1st Sylow’s theorem:

Statement: If |𝐺| = 𝑃𝑎 𝑚

WherejPjisja prime number and Pjdoesjnotjdivides ‘m’ then there exist ajsubgroup H of G

Suchjthat

|𝐻| = 𝑃𝑎

Proof: Let G is ajgroup with Order 𝑃𝑎 𝑚

i.e |𝐺| = 𝑃𝑎 𝑚

Let 𝜓 bejthejset of all those subsets of G whose Order is 𝑃𝑎

𝜓 = {𝑥 ⊆ 𝐺 ∶ |𝑥| = 𝑃𝑎 }

Let G acts on 𝜓 by left multiplications

Such that

𝜑 ∶ 𝐺 ⟶ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚(𝜓)

defined by

𝜑𝑔 (𝑋) = 𝑔𝑋

𝑃𝑎 𝑚
Where |𝜓| ( ) ≡ 𝑚 (mod P)
𝑃𝑎

As we that the Orbits Partition 𝜓 now we can write that

𝑃ℸ𝑚 ∴ ℸ = does not divides

𝑃 ℸ |𝜓|
Then the exists an Orbit O of X

𝑃 ℸ |𝑂|

Since X ∈ 𝑂

Let H is the stabilizers of X ∈ 𝑂

Then by Orbit Stabilizers theorem

|𝐻||𝑂| = |𝐺|

|𝐻||𝑂| = 𝑃𝑎 𝑚

𝑎
|𝐻| = 𝑃 𝑚⁄|𝑂| = 𝑃𝑎 (𝑚⁄|𝑂|

 |𝐻| is a multiple of 𝑃𝑎

∴ 𝑃𝑎 ⊆ |𝐻| … (3.6)

Now take any element x ∈ X

Then 𝐻𝑥 ∈ 𝑋

|𝐻𝑥| ≤ |𝑋|

|𝐻𝑥| ≤ 𝑃𝑎

By theorem |𝐻| = |𝐻𝑎|

∴ |𝐻| = |𝐻𝑎| ≤ 𝑃𝑎 … (3.7)

From (3.6) & (3.7)

|𝐻| = 𝑃𝑎
 Hence proved.

Example: If 𝑍7 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} => |𝑍7 | = 6

Then |𝑍7 | = 31 ⋅ 2

Where 3 is ajprime number and 3 does notjdivide 2 then there exists ajsubgroup H of 𝑍7 ,

Such that

|𝐻| = 3

Proof: Let 𝑍7 is a group with Order 31 ⋅ 2

i.e |𝑍7 | = 31 ⋅ 2

Let 𝜓 be the setjof all those subsetsjof G whose Order is 3

𝜓 = {{1, 2, 3},{1, 2, 4},{1, 2, 5},{1, 2, 6},{1, 3, 4},{1, 3, 5},{1, 3, 6},{1, 4, 5},{1, 4,

6},{2, 5, 6},{1, 5, 6},{2, 3, 4},{2, 3, 5},{2, 3, 6},{2, 4, 6},{3, 4, 6},{2, 4, 5},{3, 4, 5},{3, 4,

6},{3, 5, 6}}

Let 𝑍7 acts on 𝜓 by left multiplications

Such that

𝜑 ∶ 𝑍7 ⟶ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚(𝜓)

defined by

𝜑𝑔 (𝑋) = 𝑔𝑋

Where 𝜑1 , 𝜑2 , 𝜑3 , 𝜑4 , 𝜑5 , 𝜑6
 |𝜓| = (3.2) = 20 ≡ 2 (mod 7)
3

𝑂{1,2,3} = { {1, 2, 3}, {2, 4, 6},{3, 6, 2},{1, 4, 5},{1, 3, 5},{4, 5, 6}}

𝑂{1,2,5} = { {1, 2, 5}, {2, 3, 4},{1, 3, 6},{1, 4, 6},{3, 4, 5},{2, 5, 6}}

𝑂{1,2,6} = { {1, 2, 6}, {2, 4, 5},{3, 4, 6},{1, 3, 4},{2, 3, 5},{1, 5, 6}}

𝑂{1,2,4} = {{1, 2, 4}, {3, 5, 6}}

As we know that the Orbit partition 𝜓.

Now we can write that

3ℸ 2

3ℸ 20

There exist O of X = {1, 2, 4}

3ℸ 2

Since X ∈ O

Let H is the stabilizer of X ∈ O.

Sylow’s 2nd Theorem:

Statement: If S and T are two P-sylow’s subgroup of a group G then they are conjugate.

Proof: Let G is a group of Order 𝑃𝑎 𝑚

i.e |𝐺| = 𝑃𝑎 𝑚 where P ℸ m

Let S & T are two P-sylow’s subgroups of G

 |𝑆| = 𝑃𝑎 |𝑇| = 𝑃𝑎 by 1st sylow’s theorem

Let 𝐺⁄𝑆 is the cosets space of ‘S’ in G

We suppose that T acts on 𝐺⁄𝑆 by left multiplication

𝐺
𝜑 ∶ 𝑇 ⟶ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚( 𝑆 )

defined by

𝜑𝑡 (𝑔𝑠) = tgs

We have seen that T acts on 𝐺⁄𝑆 where T is P-groupxtherefore

𝐺
| 𝑆 | = |𝑓𝑖𝑥(𝑥)|𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑃

By Lagrange theorem

|𝐺|
|𝑆|
= |𝑓𝑖𝑥(𝑥)|𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑃

𝑃𝑎 𝑚
= |𝑓𝑖𝑥(𝑥)|𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑃
𝑃𝑎

Where P ℸ m

 Fix (T)is not empty set

Let that element is ‘g s’

𝜑𝑡 (𝑔𝑠) = g s

tgs = g s
  tg ∈ g (s)

 t ∈ g (s) g-1

as t ∈ T & t ∈ g (s) g-1

 T ⊆ g (s) g-1

Therefore T = g (s) g-1

Every two P-sylow’s groups are conjugate