Chapter Two

Notes:

❶symbol of limit is 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) and we read it, limit of 𝒇(𝒙) as 𝒙 tends to 𝑪 or approach
to 𝑪.
❷ a) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄+ 𝒇(𝒙), read it limit of 𝒇(𝒙) as 𝒙 tends to 𝑪 from the right side .
b) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄− 𝒇(𝒙), read it limit of 𝒇(𝒙) as 𝒙 tends to 𝑪 from the left side.
c) if 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄− 𝒇(𝒙), then 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) exist .
d) if 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄+ 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄− 𝒇(𝒙), then 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist .

Example find the limit if it exists.

Solution : 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑, then

𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑， because limit from right side and the left side
equal to 3 .

Limit of a piecewise function :

Notes: ❶the symbol (≠) means < or >

❷we can not find limit at ⇔ just we find function (𝒇).
❸greater than ( > ) means right side, less than (<) means left side .
❹always at (≠) limit from the right side equal to the left side.

1
 Finding piecewise function graphically:
We have two types of piecewise function.

𝒉(𝒙) 𝒙≠𝒄
 𝐟(𝐱) = { to find the limit of this type of piecewise function, only find limit
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙 = 𝒄
for not equal (≠) part but to find 𝒇 we use the equal (=) Part.

𝒉(𝒙) 𝒙>𝒄
 𝒇(𝒙) = { to find limit of this type of piecewise function find the limit of the
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙 < 𝒄
Right side and the left side

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝑳

𝒙→𝒄− 𝒙→𝒄+

𝟏) to right side use 𝒙 > 𝒄 .𝟐) to left side use 𝒙 < 𝒄.

 Note:
 If the limit of the right side = the limit of the left side, then the limit exists.
 If the limit of the right side ≠ the limit of the left side, then the limit does not exist.

Example (2): Find the limit of the function, as 𝒙 tends to 2.

𝟏 𝒙≠𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = { .
𝟎 𝒙=𝟐
 Solution:
Take the limit of (≠).
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐
Or from the graph, as 𝒙 approaches 𝟐 the value
𝐲 gets closer to 𝟏.
• But 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟎 since, we use the (=) part.

2
 check it out (2): Find the limit of the function, as 𝒙 tends to 0.
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙<𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟎 𝒙=𝟎
−𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 > 𝟎
 Solution :
Since the limit is (<) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (>), find the limit of both
right and left side.

𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ −𝒙 − 𝟏 = −𝟎 − 𝟏 = −𝟏

𝒙→𝟎
𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 − 𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟎
𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
∴ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟎

Limit that fail to exist : we have three cases:

❶Varied behavior: means 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄+ 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄+ 𝒇(𝒙)
❷Unlimited behavior: the values of 𝒇(𝒙) decrease or increas without bound as 𝐱 approaches to 𝐜
❸Oscillating behavior : if the values of 𝒇(𝒙) are oscilating between two fixed number as 𝒙
approaches to 𝒄.

|𝒙−𝒂| 𝒙−𝒂
Note: 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 or 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 |𝒙−𝒂| does not exist.
𝒙−𝒂

|𝒙−𝟏|
Example: Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙−𝟏)
Solution:
|𝒙−𝟏| |𝟏−𝟏| 𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙−𝟏) = (𝟏−𝟏) = 𝟎 indeterminate

By putting 𝒙 inside the absolute value, it will be equal to zero, so we change the absolute value
to brackets.

The right branch will be +ve

And the left one will be -Ve

|𝒙 − 𝟏| +(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙→𝟏
|𝒙 − 𝟏| −(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− − 𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙→𝟏

|𝒙−𝟏|
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙−𝟏) D.N.E

3
 |𝒙−𝟑|
Example: Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
(𝟑−𝒙)
Solution:

|𝒙 − 𝟑| |𝟑 − 𝟑| 𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = indeterminate
𝒙→𝟑 (𝟑 − 𝒙) (𝟑 − 𝟑) 𝟎

By putting 𝒙 inside the absolute value, it will be equal to zero, so we change the absolute value
to brackets. The right branch will be +ve And the left one will be-Ve.

|𝒙 − 𝟑| +(𝒙 − 𝟑) (𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟑 (𝟑 − 𝒙) 𝒙→𝟑 (𝟑 − 𝒙) 𝒙→𝟑 −(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙→𝟑+ −𝟏 −𝟏
|𝒙 − 𝟑| −(𝒙 − 𝟑) −𝒙 + 𝟑 (𝟑 − 𝒙) 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟑 (𝟑 − 𝒙) 𝒙→𝟑 (𝟑 − 𝒙) 𝒙→𝟑 𝟑 − 𝒙 𝒙→𝟑 (𝟑 − 𝒙) 𝒙→𝟑 𝟏

|𝒙−𝟑|
Therefore, 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 (𝟑−𝒙) D.N.E

|𝒙|
Example (3): Show that the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 does not exist.
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
 Solution :
𝒙
𝒙>𝟎 𝟏 𝒙>𝟎
|𝒙| 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = ={ ={
𝒙 −𝒙
𝒙<𝟎 −𝟏 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝒙
𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎
𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− −𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟎
𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 ≠ 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
So the limit does not exist
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙<𝟎
CHECK IT OUT (3): Given the function 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙>𝟎
Show that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist.
𝒙→𝟎

 Solution:
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 + 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 − 𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟎−
Since 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 ≠ 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 so the
limit does not exist

4
page 74

In exercises 18 to 23, find the limit. If the limit does not exist, justify your answer.
|𝒙−𝟑|
18) Limit of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = as 𝒙 tends to 𝟑 from the right.
𝒙−𝟑
solution :
‫ 𝐱( ۓ‬− 𝟑) 𝐱 ≥ 𝟑
ۖ 𝐱−𝟑 𝟏 𝐱≥𝟑
𝐟(𝐱) = ⇒ 𝐟(𝐱) = {
‫ ۔‬−(𝐱 − 𝟑) −𝟏 𝐱 < 𝟑
ۖ 𝐱<𝟑
‫𝐱 ە‬−𝟑

𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝟏 = 𝟏

𝒙→𝟑

𝟐
𝟐𝟎) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) where 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜(𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐.
𝒙→𝟐 𝟐−𝒙 𝒙>𝟐
solution :
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+(𝟐 − 𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟐

𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 = (𝟐 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟎𝟐 = 𝟎

𝒙→𝟐

𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟐

21) The limit of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜ξ𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 as tends to 𝟏 from the right.
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙 >𝟏
solution :
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟐
𝒙→𝟏

𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 𝒙<𝟏
𝟐𝟐) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) where 𝒇(𝒙) = ቊ𝟏 .
𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒙≥𝟏
𝟐
solution :
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ (𝒙 + 𝟏) = (𝟏 + 𝟏) = (𝟐) = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏) = (𝟏)𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟐
𝒙→𝟏

𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝒙→𝟏

5
 𝟐
𝟐𝟑) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) where 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜−𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 ≤ −𝟐.
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒙 > −𝟐
solution :
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔) = (−𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟒(−𝟐) + 𝟔 = 𝟒 − 𝟖 + 𝟔 = 𝟐
𝒙→−𝟐

𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦−(−𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐) = −(−𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟒(−𝟐) − 𝟐 = −𝟒 + 𝟖 − 𝟐 = 𝟐

𝒙→−𝟐

𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙→−𝟐

𝟐−𝒙 𝒙≤𝟏
Use the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 > 𝟏 to solve problems 1 to 4
𝟐
1) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) ?
𝒙→𝟏
𝟓 𝟑
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝟏 𝒅 𝟎 𝒆 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝟐 𝟐
solution:
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− (𝟐 − 𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟏− 𝒙→𝟏

2) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) ?

𝒙→𝟏
𝟓 𝟑
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝟏 𝒅 𝟎 𝒆 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝟐 𝟐
solution:
𝒙 𝟏 𝟑
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ቀ + 𝟏ቁ = + 𝟏 =
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

3) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ?

𝒙→𝟏
𝟓 𝟑
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝟏 𝒅 𝟎 𝒆 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝟐 𝟐
solution:
𝒙 𝟏 𝟑
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ቀ + 𝟏ቁ = + 𝟏 =
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝒙→𝟏

6
4) What is the value of (𝟏) ?
𝟓 𝟑
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝟏 𝒅 𝟎 𝒆 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝟐 𝟐
solution:
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟏

10) Which is the false statement(s) corresponding to the function 𝒇(𝒙) =

𝟐𝒙 𝟎<𝒙<𝟏
{ 𝟏 𝒙=𝟏 .
−𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟐
𝒂 𝒇(𝟏) 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝒃 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟐

𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝒇(𝟏)

𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

solution:
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟏 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝

(MINSTRY EXAM QUESTION)

(2014-2015 𝟏st Attempt)
1) Which is the false statement(s) corresponding to the function 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 𝟎<𝒙<𝟏
{𝟒 𝒙=𝟏
−𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟐
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐− 𝒇(𝒙) exists. B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎+ 𝒇(𝒙) exists.
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) exists. D) 𝒇(𝟏) is not defined.
(2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)
2) Which one from the givens is wrong for the
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟒
𝟑 𝒙=𝟒
function 𝒉(𝒙) = { ?
−𝒙 + 𝟕 𝟒 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟔
𝒙+𝟐 𝟔<𝒙<𝟖
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟔+ 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟖
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎+ 𝒉(𝒙) = −𝟓
C) 𝒉(𝟒) ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 𝒉(𝒙)
D) 𝒉(𝟔) = 𝟏
(2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟐𝒙 𝟎<𝒙<𝟏
3) Which one of the followings is FALSE about the function 𝒈(𝒙) = {𝟏 𝒙=𝟏 ?
𝟑−𝒙 𝟏<𝒙<𝟐
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒈(𝒙) ≠ 𝒈(𝟏)
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎− 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎
C) 𝒈(𝟏) ≠ 𝟏
D) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐− 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏

7
 𝟏 𝒙 ≠ −𝟐
4) If 𝒇(𝒙) = { , then 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) is:
𝟎 𝒙 = −𝟐
A) 1
B) 0
C) -2
D) does not exist

𝒙𝟐 𝒙≤𝟐
5) If 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟒, then find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒− 𝒇(𝒙)?
𝟒 𝒙≥𝟒
A) 0 B) 2 C) 4 D) 8
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙≤𝟏
6) If 𝒇(𝒙) = ቊ 𝟒 , then find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏+ 𝒇(𝒙)? (2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙>𝟏
𝒙+𝟏
A) 0
B) 4
C) 2
D) doesn't exist
(2022-2023 𝟏st Attempt)
|𝒙 − 𝟑| 𝒙<𝟎
7) Use the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟔 − 𝟑𝒙 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟑, which of the following is false?
−(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 𝒙≥𝟑
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑− 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔
D) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎

number
Note : 𝟎 = ∞
Note : at vertical asymptote limit does not exist by unlimited behavior .

Example (4): Unlimited behaviour:

𝟏
Show weather the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐 exist or not?
𝒙→𝟎
 Solution:
From the graph, the value of 𝒚 increases without
bound from left and right side
𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝟐 = = +∞
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎− = = +∞
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝟎
the limit increases without bound from left and right side
𝟏
∴ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝐱→𝟎 𝐱

8
CHECK IT OUT :
𝟏
Show weather the limit 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 exist or not?
𝒙→𝟏
 Solution:
 From the graph, the value of 𝒚 increases without bound
from left and right side
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝟐
= = = +∞
𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟏−𝟏 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎− = = = +∞
𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟎
the limit increases without bound from left and right side
𝟏
∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐

(MINSTRY EXAM QUESTION)

𝒙
1) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐+ is: (2015-2016 𝟏st Attempt)
𝟐−𝒙
A) 2
B) -2
C) +∞
D) −∞

𝟏 𝒙 ≠ −𝟐
2) If 𝒇(𝒙) = { , then 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) is:
𝟎 𝒙 = −𝟐
A) 1
B) 0
C) -2
D) does not exist

𝟑𝒙
3) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏− ? (2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟏−𝒙
A) +∞
B) −∞
C) 3
D) -3

𝟐𝒙
4) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑+ (2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)
𝟑−𝒙
A) −∞
B) +∞
𝟐
C) 𝟑
D) 0

9
 𝟑𝒙
5) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟑 ? (2017-2018 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙+𝟑
A) +∞
B) −∞
c) -3
D) 0
6) Which one from the followings is true: (2016-2017𝟏st Attempt)
−𝟏
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏+ 𝒙−𝟏 = −∞
𝟏
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏+ 𝒙−𝟏 = −∞
−𝟏
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏+ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 = +∞
𝟏
D) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏+ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 = −∞

𝟐
7) Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏− : (2018-2019 𝟏st Attempt)
𝟏−𝒙
A) 0
B) 2
C) −∞
D) +∞
𝒙
8) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑+ ? (2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙−𝟑
A) +∞
B) −∞
C) 0
D) 3
𝟓𝒙
9) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟒− is: (2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)
𝒙+𝟒
A) +∞
B) -4
C) 5
D) −∞

10) Which one of the followings is false? (2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)

|𝒙−𝟑|
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑− = −𝟏
𝒙−𝟑
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅 =𝝅
𝟒 𝟒𝒙
𝟐
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟏+ 𝒙+𝟏 = −∞
𝟐−𝒙
11) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑− is: (2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)
𝒙−𝟑
A) −∞
B) +∞
C) 0
D) -1

10
 12) Which of the followings is true? (2021-2022 𝟏st Attempt)
−𝟑|𝒙−𝟑|
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑− =𝟏
𝒙−𝟑
𝒙𝟑 +𝟖
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐
𝒙−𝟐
𝒙+𝟑
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐− 𝒙+𝟐 = −∞
𝒆𝒙
D) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟎
−𝟐
13) If 𝒇(𝒙) = find the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏− 𝒇(𝒙). (2022-2023 𝟐nd Attempt)
(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐
A. −∞
B. +∞
C. -1
D. 0

Example
Oscillating behaviour:
𝟏
Discuss the existences of the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ቀ𝒙ቁ
𝒙→𝟎

 Solution :
The limit does not exist because 𝒇(𝒙) oscillates between −𝟏, 𝟏 as 𝒙 approaches 𝟎

CHECK IT OUT :
𝟏
▪ Discuss the existences of the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ቀ𝒙ቁ
𝒙→𝟎
Solution : The limit does not exist because 𝒇(𝒙)
oscillates between −𝟏, 𝟏 as 𝒙 approaches 𝟎

In exercises 1 to 6, use the graph of the function to find the limit if it exists. If the limit fails to
exist, explain why.

1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)
𝒙→𝟏
2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟒 − 𝒙 𝒙 ≠ 𝟐
𝒙→𝟐 𝟎 𝒙=𝟐

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐) = 𝟑 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐

𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟐

11
 |𝒙−𝟓| 𝟏
3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙−𝟑
𝒙→𝟓 𝒙−𝟓 𝒙→𝟑

|𝒙 − 𝟓|
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝟏
𝒙→𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟓
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟑
𝟏
5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝝅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→
𝟐

In exercises 3 and 4, use the graph given to find the limit.

𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙
3) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙

𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐
𝒙→𝟎

𝐛 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟏

𝟑𝒙
4) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟐

𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭

𝒙→𝟐

𝐛 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎

12
5) Use the graph in the figure on the right to
estimate the limit when it exists. If the limit
fails to exist, explain the reason.

𝐚 𝒇(−𝟐) 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝐛 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕
𝒙→−𝟐

𝐜 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟒
𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕
𝒙→𝟎

𝐞 𝒇(𝟐) 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒙→𝟐

𝐠 𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟐

𝐡 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕

𝒙→𝟒

6) Use the graph of 𝒇 to find values of 𝒄

where the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) exists.
𝒙→𝒄
Answer
For all real numbers the limit is exists except 𝒙 = −𝟑

𝒙𝟐 𝒙≤𝟐
7) Sketch the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟒 and use it to find the values of
𝟒 𝒙≥𝟒
𝒄 where the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) exists.
𝒙→𝒄
Answer |

the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐟(𝐱) exist for all real numbers except 𝐜 = 𝟒 ,
𝐱→𝐜
since left hand side ≠ right hand side

13
2) The figure on the right is the graph of a function 𝒇(𝒙). Use the graph to find the following
values 𝒇(𝟏) , 𝒇(𝟐) , 𝒇(𝟑) , 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) , 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) , 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) , 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟑
Solution:
𝒇(𝟏) = −𝟏
𝒇(𝟐) = 𝐮𝐧 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝
𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭

𝒙→𝟏

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭

𝒙→𝟐

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟑

(MINSTRY EXAM QUESTION)

In questions (1-2), use the given graph. (2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)

1) The value of 𝒇(𝟎) is:

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) undefined
2) The value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) is:
A) -1
B) 1
C) 0
D) doesn't exist

In the questions (3-5), use the given graph of 𝒇. (2015-2016 𝟏st Attempt)
3) The value of 𝒇(−𝟏) is:
A) 0
B) -2
C) -1
D) undefined
4) The value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟏− 𝒇(𝒙) is:
A) 0
B) -2
C) -1
D) doesn't exist

14
5) The value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) is:
A) 0
B) -1
C) +∞
D) −∞
In the questions (6-8), use the given graph of 𝒇. (2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)
6) The value of 𝒇(𝟏) is:
A) 0
B) 1
C) 3
D) undefined
7) The value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) is:
A) 0
B) 1
C) 3
D) does not exist
8) The value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎+ 𝒇(𝒙) is:
A) 0
B) 1
C) +∞
D) −∞
For questions (9-10 ), use the graph given below. (2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)
9) Which one is the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐− 𝒇(𝒙) ?
A) +∞
B) 3
C) 1
D) -2
10) Which one is the value of 𝒇(−𝟐) ?
A) 1
B) 3
C) -2
D) undefined
11) In questions (11-13), use the given graph 𝒇 : (2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)
12)𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐+ 𝒇(𝒙) :
A) +∞
B) −∞
C) 0
D) 1
𝟏𝟑) 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒇(𝟑) is:
A) 1
B) 2
C) (A and B) together
D) undefined

15
 In questions (14-16) use the given graph 𝒇 :
𝟏𝟒) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 𝒇(𝒙) is :
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) DNE
𝟏𝟓) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏+ 𝒇(𝒙) is :
A) 1
B) 3
C) 0
D) DNE
𝟏𝟔) 𝒇(𝟔) is:
A) 𝟏
B) 6
C) 8
D) undefined

In questions (17-18), use the given graph below. (2018-2019 𝟏st Attempt)
17) Find 𝒇(𝟑) ?
A) -3
B) -4
c) -2
D) undefined
18) Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑+ 𝒇(𝒙) :
A) −∞
B) +∞
C) -2
D) -3

In questions (19-20), use the given graph below. (2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)
19) 𝒇(−𝟏) :
A) 2
B) -1
C) 1
D) undefined
20) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑− 𝒇(𝒙)
A) 1
B) 3
C) -1
D) 2

16
21) Use the given graph below to find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟏− 𝒇(𝒙) ? (2019-2020 1st Attempt)
A) 0
B) -1
C) 1
D) doesn't exist

22) Which one is true for the given graph of 𝒇

(2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)

23) Use the given graph below to find the result of
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎+ 𝒇(𝒙) ?
A) 0
B) -1
C) 2
D) doesn't exist

24) Use the given graph below to find the result of

𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 𝒇(𝒙) ? (2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)

A) 1
B) 0
C) 2
D) doesn't exist
25) Use the given graph below to find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏− 𝒇(𝒙) ? (2020-2021. 𝟐nd Attempt)

A) 0
B) -1
C) 1
D) doesn't exist

(2021-2022𝟏st Attempt)
26) Use the given graph below, which of the followings is false?
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) = DNE
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐
D) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏

17
 27) Use the given graph below to find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏+ 𝒇(𝒙) ? (2021-2022 2nd Attempt)
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) doesn't exist

28) Which of the following graphs satisfies these conditions:

𝒇(𝟐) undefined ; 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎; 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑; 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐

29) Use the given graph to find the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒇(𝒙)
A. 0
B. 4
C. 2
D. does not exist

True or false ? In exercises 10 to 12 determine whether the statement is true or false. it is true
explain why , if not justify with a counter example.
3) If the function 𝒇 is not defined at 𝒙 = 𝒄 then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist.
𝒙→𝒄
Answer: false

4) If 𝒇(𝒄) = 𝑳 then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐋 .

