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Research Article
NEURO-PHARMACOLOGICAL AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF ARNICA MONTANA EXTRACT
when mice ceased to struggle and remained floating in the water, Statistical analysis
making only necessary movements necessary to keep its head above
water. At the end of the session, the animal was removed from water The results were expressed as mean ± S.E.M. All statistical
and dried gently [19-20]. comparisons were made by means of Student’s t-test and a P value
smaller than 0.05 was regarded as significant [24].
Stationary rod test
RESULTS
The stationary rod test was used to assess learning ability and
locomotor activity. The test apparatus consisted of horizontal Locomotor and exploratory behavior of mice
stainless steel rods with the platform. At first the mice were trained The anxiolytic activity was assessed using open field, head dip and
and then they were allowed to balance on stationary rod. During the stationary rod apparatus. The most significant CNS depression
observation time mice maintained balance, travelled and fall from effect was observed at the dose of 100 mg/kg of A. montana
the stationary rod was noted [21]. extract. In open field activity the results were found to be
Analgesic activity (by acetic acid) 11.331.73 counts in 30 minutes. In head dip test, the mice dipped
head 242.65 times. Number of entries in light compartment is
The analgesic effect was assessed by acetic acid induced writhing 5.51.51 times. The readings of cage cross is 24.672.41 times. In
test in mice. The animals were administered orally with the test forced swimming test (FST) the Mean forced mobility time was
samples and reference standard drug aspirin (300 mg/kg). 0.6% 1.780.12 seconds. Mean time of mobility on stationary rod was
acetic acid per kg was injected intra-peritoneal. The resultant 12.50.83 seconds. Locomotor and exploratory activity was
abdominal writhes consist of a contraction of body muscles and the reduced in comparison to control and standard drug Diazepam (2
stretching of hind limb. These abdominal contractions were counted mg/kg-1) (Table 1 and Graph 1).
over three periods of 10 min each after injection of acetic acid. The
anti-nociceptive activity was considered as the reduction of these Acetic Acid Test
writhes in the treated animals. The % inhibition of the test samples
Analgesic activity is widely assessed by the method of acetic acid
was calculated by using the following formula: (number of writhing
induced abdominal constrictions. 0.6% (10 ml/kg i.p) acetic acid
of control) − (no of writhing of test group)/ (number of writhing of
solution was administered in mice and the abdominal constrictions
control) ×100 [22].
(writhes) were observed after 05 minutes. The writhes were
Analgesic activity (by Formalin) counted for three phases, each of 10 minutes respectively. The
inhibition of acetic acid induced writhes by Aspirin was as follows;
In this test, 2.5% formalin solution (0.05 ml) was injected in the sub- 1st; 66.7%, 2nd; 32.2%, 3rd phase; 35.5%. Where as A. montana, at the
plantar region of right hind paw of the mice to induce pain. Aspirin dose of 100 mg/kg exhibited maximum inhibition (57.6 %) in 3rd
was administered (30 min before formalin injection) orally to serve as phase. (Table 2 and Graph 2).
a control. The A. montana extracts (50 and 100 mg/kg) were
administered orally 60 min before the reaction. The animals were Formalin Test
placed in transparent cage for recording observations and the time
spent in licking and biting responses of the injected paw was taken as The results exhibited prominent analgesic effect in comparison with
indicator of pain response. Responses were measured for 30 min after aspirin. The analgesic effect of A. montana showed maximum
formalin injection. The reduction in the number of licking and biting inhibition of the licking and biting response (76.1%) induced by
responses is the inhibition of the pain score and the % inhibition can formalin at the dose of 50 mg/kg in 2nd phase. Aspirin in 1st, 2nd and
be calculated by the following expression: (mean of control group) − 3rd phase showed was 21.7%, 84.3% and 22.8% inhibition
(mean of treated group)/ (mean of control group) ×100 [23]. respectively (Table 3 and Graph 3).
Results were expressed along mean standard error mean. Significance of data were evaluated at P 0.05 – student t test
591
Ahmad et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 5, Issue 4, 590-593
Results were expressed along mean standard error mean. Significance of data were evaluated at P 0.05 – student t test
Results were expressed along mean standard error mean. Significance of data were evaluated at P 0.05 – student t test
592
Ahmad et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 5, Issue 4, 590-593
treatment of bruises. It can be suggested that analgesic effect may be 13. Ahmad M, Mehjabeen, Haq M, Jahan N. Determination of LD50
due to the presence of volatile oil. and ED50 by dose response relationship and assessment of
toxicological and non-toxicological behaviour of Ipomoea
CONCLUSION hederacea. J. Pharm. Reses, 2011; 4(4): 1176-1178.
Our present study revealed that A. montana possesses significant 14. Hall C.S. Emotional behavior in the rat. I. Defecation and
analgesic and anxiolytic effect, along with prominent decrease in urination as measures of individual differences in emotionality.
neuro-pharmacological activities due to its active chemical J. Comp. Psychol. 1934; 18: 385–403.
constituents. However, further studies are required to confirm the 15. Tamada, K., Tomonaga, S., Hatanaka, F., Nakai, N. and Takao, K.
mechanism of action behind the effects observed in our study. et al. Decreased exploratory activity in a mouse model of 15q
duplication syndrome; implications for disturbance of
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