes are not
usually elevated.
Meanwhile, proper drainage system shows the leading importance compared to
other features which means that it has something to do when it comes to rainy season
when there are heavy rains that can cause water elevation so drainage is most important.
U-turn slots shows least concern due to the fact that turning directions is not much of a
problem to users. Street lights can help users to maneuver the cycle lane in the dark and it

20
showed much importance compared to a bicycle parking area. Utilization of parking areas
can also increase the frequency of bicycle users due to the availability of space to rest or
to park the bicycle when needed.

The researchers advocate for environmental friendly facilities. 354 (88.5%) of the
respondents agreed that the use of bicycles will help reduce pollution in the City which is
consistent with the findings of the previous studies whether bicycle lanes can help reduce
air pollution. Having trees along the infrastructure were approved having 312 (78%) of
respondents agreeing which in effect will provide fresh air to the bicycle users and at the
same time it will be aesthetically pleasing to the road users. Additional facilities for the
lane like trash bins were also agreed upon, with 283 (70.8%) agreeing. Trees shows much
more importance than trash bins but the difference is only in a small percentage which
explains that both are vital and should be established.

The locals’ response with factors and other matters concerning cycling and
cycling lanes were all positive. 326 (81%) of the respondents agreed that the installation
of bike lanes may encourage them to utilize cycling as mode of transport, 314 (78.5%)
agreed that cycling as mode of transport can help in reducing traffic in the area, and 371
(92.8%) also agreed that cycling improves health. This question received the highest vote
of strongly agree in the survey conducted and this shows that cycle riding can greatly
improve the overall health of the user.
Design factors like the weather or climate was agreed to affect the interest of
people in cycling having 300 (78.5%) agreeing. 178 (69.8%) of the respondents agreed
for a resting spot for the cyclist. Respondents also agreed that aesthetic factor of the
bicycle lane (296 or 74%) and its surrounding (337 or 84.3%) may encourage the locals
to use bicycles.
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 According to the results, it is evident that all the factors mentioned greatly affects
the establishment and design of a bicycle lane. These factors and the result of the survey
will be the foundation of the design of the lane. These factors will act and relate to each
other in a certain extent to improve the condition of the users.
Traffic Condition
The researchers performed a traffic volume count along the Pinacanauan-Na-
Tuguegarao Avenue to observe the traffic behavior and condition of the area. The process
started at 6:15 a.m. and ended at 8:10 a.m. with vehicle count recorded at a 10-minute
time interval.

The results showed that most number of vehicles passing along the Pinacanauan-
Na-Tuguegarao Avenue going to Caggay are those that are privately owned cars
(46.39%) and motor bikes (42.6%). Peak hours were around 7:20-7:30 a.m. having
13.83% of the number of vehicles, 7:40-7:50 a.m. with 12.86%, 8:00-8:10 a.m. with
12.79% and 7:30-7:40 a.m. of 12.19% of vehicles counted. As observed, traffic volume
increases at around 7:00 in the morning and declines at around 7:50-8:00 a.m. This
signifies that most of the people passing along this road are government employees and
other workers with time of work starting at 7:30 a.m.

The above table also showed that privately owned cars (40.33%) and motor bikes
(41.89%) are the most dominant vehicles passing through the roadway. Peak hours were
at around 7:00-7:20 a.m. with 11.88% of the vehicle count passing around that time,
followed by 7:20-7:30 a.m. with 11.25%, and at 7:30-7:40 a.m. with 10.87%. As shown,
traffic volume increases as time approaches to 7:00 a.m. and declines as it approaches
8:00 a.m. This records means that most people passing along the roadway are students or
employees going to the city center.
It is noticeable that there is a low count of cyclists along the area, having 0.97%
going to Caggay and 0.88% going to Centro. However, it is very evident that there are
many motor bikes passing along the roadway. The researchers observed that a number of
the motor bikers passing are just going back and forth. This signifies that the trips done
by the people using motor bikes can be done using bicycles. It is, however, due to lacking

22
facilities (e.g. street light) and infrastructures (bike lane) that the riders tend to choose
what is safer for them.
Location

Out of the 400 respondents, 87 chose the Pinacanauan-na-Tuguegarao Avenue as

the best fitted location for a bicycle lane.
Pinacanauan-na-Tuguegarao Avenue has a length of 2140.55 meters and it has a
width of 6 meters. The road is leading to the Centro on the south and leading to Caggay
on the east, it is a common pathway for private vehicles and motorbikes which accounts
for the highest percentage of vehicle entering. There is no streetlights in the area
therefore the vehicles passing there during evening can be a problem and thus the
perception of safety is low.