𝒙→𝒄
Answer: false
5) If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐋 then 𝒇(𝒄) = 𝑳.
𝒙→𝒄
Answer: false

6) Use the function (𝒙) = ξ𝒙 .

a- Is it true that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ξ𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓 ? justify your answer.
𝒙→𝟎.𝟐𝟓

b- Is it true that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ξ𝒙 = 𝟎 ? justify your answer.

𝒙→𝟎
Answer |
a- Yes true.
b- Yes true.

18
 7) The figure on the right shows a rectangle and an isosceles triangle
inscribed in a circle of diameter 𝟏 .what is the value of 𝒙 that will
make the area of the rectangle and the triangle equal?
Solution:
Suppose
length of the rectangle = 𝒃
width of the rectangle = 𝒙
height of the triangle = 𝒉

𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 = 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 ∗ 𝐖𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡 = 𝒙 ∗ 𝒃

𝟏 𝟏
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 = 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 ∗ 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝟐 𝒃𝒉
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 = 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒃= 𝒃𝒉 ⇒ 𝒙= 𝒉 , 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝒉 = 𝟏 − 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝒙 = (𝟏 − 𝒙) ⇒ 𝒙 = − 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
⇒ 𝒙+ 𝒙= ⇒ 𝒙= ⇒ 𝒙= × ⇒ 𝒙=
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟓 𝟓

𝟐
Second way: 𝒙= 𝒓
𝟓

𝟐 𝟐
𝒓=𝟏 ⟹ 𝒙= (𝟏) =
𝟓 𝟓

19
Rules for finding limit :
1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐚 = 𝐚, where 𝐚 is a constant.
2)
3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐱 = 𝐜
4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐜 𝐧
5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 ξ𝐱 = ξ𝐜
6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 [𝐚𝐟(𝐱)] = 𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐟(𝐱)
If 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐟(𝐱) and 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐠(𝐱) are exsit then
7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 (𝐟(𝐱) + 𝐠(𝐱)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐟(𝐱) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐠(𝐱)
8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 (𝐟(𝐱) − 𝐠(𝐱)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐟(𝐱) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐠(𝐱)
9) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 (𝐟(𝐱) × 𝐠(𝐱)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐟(𝐱) × 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐠(𝐱)
𝐟(𝐱) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐟(𝐱)
10) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 ቀ
𝐠(𝐱)
ቁ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐱→𝐜 𝐠(𝐱)
𝐱→𝐜

11) composite function rule : 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 [𝐟 ∘ 𝐠(𝐱)] = 𝐟[𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐠(𝐱)]

12) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐧√𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐧√𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐟(𝐱)

note :

first way: To get the limit write the given number instead of 𝒙.

20
 Example
𝐥𝐢𝐦 −𝟐𝒙𝟓 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓 CHECK IT OUT
𝒙→𝟐
= −𝟐(𝟐)𝟓 + 𝟑(𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟕(𝟐) + 𝟓 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
𝒙→𝟐
= −𝟔𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒 + 𝟓 = 𝟑(𝟐)𝟓 − 𝟐(𝟐)𝟑 − 𝟒(𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟑
= −𝟔𝟏 = 𝟗𝟔 − 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟑
= 𝟔𝟏
Example CHECK IT OUT
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙+𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏

(𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟒 − 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐+𝟐 𝟒
= = = = −𝟑 = = =𝟒
𝟐−𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐−𝟏 𝟏

Example CHECK IT OUT

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) When 𝒇(𝒙) = ξ𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) When 𝒇(𝒙) = ξ𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒

𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

= √(𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟒 = ξ𝟒 + 𝟒 = ξ𝟖 = √(𝟐)𝟑 − 𝟒 = ξ𝟖 − 𝟒 = ξ𝟒
=𝟐
= 𝟐ξ𝟐

1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)
𝒙→𝟏

Solution:
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) = 𝟑(𝟏)𝟑 − 𝟐(𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟒 = 𝟑 − 𝟐 + 𝟒 = 𝟓
𝒙→𝟏

𝟐
2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙+𝟐
𝒙→𝟑

Solution:
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟑+𝟐 𝟓

21
3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ξ𝒙+𝟏
𝒙−𝟒
𝒙→𝟑

Solution:

ξ𝒙 + 𝟏 ξ𝟑 + 𝟏 ξ𝟒
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = = −𝟐
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝟑−𝟒 −𝟏

4) Given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓 − 𝒙 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 find :

Solution:
𝒂 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟓 − 𝒙) = 𝟓 − 𝟏 = 𝟒
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

𝐛 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙𝟑 = 𝟒𝟑 = 𝟔𝟒

𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒

𝐜 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈൫𝒇(𝒙)൯ = 𝒈 (𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒈 (𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟓 − 𝒙)) = 𝒈(𝟒) = 𝟒𝟑 = 𝟔𝟒

𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

5) Given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑ξ𝒙 + 𝟔 find :

Solution:
𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟐(𝟒)𝟐 − 𝟑(𝟒) + 𝟏 = 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝐛 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ξ𝒙 + 𝟔 = ξ𝟐𝟏 + 𝟔 = ξ𝟐𝟕 = 𝟑
𝒙→𝟐𝟏 𝒙→𝟐𝟏

𝟑
𝐜 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈൫𝒇(𝒙)൯ = 𝒈 (𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒈(𝟐𝟏) = ξ𝟐𝟏 + 𝟔 = 𝟑
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒

1) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 , then find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)). (2014-2015 1 Attempt)

A) 64
B) 27
C) 9
D) none
𝟑
2) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔 and 𝒈(𝒙) = ξ𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙, then find the 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙))? ൫𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 20
B) 15
C) -3
D) 6
3) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 and 𝒈(𝒙) = ξ𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙, then find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) ? (2019-2020 𝟏at
𝟑

Attempt)
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
𝟑
4) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = ξ𝒙 − 𝟖, then find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) ? (2021-2022 𝟐2nd Attempt)
A) 4
B) 2
C) 16
D) 8

22
 5) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 − 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟑 find the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) (2021-2022 𝟐2nd Attempt)
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

In exercises 10 and 11 , use the given to find the indicated limits.

10) Given 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 , 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑 find:
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
Solution:
𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝟓𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝟓𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟓 ∗ 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
𝐛 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝟓
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
𝐜 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟑 = 𝟔
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝟐
𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ቈ ቉ = 𝒙→𝒄 =
𝒙→𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) 𝟑
𝒙→𝒄

11) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟕

𝒙→𝒄

Solution:
𝟑 𝟑
𝒂 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑ට𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙) = ξ𝟐𝟕 = 𝟑
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝟐𝟕 𝟑

𝐛 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→𝒄 = =
𝒙→𝒄 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖 𝟐
𝟐
𝐜 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 = ቂ𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙)ቃ = [𝟐𝟕]𝟐 = 𝟕𝟐𝟗
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙)]𝟑 = ቂ𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒇(𝒙)ቃ = [𝟐𝟕]𝟑 = (𝟑𝟑 )𝟑 = 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟗
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

𝟐
1) If 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟕, then find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟑. (2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 729
B) 12
C) 3
D) 9

: page 61

𝟐) 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝒙→𝟏
Solution:
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟐(𝟏)𝟑 − 𝟓(𝟏) + 𝟐 = 𝟐 − 𝟓 + 𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟏

23
 Page 74

8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ξ𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒙→𝟒
solution :
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ξ𝒙 + 𝟐 = ξ𝟒 + 𝟐 = ξ𝟔
𝒙→𝟒

𝟑 𝟐
In exercises 16 and 17, find the limit indicated, given that 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟒 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑.
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
𝟏𝟔) 𝒍𝒊𝒎൫𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙)൯
𝒙→𝒄
solution :
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎൫𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙)൯ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = − ∗ = −
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐

𝟏𝟕) 𝒍𝒊𝒎൫𝒇(𝒙) + 𝟐 𝒈(𝒙)൯

𝒙→𝒄
solution :
𝟑 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒 −𝟗 + 𝟏𝟔 𝟕
𝒍𝒊𝒎൫𝒇(𝒙) + 𝟐𝒈(𝒙)൯ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝟐 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = − + 𝟐 ( ) = + = =
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

Limit of Exponential Function :

Note :

1) 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒄 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒆𝒄
2) 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒄 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒄 , where 𝒄 > 𝟎

Note :
1) 𝒆𝟎 = 𝟏
2) 𝒍𝒏 𝒆 = 𝟏
3) 𝒍𝒏 𝟏 = 𝟎
4) 𝒍𝒏 𝟎 = undefined
5) In (negative number ) = undefined

Example
Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) when 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒙→𝝅
SOLUTION:
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒙→𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝅
=𝟑𝒆 = 𝟑 𝒆𝟎 = 𝟑 (𝟏) = 𝟑

24
 CHECK IT OUT
Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) when 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒙→𝟎
SOLUTION :
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒙→𝟎
= 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 (𝟎 + 𝟏) = 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 (𝟏) = 𝟑(𝟎) = 𝟎

: page 61

𝟐) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 )

𝒙→−𝟏
Solution:
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 = 𝟓(−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒆𝟐(−𝟏) = 𝟓 + 𝒆−𝟐 = 𝟓 +
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒆𝟐

Limit of Trigonometric Function :

Note:
❶𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱

❷ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒄

𝝅
❸𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒄 where 𝒄 ≠ + 𝒌𝝅
𝟐

Note :

+ number
= +∞
𝟎
− number
= −∞
𝟎

In exercises 6 to 9 , find the indicates limit.

𝝅𝒙
6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
𝒙→𝟏
𝝅𝒙 𝝅
Solution: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟏 𝟐

7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒙)
𝒙→𝝅

Solution: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟑𝝅) = −𝟏

𝒙→𝝅

25
 𝝅𝒙
8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ቀ 𝟒 ቁ
𝒙→𝟑
𝝅𝒙 𝟑𝝅
Solution: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ቀ 𝟒 ቁ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ቀ 𝟒 ቁ = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟑

𝟏
9) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝅𝒙
𝒙→𝟔 𝟔

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Solution: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝝅𝒙 = 𝟔𝝅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅 = −𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟔

Page 74

𝟒𝒙
𝟏𝟏) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝝅
𝒙→ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝟒
solution :
𝝅
𝟒𝒙 𝟒 ቀ𝟒ቁ 𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝝅
= 𝝅 = =𝝅
𝒙→ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ቀ ቁ 𝟏
𝟒 𝟒

𝟎
Second way: (undetermined form) if after replacing the value of (𝒙) we got we need to use
𝟎
one on these four ways
❶ Factoring and simplifying
❷ multiply numerator and denominator by its conjugate
❸ Finding common denominator
❹Rules of trigonometric functions.
❺ Simplify.
OR we can use L 'hopital's rule (we will take it in chapter three)

Note : methods of factoring :

❶G.C.F.
Example : 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟐)
❷Difference of two squares
Example : 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔 ⇒ (𝒙 − 𝟔)(𝒙 + 𝟔)
❸Testing , Example: 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 ⇒ (𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
❹Sum and difference of two cubes: 𝒂𝟑 ∓ 𝒃𝟑 = (𝒂 ∓ 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 ± 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
Example : 1) 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟖 ⇒ (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒)
2) 𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕 ⇒ (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗)

26
❶ Factoring and simplifying

𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
Solution :
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟐
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

(𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)́ 𝟐𝒙
Second way : 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟐(𝟏) = 𝟐 By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙−𝟏)́ 𝒙→𝟏 𝟏

𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐
CHECK IT OUT Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
Solution:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟏 − 𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

(𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐)́ 𝟐𝒙−𝟑

Second way : 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟐(𝟏) − 𝟑 = −𝟏 By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙−𝟏)́ 𝒙→𝟏 𝟏

Workbook:

𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
1 Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐

𝒙𝟐 −𝟒 (𝟐)𝟐 −𝟒 𝟎
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝟐−𝟐 𝟎
(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙−𝟐)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒙→𝟐

(𝒙𝟐 −𝟒)́ 𝟐𝒙
Second way : 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟐(𝟐) = 𝟒 By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→𝟐 (𝒙−𝟐)́ 𝒙→𝟐 𝟏

𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟏
𝟐 Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟐

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟐(−𝟏) + 𝟏 𝟎
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐 = =
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟑(−𝟏) + 𝟐 𝟎
(𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙+𝟏)
𝒙→−𝟏
(𝒙+𝟏) −𝟏+𝟏 𝟎
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙+𝟐)
= −𝟏+𝟐 = 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙→−𝟏
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟏)́ 𝟐𝒙+𝟐 𝟐(−𝟏)+𝟐 𝟎
Second way : 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟐(−𝟏)+𝟑 = 𝟏 = 𝟎 By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→−𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟐)́ 𝒙→−𝟏 𝟐𝒙+𝟑

27
 𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝟕
𝟑 Find𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑

𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕 (𝟑)𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕 𝟎
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑 𝟑−𝟑 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟗)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟗) = (𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟑(𝟑) + 𝟗 = 𝟐𝟕
𝒙→𝟑

(𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝟕)́ 𝟑𝒙𝟐

Second way : 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟑(𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕 By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→𝟑 (𝒙−𝟑)́ 𝒙→𝟑 𝟏

𝒙−𝟑
𝟒 Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟑 𝟔−𝟐𝒙

𝒙−𝟑 𝟑−𝟑 𝟎
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =
𝒙→𝟑 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 𝟔 − 𝟐(𝟑) 𝟎

– (−𝒙 + 𝟑) – (𝟑 − 𝒙)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟑 𝟐(𝟑 − 𝒙) 𝒙→𝟑 𝟐(𝟑 − 𝒙)

−𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =−
𝒙→𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
(𝒙−𝟑)́ 𝟏 𝟏
Second way : 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =− By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→𝟑 (𝟔−𝟐𝒙)́ 𝒙→𝟑 −𝟐 𝟐

𝟐𝒙+𝟐
𝟓 Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙𝟑 +𝟏

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐(−𝟏) + 𝟐 𝟎
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝟑 + 𝟏 𝟎
𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏)

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝟐 − (−𝟏) + 𝟏 𝟑

(𝟐𝒙+𝟐)́ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Second way : 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =𝟑 By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→−𝟏 (𝒙𝟑 +𝟏)́ 𝒙→−𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟑(−𝟏)𝟐

28
 𝒙−𝟓
12) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝟓
𝒙→𝟓

Solution:
𝒙−𝟓 𝒙−𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
𝒙→𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟓 𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝒙 + 𝟓) 𝒙→𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟓 𝟓 + 𝟓 𝟏𝟎

𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
13) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟖
𝒙→𝟒

Solution:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 (𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 − 𝟏) (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟒 − 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = =
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖 𝒙→𝟒 (𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙→𝟒 (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟒+𝟐 𝟔 𝟐

: page 61

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟖
6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟐 𝟐−𝒙
Solution:
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒) 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 −𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟐) = −𝟐(𝟐 + 𝟐) = −𝟖
𝒙→𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒙→𝟐 −(𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝒙→𝟐 −(𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝒙→𝟐

Page74

𝒙−𝟐
𝟔) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
solution :
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒙→𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐+𝟐 𝟒

[𝒙−𝟐]′ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
second way 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 ′ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐(𝟐) = 𝟒 By L'Hôpital's rule
[𝒙𝟐 −𝟒]

29
 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝟏𝟎) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟖
solution :
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟖 𝒙→−𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒)

𝒙−𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒

−𝟐 − 𝟐 −𝟒 −𝟏
= 𝟐
= =
(−𝟐) − 𝟐(−𝟐) + 𝟒 𝟒 + 𝟒 + 𝟒 𝟑
′
[𝒙𝟐 −𝟒] 𝟐𝒙 𝟐(−𝟐) 𝟏
second way 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 ′ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝟑𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑(−𝟐)𝟐 = − 𝟑 By L'Hôpital's rule
[𝒙𝟑 +𝟖]

𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟑) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟓
solution :
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓 (𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒙→−𝟓 (𝒙 + 𝟓)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓)
𝒙→−𝟓
′
[𝒙𝟑 +𝟏𝟐𝟓] 𝟑𝒙𝟐
second way 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟓 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟓 = 𝟑(−𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟕𝟓 By L'Hôpital's rule
[𝒙+𝟓]′ 𝟏

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟖
1) The value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝟐−𝒙
is: (2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) -8
B) 6
C) 0
D) doesn't exist
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐
2) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏
, then find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙). (2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 5
B) 1
C) -1
D) 2
𝟐−𝒙
3) Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝟓𝒙−𝟏𝟎 : (2018-2019 𝟏st Attempt)
𝟐
A) − 𝟓
𝟏
B) −
𝟓
𝟐
C) 𝟓
𝟏
D) 𝟏𝟎
(𝒙−𝟑)𝟐
4) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
is: (2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 0
B) 2
C) 6
D) 9

30
 𝟑𝒙−𝟔
5) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐−𝟒. ( 2019-2020 2nd Attempt)
𝟑
A) 𝟒
𝟐
B) − 𝟑
C) 0
𝟑
D) 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟏
6) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙𝟐+𝟑𝒙+𝟐 is: (2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 0
B) -4
C) 4
𝟒
D) 𝟓
𝟐𝒙𝟑 −𝟓𝟒
7) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 𝟑−𝒙
is: (2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 27
B) -27
C) 54
D) -54
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
8) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 𝒙𝟐−𝟐𝒙−𝟖 is: (2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟏
A) − 𝟐
𝟏
B) 𝟐
C) 0
D) 2
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
9) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 𝒙𝟐−𝟐𝒙−𝟖 is:
𝟐
A) 𝟑 C) 0
𝟑 𝟏
B) D)
𝟐 𝟐

❷ Multiply numerator and denominator by its conjugate

Note : in limit if we have undetermined form and (ξ ) then multiply numerator and
denominator by conjugate of (ξ )
✓ ξ𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟑 conjugate ξ𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟑 (just take inverse of middle sign)
✓ 𝟒 + ξ𝒙 conjugate 𝟒 − ξ𝒙
Note: (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 means ( first )𝟐 − ( second )𝟐

