Edge-triggered Flip-Flop,

State Table, State Diagram

 Edge-triggered Flip-Flop
• Contrast to Pulse-triggered SR Flip-Flop
• Pulse-triggered: Read input while clock is 1, change output when the clock goes
to 0. What happens during the entire HIGH part of clock can affect eventual
output.
• Edge-triggered: Read input only on edge of clock cycle (positive or
negative)
• Example below: Positive Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop
• On the positive edge (while the clock is going from 0 to 1), the input D is read, and
almost immediately propagated to the output Q. Only the value of D at the positive
edge matters.

D Q
D S

C
C Q
Clock R
Symbol
• Symbol of edge-triggered D flip-flop

D D

C C

Positive-edge triggered Negative-edge triggered

Flip-Flop Timing
• Set-up time: ts
• Input needs to be stable before trigger
• Hold time: th
• Input needs to be stable after trigger
• Propagation delay: tp
• Some delay from trigger to output change
• Example: Negative edge triggered flip-flip

Clock

ts th

tp
Sequential Circuit Description
• Input Equations
• State Table
• State Diagram
• We’ll use the following example
 Sequential Circuit Description
X A
D

C A

D B

C B

Clock

Y
 Sequential Circuit Description
Next state Present state

X A
D

input C A

D B

C B

Clock
Y output
At the clock trigger, the next state
will be read and transferred to the
present state
Input Equations

Anext = ApresentX + BpresentX

Bnext = A’presentX
Y = (Apresent + Bpresent)X’
Next state in terms of
input and present state
Output in terms of input
and present state
State Table

Present State Input Next State Output

A B X A B Y

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
State Diagram
1/0
0/0

00 01

0/1
0/1 1/0
0/1

10 11
1/0

1/0
Mealy and Moore Models

• Preceding Example: Output depends on present state and input.

This is called the Mealy Model
• Another kind of circuit: Output only depends on present state. This
is called the Moore Model
Example of Moore Model
X
A
Y D Z

C Anext = Apresent + XY

Z = Apresent
Clock

X Y Apresent Anext

0 0 0 0 11
00,01,10
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
0/0 1/1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 00,01,10,11
 Moore Model

Some
Inputs Some Combinational
Combinational Circuit
Circuit Outputs

Flip-flops
 Mealy Model

Some
Inputs Some Combinational
Combinational Circuit
Circuit Outputs

Flip-flops
Mealy and Moore Model
State Diagrams
1/0
0/0

00 01
Moore input
0/1
0/1 1/0
input 0/1
output
11 10 11
00,01,10 1/0

1/0
0/0 1/1 state

state output 00,01,10,11

How to Design a Sequential Circuit
• 1. Specification
• 2. Formulation: Draw a state diagram
• 3. Assign state number for each state
• 4. Draw state table
• 5. Derive input equations
• 5. One D flip-flop for each state bit
Example
• Design a sequential circuit to recognize the input sequence 1101.
• That is, output 1 if the sequence 1101 has been read, output 0
otherwise.

0/0 1/0

1/0 1/0 0/0

A B C D

0/0 1/1

0/0
Assign States
• 4 states, so we need 2 bits

0/0 1/0

1/0 1/0 0/0

00 01 10 11

0/0 1/1

0/0
State Table

Present State Input Next State Output

A B X A B Y

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1
Input Equations

Anext = A’BX + AB’

Bnext = A’B’X + AB’X’ + ABX

Y = ABX
 Circuit Diagram
X A
D

C A

Exercise: D B
Fill in the input to
Flip-Flop B
C B
Clock