Channel (geography)

In physical geography, a channel is a type of landform consisting of the outline of a

path of relatively shallow and narrow body of fluid, most commonly the confine of a
river, river delta or strait. The word is cognate to canal, and sometimes shows in this
form, e.g. the Hood Canal.

Contents Vivari Channel in Albania links Lake

Butrint with the Straits ofCorfu.
Formation
Natural channels
Waterflow channels
Nautical channels
Extraterrestrial channels
See also
References

Formation
[1] This site is referred
Channel initiation refers to the site on a mountain slope where water begins to flow between identifiable banks.
to as the channel head and it marks an important boundary between hillslope processes and fluvial processes.[1] The channel head is
the most upslope part of a channel network and is defined by flowing water between defined identifiable banks.[1] A channel head
forms as overland flow and/or subsurface flow accumulate to a point where shear stress can overcome erosion resistance of the
ground surface.[1] Channel heads are often associated with colluvium, hollows and landslides.
[1]

Overland flow is a primary factor in channel initiation where saturation overland flow deepens to increase shear stress and begin
channel incision.[1] Overland flows converge in topographical depressions where channel initiation begins. Soil composition,
vegetation, precipitation, and topography dictate the amount and rate of overland flow. The composition of a soil determines how
quickly saturation occurs and cohesive strength retards the entrainment of material from overland flows.[1] Vegetation slows
[1]
infiltration rates during precipitation events and plant roots anchor soil on hillslopes.

Subsurface flow destabilizes soil and resurfaces on hillslopes where channel heads are often formed. This often results in abrupt
channel heads and landslides. Hollows form due to concentrated subsurface flows where concentrations of colluvium are in a
constant flux.[1]Channel heads associated with hollows in steep terrain frequently migrate up and down hillslopes depending on
sediment supply and precipitation.

Natural channels
Natural channels are formed by fluvial process and are found across the Earth. These are mostly formed by flowing water from the
hydrological cycle, though can also be formed by other fluids such as flowing lava can form lava channels. Channels also describe
the deeper course through areef, sand bar, bay, or any shallow body of water. An example of a river running through a sand bar is the
Columbia Bar—the mouth of the Columbia river.

A stream channel is the physical confine of a stream (river) consisting of a bed and stream banks. Stream channels exist in a variety
of geometries. Stream channel development is controlled by both water and sediment movement. There is a difference between low
gradient streams (less than a couple of percent in gradient or slightly sloped) and high gradient streams (steeply sloped). A wide
variety of stream channel types can be distinguished (e.g. braided rivers, wandering rivers, single-thread sinuous rivers etc.). During
floods, water flow may exceed the capacity of the channel and flood waters will spill out of the channel and across the valley bottom,
floodplain or drainage area.

Examples of rivers that are trapped in their channels:Grand Canyon and Black Canyon of the Gunnison.

In a larger nautical context, as a geographical place name, the term channel is another word for strait, which is defined as a relatively
narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water. In this nautical context, the terms strait, channel, sound, and passage
are synonymous and usually interchangeable. For example, in an archipelago, the water between islands is typically called a channel
or passage. The English Channel is the strait between England and France.

Waterflow channels
The channel form is described in terms of geometry (plan, cross-sections, profile) enclosed by the materials of its bed and banks.
This
form is under influence of two major forces: water dischar
ge and sediment supply. For erodible channels the mutual dependence of its
parameters may be qualitatively described by the Lane's Principle (also known as the Lane's relationship):[2] the product of the
ge and channel slope.[3]
sediment load and bed grain size is proportional to the product of dischar

Nautical channels
It is especially used as a nautical term to mean the dredged and marked lane of safe
travel which a cognizant governmental entity guarantees to have a minimum depth
across its specified minimum width to all vessels transiting a body of water (see
Buoy). The term not only includes the deep-dredged ship-navigable parts of an
estuary or river leading to port facilities, but also to lesser channels accessing boat
port-facilities such as marinas. When dredged channels traverse bay mud or sandy
bottoms, repeated dredging is often necessary because of the unstable subsequent
movement of benthic soils.[4]

Responsibility for monitoring navigability conditions of navigation channels to Wooden pilings mark the navigable
various port facilities varies, and the actual maintenance work is frequently channel for vessels enteringLake
George from the St. Johns River in
performed by a third party. Storms, sea-states, flooding, and seasonal sedimentation
Florida.
adversely affect navigability. In the U.S., navigation channels are monitored and
maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), although
dredging operations are often carried out by private contractors (under USACE supervision). USACE also monitors water quality and
some remediation. This was first established under the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 and modified under acts of 1913, 1935, and
1938. For example, the USACE developed the Intracoastal Waterway, and has the Mississippi Valley Division responsible for the
Mississippi River from the Gulf to Cairo, Illinois, the North Atlantic Division for New York Harbor and Port of Boston, and the
South Pacific Division for Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach. Waterways policing as well as some emergency spill
response falls under United States Coast Guard jurisdiction, including inland channels serving ports like Saint Louis hundreds of
miles from any coast. The various state or local governments maintain lesser channels, for example former
Erie Canal.

Extraterrestrial channels
Extraterrestrial natural channels are found elsewhere in the Solar System than the Earth and the longest and widest of which are the
outflow channels on Mars and the channels of Venus many of which are tens of kilometres wide (the network of channels flowing
from Argyre Planitia on Mars for example is 8000 km in length and the Baltis Vallis Venus is 7000 km compared to the 6,650 km
Nile, the largest active channel on Earth). The exact formation of these large ancient channels is unknown although it is theorised that
those on Mars may have been formed due to catastrophic flooding and on Venus by lava flow. In planetary science the term "rille" is
sometimes used for similar formations found on The Moon and Mercury that are of inconclusive origin. Channels have also been
recently discovered on Titan. The Saturnian moon has the only known permanently active channels in the Solar System other than
Earth, the largest known of which is 400 km in length.[5] These are believed to be formed from flowing hydrocarbons in the
hypothesized methanological cycle.[6]

See also
Hydrology transport model
Lava channel
Ship canal
Surge channel
Channel pattern
Stream gradient
Stream restoration

References
1. Bierman, R. B, David R. Montgomery (2014). Key Concepts in Geomorphology
. W. H. Freeman and Company
Publishers. United States.
2. Lane, E.W. "The importance of fluvial morphology in hydraulic engineering(http://ponce.sdsu.edu/milestone_lane.ht
ml)", Proc. American Society of Civil Engineers, 1955, vol. 81, paper 745, pp. 533–551.
3. "World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011"(https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd_u6VJslm0C&
pg=PA500). google.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160624065030/https://books.google.com/books?i
d=Kd_u6VJslm0C&pg=PA500) from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
4. History of the Waterways of the Atlantic Coast of the United States (http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/misc/nws
83-10/entire.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070103054545/http://www .usace.army.mil/publications/mis
c/nws83-10/entire.pdf) January 3, 2007, at theWayback Machine, USACE, January 1983
5. O'Neill, Ian. Titan's 'Nile River' Discovered(http://www.space.com/18875-titan-nile-river-cassini.html) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20121214053329/http://www .space.com/18875-titan-nile-river-cassini.html)2012-12-14 at
the Wayback Machine Dec 12, 2012
6. pg 71. Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management.Avijit Gupta. John Wiley & Sons, 2007

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