(ξ𝒙 + 𝟑)(ξ𝒙 − 𝟑) = (ξ𝒙)𝟐 − (𝟑)𝟐 = 𝒙 − 𝟗

31
 ξ𝒙+𝟔−𝟑
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑

𝟎
replacing 𝒙 by ( ) , the result is 𝟎 , so we need to multiply by its conjugate.
solution : second way
ξ𝒙 + 𝟔 − 𝟑 ξ 𝒙 + 𝟔 + 𝟑 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 ∗ (ξ𝒙+𝟔−𝟑)́ 𝟐ξ𝒙+𝟔 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑 ξ𝒙 + 𝟔 + 𝟑 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟐ξ𝟑+𝟔 =
𝒙→𝟑 (𝒙−𝟑)́ 𝒙→𝟑 𝟏 𝟔

𝒙+𝟔−𝟗 By L'Hôpital's rule

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟑) ൫ξ𝒙 + 𝟔 + 𝟑൯

𝒙−𝟑
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟑) ൫ξ𝒙 + 𝟔 + 𝟑൯
𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟑 ξ𝒙 + 𝟔 + 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= = =
ξ𝟑 + 𝟔 + 𝟑 𝟑 + 𝟑 𝟔

ξ𝒙−𝟏−𝟐
𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒖𝒕 Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 .
𝒙→𝟓 𝒙−𝟓
𝟎
replacing 𝒙 by ( ) , the result is 𝟎 , so we need to multiply by its conjugate.
Solution:
ξ𝒙 − 𝟏 − 𝟐 ξ𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟐
𝒍𝒊𝒎 ∗ second way
𝒙→𝟓 𝒙−𝟓 ξ𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟐
𝟏
𝒙−𝟏−𝟒 (ξ𝒙 − 𝟏 − 𝟐)́
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐ξ𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓) ൫ξ𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟐൯ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓)́ 𝒙→𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙−𝟓 = =
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐ξ𝟓 − 𝟏 𝟒
𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟓) ൫ξ𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟐൯
By L'Hôpital's rule
𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟓 ξ𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= = =
ξ𝟓 − 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟒

32
 𝒙−𝟑
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟑 ξ𝟏+𝒙−𝟐

𝟎
replacing 𝒙 by ( ) , the result is 𝟎 , so we need to multiply by its conjugate.
solution : second way

𝒙−𝟑 𝟑−𝟑 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟑)́ 𝟏

𝒍𝒊𝒎 = = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟑 ξ𝟏+𝒙−𝟐 ξ𝟏+𝟑−𝟐 𝟎 𝒙→𝟑 (ξ𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟐)́ 𝒙→𝟑 𝟏
𝟐ξ 𝟏 + 𝒙
𝒙−𝟑 ξ𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 × = =𝟒
𝒙→𝟑 ξ𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟐 ξ𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟏
𝟐ξ 𝟏 + 𝟑
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(ξ𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝟐)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟑 𝟏+𝒙−𝟒
By L'Hôpital's rule
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(ξ𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝟐) ξ𝟏 + 𝟑 + 𝟐
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑 𝟏
=𝟒

ξ𝒙−𝟏
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟏 𝟏−𝒙𝟐

𝟎
replacing 𝒙 by ( ) , the result is 𝟎 , so we need to multiply by its conjugate.
second way
solution :

ξ𝒙 − 𝟏 ξ𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =
𝒙→𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − (𝟏)𝟐 𝟎 (ξ𝒙 − 𝟏)́ 𝟐ξ 𝒙 𝟐ξ𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = = −
𝒙→𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )́ 𝒙→𝟏 −𝟐𝒙 −𝟐(𝟏) 𝟒
ξ𝒙 − 𝟏 ξ𝒙 + 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ×
𝒙→𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ξ𝒙 + 𝟏
By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙−𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )(ξ𝒙 + 𝟏)

−(𝟏 − 𝒙)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒙)(𝟏 − 𝒙)(ξ𝒙 + 𝟏)

−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
= = =
(𝟏 + 𝟏)(ξ𝟏 + 𝟏) (𝟐)(𝟐) 𝟒

33
 𝟐−ξ𝒙+𝟑
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

𝟎
replacing 𝒙 by ( ) , the result is 𝟎 , so we need to multiply by its conjugate.

solution :
𝟐−ξ𝒙+𝟑 𝟐−ξ𝟏+𝟑 𝟎 second way
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 (𝟏)𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
𝟐−ξ𝒙+𝟑 𝟐+ξ𝒙+𝟑 (𝟐−ξ𝒙+𝟑)́ − − 𝟏
𝟐ξ𝒙+𝟑 𝟐ξ𝟏+𝟑
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 × 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =−
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐+ξ𝒙+𝟑 𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)́ 𝒙→𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟐(𝟏) 𝟖

−𝒙+𝟏 𝟒−(𝒙+𝟑)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ൫𝒙𝟐 −𝟏൯(𝟐−ξ𝒙+𝟑)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ൫𝒙𝟐 −𝟏൯(𝟐−ξ𝒙+𝟑)
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 By L'Hôpital's rule
−(𝒙−𝟏) −𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟏)(𝟐+ξ𝒙+𝟑)
= (𝟏+𝟏)(𝟐+ = −𝟖
𝒙→𝟏 ξ𝟏+𝟑)

ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 − 𝟑
𝟏𝟒) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙−𝟒
Solution:

ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 − 𝟑 ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 − 𝟑 ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 + 𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟓) − 𝟗
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∗ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙−𝟒 𝒙→𝟒 𝒙−𝟒 ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 + 𝟑 𝒙→𝟒 (𝒙 − 𝟒)൫ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 + 𝟑൯
(𝒙 − 𝟒) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
𝒙→𝟒 (𝒙 − 𝟒)൫ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 + 𝟑൯ 𝒙→𝟒 ൫ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 + 𝟑൯ ξ𝟒 + 𝟓 + 𝟑 𝟔

𝟏
(ξ𝒙+𝟓−𝟑)́ 𝟐ξ𝒙+𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
second way 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙−𝟒)́ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟐ξ𝟒+𝟓 = By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟑 𝟏 𝟔

34
 ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 − ξ𝟓
𝟏𝟖) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Solution:

ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 − ξ𝟓 ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 − ξ𝟓 ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 + ξ𝟓
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∗
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 + ξ𝟓
(𝒙 + 𝟓) − 𝟓 𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙൫ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 + ξ𝟓൯ 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙൫ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 + ξ𝟓൯
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
𝒙→𝟎 ൫ξ𝒙 + 𝟓 + ξ𝟓൯ ξ𝟎 + 𝟓 + ξ𝟓 𝟐ξ𝟓

𝟏
(ξ𝒙+𝟓−ξ𝟓)́ 𝟐ξ𝒙+𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
second way 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟐ξ𝟎+𝟓 = 𝟐ξ𝟓 By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→𝟎 (𝒙)́ 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏

Page74

ξ𝒙 − 𝟐
𝟕) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟒
solution :
ξ𝒙 − 𝟐 ξ𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒙→𝟒 ൫ξ𝒙 − 𝟐൯൫ξ𝒙 + 𝟐൯ 𝒙→𝟒 ξ𝒙 + 𝟐 ξ𝟒 + 𝟐 𝟒

ξ𝟒 + 𝒙 − 𝟐
𝟖) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
solution :
ξ𝟒 + 𝒙 − 𝟐 ξ𝟒 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟒+𝒙−𝟒 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∗ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 ξ𝟒 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙൫ξ𝟒 + 𝒙 + 𝟐൯ 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙൫ξ𝟒 + 𝒙 + 𝟐൯
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟎 ൫ξ𝟒 + 𝒙 + 𝟐൯ ξ𝟒 + 𝟎 + 𝟐
𝟏
=
𝟒

35
 ξ𝒙+𝟔−𝟑
1) What is the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 is: (2014-2015 2nd Attempt)
𝒙−𝟑
𝟏
A) −
𝟔
B) -6
𝟏
C) 𝟔
D) 6
𝒙−𝟐
2) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 ξ𝒙−𝟒 . (2015-2016 𝟏st Attempt)
𝟏
A) − 𝟐
𝟏
B)
𝟒
𝟏
C) − 𝟒
𝟏
D) 𝟐
ξ𝒙−𝟏
3) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝟏−𝒙
. (2020-2021 2nd Attempt)
A) -1
B) 1
𝟏
C) − 𝟐
𝟏
D) 𝟐

ξ𝒙+𝟑−𝟐
4) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
? (2019-2020 𝟏𝐬𝐭 Attempt)
𝟏
A) − 𝟐
𝟏
B) 𝟐
𝟏
c) − 𝟒
𝟏
D) 𝟒
𝒙
5) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 is: (2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
ξ𝒙+𝟒−𝟐
A) 2
𝟏
B)
𝟐
C) 4
𝟏
D)
𝟒
−𝒙
6) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 is:
ξ𝒙+𝟏−𝟏
A) 0
B) -1
C) -2
D) doesn't exist
ξ𝒙+𝟓−ξ𝟓
7) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
.
𝟏
A)
ξ𝟏𝟎
B) 𝟐ξ𝟓
−𝟏
C)
ξ𝟓
𝟏
D)
𝟐ξ𝟓
ξ𝟔−𝒙−𝟐
8) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 is: (2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙−𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
A) − 𝟒 C) 𝟒
B) -4 D) 4

36
 𝟐𝒙−𝟔
9) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 is :
ξ𝟏+𝒙−𝟐
А) 8
B) 2
𝟏
C) 𝟐
𝟏
D) 𝟖
𝒙
10) Find the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 .
ξ𝒙+𝟏−𝟏
A. -1
𝟏
B. 𝟐
C. 0
D. 2

❸ Finding common denominator

𝟏 𝟏
−
Note : if 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙+𝒂𝒙 𝒂
is undetermined form then Make the same denominator and simplify .

𝒂 𝒄 𝒂𝒅±𝒃𝒄
Note: 𝒃 ± 𝒅 = 𝒃𝒅

𝟏 𝟏
−𝟒
𝟏𝟓) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 + 𝟒
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Solution:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒−𝒙−𝟒 −𝒙
− 𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟒) −𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝟒 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙൫𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟒)൯

−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
𝒙→𝟎 𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝟒(𝟎 + 𝟒) 𝟏𝟔

𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
( − )́ (𝟒+𝒙)𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝟒+𝒙 𝟒
second way 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = (𝟒+𝟎)𝟐 = By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→𝟎 (𝒙)́ 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏 𝟏𝟔

37
 𝟏 𝟏
−
𝟏𝟔) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟑
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Solution:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑−𝒙−𝟑 −𝒙
−𝟑 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟑) −𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙൫𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟑)൯
−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
𝒙→𝟎 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟑(𝟎 + 𝟑) 𝟗
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
( − )́ (𝟑+𝒙)𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝟑+𝒙 𝟑
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = (𝟑+𝟎)𝟐 =
𝒙→𝟎 (𝒙)́ 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏 𝟗

𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
( − )́ (𝟑+𝒙)𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝟑+𝒙 𝟑
second way 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = (𝟑+𝟎)𝟐 = By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→𝟎 (𝒙)́ 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏 𝟗

: page 61
𝟏 𝟏
+
𝟕) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏
Solution:
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙+𝟐+𝒙 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
+ 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∗
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝒙 + 𝟏)

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = = −𝟐
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐) −𝟏(−𝟏 + 𝟐) −𝟏(𝟏)

𝟏 𝟏 ́ −𝟏 −𝟏
( + ) + −𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙+𝟐)𝟐
second way 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = (−𝟏)𝟐 + (−𝟏+𝟐)𝟐 = −𝟐 By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→−𝟏 (𝒙+𝟏)́ 𝒙→−𝟏 𝟏

Page74

𝟏
𝟗) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏 + 𝒙−𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
solution :
𝟏 𝟏−𝒙−𝟏 −𝒙
−𝟏 −𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙+𝟏 ∗ 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙+𝟏 = 𝟎+𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

𝟏 −𝟏
( −𝟏)́ (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝒙+𝟏
second way 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = (𝟎+𝟏)𝟐 = = −𝟏 By L'Hôpital's rule
𝒙→𝟎 (𝒙)́ 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏 𝟏

38
 𝟐 𝒙
−
2017-2018 2nd attempted : Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝟕−𝒙 𝟑
𝒙−𝟏
Solution:

𝟔 − (𝟕𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )
(𝟕 − 𝒙)(𝟑)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 common denominator
𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟔 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 (𝟕 − 𝒙)(𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏)

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟔
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 (𝟕 − 𝒙)(𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
(𝒙 − 𝟔)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 (𝟕 − 𝒙)(𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
(𝒙 − 𝟔)
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 (𝟕 − 𝒙)(𝟑)
(𝟏 − 𝟔) 𝟓
⇒ =−
(𝟕 − 𝟏)(𝟑) 𝟏𝟖
𝟏 𝟏
−
𝟏−𝒙 𝟑
2020-2021: Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙+𝟐
Solution:

𝟑−𝟏+𝒙
(𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟑)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 common denominator
𝒙→−𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟐+𝒙
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐)
(𝟐 + 𝒙)
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟏
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟑)
𝟏 𝟏
⇒ ⇒
(𝟏 − −𝟐)(𝟑) 𝟗
𝟏 𝟏
−
1) The value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙+𝟒𝒙 𝟒
is: (2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟏
A) − 𝟏𝟔
𝟏
B) 𝟏𝟔
𝟏
C) −
𝟒
𝟏
D) 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
+
2) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙𝒙+𝟏
𝒙+𝟐
? (2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) -1
𝟏
B) 𝟐
C) 2
D) -2

39
 𝟐 𝟏
+
3) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙 𝒙+𝟑
?
𝒙+𝟐
𝟒
A) 𝟑
𝟑
B) − 𝟐
𝟑
C) 𝟐
𝟒
D) − 𝟑
𝟐 𝒙
−
4) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝟕−𝒙 𝟑
𝒙−𝟏
(2018-2019 𝟏st Attempt)
𝟏
A) − 𝟗
𝟓
B) − 𝟏𝟖
𝟏
C) − 𝟔
𝟏
D) −
𝟏𝟐

𝟏
−𝟏
5) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙+𝟏
𝟐𝒙
. (2018-2019 𝟐𝐧𝐝 Attempt)
A) -2
B) 2
𝟏
C) 𝟐
𝟏
D) −
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
−
6) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝟏−𝒙
𝒙+𝟐
𝟑
is: (2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 9
B) -9
𝟏
C) −
𝟗
𝟏
D) 𝟗
𝟓 𝟏
−
7) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟎 𝟐. (2020-2021 1st Attempt)
𝒙
𝟓
A) 𝟐
𝟏
B) − 𝟐𝟎
𝟏
C) −
𝟏𝟎
D) 0
𝟏 𝟏
+
8) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
𝟐𝒙
is: (2021-2022 1st Attempt)
A) -1
B) 2
C) 0
D) doesn't exist

40
 𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
In exercises 27 and 28 , find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 .
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙

10) 𝒇(𝒙) = ξ𝒙
Solution:
𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙) ξ𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − ξ𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
ξ𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − ξ𝒙 ξ𝒙 + ∆𝒙 + ξ𝒙 𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − 𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∗ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ξ𝒙 + ∆𝒙 + ξ𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙൫ξ𝒙 + ∆𝒙 + ξ𝒙൯
∆𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = =
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙൫ξ𝒙 + ∆𝒙 + ξ𝒙൯ ∆𝒙→𝟎 ൫ξ𝒙 + ∆𝒙 + ξ𝒙൯ ξ 𝒙 + 𝟎 + ξ𝒙 𝟐ξ 𝒙

𝟏
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒂𝒚: 𝒇(𝒙) = ξ𝒙 ⇒ 𝒇́(𝒙) =
𝟐ξ 𝒙
𝟒
11) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
Solution:
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒∆𝒙
𝒇(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒙(𝒙 + ∆𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 + ∆𝒙 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
−𝟒∆𝒙 −𝟒 −𝟒 −𝟒
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = 𝟐
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙൫𝒙(𝒙 + ∆𝒙)൯ ∆𝒙→𝟎 𝒙(𝒙 + ∆𝒙) 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟎) 𝒙

𝟒 −𝟒
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒂𝒚: 𝒇(𝒙) = ⇒ 𝒇́(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙

Note: ❶(𝒂 ∓ 𝒃)𝟐 = ( first )𝟐 ∓ 𝟐( first )( second ) + ( second )𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 ∓ 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐

(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟑 =𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
❷
= 𝟏𝒂 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒂 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒂 𝒃 + 𝟏𝒂 + 𝒃𝟑 = 𝒂𝟑 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟑
𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎

(𝒙+𝜟𝒙)𝒏 −𝒙𝒏
Note : if 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝜟𝒙→𝟎 then it is equal to 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝜟𝒙

(𝒙+∆𝒙)𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
16) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙→𝟎

Solution:
(𝒙 + ∆𝒙)𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 ∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙 ∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙(𝟐𝒙 + ∆𝒙)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟐𝒙 + ∆𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟎 = 𝟐𝒙
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎

𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒂𝒚: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 ⇒ 𝒇́(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙

41
 (𝒙+∆𝒙)𝟑 −𝒙𝟑
17) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙→𝟎

Solution:
(𝒙 + ∆𝒙)𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∆𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙(∆𝒙)𝟐 + (∆𝒙)𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟑𝒙𝟐 ∆𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙(∆𝒙)𝟐 + (∆𝒙)𝟑
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
∆𝒙(𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙∆𝒙 + (∆𝒙)𝟐 )
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙∆𝒙 + (∆𝒙)𝟐 ) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙(𝟎) + (𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐
∆𝒙→𝟎

𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒂𝒚: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 ⇒ 𝒇́(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐

❹Rules of trigonometric functions

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

❶ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =𝟏 ❷ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =𝟏 ❸ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

Note *:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝒙 𝒂 𝒂𝒙 𝒂
❶𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 = and 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 =
𝒃𝒙 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒃

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂𝒙 𝒂 𝒂𝒙 𝒂
❷ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 = and 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 =
𝒃𝒙 𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒃

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝒙 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂𝒙 𝒂
❸ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 = and 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒃

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝒙 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒂𝒙 𝒂
❹𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 = and 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 =
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒃

Note: If in limit we have (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) and becomes undetermined form.
Then we can solve it by rules of trigonometric function and note*.

42
 𝟓−𝟓𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Q) Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Solution:

𝟓 − 𝟓𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟓 − 𝟓𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎 𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = un. 𝒇
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝟎
𝟓 − 𝟓𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐋𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 ] 𝟓 G.C.F
𝒙
𝟓(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟓𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟓(𝟎) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

In exercises 21 to 26 , find the indicates limit.