The advantages of the area for cycling are:

1. The road can provide comfort to users because of its far proximity from the
noisy commercial area.
2. The road has a moderate flow of traffic which it can allow the passage of
bicycles without much difficulties.
3. The avenue connects Centro and Caggay without passing through other
congested routes.
4. The road has less disturbances and the cyclers can pass through smoothly
5. Cycling through that avenue can decrease time consumption of travelling from
Centro to any parts of Caggay and it can also contribute to cardiovascular exercise
With some installations like street lights, roadside barrier, and trash bins, the
cycle lane can be convenient, the cyclers can feel much comfort and their perception of
safety will increase. The cycle lane is a public infrastructure that can serves all the
bicycle users and it can potentially increase the number of bicycle users with the proper
cycle lane established.
Design of bicycle lane
In the engineering industry, infrastructural designs produced are supported by
standards set by professionals. However, in the country, infrastructural code which
discusses designs and conditions regarding bicycle lanes are unavailable. Due to this

23
circumstance, the researchers used an American based standard which is the American
AASHTO Bike Guide 2012.
Researchers used permeable concrete for the bicycle lane to serve as a drainage
system to prevent having swamps. Pervious pavements are used at street with lower
vehicle traffic volume. Since bicycles are lightweight vehicles, permeable concrete can
be used as bicycle lane. Pervious Concrete Pavement can benefit in storm water
management as it can let water pass through and go straight to the gravel bed underneath
it.
Barriers or boundary markers used by the designers are made from treated
polymer blend and is called as Flexible Delineator. The reason behind is to provide a
barrier that both cyclists and other vehicle owners or drivers would both benefit since this
barriers could withstand vehicle impact without causing extensive damages in case of
collision.

CONCLUSION
Tuguegarao City is the capital of the Province of Cagayan. Most of the schools
and offices are located here, because of this, there are a significant number of population
present. With the significant increase in population, the congestion in the City is also
increasing because individuals need to travel every day to meet their schedules.
Pinacanauan-na-Tuguegarao Avenue is a two-lane roadway connecting Caggay
National Highway and the City’s commercial center. This roadway facility is mostly
taken by students going to their respective schools and employees going to work due to
this, the road is usually congested at rush hours. There are also workers who use cycling
as a mode of transportation going to their workplaces and cyclists exercising in this area
because of the relaxing air quality given by its surroundings.
Bicycles are non-motorized vehicles and if used as a mode of transportation by
majority of a population can promote a greener environment because bicycles do not emit
harmful gases to the environment. Helping the environment benefits all living creatures
including humans as we will be able to breathe a good quality of air.
With the use of bicycle lanes, bicycle users will be safe from accidents involving
motor-vehicles. 88% out of 400 respondents agrees with the idea that it can promote
safety among cyclists. Cyclists are more vulnerable than motor vehicles since motor
vehicles are faster than bicycles and if caught in an accident, the motor vehicle will give a
greater impact that can cause harm to the bicycle user. Installation of bicycle lanes can
protect cyclists as it separates their lane from the motor vehicles’.
Installation of bicycle lanes can promote safety for users, thus, can encourage
people to use bicycles as a mode of transportation. To support this, the researchers made
use of questionnaires to know the opinions of 400 respondents representing the whole

24
population of Tuguegarao City and it has that resulted to 81.6% of the 400 respondents
agrees that bicycle lanes can encourage citizens to use bicycle lanes as a mode of
transportation. This can also prove that there will be a significant increase in the number
of bicycle users in the City.
Majority of the respondents agreed with the hypothesis that weather or climate in
Tuguegarao City, location, distance of travel, health of user, air quality around the area,
safety of the cyclists, population of bicycle users, flow of traffic in the area and the
aesthetics of the design of the bicycle lanes can affect the approval of the citizen’s to the
construction of the project.

Figure 3: Perpective

Figure 4: Pavement Cross Section

RECOMMENDATION

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 The researchers recommend that:
 Bicycle lanes should be utilized and be built around the City connecting major
road networks for a healthier and greener environment.
 Tuguegarao City should construct wider roadway facilities for less traffic in the
City to cater the Citizens’ everyday transportation.
 LGUs should focus more on non-motorized transportation as it can help in the
environmental development of their respective Cities and Municipalities.

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