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟐𝟏) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝟓𝒙

Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = ∗𝟏=
𝒙→𝟎 𝟓𝒙 𝟓 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟓 𝟓

𝟑(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)
𝟐𝟐) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Solution:
𝟑(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟑 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟑∗𝟎 =𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙)
𝟐𝟑) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Solution:
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙) ∗ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟎) ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
Note: If we have 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 , 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 , 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 , and 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 then divide numerator and denominator by 𝒙.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Or you can use the fast way

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 (𝒙)
𝟐𝟒) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 (𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙) ∗ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟎) ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟎 ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

43
 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 (𝒙)
𝟐𝟓) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Solution:
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 (𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙) ∗ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟎) ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟎 ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝟐𝟔) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙

Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝟐∗𝟏 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙 = =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝟑 𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏 𝟑
𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙

: page 61

𝟑𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝟑) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
Solution:
𝟑𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝟑𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝟑−
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
𝟐− 𝒙
𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ቀ𝟑 − 𝒙 ቁ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ቀ 𝒙 ቁ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ቀ 𝟐𝒙 ቁ
= 𝒙→𝟎 = 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎
= 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ቀ𝟐 − 𝒙 ቁ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ቀ 𝒙 ቁ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 − 𝟑𝐥𝐢𝐦 ቀ 𝟑𝒙 ቁ
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

𝟑 − 𝟐(𝟏) 𝟑 − 𝟐 𝟏
= = = = −𝟏
𝟐 − 𝟑(𝟏) 𝟐 − 𝟑 −𝟏

𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱

Note: If we have , , 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 or 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 then divide numerator and denomenator by (𝐱)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱

Page74

𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏𝟑) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
solution :
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→𝟎 = =𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙→𝟎

44
Note : ❶ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒂 ∓ 𝒃) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃 ∓ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂

❷ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒂 ∓ 𝒃) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃 ± 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃

Note :
𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝜽∓𝜟𝒙)∓𝒃
❶if 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝜟𝒙→𝟎 then the result becomes 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝜟𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝜽∓𝜟𝒙)∓𝒃
❷𝒍𝒊𝒎𝜟𝒙→𝟎 then the result becomes −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝜟𝒙

𝝅 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ቀ +∆𝒙ቁ−
𝟔 𝟐
𝟏𝟒) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐭: 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃)
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
solution :
𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ቀ 𝟔 + ∆𝒙ቁ − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ቀ 𝟔 ቁ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∆𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ቀ 𝟔 ቁ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∆𝒙 − 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟏 ξ𝟑 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∆𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∆𝒙 − 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
ξ𝟑 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∆𝒙 + (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∆𝒙 − 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 𝟐
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
ξ𝟑 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∆𝒙 − 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∆𝒙)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
ξ𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝟐 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∆𝒙
− 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝟐 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙
ξ𝟑 𝟏 ξ𝟑
= (𝟏) − (𝟎) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Second way:
𝝅
𝜽=
𝟔
𝝅
𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟔
ξ𝟑
=
𝟐
second way :
𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ቀ 𝟔 + 𝚫𝒙ቁ
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝚫𝒙→𝟎 𝟏
𝝅 ξ𝟑
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ቀ + 𝟎ቁ =
𝟔 𝟐
45
 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝅+∆𝒙)+𝟏
𝟏𝟓) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐭: 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃)
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙

solution :
𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝛑 + ∆𝒙) + 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝅) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∆𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝅) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∆𝒙 + 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
(−𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∆𝒙 + (𝟎) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∆𝒙 + 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∆𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∆𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙

Second way:

𝜽=𝝅
−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅 = 𝟎
Second way :

−𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝅 + 𝚫𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝚫𝒙→𝟎 𝟏
= −𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝅 + 𝟎) = 𝟎

page76

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
6) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ?
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝟏
𝒂 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝒆 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝟐
solution:
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐(𝟎) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = = 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙
7) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ?
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝟏
𝒂 𝒃𝟏 𝒄 𝟑 𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑 𝒆 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝟑
solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟑 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟑(𝟏) = 𝟑
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝒙

46
 𝟐𝒙+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
1) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝒙−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙. (2015-2016 𝟏st Attempt)
𝟑
A) −
𝟐
𝟑
B) 𝟐
C) -5
D) 5
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
2) The value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 is: (2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙
A) 1
B) 0
C) +∞
D) −∞

𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
3) The result of the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙 is: (2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)
A) -1
B) 2
C) 0
D) 1
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
4) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
? (2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) -1
B) 1
C) 0
D) does not exist
𝟐𝒙+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
5) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
? (2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 0
B) -1
C) 1
D) 3

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
6) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅 𝒙
?
A) 2
B) 0
𝟐
C) 𝝅
D) 1

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙
7) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
? (2017-2018 𝟐od Attempt)
A) 0
B) 2
C) 1
𝟏
D) 𝟐

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙⋅𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙
8) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
(2018-2019𝟏st Attempt)
A) 0
B) 6
C) 5
D) 2

47
 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙
9) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 ? (2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙
A) 1
B) 0
C) 3
D) -1
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙
10) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 . (2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)
𝒙
A) 0
B) 3
c) -2
D) 2
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
11) Find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
. (2019-2020 2nd Attempt)
A) 1
B) 2
C) 0
D) 3
𝟐𝒙−𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
12) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟓𝒙
is:
A) 1
B) -1
𝟏
C)
𝟓
𝟏
D) − 𝟓
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
13) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
is : (2021-2022 𝟏st Attempt)
A) -1
B) 0
C) 2
𝟑
D)𝟐

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
14) The result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 is: (2021-2022 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟒𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
A) 0 B) 𝟐 c) 1 D) 𝟒

48
 Workbook
ξ𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙−𝟏
❶ Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Solution: by conjugate

ξ𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟏 ξ𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ×
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 ξ𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙ξ𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙ξ𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 × 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 ξ𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟏
=𝟏×
ξ𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟎 + 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
=𝟏× =
𝟏+𝟏 𝟐
ξ𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙−𝟏
Second way Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟎 By L'Hopital
𝒙

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ξ
𝒙→𝟎 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
= ξ = =
𝟏 𝟐ξ 𝟏 + 𝟎 𝟐
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙
❷ Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒐 𝒙𝟐

Solution: Use conjugate

𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙
𝒍𝒊𝒎 ×
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝒙
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙)

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟑𝒙 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐
× 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙)
𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 𝟏
= (𝒍𝒊𝒎 ) ×
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑(𝟎))
𝟏 𝟗
= (𝟑)𝟐 × =
𝟐 𝟐

49
 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙
Second way Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒐 By L'Hopital
𝒙𝟐

[𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙]′ 𝟎 − (−𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙) [𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙]′ 𝟗𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙

𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙→𝟎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙→𝟎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙→𝟎
[𝒙𝟐 ]′ 𝟐𝒙 [𝟐𝒙]′ 𝟐
𝟗𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟎) 𝟗
= =
𝟐 𝟐

❺ Simplify.

𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟏
2- 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 |𝒙−𝟏|
Solution:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙→𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙→𝟏

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐒 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− −(𝒙 − 𝟏) = −(𝟏 − 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟏 −(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙→𝟏 −(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙→𝟏

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
∴ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒙→𝟏 |𝒙 − 𝟏|

Work book

|𝒙+𝟏|−|𝒙−𝟏|
8) Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

|𝒙 + 𝟏| − |𝒙 − 𝟏| (𝒙 + 𝟏) − (−(𝒙 − 𝟏))
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝒙+𝟏+𝒙−𝟏 𝟐𝒙
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟐) = 𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎

|𝒙|−|𝒙−𝟐|
9) Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏

Ⓐ −𝟐 Ⓑ 𝟐 Ⓒ −𝟏 Ⓓ 𝟏

1) Which of the following is true?

|𝒙−𝟏|−|𝒙+𝟏|
A. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
= −𝟐
B. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑.𝟔 [𝒙 − 𝟏] = 𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟖
C. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝟐−𝒙
=𝟖
𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝅+𝚫𝒙)+𝟏
D. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝚫𝒙→𝟎 𝚫𝒙
=𝟏

50
 2) Which of the following is true?
−𝟑
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏+ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 = +∞
𝟏 𝟏
− 𝟏
𝟑+𝒙 𝟑
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
=𝟗
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 𝟐
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟑
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
D) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 = 𝟎
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

3) Which of the following is true? (2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→+∞ ቀ𝟐 + 𝒙
ቁ =𝟐
𝟑
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 = 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 =𝟎
𝒙−𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
D) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟎

4) Which one of the followings is false? (2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)

|𝒙−𝟑|
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑− 𝒙−𝟑
= −𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅 𝟒𝒙 = 𝝅
𝟒
𝟐
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟏+ 𝒙+𝟏 = −∞
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙
D) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→+∞ 𝒙 = 𝟎

Squeeze Theorem :

If 𝒉(𝒙) ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒈(𝒙) for all value of 𝒙 near 𝒙 = 𝒄, and if 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒄 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳
Then 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) exist and 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 means

𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

𝟏
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝟖 Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱
𝐱→𝟎
 :Solution: (squeeze theorem)
𝟏
−𝟏 ≤ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) ≤ 𝟏
𝒙
Multiply the equation by 𝒙
If 𝒙 < 𝟎 If 𝒙 > 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
−𝒙 ≥ 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) ≥ 𝒙 −𝒙 ≤ 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) ≤ 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙

𝒍𝒊𝒎 −𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒍𝒊𝒎 −𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 = 𝟎

𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) = 𝟎 ∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

𝟏
𝒃𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒆𝒛𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 ∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) = 𝟎
𝒙→ 𝒙
51
 𝟏
𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒖𝒕 Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒙→𝟎
 :Solution: (squeeze theorem)

𝟏
−𝟏 ≤ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) ≤ 𝟏
𝒙
Multiply the equation by 𝒙
if 𝒙 < 𝟎 If 𝒙 > 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
−𝒙 ≥ 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) ≥ 𝒙 −𝒙 ≤ 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) ≤ 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙

𝒍𝒊𝒎 −𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒍𝒊𝒎 −𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 = 𝟎

𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) = 𝟎 ∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

𝟏
𝒃𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒆𝒛𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 ∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) = 𝟎
𝒙→ 𝒙

Note :
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝒙
𝟏ۖۖ
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏 = 𝟎 by squeeze theorem.
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 |𝒙|𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟏ۖ
ۖ
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 |𝒙|𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙}

Note :

𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝒏 } does not exist.
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

52
 : page 61
𝟏
10) Use the squeeze theorem to find 𝐥𝐢𝐦|𝒙|𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙𝟐 .
𝒙→𝟎
𝟏
Solution: −𝟏 ≤ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙𝟐 ≤ 𝟏
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 −|𝒙| ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦|𝒙|𝒔𝒊𝒏 ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦|𝒙|
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝒙→𝟎
𝟏
𝟎 ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦|𝒙|𝒔𝒊𝒏 ≤𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
∴ 𝐥𝐢𝐦|𝒙|𝒔𝒊𝒏 =𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐

In exercises 29 and 30 , use the squeeze theorem to find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙).

𝒙→𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝟗) 𝟒 − 𝒙 ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟒 + 𝒙 , 𝒄=𝟎
Solution: 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 ) ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

𝟒 − 𝟎 ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟒 + 𝟎𝟐
𝟐
𝒙→𝟎

𝟒 ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟒 ⇒ ∴ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒

𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

𝟑𝟎) 𝒃 − |𝒙 − 𝒂| ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒃 + |𝒙 − 𝒂| , 𝒄=𝒂

Solution: 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒃 − |𝒙 − 𝒂|) ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒃 + |𝒙 − 𝒂|)
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒃 − |𝒂 − 𝒂| ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒃 + |𝒂 − 𝒂|
𝒙→𝒂

𝒃 ≤ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒃 ⇒ ∴ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Example: Use the squeeze theorem to Example: Use the squeeze theorem to

find 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) where find 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) where

𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟏

𝟐 ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒙) 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏

Answer: Answer:

𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟎 𝟐 ≤ 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟏 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 ≤ 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟏 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏

𝟐 ≤ 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟐 𝟕 ≤ 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟕

∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 ∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟕

53
Example: Use the squeeze theorem to find 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) where

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝟕− ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟑 +
𝒙 𝒙
Answer:

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟕 − 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ≤ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑 + 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝟕 − 𝟐 ≤ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟑 + 𝟐
𝒙→𝟎
𝟓 ≤ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟓
𝒙→𝟎
∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓
𝒙→𝟎

𝟏
1) Use the squeeze theorem to find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(2014-2015 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 1
B) -1
C) ±1
D) 0

(2014-2015 2nd Attempt)

2) If 𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟖 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 . Use the squeeze theorem to find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) :
A) 10
B) 8
C) 0
D) 6
(2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)
3) By using squeeze theorem, find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) when −𝟐 ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅𝒙.
A) 0
𝝅
B) 𝟐
C) 𝝅
D) -2

4) If 𝟓 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟓 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 , Use the Squeeze Theorem to find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒙) ?

A) 0
B) 5
C) 7
D) 3
𝟐
5) Use the Squeeze Theorem to find the result of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 |𝒙|𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝟐
? (2018-2019𝟏st Attempt)
A) 2
B) -1
C) 1
D) 0

54
 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙
6) If 𝟕 − ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟑 + , then find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)? (2019-2020 𝟏st Attempt)
𝒙 𝒙
A) 0
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7
(2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
7) If 𝟑 − ቀ 𝒙 − 𝟏ቁ ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟑 + ቀ 𝒙 − 𝟏ቁ , use the Squeeze Theorem to find the value of
𝟒 𝟒
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 𝒇(𝒙).
A) 3
B) 2
C) 4
D) 0

𝟑𝒙+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟕+𝟔𝒙
8) If ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ , use the Squeeze Theorem to find the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→+∞ 𝒇(𝒙),
𝒙 𝟐𝒙−𝟐
where 𝒙 > 𝟏.

A) 3
B) 2
C) +∞
D) -1

31) Explain what we mean by “functions that match at all but one point”.
Answer: Two function 𝒇 and 𝒈 are agree in all but one point. if 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) for all 𝒙
except 𝒙 = 𝒄

32) Give an example of two functions that match at all but one point.
Answer :
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏 we see that 𝒈(𝟏) = 𝟐 but 𝒇(𝟏) in undefined
𝒙−𝟏

33) Explain the squeeze theorem.

Answer: when a function 𝒇 is bounded by two functions 𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉 and the two functions
𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒉 have the same limit (L) when 𝒙 approaches 𝒄 then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒄

55
 In exercises 34 and 35 , use the position function 𝒔(𝒕) = −𝟒. 𝟗𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎 to give the position of a
𝒔(𝒂)−𝒔(𝒕)
a falling object from a hieght of 𝟏𝟓𝟎 meters after 𝒕 seconds. The limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 rpresents the
𝒕→𝒂 𝒂−𝒕
velocity of the falling object at 𝒕 = 𝒂.
34) Find the velocity of the object at 𝒕 = 𝟓.
𝒔(𝒂) − 𝒔(𝒕)
𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒕→𝐚 𝒂−𝒕
(−𝟒. 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎) − (−𝟒. 𝟗𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎) −𝟒. 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + 𝟒. 𝟗𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝟎
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒕→𝐚 𝒂−𝒕 𝒕→𝐚 𝒂−𝒕

−𝟒. 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟒. 𝟗𝒕𝟐 −𝟒. 𝟗(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒕𝟐 )

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒕→𝐚 𝒂−𝒕 𝒕→𝐚 𝒂−𝒕
−𝟒.𝟗(𝒂+𝒕)(𝒂−𝒕)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 − 𝟒. 𝟗(𝒂 + 𝒕)
𝒕→𝐚 𝒂−𝒕 𝒕→𝐚

= −𝟒. 𝟗(𝒂 + 𝒂) = −𝟒. 𝟗(𝟐𝒂) = −𝟗. 𝟖𝒂

𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 = −𝟗. 𝟖(𝟓) = −𝟒𝟗 𝒎/𝒔

Second way:
𝒔(𝒕) = −𝟒. 𝟗𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎 derivative
𝒗(𝒕) = −𝟗. 𝟖𝒕
𝒗(𝟓) = −𝟗. 𝟖(𝟓) = −𝟒𝟗 𝒎/𝒔

35) What will be the velocity of the object when it hits the ground?

𝒔(𝒕) = 𝟎
𝟐
−𝟒. 𝟗𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎
−𝟏𝟓𝟎
−𝟒. 𝟗𝒕𝟐 = −𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒕𝟐 = −𝟒.𝟗 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 ⟹ 𝒕 ≈ 𝟓. 𝟓𝟑𝟐𝟖

𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 = −𝟗. 𝟖𝒂 = −𝟗. 𝟖(𝟓. 𝟓𝟑𝟐𝟖) ≈ −𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟐 𝒎/𝒔

36) Give an example of two functions satisfying the following: the two limits 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) and
𝒙→𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) do not exist, but the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)] exists.
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎
Solution:
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏 −
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 − ) 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝐛𝐮𝐭: 𝐥𝐢𝐦൫𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)൯ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( + 𝟏 − ) = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙

56
 ൫𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟐 −𝟐
1) If 𝒇(𝒙) = and 𝒈(𝒙) = + 𝟏, find the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)].
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐

A) 0
B) 1
C) +∞
D) −∞
𝟐 𝟐
2) If 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒, then find 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 (𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙))? (𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏st Attempt)
A) 7
B) -1
C) -4
D) doesn't exist

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 Give an example of two functions satisfying the following: the two limits
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) do not exist, but the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)] exists.
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

𝟑 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙
Ⓒ { 𝟑 Ⓓ { 𝟏
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟓 − 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟓 + 𝒙
𝟑 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝒙
A) { 𝟑 Ⓑ { 𝟑
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟓 + 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟓 − 𝒙

37) The functions 𝒇 and 𝒈 satisfy: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 and |𝒈(𝒙)| ≤ 𝑴 for all 𝒙 except for 𝒙 = 𝒄,
𝒙→𝟎
where 𝑴 is a positive fixed number. prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎.
𝒙→𝟎
Solution:
−𝑴 ≤ 𝒈(𝒙) ≤ 𝑴
𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) > 𝟎 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 − 𝑴 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) ≤ 𝑴 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) < 𝟎 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝑴 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) ≤ −𝑴 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝑴 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 = −𝑴 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎 𝒃𝒚 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒆𝒛𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎
𝒙→𝟎

Fast way : 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎

𝒙→𝒄
𝟎 ∗ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎

57
True or false? In exercises 38 to 41 determine whether the statement is true or false. If it is true
explain why, if not justify with a counter example.
|𝒙|
𝟑𝟖) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
|𝒙| |𝒙|
Answer : false , Since 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒙 = 𝟏 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒙 = −𝟏, so the limit does not exist
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟑𝟗) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝛑 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝅 𝟎
Answer: false, Since 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝝅 = 𝝅 = 𝟎
𝒙→𝛑

40) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) for all 𝒙 except for 𝒙 = 𝟎 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎
Answer: false
𝟑 𝒙≤𝟐
41) If 𝒇(𝒙) = { then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑.
𝟎 𝒙>𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

Answer: false, Since 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 but 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎

𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

58
Note : Three conditions make the function continuous at 𝒙 = 𝒄 :
❶the function is defined at 𝒙 = 𝒄, 𝒇(𝒄) exists.
❷𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) exists.
𝒇(𝒄) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙)

Note: We say that a function is discontinuous at point 𝒙 = 𝒄 if it is not continuous at this point.

note : The graph of function (𝒇) is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝒄 if it is not broken at 𝒙 = 𝒄, and there is
No hole nor jump.

𝒈(𝒙)
note: if 𝒇(𝒙) = make the denominator = 𝟎(𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟎) find the values of 𝒙 then the function
𝒉(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙) is discontinuous at values of 𝒙 it means find the domain to find the point of discontinuity

59
 Discontinuity of a function

square root Piecewise function Rational

Greater integer function

𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙 ≠ 𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙>𝑐

𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜
𝒂 𝒙=𝒄 𝒉(𝒙) 𝒙<𝑐

Note:
❶Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere and there is not point of
discontinuity.
❷Rational function: if the denominator could not be zero then it is continuous
𝟏
everywhere and there is not any point of discontinuity for example 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
❸The trigonometric functions 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 , 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 are continuous
everywhere and they do not have point of discontinuity

❹To find point discontinuity of a rational function set the denominator equal to 0 then
solve for 𝑥. The values of x are the points of discontinuity

❺if we have ξ in denominator then make inside of ξ > 𝟎 to find the point of
continuity (domain) and to find the point of discontinuity make inside of ξ ≤ 𝟎

❻ Greatest integer less than or equal to 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = [𝒙] Dis continuous at all integer number

REMARK some function are continuous

the function is continuous and it does not have a point of discontinuity, because the domain is all
real numbers

1) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 polynomial function

𝟏
𝟐) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐+𝟒 ) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 (
3) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ‫𝒙𝒏𝒊𝒔 = )𝒙(𝒇 و‬ trigonometric functions
4) 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 if under square root ) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 (
5) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| absolute value

60
 Discontinuity of a function

❶ Rational function: To find point discontinuity of a rational function set the

denominator equal to 0 then solve for 𝒙. The values of x are the points of discontinuity

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 :Discuss the continuity of each of the following functions

, and determinate the point of discontinuity (if it exist).
𝟏
𝑨) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙
 Solution: set the denominator = 0
𝑥 = 0 Discontinuity
If the limit fails to exist, then the point of discontinuity is
not removable
𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = = ∞
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟎
Th limit does not exist, the discontinuity is not removable

𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
B) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏
 Solution: 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
discontinuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏
to check removability of the point, if the limit exists,
then it is removable
𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒙 −𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙 + 𝟏) = (𝟏 + 𝟏) = 𝟐
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒖𝒕 ൫ ൯ 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬.

𝟏
A) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏
 Solution: 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 discontinuity point
1 1 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = = ∞ does not exsit
𝑥→ 𝑥 − 1 1−1 0
the point of discontinuity cannot be removed

𝒙𝟑 +𝟏
B) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙+𝟏
 Solution: 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 discontinuity point
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙→−𝟏

= ((−𝟏)𝟐 − (−𝟏) + 𝟏) = 𝟑
then it is removable

61
Note: Removing the discontinuity of a function at point 𝒙 = 𝒄
number 𝟎
Non-removable discontinuity: If 𝒇(𝒄) = or 𝒇(𝒄) = 𝟎 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist
𝟎
𝟎
Removable discontinuity: If 𝒇(𝒄) = 𝟎 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) exist then 𝒇(𝒙) becomes removable
discontinuty.
And if we have removable discontinuity then we redefine the function

old function 𝐱≠𝐜

new function = ቊ𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐟(𝐱) 𝐱=𝐜
𝐱→𝐜

𝐱 𝟐 −𝟑𝐱+𝟐
: Is the function 𝐟(𝐱) = continue at 𝐱 = 𝟏 ?
𝐱−𝟏
 Solution: 𝐱 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝐱 = 𝟏 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭

𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟑𝐱 + 𝟐 (𝐱 − 𝟏)(𝐱 − 𝟐)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝐱 − 𝟐) = 𝟏 − 𝟐 = −𝟏 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝐱→𝟏 𝐱−𝟏 𝐱→𝟏 𝐱−𝟏 𝐱→𝟏

𝐱 𝟐 −𝟑𝐱+𝟐
𝐱≠𝟏
∴ 𝐟(𝐱) = { 𝐱−𝟏

−𝟏 𝐱=𝟏

𝐱 𝟐 +𝐱−𝟐
𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌𝒌 𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒖𝒕 : Is the function 𝐟(𝐱) = continue at 𝐱 = −𝟐 ?
𝐱+𝟐
 Solution: 𝐱 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝐱 = −𝟐 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭

𝐱𝟐 + 𝐱 − 𝟐 (𝐱 + 𝟐)(𝐱 − 𝟏)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐱 − 𝟏) = −𝟐 − 𝟏
𝐱→−𝟐 𝐱+𝟐 𝐱→−𝟐 𝐱+𝟐 𝐱→−𝟐
= −𝟑 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭

𝐱𝟐 + 𝐱 − 𝟐
𝐱 ≠ −𝟐
∴ 𝐟(𝐱) = { 𝐱 + 𝟐
−𝟑 𝐱 = −𝟐

In exercises 7 to 10, discuss the continuity of the function.

62
 𝟏
𝟕) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
Answer: the function is undefined at 𝒙 = ±𝟐
therefore 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝒙 = ±𝟐
But continuous at all other points

𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝟖) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙+𝟏
Answer: the function is undefined at 𝒙 = −𝟏 therefore 𝑓 is
discontinuous at 𝒙 = −𝟏 But continuous at all other points

In exercises 11 to 16, find the values of 𝒙 for which the function is discontinuous,
and specify if the point of discontinuity is removable.

𝟏
13) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
Answer: the denominator 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 ≠ 𝟎 so it is continuous at all point 𝒙. There
no point of discontinuity.

𝒙
14) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙
Solution:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝒙=𝟏
So 𝑓 is undefined at 𝒙 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 = 𝟏 so 𝑓 is discontinues at 𝒙 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 = 𝟏
To check if the discontinuity is removable or not
𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙→ 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟎−𝟏
• So the discontinuity is removable at 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏−𝟏 𝟎
• So at 𝒙 = 𝟏 point of discontinuity is not removable

63
 𝒙
15) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏
Solution:
𝒙−𝟏=𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙=𝟏
So 𝑓 is undefined at 𝒙 = 𝟏 so 𝑓 is discontinues at 𝒙 = 𝟏
To check if the discontinuity is removable or not
𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏−𝟏 𝟎
• So, at 𝒙 = 𝟏 point of discontinuity is not removable
So, F is discontinued.

|𝒙∓𝒂|
Note : if 𝒇(𝒙) = then 𝒇(𝒙) is not continuous and non - removeble because 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙∓𝒂
does not exist

|𝒙−𝟑|
16) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟑
Solution:
𝒙−𝟑=𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙=𝟑
So 𝑓 is undefined at 𝒙 = 𝟑 so 𝑓 is discontinues at 𝒙 = 𝟑
(𝒙−𝟑)
Checking discontinuity ⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟑+ 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙→𝟑
− (𝒙 − 𝟑 )
⇒ 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ −𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙→𝟑

∴ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) so the limit does not exist

𝒙→𝟑

• So, at 𝒙 = 𝟑 point of discontinuity is not removable

Page74

In exercises 24 to 32, determine whether the function has points of discontinuity.

𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐
𝟐𝟓) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏
Solution;𝑓 is undefined at 𝑥 = 1 , so 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1

64
 𝟏
𝟐𝟖) 𝒇(𝒙) =
(𝒙 − 𝟐 )𝟐
Solution; 𝑓 is undefined at 𝑥 = 2 , so 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 2

𝟑
𝟑𝟎) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙+𝟏
solution :𝑓 is undefined at 𝑥 = −1 , so 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = −1

𝒙+𝟏
𝟑𝟏) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
solution :𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟐𝒙 = −𝟐 ⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟏

(2014-2015 𝟏st Attempt)

1) Which of the functions given below has discontinuity point at 𝒙 = 𝟑 ?
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟑
𝟏
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟑
−𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟓 𝒙>𝟑
D) none
(2015-2016 𝟏st Attempt)

2) Which of the following function has a removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = −𝟏 ?

𝒙−𝟏
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
|𝒙+𝟏|
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏
𝟐𝒙+𝟐
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 +𝟏
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙−𝟒
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟏
(2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)
3) Which of the following function has a removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = 𝟐 ?
𝒙𝟐 +𝟒
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏
|𝒙−𝟐|
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟐
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟐
C) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙−𝟒
𝒙+𝟐
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
4) Which of the following function is discontinuous at 𝒙 = 𝟐 ? (2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟏𝟎
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙≠𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝒙=𝟐
𝒙−𝟐
B) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙≠𝟐
ቊ𝒙𝟑−𝟖
𝟏𝟐 𝒙=𝟐
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙≠𝟐
C) 𝒉(𝒙) = {
𝟐−𝒙 𝒙=𝟐
D) 𝒌(𝒙) = ൜ξ𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 ≠ 𝟐
𝟐−𝒙 𝒙=𝟐

65
 (2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)
5) Which of the following function has a removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = 𝟎 ?
𝟏−𝒙
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙
𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙−𝟏)

6) Which of the following function has a non-removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = 𝟐 ?

(2017-2018 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
𝒙𝟑 −𝟖
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐
𝟐−𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐
7) Which of the following functions discontinuity is removable at 𝒙 = 𝟐 and not removable
at 𝒙 = −𝟐 ? (2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙−ξ𝟐
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟐
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
𝒙𝟑 +𝟖
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒

(2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)

8) Which of the following functions has a removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = −𝟑 ?
𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙+𝟑)𝟐
𝒙𝟑 +𝟐𝟕
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙+𝟔
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙+𝟑
|𝒙+𝟑|
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙+𝟔
(2021-2022 1st Attempt)
9) Which of the following functions has a removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = 𝟑 and non-
removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = −𝟐 ?
𝟐𝒙+𝟔
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟔
𝟐𝒙+𝟒
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟔
𝟐𝒙−𝟔
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟔
𝟐𝒙−𝟒
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟔

66
 10) Which of the following functions has a removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = 𝟑 and non-
removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = −𝟑. (2022-2023 𝟏𝐬𝐭 Attempt)
𝟐𝒙+𝟔
А) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙+𝟏𝟓
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟔
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟗

11) Which of the following function discontinuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏 and the discontinuity is

removable? (2022-2023 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟒
A. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟏
−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙<𝟏
B. 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒙 𝒙≥𝟏
𝟓
C. 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙−𝟏|
𝒙𝟑 −𝟏
D. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏

Note: Removing the discontinuity of a function at point 𝐱 = 𝐜

number 𝟎
Non-removable discontinuity: If 𝐟(𝐜) = or 𝐟(𝐜) = 𝟎 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐟(𝐱) does not exist
𝟎
𝟎
Removable discontinuity: If 𝐟(𝐜) = 𝟎 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐜 𝐟(𝐱) exist then 𝐟(𝐱) becomes removable
discontinuty.
And if we have removable discontinuity then we redefine the function

old function 𝐱≠𝐜

new function = ቊ𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐟(𝐱) 𝐱=𝐜
𝐱→𝐜

𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝒙
40) Use the function 𝒇(𝒙) = for 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎.
𝒙

a- Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) if it exists.

𝒙→𝟎

b- Can you redefine this function to become continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎? Explain your answer.
solution :
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟐(𝟏) = 𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙

𝒃 yes we can redefine, since the function has limit at 𝒙 = 𝟎

So the function is:
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙
𝒙≠𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒙
𝟐 𝒙=𝟎

(2016-2017 1st Attempt)

67
 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐
1) Which of the following is redefined the function 𝒇(𝒙) = to be continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏?
𝒙−𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐
A) 𝒈(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟏
𝒙≠𝟏
𝟏 𝒙=𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐
B) 𝒈(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙≠𝟏
𝟐 𝒙=𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐
C) 𝒈(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙≠𝟏
𝟓 𝒙=𝟏
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐
D) 𝒈(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙≠𝟏
−𝟏 𝒙=𝟏
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟏 𝟏
2) The function 𝒇(𝒙) = is not continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟐 , then which one is the redefine
𝟔𝒙−𝟑
𝟏
function for 𝒇 to be continuous at 𝒙 = ? (2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟏 𝟏
𝒙≠𝟐
A) 𝒉(𝒙) = { 𝟔𝒙−𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
− 𝒙=
𝟒 𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟏 𝟏
𝟔𝒙−𝟑
𝒙≠𝟐
B) 𝒉(𝒙) = { 𝟏
−𝟏 𝒙=𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟏 𝟏
𝒙≠𝟐
C) 𝒉(𝒙) = { 𝟔𝒙−𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
− 𝒙=
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟏 𝟏
𝒙≠𝟐
D) 𝒉(𝒙) = { 𝟔𝒙−𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
−𝟔 𝒙=𝟐
𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
3) The function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟑 is not continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟑, then which one is the redefine
function for 𝒇 to be continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟑 ? (2021-2022 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
A) 𝒈(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙≠𝟑
𝟔 𝒙=𝟑
𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
B) 𝒈(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙≠𝟑
𝟗 𝒙=𝟑
𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
𝒙≠𝟑
C) 𝒈(𝒙) = {𝟏𝒙−𝟑
𝒙=𝟑
𝟔
𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
D) 𝒈(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙≠𝟑
𝟎 𝒙=𝟑
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙−𝟏𝟐
4) Redefine the function 𝒇(𝒙) = to be continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟔. (2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙−𝟔
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙−𝟏𝟐
A) 𝒉(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙≠𝟔
𝒙−𝟔
𝟒 𝒙=𝟔
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙−𝟏𝟐
B) 𝒉(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟔 𝒙≠𝟔
𝟏𝟐 𝒙=𝟔
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙−𝟏𝟐
C) 𝒉(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙≠𝟔
𝒙−𝟔
𝟖 𝒙=𝟔
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙−𝟏𝟐
D) 𝒉(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟔 𝒙≠𝟔
−𝟐 𝒙=𝟔

68
 ξ𝟐−𝒙−ξ𝒙
5) Redefine the function 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏
to be continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏. (𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟏st Attempt)
ξ𝟐−𝒙−ξ𝒙
A) 𝒈(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟏
𝒙≠𝟏
𝟏 𝒙=𝟏
ξ𝟐−𝒙−ξ𝒙
𝒙≠𝟏
B) 𝒈(𝒙) = { 𝒙−𝟏
ξ𝟐 𝒙=𝟏
ξ𝟐−𝒙−ξ𝒙
C) 𝒈(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙≠𝟏
𝟎 𝒙=𝟏
ξ𝟐−𝒙−ξ𝒙
D) 𝒈(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙≠𝟏
−𝟏 𝒙=𝟏

page 75
9) Which of the following points is not a removable point of discontinuity of the
𝒙(𝒙−𝟏) (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟑)𝟐
function (𝒙) = ?
𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟑)𝟑

𝒂 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒃 𝒙=𝟎 𝒄 𝒙=𝟏 𝒅 𝒙=𝟐 𝒆 𝒙=𝟑

solution:
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏) (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = =
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟑 𝒙−𝟑
So at 𝒙 = 𝟑 is not removable

14) The function given below are defined for all 𝒙 except for 𝒙 = 𝟎. Which one can be
defined at 𝒙 = 𝟎 to become continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎?
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄 𝒇 (𝒙 ) = 𝒅 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
=
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
solution:
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
is not defined at 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
∴ 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒙 𝒙≠𝟎
𝟏 𝒙=𝟎

69
 𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟑)𝟐
Example : find number of discontinuity 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟑)𝟑

Ⓐ 𝟓 Ⓑ𝟏 Ⓒ𝟐 Ⓓ 𝟑

𝒙(𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟑)𝟐

Example : find a removable point of discontinuity 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟑)𝟑

Ⓐ 𝟏 Ⓑ𝟐 Ⓒ𝟑 Ⓓ 𝟒

1) Which of the following is true for the function (2014-2015 2 𝟐nd Attempt)
|𝒙 + 𝟐|
𝒇(𝒙) = ?
𝒙+𝟐

The vertical asymptote of 𝒇 is 𝒙 = −𝟐.

B) 𝒇 is continuous at 𝒙 = −𝟐.
C) 𝒇 is discontinuous at 𝒙 = −𝟐 with non-removable discontinuity.
D) none of them.

𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝟕
2) Which one of the followings is TRUE about the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟑
? (2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) The function is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟑.
B) The domain of the function is ℝ − {−𝟑}.
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟕
D) The horizontal asymptote is 𝒚 = 𝟎.

❷if we have ξ in denominator then make inside of ξ > 𝟎 to find the point of
continuity (domain) and to find the point of discontinuity make inside of ξ ≤ 𝟎
𝟏
Example : which interval does the function 𝒇(𝒙) = have a point(points) of
ξ𝒙
discontinuity?

1) 𝒇(𝒙) = ξ𝟐 − 𝒙

𝟐−𝒙<𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙>𝟐

Discontinuity : ]𝟐, +∞[

𝟏
2) 𝒈(𝒙) =
ξ𝟔−𝟐𝒙

𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 ≤ 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑

Discontinuity : [𝟑, +∞[

70
3) which of the following discontinuity over interval ]−∞, 𝟒[

𝟏
Ⓐ 𝒇(𝒙) = ξ𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖 Ⓑ 𝒇(𝒙) = Ⓒ 𝒇(𝒙) = ξ𝟖 − 𝟐𝒙 Ⓓ B‫ و‬A
ξ𝒙−𝟒

page 75
𝟏
8) Over which interval does the function 𝒇(𝒙) = have a point(points) of
ξ𝒙
discontinuity?
𝒂 ]𝟎, +∞[ 𝒃 ] − ∞, 𝟎] 𝒄 ]𝟏, 𝟐[ 𝒅 ]𝟎, 𝟐[ 𝒆 [𝟏, +∞[
solution:
𝒙 > 𝟎 ⇒ Domain =]𝟎, +∞[
𝒇 is discontinuity on ] − ∞, 𝟎]
at 𝒙 = 𝟎 is discontinuity because
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇(𝟎) = = 𝟎 undefined
ξ𝟎

9)Which of the following points is not a point of discontinuity of the function (𝒙) =
ξ𝒙 − 𝟏 ?
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒃 𝒙=− 𝒄 𝒙=𝟎 𝒅 𝒙= 𝒆 𝒙=𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
Solution: 𝒇(𝒙) = ξ𝒙 − 𝟏

𝒇(−𝟏) = ξ−𝟏 − 𝟏 = ξ−𝟐 (at 𝒙 = −𝟏𝒇 is discontinuity)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝒇 ቀ− 𝟐ቁ = ට− 𝟐 − 𝟏 = ට− 𝟐 (at 𝒙 = − 𝟐 𝒇 is discontinuity)

𝒇(𝟎) = ξ𝟎 − 𝟏 = ξ−𝟏 (at 𝒙 = 𝟎𝒇 is discontinuity)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇 ቀ𝟐ቁ = ට𝟐 − 𝟏 = ට− 𝟐 (at 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒇 is discontinuity)

𝒇(𝟏) = ξ𝟏 − 𝟏 = ξ𝟎 = 𝟎 (at 𝒙 = 𝟏𝒇 is continuity)

71
 Page74

𝒙+𝟏
𝟐𝟗) 𝒇(𝒙) = ඨ
𝒙
solution :

2nd
(2014-2015 Atte
𝟏
1) Over which interval does the function 𝒇(𝒙) = have point(s) of discontinuity?
ξ𝒙
A) ] − ∞, 𝟎]
B) [𝟏, +∞[
C) ]𝟎, +∞[
D) no point

2) Over which interval does the function

𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = have points of discontinuity? (2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)
ξ𝒙−𝟏
A) ]𝟏, +∞[
B) ] − ∞, 𝟏]
C) ]𝟏, 𝟑[
D) [𝟐, +∞[

𝟏
3) Find the discontinuity interval of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = − ? (2019-2020 1" Attempt)
ξ𝒙+𝟑
A) ] − ∞, −𝟑]
B) ] − ∞, 𝟑]
C) [𝟑, +∞[
D) [−𝟑, +∞[

72
❸ Discontinuity of Piecewise function

𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙>𝑐
𝒇(𝒙) = ൜ 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙 ≠ 𝒄
𝒉(𝒙) 𝒙<𝑐 𝒂 𝒙=𝒄

 The function is undefined at 𝒙 = 𝒄.

 The limit 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist.
𝒙→𝒄
 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝒇(𝒄)
𝒙→𝒄
We say that a function is discontinuous at point 𝒙 = if it is not continuous at this
point.

Note : If function has a limit then is removable at this point

Example 1 :
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙≤𝟎
𝑪) 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙 > 𝟎
 Solution: (because it is a piecewise function, we find the limit of both sides)
𝐈𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬
𝐈𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 + 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎+
put in (=) part
𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎 + 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟎
So, the function is continuous

Check it out :
𝟐
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜ 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
−𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 > 𝟎
 Solution:
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝐱→𝟎−
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐥𝐢𝐦 −𝐱 + 𝟏 = −𝟎 + 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝐱→𝟎+
put in (=) part
𝐟(𝟎) = (𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐟(𝟎) = 𝟏
𝐱→𝟎

So, the function is continuous

73
 𝒙 𝒙<𝟏
𝟏𝟎) 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐 𝒙=𝟏
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 > 𝟏

Answer: The function is discontinuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏 because 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟐 but 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏

𝒙→𝟏
therefore 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝒇(𝟏)
𝒙→𝟏

−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙<𝟏
𝟏𝟔) 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒙 𝒙≥𝟏
Solution:
𝒇 is defined at 𝒙 = 𝟏 ، 𝒇(𝟏 ) = 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝟏+

𝐥𝐢𝐦 (−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) = −𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟑 = 𝟏

𝒙→𝟏−

L. H. S = R. H. S
∴ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 = 𝒇(𝟏) so 𝑓 is continuous
𝒙→𝟏

Page74

𝟓−𝒙 𝒙≤𝟐
𝟐𝟔) 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙>𝟐
solution :

𝒇(𝟐 ) = 𝟓 − 𝟐 = 𝟑
limit of the right = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟐(𝟐) − 𝟏 = 𝟑
𝒙→𝟐

limit of the left = 𝐥𝐢𝐦−(𝟓 − 𝒙) = 𝟓 − 𝟐 = 𝟑

𝒙→𝟐

limit of the left = limit of the right

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑
𝒙→𝟏

𝒇(𝟐) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑, so 𝒇 is continuous.

𝒙→𝟐

74
 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐
𝟐𝟕)𝒇(𝒙) = ቊ 𝒙≠𝟏
𝒙−𝟏
𝟎 𝒙=𝟏

solution :

𝒇(𝟏 ) = 𝟎
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟑(𝟏) + 𝟐 = 𝟓
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

𝒇(𝟏) ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑, so 𝒇 is not continuous.

𝒙→𝟏

page 75
10) Which is the false statement(s) corresponding to the function 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 𝟎<𝒙<𝟏
{ 𝟏 𝒙=𝟏 .
−𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟐
𝒂 𝒇(𝟏) 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝒃 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟐

𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝒇(𝟏)

𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

solution:
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟏 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝒂

12) Which is the false statement(s) corresponding to the function 𝒇(𝒙) =

𝟑
‫ۓ‬ 𝒙 𝟎≤𝒙<𝟒
ۖ 𝟒
𝟐 𝒙=𝟒 ?
‫۔‬−𝒙 + 𝟕 𝟒 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟔
ۖ 𝟏 𝟔<𝒙≤𝟖
‫ە‬
𝒂 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝒃 𝒇(𝟒) 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟔

𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝒆 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝒙 = 𝟒

𝒙→𝟖

solution:
𝒇(𝟒) ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝟒) 𝒆
𝒙→𝟒

75
 (2015-2016 1st Attempt)
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 𝒙<𝟏
1) Which is the false statement(s) corresponding to the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ቊ𝟏 ?
(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏
𝟐
A) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐
B) 𝒇(𝒙) is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏.
C) The function 𝒇 is differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝟏.
D) All of them are false.
𝒙 𝒙<𝟏
2) The function 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 discontinuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏 because:
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 > 𝟏
A) 𝒇(𝟏) is not defined
B) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) doesn't exist
C) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝒇(𝟏)
D) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝟏)

❹The trigonometric functions 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 , 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 are continuous everywhere and
they do not have point of discontinuity

Note : some example do have point of discontinuity

𝟏
Example : ❶ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝟎

Discontinuity: 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅 , 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰

𝟏
❷ (𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝟎

𝝅
Discontinuity: 𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅 , 𝒏 ∈I

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
❸ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

𝝅
Discontinuity: 𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅 , 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰

𝟏
❹ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐

𝝅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 =𝟎
𝟐

𝝅𝒙 𝟐
= 𝒏𝝅 × 𝝅
𝟐

Discontinuity: 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏 , 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰

76
 𝟏
❺ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝅𝒙

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝟎
𝝅
𝝅𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅 ÷𝝅

𝟏
Discontinuity: 𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏 ,𝒏 ∈ 𝑰

(2016-2017 2nd Attempt)

𝟏
1) Which of the followings is point of discontinuity of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅𝒙 ?
𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐
A) 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅
B) 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏
C) 𝒙 = 𝟐(𝒏 + 𝟏)
D) 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 (𝒏 ∈ 𝒍)

❺ Greatest integer less than or equal to 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = [𝒙] Dis continuous at all integer number

Greatest Integer Function: 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥]

The greatest integer function less than or equal to the number.

Square brackets [ ] always mean round down to the nearest integer

Example: Find 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟏 [𝒙 − 𝟑] ?

Right-side: for the right side must be the value of 𝒙 add 0.1

𝒍𝒊𝒎 [𝒙 − 𝟑] = [𝟏. 𝟏 − 𝟑] = [−𝟏. 𝟗] = −𝟐

𝒙→𝟏+

Left-side: for the right side must be the value of 𝒙 minus 0.1

𝒍𝒊𝒎 [𝒙 − 𝟑] = [𝟎. 𝟗 − 𝟑] = [−𝟐. 𝟏] = −𝟑

𝒙→𝟏−

Right-side ≠ Left-side, both limits are not the same

So, the limit does not exist

77
 Page74

19) 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒙 − 𝟏] where [𝒙] is the greatest integer less than or equal to 𝒙.
𝒙→𝟒
solution : the function is discontinuous at every integer so the 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist
𝒙→𝟒
Hint : if we have [ ]I then find the limit from the right side take a number > 𝒙 as decimal and
from the left

from the right = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ [𝒙 − 𝟏]

𝒙→𝟒
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ [𝒙 − 𝟏] = [𝟒. 𝟏 − 𝟏] = [𝟑. 𝟏] = 𝟑
𝒙→𝟒
from the left = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− [𝒙 − 𝟏]
𝒙→𝟒
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦− [𝒙 − 𝟏] = [𝟑. 𝟗 − 𝟏] = [𝟐. 𝟗] = 𝟐
𝒙→𝟒

Note: to find the unknowns value in the continuous piecewise function:

❶make the limit of the right side = to the left side and find the limit if

𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙 ≥ 𝒂
𝒇(𝒙) = ൜
𝒉(𝒙) 𝒙 < 𝒂

𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙 ≠ 𝒂
❷make 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒄) if 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜
𝒉(𝒙) 𝒙 = 𝒂
Note : if we have two unknowns in the piecewise function then we create two
equations.

In exercises 17 and 18, find the value for 𝒂 or the values of 𝒂 and 𝒃 so that the function
has no points of discontinuity.
𝟑
𝟏𝟕) 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜ 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙≤𝟐
𝒂𝒙 𝒙>𝟐
Solution:
𝒇 is continuous ⇒ 𝑓 has limit at 𝑥 = 2
So L. H. S = R. H. S
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒙𝟑
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

𝒂(𝟐)𝟐 = (𝟐)𝟑
𝟑
𝟒𝒂 = 𝟖 ⇒ 𝒂=𝟐 ∴ 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜ 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙≤𝟐
𝟐𝒙 𝒙>𝟐

78
 page 75

𝟐
𝟏𝟓) 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜𝒙𝟑 + 𝒂 𝒙 < −𝟏 for which value of 𝒂, of those given below, does 𝒇
𝒙 −𝟖 𝒙 ≥ −𝟏
become continuous over ] − ∞, +∞[
𝒂 𝒂 = −𝟏 𝒃 𝒂 = −𝟖 𝒄 𝒂=𝟗
𝒅 𝒂 = −𝟏𝟎 𝒆 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝒂 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝒇 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬
solution:
𝒇 is continuous, so the 𝒇 has limit at 𝒙 = −𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟖
𝒙→−𝟏− 𝒙→−𝟏

(−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒂 = (−𝟏)𝟑 − 𝟖
𝟏 + 𝒂 = −𝟏 − 𝟖
𝟏 + 𝒂 = −𝟗
𝒅
∴ 𝒂 = −𝟏𝟎

Page74

𝒙+𝟑 𝒙≤𝟐
33)For what value of 𝒄, does the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { have not points
𝒄𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒙>𝟐
discontinuity?
solution :
∴ 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒄𝒙 + 𝟔
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐
𝟏
𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒄 + 𝟔 ⇒ 𝟐𝒄 + 𝟔 = 𝟓 ⇒ 𝟐𝒄 = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝒄=−
𝟐
𝟏
𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙<𝟎
Example: Find the value of (𝒂) so that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ቊ 𝟐
𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂) 𝒙≥𝟎
will be continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎

solution :
𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎− (𝒙𝟑 + ) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂)
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐 𝒙→𝟎

𝟏
(𝟎)𝟑 + = 𝟒((𝟎)𝟐 + 𝒂)
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
= 𝟒𝒂 ⟹ 𝒂=
𝟖

79
 𝟐
Example: Find the value of (𝒂) so that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒂 𝒙 > 𝟐
will be continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎
solution :
𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒂)
𝒙→𝟐− 𝒙→𝟐

𝒂(𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟐(𝟐) − 𝒂
𝟒𝒂 + 𝟏 = 𝟒 − 𝒂
𝟑
𝟒𝒂 + 𝒂 = 𝟒 − 𝟏 ⟹ 𝟓𝒂 = 𝟑 ⟹ 𝒂=
𝟓

Workbook
𝟑 𝒙≤𝟏
For what value of 𝒂 and 𝒃, the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟏 < 𝑥 ≤ 4 have not points
𝒃𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙>4
discontinuity?
solution :

𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− (𝟑)

𝒙→𝟏+ 𝒙→𝟏
𝒂+𝟑= 𝟑 ⟹ 𝒂= 𝟎 ...... ①

𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒃𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− (𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑)

𝒙→𝟒+ 𝒙→𝟒

𝟒𝒃 + 𝟏 = 𝟒𝒂 + 𝟑 ...... ②
𝟒𝒃 + 𝟏 = 𝟒(𝟎) + 𝟑 ② In put a for eq 2
𝟏
𝟒𝒃 = 𝟑 − 𝟏 ⟹ 𝟒𝒃 = 𝟐 ⟹ 𝒃=
𝟐

In exercises 17 and 18, find the value for 𝒂 or the values of 𝒂 and 𝒃 so that the function has no
points of discontinuity.
𝟐 𝒙 ≤ −𝟏
𝟏𝟖) 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 −𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟑
−𝟐 𝒙≥𝟑
Solution:
𝒇 is continuous ⇒ 𝑓 has limit at 𝑥 = 2
So L. H. S = R. H. S
𝐥𝐢𝐦+(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝟐
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→−𝟏
𝒂(−𝟏) + 𝒃 = 𝟐
−𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒃 = 𝒂 + 𝟐 … … (𝟏)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 −𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
𝒙→𝟑+ 𝒙→𝟑

80
 −𝟐 = 𝟑𝒂 + 𝒃 … … (𝟐)
put eq.(1) in eq.(2)
−𝟐 = 𝟑𝒂 + (𝒂 + 𝟐) ⇒ 𝟒𝒂 + 𝟐 = −𝟐
⇒ 𝟒𝒂 = −𝟒 ⇒ 𝒂 = −𝟏 put in eq.(1)
𝒃 = −𝟏 + 𝟐 = 𝟏 ∴ 𝒃 = 𝟏

Page74

𝒙+𝟏 𝟏<𝒙<𝟑
34)For what value of 𝒃 and 𝒄, the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜ 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 |𝒙 − 𝟐| ≥ 𝟏 have not
points discontinuity?
solution :
|𝒙 − 𝟐| ≥ 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙 − 𝟐 ≤ −𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 − 𝟐 ≥ 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
𝒙+𝟏 𝟏<𝒙<𝟑
∴ 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
We need to find the limit of 𝑓at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3

If 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒙→𝟏+ 𝒙→𝟏

𝟏 + 𝟏 = (𝟏 )𝟐 + 𝒃 (𝟏 ) + 𝒄
𝟐=𝟏+𝒃+𝒄 ⇒ 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟏 … … (𝟏)
If 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒙→𝟑+ 𝒙→𝟑

(𝟑 )𝟐 + 𝒃 (𝟑 ) + 𝒄 = 𝟑 + 𝟏
𝟗 + 𝟑𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟒 ⇒ 𝟑𝒃 + 𝒄 = −𝟓 … … (𝟐)
𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟏 … … (𝟏 )
𝟑𝒃 + 𝒄 = −𝟓 … … (𝟐) ∗ (−𝟏)
𝒃+𝒄=𝟏
−𝟑𝒃 − 𝒄 = 𝟓
−𝟐𝒃 = 𝟔 ⇒ 𝒃 = −𝟑 put in eq.(1)
−𝟑 + 𝒄 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒄=𝟒

81
 Example: For what value of (𝒂) does the function
𝒙+𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙 ≠ −𝟏
𝒂 𝒙 = −𝟏
have no point of discontinuity?

solution :
𝒙+𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟐) = 𝒇(−𝟏)
𝒙→−𝟏
𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )= 𝒂
𝒙→−𝟏 𝟐𝒙+𝟑
𝟏
𝟐(−𝟏)+𝟑
= 𝒂 ⟹ 𝒂= 𝟏

(2014-2015 𝟏st Attempt)

𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙 ≥ −𝟏
1) Which value of (𝒂) makes the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟑 continuous?
𝒙 𝒙 < −𝟏
A) 𝒂 = −𝟒
B) 𝒂 = 𝟒
𝟏
C) 𝒂 = 𝟒
𝟏
D) 𝒂 = − 𝟒
2) (2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟐
Which value of (𝒂) makes the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 ≥ −𝟐 continuous?
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂 𝒙 < −𝟐
A) 𝒂 = −𝟒
B) 𝒂 = 𝟒
C) 𝒂 = 𝟏
D) 𝒂 = −𝟏

−𝟐𝒙 + 𝒂 𝒙 < 𝟏
3) For what value of (𝒂), does the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { have no points of
𝒙 𝒙≥𝟏
discontinuity ? (2015-2016 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 1 B) -1 C) 3 D) -3

4) For what value of (𝒂), does the function

𝟐 − 𝒂𝒙 𝒙 > −𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = ቊ𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙 ≤ −𝟏 have no points of discontinuity? (2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝟐

𝟏
A) 𝒂 =
𝟑
B) 𝒂 = −𝟑
𝟏
C) 𝒂 = − 𝟑
D) 𝒂 = 𝟑

5) For what value of (𝒂), does the function

𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 ≤ −𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟑 have no points of (2017-2018 𝟏2nd Attempt)
𝒙 + 𝒂 𝒙 > −𝟐
discontinuity?
A) 2 C) 3
B) -2 D) -3

82
6) Find the value of (𝒂) such that the (2018-2019 1 𝟏st Attempt)
𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = ൜𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 ≠ −𝟐 has no point of discontinuity?
𝟑𝒂 𝒙 = −𝟐
A) -7
B) 7
C) -6
D) -5

7) Find the values of (𝒂) such that

𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 −𝟓 < 𝒙 < 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = ൜ 𝟐 has no point
𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒃 |𝒙 + 𝟏| ≥ 𝟒
of discontinuity? (2018-2019 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒃 = −𝟏𝟒
B) 𝒂 = −𝟓, 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟏
C) 𝒂 = 𝟒, 𝒃 = −𝟏𝟔
D) 𝒂 = −𝟐, 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟑
8) For what value of (𝒂) does the function (2019-2020 14 Attempt
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
‫ۓ‬ 𝒙 ≠ −𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏
‫𝟏۔‬
‫𝒂 𝟐ە‬ 𝒙 = −𝟏
have no point of discontinuity?
𝟏
A)
𝟐
𝟏
B) − 𝟐
C) 2
D) -2

𝟐
9) For what value of (𝒂), does the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 have no points of
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒂 𝒙 > 𝟐
discontinuity? (𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟏st Attempt)
𝟑
A) − 𝟓
𝟓
B) − 𝟑
𝟓
C) 𝟑
𝟑
D) 𝟓

(2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)

𝟏
𝒙𝟑 +
𝟐
𝒙<𝟎
10) Find the value of (𝒂) so that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { will be continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟒൫𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂൯ 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
𝟏
A)
𝟐
B) 2
C) 8
𝟏
D)
𝟖

83
 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏<𝒙<𝟓
11) For what values of (𝒂)&(𝒃), the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ൜ 𝟐 has no point of
𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 |𝒙 − 𝟑| ≥ 𝟐
discontinuity? (2021-2022 𝟏st Attempt)

𝒂=𝟒
A) {
𝒃=𝟔

𝒂 = −𝟒
B) {
𝒃=𝟔

𝒂=𝟏
C) {
𝒃 = −𝟏

𝒂=𝟏
D) {
𝒃=𝟏

𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒙 < 𝟑
12) For what value of (𝒃), does the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐 have no points of
𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
nd
discontinuity? (2021-2022 𝟐 Attempt)
𝟏
A) − 𝟐
𝟏
B)
𝟐
C) -2
D) -1
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙≤𝟐
13) If the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { have no points of discontinuity, find the value of
𝒂𝒙 + 𝟕 𝒙 > 𝟐
𝒂
∫𝟐𝒂 ൫𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂൯𝒅𝒙.
A. 9
B. 6
C. 18
D. 52

Intermediate value theorem (IVT) :

If the function 𝒇 is continuous on interval [𝒂, 𝒃] and 𝒇(𝒂) < 𝟎, 𝒇(𝒃) > 𝟎,
Then there exist at least a root of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎.
Note: 𝒇(𝒙) has a root between 𝒂 and 𝒃 if
❶𝒇(𝒙) is continuos function on [𝒂, 𝒃]
❷ 𝒇(𝒂) < 𝟎 and 𝒇(𝒃) > 𝟎 (𝒇(𝒂)&𝒇(𝒃) are opposite sign)

Example : Use the IVT to prove that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 has a root
between 𝟎 and 𝟏.
 Solution: :the function 𝒇 is a continuous function so it is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏 , 𝒙 = 𝟎
Finding 𝒇(𝟎) and 𝒇(𝟏)
𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎𝟑 + 𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐(𝟏) − 𝟏 = 𝟐
The sign of 𝒇(𝟏) , 𝒇(𝟎) are different
∴ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 has a root between 𝟏, 𝟎

84
 Check it out : Use the IVT to prove that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 has a
root between 𝟎 and𝟏
 Solution: : the function 𝒇 is a continuous function so it is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏 , 𝒙 = 𝟎
Finding 𝒇(𝟎) and 𝒇(𝟏)
𝒇(𝟎) = (𝟎)𝟒 + 𝟐(𝟎)𝟐 − 𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒇(𝟏) = (𝟏)𝟒 + 𝟐(𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟐
The sign of 𝒇(𝟏) , 𝒇(𝟎) are different
∴ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 has a root between 𝟏, 𝟎

Page74

34) Use the IVT to prove that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 has a root between
𝟏 and 2 .
solution :

𝒇 is continuous between 𝒙 = 𝟏 and 𝒙 = 𝟐

𝒇(𝟏 ) 𝟐 (𝟏 )𝟑 − 𝟐 (𝟏 ) − 𝟏 𝟐−𝟐−𝟏 −𝟏
𝒇(𝟐 ) 𝟐 (𝟐 )𝟑 − 𝟐 (𝟐 ) − 𝟏 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟒 − 𝟏 𝟏𝟏
The sign of 𝒇(𝟏) and 𝒇(𝟐) it’s different
𝒇 𝟏 has a rootbetween 𝒙 = 𝟏 and 𝒙 = 𝟐

𝟓
Example : Depending on the (IVT) the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 has a root between -1 and 2 ?
Solution : 𝒇(𝒙) is not continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎 and 𝟎 ∈ [−𝟏, 𝟐] then 𝒇(𝒙) has no root between-1 and
2 because 𝒇 is not continuous at [−𝟏, 𝟐]

𝟑−𝒙
Q) Depending on the (IVT) the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏 has a root between 2 and 4 ?
Solution : 𝒇(𝒙) is not continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏 and 𝟏 ∉ [𝟐, 𝟒] then 𝒇(𝒙) has is continuous at
𝟑−𝟐 𝟏
[𝟐, 𝟒], 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟐−𝟏 = 𝟏 = 𝟏 > 𝟎

𝟑−𝟒 𝟏
𝒇(𝟒) = =− <𝟎
𝟒−𝟏 𝟑
then the function 𝒇 has a root between 2 and 4

85
1) Depending on the intermediate value theorem (IVT), which function achieves this condition (the
equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 ) has a root between 0 and 2 .
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒙+𝟑
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙−𝟏
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
2) By using (IVT), find two values that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 has a root between
them. (2016-2017 𝟏st Attempt)
𝟏
A) 𝟐 and 0
B) 3 and 1
C) -1 and -2
D) 1 and 0

(2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)

3) Which of the following functions has a root between 1 and 3 , depending on the intermediate
value theorem (IVT)?
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝟐
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙

(2017-2018 𝟏st Attempt)

4) Depending on the intermediate value theorem (IVT) which function achieve this condition (the
equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 ) has a root between (−𝟏) and (𝟐) ?
𝟏
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
−𝟏
B) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
D) none

(2017-2018 𝟐nd Attempt)

5) Depending on the intermediate value theorem (IVT) which function achieve this condition (the
equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 ) has a root between (−𝟏) and (𝟑) ?
𝟐
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
𝟐𝒙−𝟏
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑+𝒙
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐
6) Depending on (IVT), which function achieve this condition (the equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 ) has a root
between (−𝟐) and (3) ? (2018-2019 1" Attempt)
𝟏
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
B) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟐
𝒙−𝟏
𝒄) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏

86
 𝟏−𝒙
7) Depending on the intermediate value theorem (IVT), Find the values that the function 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙+𝟏
has a root between them?
A) 𝟎, −𝟑
B) 𝟎, −𝟏
C) 2,0
D) 𝟎, −𝟐

𝒙𝟑 −𝟑
8) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 , depending on the intermediate value theorem (IVT), between which of the
𝟐𝒙 +𝟏𝟔
following values, the equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 has a root?
A) 0,1
B) −𝟑, −𝟏
C) −𝟐, −𝟏 D) 1,2
𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙+𝟏
9) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟐
, depending on (IVT), between which of the following values, the equation
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 has a root? (2019-2020 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) −𝟏, 𝟎
B) 1,2
C) 0,1
D) 2,3
10)
Depending on the intermediate value theorem (IVT). If the function 𝒇 is continuous between
( 𝒙 = 𝒂 &𝒙 = 𝒃 ), then the equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 has at least a root between two numbers 𝒂 and 𝒃
when the signs 𝒇(𝒂)&𝒇(𝒃) are (2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)
A) Positive
B) Negative
C) Opposite
D) None

11) Depending on the intermediate value theorem (IVT), at which function the equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎
has a root between (−𝟐) and (𝟎). (2020-2021 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙−𝟏
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑
D) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

12) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏, depending on the intermediate value theorem (IVT), between which of
the following values, the equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 has a root?
(2021-2022 2nd Attempt)
A) 4,3
B) −𝟏, −𝟐
C) 2,1
D) 2,0

13) Depending on the indeterminate value theorem (IVT), determine the function where the
equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 has a root between -1 and 2 . (2022-2023 1st Attempt)
А) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟐
D) Both( B and C)

87
 14) Depending on the intermediate value theorem (IVT), which function achieve this condition
( the equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 ) has a root between -1 and 1 ? (2022-2023 2nd Attempt)
𝒙
A. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
B. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟓
𝟑

𝟏
C. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙
D. 𝒇(𝒙) = ξ𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙

In exercises 1 to 6, use the given graph to find the limit of the function as 𝒙 tends to 𝒄, from the right and
from the left. Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) if it exists, then discuss the continuity of the function at 𝒙 = 𝒄.
𝒙→𝒄
1) 2)

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐 ، f is continuous at x = −2 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐 ، f is continuous at x = −2

𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→−𝟐

3) 4)

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐 ، f is not continuous at x = 3

𝒙→𝟎

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 ، f is not continuous at x = −2

𝒙→−𝟐

5) 6)

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist

𝒙→𝟒

f is not continuous at x = 4 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist

𝒙→−𝟏

f is not continuous at x = −1

88
 Writing About Concepts
19) Explain the difference between a removable and non-removable discontinuity.
Give an example of
a- A function a non-removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = 𝟐.
b- A function a non-removable discontinuity at 𝒙 = −𝟐.
c- A function satisfying the two conditions in (a) and (b).
𝟏
Answer: 𝒇(𝒙) = is discontinuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏 and it is non-removable because the limit
𝒙−𝟏
does not exist at 𝒙 = 𝟏

𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = is discontinuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏 and it is removable because the limit does exist at
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙 = 𝟏 and 𝒇(𝟏) is defined

𝟏
a) 𝒇(𝒙) = it is non-removable
𝒙−𝟐

𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
b) 𝒇(𝒙) = it is removable
𝒙+𝟐
𝒙+𝟐
c) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒

True or False? In exercises 20 to 23, determine whether the statement is true or false. If
it is false justify with a counter example.
20) If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 and 𝒇(𝒄) = 𝑳, then the function 𝒇 is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝒄.
𝒙→𝒄
Answer true, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒄)
𝒙→𝒄

21) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) for 𝒙 ≠ 𝒄 and 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝒈(𝒙) then at least one of the two functions
is discontinuous at 𝒙 = 𝒄.
Answer true, if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 then 𝑓 (𝑐 ) ≠ 𝐿 or 𝑔(𝑐 ) ≠ 𝐿 so at least one
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
of the function is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐

22) A rational function may have an infinite number of points of discontinuity.

𝑃(𝑥)
Answer false, if 𝑓 (𝑥) = where 𝑄(𝑥) is a polynomial of degrre 𝑛 then the point of
𝑄(𝑥)
discontinuity 𝑛 which is finite

|𝒙−𝟏|
23) The function 𝒇(𝒙) = has no points if discontinuity.
𝒙−𝟏
Answer false, because 𝑓 discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1

89
 −𝟏 𝒙 < 𝟎
24) The sign function is the function 𝒔(𝒙) = { 𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟎 , sketch the graph of the
𝟏 𝒙>𝟎
function 𝒔 and find the following limits (if they exist).
𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒔(𝒙) 𝐛 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒔(𝒙) 𝐜 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔(𝒙)
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

Solution:
𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒔(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦−(−𝟏) = −𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

𝐛 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒔(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+(𝟏) = 𝟏

𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎

𝐜 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔(𝒙) = 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭

𝒙→𝟎

90
 + number − number
Note : ❶ = +∞ and = −∞
𝟎 𝟎
❷ If the limit 𝒇(𝒙) increase or decrease without bound where 𝒙 approach to 𝒄 from the
left and from the right. then 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist
number
Note : ❶ If 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist means then 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄+ 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞ or −∞ And
𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄− 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞ or −∞

❷ To find the sign of ∞ from the right take a number > 𝒄 and substitute in 𝒇(𝒙) if the
result is (+) becomes +∞ but if the result is (−) then become −∞ and about the left take 𝒂
number < 𝒄

Find the limit of each function as 𝒙 approaches 𝟏 from the left and from the right.

𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒙−𝟏
(A −∞ (B +∞ (C 1 (D −𝟏 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐
(A −∞ (B +∞ (C 1 (D −𝟏
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒙−𝟏
(A −∞ (B +∞ (C 1 (D −𝟏 𝒍𝒊𝒎− (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐
(A −∞ (B +∞ (C 1 (D −𝟏
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

−𝟏 −𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 (A −∞ (B +∞ (C 1 (D −𝟏 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (A −∞ (B +∞ (C 1 (D −𝟏
𝒙→𝟏+ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏+ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐

−𝟏 −𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 (A −∞ (B +∞ (C 1 (D −𝟏 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (A −∞ (B +∞ (C 1 (D −𝟏
𝒙→𝟏− 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏− (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐

91
Check it out

𝟏 𝟏
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙+𝟏| B) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝟏 +
𝒍𝒊𝒎+ |𝒙+𝟏|
= |−𝟎.𝟗+𝟏| = + = +∞ 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
= (−𝟎.𝟗+𝟏)𝟐 = + = +∞
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→−𝟏

𝟏 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝟏 +
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = |−𝟏.𝟏+𝟏| = + = +∞ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = (−𝟏.𝟏+𝟏)𝟐 = + = +∞
𝒙→−𝟏+ |𝒙+𝟏| 𝒙→−𝟏− (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐

page 75
𝒙
5) What is the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦− ?
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
𝟏
𝒂 −∞ 𝒃 +∞ 𝒄𝟏 𝒅 − 𝒆 −𝟏
𝟐
solution:
𝒙 𝒂
𝐥𝐢𝐦− = −∞
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐

In exercises 1 to 4, find the limit of 𝒇(𝒙) as 𝒙 tends to −𝟐, from the right and from the left.
𝒙
1- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 ቚ𝒙𝟐 −𝟒ቚ
𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝟐 ቚ 𝟐 ቚ = +∞
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙 −𝟒
𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝟐 ቚ 𝟐 ቚ = +∞
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙 −𝟒

92
 𝟏
2- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟐
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ = +∞
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙+𝟐

𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− = −∞
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙+𝟐

𝝅𝒙
3- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ቀ 𝟒 ቁ
𝝅𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ቀ ቁ = −∞
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→−𝟐 𝟒
𝝅𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ቀ ቁ = +∞
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→−𝟐 𝟒

𝟏
4- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 ቀ ቁ
𝟒

𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝝅𝒙 = +∞
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→−𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 ቀ 𝟒 ቁ

𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝝅𝒙 = −∞
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→−𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 ቀ 𝟒 ቁ

93
 Vertical asymptote :

If 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞ or 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = −∞ then the vertical line 𝒙 = 𝒄 A vertical asymptote to
the functions.

𝒈(𝒙)
Note: to find the vertical asymptote of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒉(𝒙) :

❶Simplify the function (by factoring)

❷Make the denominator equal to zero 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟎
Find 𝒙, then 𝒙 = 𝒄 becomes vertical asymptote
number
such that 𝒈(𝒄) ≠ 𝟎 (numerator ≠ 𝟎), 𝒇(𝒄) = 𝟎

Note:
❶if 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅; 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰
𝝅
❷ 𝒊𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅; 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰

.example : Find the all the vertical asymptotes to the function.

𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝟑
❶ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐(𝒙+𝟏) ❷ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 ❸ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙−𝟐 ❹ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙
÷ 𝟐 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙+𝟏=𝟎 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟎
𝟐
𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒙 = ±𝟏 𝒙= 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟑
vertical asymptote
is vertical asymptote is v.a is vertical asymptote

𝟑 𝟐+𝒙 𝟓 𝟒𝒙
❺ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐− ❻ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏−𝒙) ❼ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙−𝟏)𝟑 ❽ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒−𝒙𝟐
ξ𝒙

𝟐 − ξ𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑 = 𝟎 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
−ξ𝒙 = −𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±2
𝒙=𝟒 𝒙 = 𝟏 or 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒙=𝟏 Is v.a
Is v.a
Is v.a

94
 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟖 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
𝟗) 𝒇(𝒙) = 10) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟗 11) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙−𝟔 12) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒

(𝒙+𝟒)(𝒙−𝟐) 𝒙+𝟑 (𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙+𝟏) (𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙−𝟐)

𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙−𝟐) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙−𝟑) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙−𝟔)(𝒙+𝟏) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙−𝟐)
𝒙+𝟒 𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟐
= 𝒙+𝟐 = 𝒙−𝟑 = 𝒙−𝟔 = 𝒙−𝟐

𝒙+𝟐=𝟎 𝒙−𝟑=𝟎 𝒙−𝟔=𝟎 𝒙−𝟐=𝟎

𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒙=𝟑 𝒙=𝟔 𝒙=𝟐

Is v.a is v.a is v.a Is v.a

𝒙+𝟏
1) The vertical asymptote of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐−𝟏 is: (2014-2015 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 𝒚 = 𝟎
B) 𝒙 = 𝟏
C) 𝒙 = ±𝟏
D) none

𝟐𝒙
2) Which one is the vertical asymptote of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟐𝒙𝟐 ? (𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 2
B) -2
𝟏
C)
𝟐
D) 0
(2016-2017 𝟐nd Attempt)
𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
3) Which one is the vertical asymptote of the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ?
(𝒙+𝟑)𝟐
A) 𝒙 = ±𝟑
B) 𝒙 = 𝟑
C) 𝒙 = −𝟑
D) none
𝒙𝟑 −𝟏
4) Which one is the vertical asymptote of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏
? (2017-2018 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 𝒙 = −𝟏
B) 𝒙 = 𝟏
C) 𝒙 = 𝟑
D) none
𝟏
5) Find the vertical asymptote for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙 ? ൫𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝟐nd Attempt)
A) 𝒙 = 𝟐
B) 𝒙 = 𝟎
C) 𝒙 = −𝟐
𝟏
D) 𝒙 = 𝟐

95
 6) Find the vertical asymptote of the function
𝟑𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = ? (𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝐬𝐭 Attempt)
𝟐|𝒙| + 𝟖

A) 𝒙 = ±𝟐
B) 𝒙 = ±𝟒
C) 𝒙 = −𝟒
D) none

7) Which of the following functions has no vertical asymptote at 𝒙 = 𝟐 ? (2020-2021 𝟏st Attempt)
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐
𝒙+𝟐
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐−𝟒
𝒙𝟐 +𝟒
C) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟔
D) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟖

8)Find the vertical asymptote to the function (2021-2022 2 𝟐nd Attempt)

𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = .
𝒙𝟑 +𝟏

A) 𝒙 = 𝟏
B) 𝒙 = 𝟎
C) 𝒙 = −𝟏
D) none

Example : find the vertical asymptote of trigonometric functions

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
❶ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 ❷ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ❸ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 ❹ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝟎

𝝅 𝝅
𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰 𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰
Is v.a is v.a is v.a is v.a

𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
❺ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝅𝒙 ❻ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅𝒙 ❼ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙 ❽ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝅𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
𝝅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝅𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 =𝟎
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅𝒙 𝟐
𝝅𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅 ÷ 𝝅 𝟐𝝅𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅 ÷ 𝟐𝝅 𝝅𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅 ÷𝝅 = 𝒏𝝅 ×𝝅
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
𝒙= 𝟐+𝒏 𝒏∈𝑰 𝒙=𝟒+𝟐 𝒏∈𝑰 𝒙=𝒏 𝒏∈𝑰 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰
Is v.a is v.a is v.a is v.a

96
 𝟏
1) Find the vertical asymptotes of the graphs of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒙 ⋅

൫𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝟐nd Attempt)

A) 𝒙 = 𝒏
B) 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅
𝟏
C) 𝒙 = 𝒏 +
𝟐
D) none
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝅𝒙
2) Find the vertical asymptotes of the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = ? (𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝟏st
𝒙
Attempt )
𝝅
A) 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅 + 𝟐
𝟏
B) 𝒙 = 𝒏 + 𝟐
C) 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅
D) 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒏 ∈ 𝒍

3) Find all the vertical asymptotes of the function൫𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟐nd Attempt)

𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅𝒙 ⋅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ቀ 𝟒 ቁ

A) 𝒙 = 𝒏
B) 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒏
C) 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏𝝅
D) 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒏𝝅 𝒏 ∈ 𝒁

−𝟏
4) Find all the vertical asymptotes to the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝅𝒙).

൫𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝟐nd Attempt)

𝟏
A) 𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏
𝝅
B) 𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅
C) 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅
D) 𝒙 = 𝒏 𝒏 ∈ ℤ
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
5) Find all the vertical asymptotes to the function 𝒇(𝒙) = . (𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝟏st Attempt)
𝒙
𝝅
A) 𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅
B) 𝒙 = 𝒏 + 𝝅
C) 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅
D) 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒏 ∈ ℤ
6) The vertical asymptotes of which of the following functions are 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒏. where 𝒏 ∈ 𝑰
𝟏
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅𝒙 (𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝟏st Attempt)
𝝅𝒙
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐
𝟏
C) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒙
D)None

97
 𝟏
7) Find the vertical asymptotes of the function 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
A. 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅
𝟏
B. 𝒙 = 𝝅 ቀ𝒏 + 𝟐ቁ
C. 𝒙 = 𝟐(𝒏 + 𝝅)
𝟏
D. 𝒙 = 𝝅 ቀ𝒏 − ቁ ,𝒏 ∈ 𝑰
𝟐

𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 the all the vertical asymptotes to the function𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 .
൫𝒙+𝟑൯

 SOLUTION:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 (𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒙 − 𝟑
= =
(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟑
So the vertical asymptote is 𝒙 =

𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟖
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑Find the all the vertical asymptotes to the function 𝒇(𝒙) = .
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
SOLUTION: we start by writing the function in simplified form:
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖 (𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝒙 + 𝟒
= =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟐
So the vertical asymptote is 𝒙 =

𝒙+𝟑
CHECK IT OUT Find the all the vertical asymptotes to the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟗.

SOLUTION: we start by writing the function in simplified form:

𝒙+𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟏
𝟐
= =
𝒙 − 𝟗 (𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒙 − 𝟑
𝒙−𝟑=𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙=𝟑
So the vertical asymptote is 𝒙 =

|𝒙±𝒂|
Note : 𝒇(𝒙) = has no 𝑽. 𝑨
𝒙±𝒂
|𝒙−𝟓| 𝟏 𝒙>𝟓
Q) 𝒇(𝒙) = ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) = { ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) has no V.A.
𝒙−𝟓 −𝟏 𝒙<𝟓

98
 𝟐𝒙+𝟓
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 find a to make 𝒙 = −𝟏 vertical asymptote 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝒂

Solution:
𝒙 = −𝟏 sub to f(x)

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒂 = 𝟎
(−𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟑(−𝟏) + 𝒂 = 𝟎
−𝟐 + 𝒂 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒂 = 𝟐

In exercises 5 to 13, find the vertical asymptotes to the function (if they exist).
𝟏
5- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐

Solution:
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟎 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞

𝒙𝟐
6- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟗

Solution:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟗
𝒙 = ±𝟑 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬

𝒙𝟐 −𝟐
7- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟐
Solution:
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬

𝒙𝟐
8- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
Solution :
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒙 = ±𝟐 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬

𝒙−𝟏
9- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
Solution :
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒙 = ±ξ−𝟏 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 , 𝐬𝐨 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬

99
 𝟏
10- 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅𝒙)
Solution :
𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅𝒙) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝝅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟎)
𝝅
𝝅𝒙 = + 𝒌𝝅 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝑰
𝟐
𝟏
𝒙 = + 𝒌 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝑰 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬
𝟐
𝟏
11- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
Solution :
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒙 = 𝟎 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬

𝒙𝟑 +𝟏
12- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏
Solution :
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒇(𝒙) = = = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬
𝒙+𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)

𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
13- 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
Solution :
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = = ⇒ 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒙=𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝝅
𝒙 = 𝟎 (𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐝) 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = + 𝒌𝝅 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝑰 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬
𝟐

Page74

In exercises 36 to 39, find the vertical asymptotes (if they exist).

𝟐
𝟑𝟔) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 +
𝒙
solution :
𝒙 𝟎 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞

𝟒𝒙
𝟑𝟕) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐
solution :
𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒙 = ±𝟐
𝒙 𝟐 , 𝒙 −𝟐 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬

𝟖
𝟑𝟖) 𝒇(𝒙) =
(𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎)𝟐
solution :
(𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎

100
 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬

𝟏
𝟑𝟗) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝅𝒙
solution :
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝅𝒙 = 𝟎 𝝅𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅 , 𝒏∈𝑰 𝒙=𝒏 , 𝒏∈𝑰
𝒙 𝒏 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬 such that n is integer number.

Writing About Concepts

4) Explain the meaning of infinite limit, is +∞ a real number?
Answer: A limit in which 𝒇(𝒙) increases or decrease without bound as 𝒙 approaches to 𝒄 is
called an infinite limit. +∞ is not a number! Rathe the symbol. 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞ says how the
limit fails to exist.

5) Explain the meaning of vertical asymptotes.

Answer: The line 𝒙 = 𝒄 is a vertical asymptote if the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) approaches to ±∞ as 𝒙
approaches to 𝒄. It means 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = ±∞ ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝒄 is a vertical asymptote.

6) Give an example of a rational function that has vertical asymptotes 𝒙 = 𝟔 and 𝒙 = −𝟐 and
vanishes for 𝒙 = 𝟑.
Answer:
𝒙 = 𝟔 → (𝒙 − 𝟔) = 𝟎
denominator
𝒙 = −𝟐 → (𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟎

𝒙=𝟑 → 𝒙−𝟑=𝟎 numerator

𝒙−𝟑 𝒙−𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = = 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟔)(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐

(2019-2020 1st Attempt)

1) Find a function that has vertical asymptotes at 𝒙 = −𝟐 &𝒙 = 𝟎, and vanishes at 𝒙 = −𝟒.
𝟐𝒙+𝟖
A) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝒙−𝟐)
𝟑𝒙+𝟏𝟐
B) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝟐𝒙+𝟒)
𝒙−𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝒙
D) 𝒇(𝒙) =
(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙+𝟒)

7) Does every rational function have vertical asymptotes? Explain your answer.
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
Answer: no, for example 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 and 𝒈(𝒙) = does not have vertical asymptote
𝒙+𝟏

101
 True or false in exercise 19 to 22, determine whether the statement is true, if it is true,
justify. If it is false, give a counter example.
𝑷(𝒙)
19) If 𝑷(𝒙) is a polynomial function then 𝒇(𝒙) = has a vertical asymptote at 𝒙 = 𝟏.
𝒙−𝟏
Answer | false,
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒇(𝒙) = = =𝒙+𝟏
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
𝑷(𝒙)
1) The function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏
has no vertical asymptote at 𝒙 = 𝟏, if: (2014-2015 𝟏st Attempt)
A) 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
B) 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
C) 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏
D) 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏

29)If 𝒇 is a rational function then it has at least one vertical asymptotes.

𝒙
Answer | false, for example the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 does has a vertical asymptote

21)If 𝒇 is a rational function has no vertical asymptotes.

Answer | true, because a polynomial is defined at all points

22)If a function 𝒇 has a vertical asymptote at 𝒙 = 𝟎, then 𝒇 is not defined at this point.
Answer | false,
𝟏
𝟐
𝒙≠𝟎
For example: 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒙
𝟓 𝒙=𝟎

23)Give two functions 𝒇 and 𝒈 such that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞ and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = +∞ whereas
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
𝐥𝐢𝐦൫𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)൯ ≠ 𝟎.
𝒙→𝒄
𝟏 𝟏
For example: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = +∞
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) = +∞
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦൫𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)൯ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝟐 − 𝟐 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏) = 𝟏 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙→𝒄

1) Which of the following is false? (2017-2018 1st Attempt)

A) A polynomial function has no vertical asymptotes.
B) Every rational function has vertical asymptotes.
|𝒙+𝟐|
C) The function 𝒇(𝒙) = has no points of discontinuity.
𝒙+𝟐
D) ( 𝑩 and 𝑪 ) together

102
 Test bank
Which is false for the given graph of 𝑓(𝑥)?
A)𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 B) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3)
𝑥→3
C) 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 D) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→4

2
‫ ۓ‬2𝑥 + 2 0>𝑥
ۖ𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2 0≤𝑥<3
Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 if the function ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 −18 is continuous.
‫۔‬ 𝑥>3
𝑥 2 −3𝑥
ۖ
‫ە‬ 𝑏 𝑥=3
−2 −1
A) 𝑎 = 0 , 𝑏 = 4 B) 𝑎 = 6 , 𝑏 = 3
C) 𝑎 = 0 , 𝑏 = −6 D) 𝑎 = 9
,𝑏 = 4

The result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚[𝑥 − 2] is :

𝑥→4
A)0 B)3 C)2 D) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (6𝑥)
The result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 is :
𝑥→0 4𝑥 2
3
A) 2 B)9 C)0 D) 4

𝑥
The result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 is :
𝑥→0 ξ𝑥+1−1
1
A) −1 B) C) 0 D) 2
2

𝑥
Vertical asymptote for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2−𝑥 is :

A)𝑥 = −1 B)𝑥 = 1 C)𝑥 = 0 D) 𝐵, 𝐶

−1
If 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥−1| , then find the value of 𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→1

A)+∞ B)−∞ C)−1 D) 0

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = ξ2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 , then find 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑔൫𝑓(𝑥)൯ .

𝑥→1

A) 12 B) −12 C) 2 D) −2

𝑥
Over which interval does the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ට𝑥+1 has points of discontinuity.

A)] − ∞, 0[ B) [−1,0[ C)]0, +∞[ D) ]−1,0]

ξ2𝑥 2 +7−3
The result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥−1
is :
𝑥→1
1 2 −1
A) 6 B) 3 C)6 D) 9

103
Which of the following is true for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 3| ?
A)𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 B)𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3
C)𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 D) 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒

1
Use squeeze theorem to find 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 |𝑥| .
𝑥→0
A)±1 B)−1 C)1 D) 0

Which of the following functions is discontinuous at (𝑥 = 1) and it’s not removable.

𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4 −2𝑥 + 3 𝑥 < 1 𝑥 3 −1 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
A) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 B)) 𝑓(𝑥) = { C)𝑓(𝑥) = D) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥≥1 𝑥−1 |𝑥−1|

3𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = and wich of these functions are two functions that match at all
𝑥−1
points except one point?
A) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 B)) 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1 C)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 D) 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2

Which of the following is false?

1
+1 4−𝑥 2 |𝑥+1|−|𝑥−1| ξ𝑥−1 1
A)𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥−1𝑥 = −1 B)𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑥−4 = −2 C)𝑙𝑖𝑚 =2 D) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1−𝑥 2 = 2
𝑥→0 𝑥→2 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→1

Which of the following is true?

A)𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑐 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥→𝑐
B) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑔(𝑥)| ≤ 𝑀 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑐,
𝑥→𝑐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀 > 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→𝑐
𝑥 2 −4
C)𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = ቊ 𝑥−2 𝑥 ≠ 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝑥 𝑥=2
D) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡.

𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
Which of the following is a redefined form for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = so as to be
3𝑥
continuous at 𝑥 = 0?
𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝑥≠0 𝑥≠0
3𝑥 3𝑥
A)𝑓(𝑥) = { B)𝑓(𝑥) = {
2
𝑥=0 0 𝑥=0
3

𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝑥≠0 𝑥≠0
3𝑥 3𝑥
C)𝑓(𝑥) = { D) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
−1
𝑥=0 −2 𝑥=0
3

The function 𝑠(𝑡) = −4.9 𝑡 2 + 200 is the position function of a falling object from a height of
𝑠(𝑡)−𝑠(𝑎)
200 𝑚 after 𝑡 seconds. The 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑡−𝑎
represents the velocity of the falling object at 𝑡 = 𝑎.
𝑡→𝑎
Find the velocity of the object at 𝑡 = 2 .
A)9.8 𝑚/𝑠 B)40.8 𝑚/𝑠 C)−4.8 𝑚/𝑠 D) −19.6 𝑚/𝑠

104
Use the graph at right to answer the questions ] 19 till 21[ .

𝑓(4) is:
A)0 B)4 C)1 D) 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) is:

𝑥→4

A)−1 B)1 C)0 D) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) is:

𝑥→0

A)4 B)0 C)2 D) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

Which of the following functions is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 2.

3𝑥 2 −𝑥−10 𝑥−2
𝑥≠2 𝑥≠2
𝑥−2 𝑥 2 −8
A)𝑓(𝑥) = { B)𝑔(𝑥) = {
11 𝑥=2 12 𝑥=2

𝑥−2 𝑥≥2 ξ𝑥 − 2 𝑥 ≥ 2
C)ℎ(𝑥) = { D) 𝑘(𝑥) = {
2−𝑥 𝑥<2 2−𝑥 𝑥<2

2𝑥+5
Which values of 𝑎 makes 𝑥 = −1 a vertical a symtote for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+𝑎 ?

A)−2 B)−1 C)2 D) 0

𝑥 2 −3
Use the IVT to prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2−2𝑥 has a root between these pair of values:
1
A)−1 , 1 B)−1 , 3 C)−2 , − 2 D) 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚

Find the functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 such that 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑔(𝑥) do not exists but the limit
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

𝑙𝑖𝑚[𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)] exist.

𝑥→0
1 1 1 1
A)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 B) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
𝑥 1 |𝑥| 𝑥
C)𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| , 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥| D) 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|
𝑥

The figure of the right shows a rectangle and an isosceles

triangle inscribed in a circle. What is the value of 𝑥 that
will make the areas of the rectangle and the triangle
4
equal if the height of the triangle is 5?
5 1 2 3
A) 2 B)2 C)5 D)2

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 Which of these functions is discontinuous and not removable?
𝑥−3 5−𝑥 𝑥≤2 9𝑥 2 −1
A)𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥−3)2 B)𝑓(𝑥) = { C)𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥 + 4] D) 𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 − 3 𝑥>2 3𝑥+1

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 then 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥) ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) , then which of the following is the
value of 𝑎 so that 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ(𝑥) is exist.
𝑥→𝑎
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
A)𝑥 = B)− 2 C) 2 D) 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚
2

𝑓(1)−𝑓(𝑥)
If 𝑓(𝑥) = ξ𝑥 + 3, then the result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 is:
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1
−1 −1 2
A) 4
B) 4 C) 8
D) 9

1
Discontinuity points for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋𝑥 are:
𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
A)𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 B)𝑥 = 2𝑛 C)𝑥 = 2(𝜋 + 1) D) 𝑥 = 2𝑛 + 1 , 𝑛∈𝐼

Use the graph at right to answer the questions ] 31 till 33 [.

The result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) is:

𝑥→0
A)−2.5 B)6 C)0 D) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

𝑓(2) is:
A)3 B)2 C)6 D) 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) is:

𝑥→2
A)6 B)3 C)0 D) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

1 −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −1
‫ 𝑥ۓ‬+ 2 −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 0
Which of the following is false for the function ℎ(𝑥) = 2 0 < 𝑥 < 1.
‫ ۔‬3 7
‫ە‬− 2 𝑥 + 2 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
A) 𝑙𝑖𝑚− ℎ(𝑥) = −1 B) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ(𝑥) = 2 C)ℎ(1) ≠ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ(𝑥) D) ℎ(−1) = 1
𝑥→3 𝑥→0 𝑥→1

𝑥−𝑎
The result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 is:
𝑥→𝑎
2 −1 1
A) 𝑎 B) 2𝑎 C)2𝑎 D)2𝑎
1
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = is discontinuous at:
ξ1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
A)𝑥 = −2𝜋 B)𝑥 = 𝜋 C)𝑥 = −𝜋 D) 𝐵, 𝐶

2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 < 3
If 𝑓(𝑥) = { , then the result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) is:
5 − 𝑥2 𝑥 > 3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3
A)−1 B)3 C)−4 D)7

106
Which of these functions has vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = −1 ?
𝑥+1 𝑥 1
A)𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2+𝑥)2 B)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2−1 C)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2+𝑥 D)𝐴, 𝐶

𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏 𝑥≤0
For which values of 𝑎 , 𝑏 does 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 + 3𝑎 − 𝑏 2
0 < 𝑥 ≤ 2 become continuous.
3𝑥 − 5 𝑥>2
3 3 3 3 3 3
A)𝑎 = 2 , 𝑏 = − 2 B)𝑎 = − 2 , 𝑏 = 2 C)𝑎 = − 2 , 𝑏 = − 2 D)𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚

According to IVT which of these functions has a root between 0 and 2 if 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.
1 −1 1
A)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 B)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1 C)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3 D) 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒

ξ𝑥+5−3
The result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 is:
𝑥→4 −𝑥+4
1 1
A) 6 B)6 C)− 6 D) −6

𝑥
Find 𝑏 if the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−𝑏 has a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = −1.
A)0 B)−4 C)3 D) 4

Choose the graph that has the properties that 𝑓(0) is defined , 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 , 𝑓(2) = 6 and
𝑥→0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 .
𝑥→2

A) B) C) D)

−2|𝑥−2|
The result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚− is:
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

A)2 B)−2 C)±1 D) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

3𝑥
The result of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 is:
𝑥→0 ξ3−ξ3−𝑥
3 3
A) −2ξ3 B)6ξ3 C) 2ξ3 D)−6ξ3

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = ξ𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 6 , then 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑔൫𝑓(𝑥)൯ is:

𝑥→1
A)−3 B)9 C)3 D)𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 5 and 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 , then the value of 𝑎 is:

𝑥→1
4 3 −4
A) 3 B) 4 C) 3 D)2

Which of these functions is continuous at ] − ∞, +∞[ ?

−3 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥<3
A)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1 B)𝑓(𝑥) = ξ𝑥 − 5 C)𝑓(𝑥) = { D)𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 1|
5 − 𝑥2 𝑥>3
107
Which function is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0 and not removable?
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 4𝑥 2 3𝑥 − 1 𝑥 ≤ 0
A)𝑓(𝑥) = ξ𝑥 B)𝑓(𝑥) = C)𝑓(𝑥) = D)𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥 + 5 𝑥 > 0

Which of the following is false?

3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 2 +3 3
𝑥+1
(∗) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =3 (∗∗) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =2
𝑥→0 3𝑥 𝑥→−2 2(𝑥+2)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
(∗∗∗) If 𝑓(𝑥) = then 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.
𝑥 𝑥→0

A)𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦(∗) B)𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦(∗∗) C)𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦(∗∗∗) D)𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚

Use the IVT to prove that the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has a root between −1 and 1.
𝑥 1
A)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1 B)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5 C)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 D)𝑓(𝑥) = ξ1 − 2𝑥

Which of the following functions is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 2 ?

3𝑥 + 3 𝑥 > 2
1 1
A)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−2 B)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋𝑥 C)𝑓(𝑥) = ξ3 − 𝑥 D)𝑓(𝑥) = { 7 𝑥=2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ቀ ቁ
3 𝑥2 + 5 𝑥 < 2
|𝑥|−|𝑥−2|
Calculate 𝑙𝑖𝑚 :
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

A)−2 B)−1 C)2 D)−4

𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(2)
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 then 𝑙𝑖𝑚 is:
𝑥→2 2−𝑥

A)8 B)−8 C)−4 D)0

Which of the following is true?

|𝑥−1|−|𝑥+1| 2−ξ5+𝑥 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋+∆𝑥)+1
A) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = −2 B) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [𝑥 − 1] = 3 C) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = D) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→3.6 𝑥→−1 𝑥 2 −1 8 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

ξ3

1
𝑥2 − 5 𝑥≤1
If 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑓(𝑥) = −1 ,then find the value of 𝑎 if 𝑓(𝑥) = ቊ 3 .
𝑥→1 𝑎𝑥+6
𝑒 −2 𝑥 >1
A) 𝑎 = 4 B) 𝑎 = −6 C) 𝑎 = −4 D)𝑎 = −5

𝑥 2 −4
𝑥<2
Find 𝑏 that makes the function 𝑔(𝑥) = { 𝑥−2 continuous.
(𝑏 2 − 𝑏)𝑥 − 8 𝑥≥2
A)𝑏 = −3 , 𝑏 = 2 B)𝑏 = 2 , 𝑏 = 4 C)𝑏 = 3 , 𝑏 = −2 D)𝑏 = 4 , 𝑏 = 0

The limit of which of the following is −∞ ?

−3𝑥−1 −1 1+2𝑥
A) 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ B) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥+3) 2
C) 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ D)𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→−3 𝑥→−3 𝑥+3

108
Which of these functions has a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 0 ?
𝑥 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2
A)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 B)𝑓(𝑥) = C)𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 D)𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚
𝑥2

1
Over which interval does the function 𝑓(𝑥) = discontinuous.
ξ𝑥−2
A) [0,1] B) [2,3] C)] − ∞, 0[∪]4, +∞[ D)] − ∞, 0[∪ {4}

Answer Key

109