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SITAMARHI
(Affiliated up to +2 level to C.B.S.E., New Delhi)
Session: 2014-15
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter 1: Real Numbers
Points to Remember
Key Concepts
Step 3: Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at
this stage will be HCF of (a, b). Also, HCF (a,b) = HCF (b,r)
5. Euclid’s Division Algorithm is stated for only positive integers but it can
be extended for all integers except zero, i.e, b ≠ 0.
2
11. Recurring fractions are the numbers which never leave a remainder
0 on normal division.
17. A number ends with the digit zero if and only if it has either 2 or 5 as
its prime factors.
19. There are more irrational numbers than rational numbers between
two consecutive numbers.
23. Highest Common Factor (HCF) is the product of the smallest power
of each common prime factor in the numbers.
Key Formulae
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter 2: Polynomials
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
Top Concepts:
4. For any linear polynomial ax+b, zero of the polynomial will be given by
the expression (-b/a).
2
5. The number of real zeros of the polynomial is the number of times its
graph touches or intersects x axis.
10. Division algorithm can also be used to find the zeroes of a polynomial.
If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two zeroes of a fourth degree polynomial f(x), then other
two zeroes can be found out by dividing f(x) by (x-a)(x-b)
11. If f(x) = q(x) g(x) + r(x), and r(x) = 0 then polynomial g(x) is a factor of
polynomial f(x).
Step1: To obtain the first term of the quotient, divide the highest degree
term of the dividend by the highest degree term of the divisor. Then carry
out the division process.
Step2: To obtain the second term of the quotient, divide the highest
degree term of the new dividend by the highest degree term of the
divisor. Then again carry out the division process
Step3: Continue the process till the degree of the new dividend is less
that the degree of the divisor. This will be called the remainder.
Top Formulae
b (co efficient of x)
Sum of the zeroes =
a Coefficient of x2
3
c Coefficient of x
Sum of the product of zeroes taken 2 at a time= ,
a Coefficient of x3
2. The quadratic polynomial whose sum of the zeroes = (+) and product
of zeroes = () is given by:
k (x2 - (+) x + ()), where k is real.
3. Division algorithm for polynomials: If f(x) and g(x) are any two
polynomials with g(x) ≠ 0, then we can always find polynomials q(x) and
r(x) such that
f(x) = q(x) g(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x)
Top Diagrams
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter 3: Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
2. Two linear equations in same two variables x and y are called pair of linear
equations in two variables.
Top Concepts
4. A system of linear equations in two variables represents two lines in the plane.
For two given lines there could be three possible cases:
5. If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique solution of the
system of equations. In this case system of equations is said to be consistent.
6. If the lines coincide (overlap), then the pair of equations will have infinitely many
solutions. System of equations is said to be dependent and consistent.
7. If the lines are parallel, then the pair of equations has no solution. In this case
pair of equations is said to be inconsistent.
9. Graphical method can be used to obtain the solution of a system of equations but
it has its limitations in cases where the solution is non-integral.
10. Steps to be followed while using the method of substitution for solving linear
equations in 2 variables:
2
Step1: Find the value of one variable, say y in terms of the other variable.
i.e. x from either equation, whichever is convenient.
Step3: Substitute the value of x (or y) obtained in step2 in the equation used
in step1 to obtain the value of the other variable.
Step 4: The values of x and y so obtained are the coordinates of the solution of
system of equations.
10. There could be three possibilities on substituting the variable in the other
equation:
Step 1: First multiply both the equations by some suitable non-zero constants
to make the coefficients of one variable (either x or y) numerically
equal.
Step 2: Then add or subtract one equation from the other so that one variable
gets eliminated. If you get an equation in one variable, go to step 3.
Step 3: Solve the equation in one variable (x or y) so obtained to get its value.
Step 4: Substitute this value of x (or y) in either of the original equations to get
the value of the other variable.
12. Equations which are not linear but can be reduced to linear form by some
suitable substitutions are called equations reducible to linear form.
13. The speed of the boat downstream is the sum of speed of boat in still water and
speed of the stream.
14. The speed of the boat upstream is the difference of speed of boat in still water
and speed of the stream.
3
15. Reduced equation can be solved by any of the algebraic method (substitution,
elimination or cross multiplication) of solving linear equation.
Top Formulae
Top Diagrams
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter 4: Quadratic Equations
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
Top Concepts
iii. Split the middle term using b1 and b2 – that is express the
term bx as b1x + b2x .Now factor by grouping pairs of
terms
2
b b2 4ac
x 2a 2a
b b2 4ac
x
2a
Top Formulae
b b2 4ac b b2 4ac
1. Roots of ax2 bx c 0, a 0 are and ,
2a 2a
where b2 4ac 0
b b
2. Roots of ax2 bx c 0, a 0 are and ,where b2 4ac 0
2a 2a
3
3. Quadratic identities:
i. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
ii. (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
iii. a2 - b2 = (a + b) ( a – b)
4. Discriminant, D = b2-4ac
1
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter 5: Arithmetic Progressions
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
2. The difference between the two successive term of an A.P is called the
common difference.
Top Concepts
1. A list of numbers a1, a2, a3…… is an A.P, if the differences a2–a1, a3–a2,
a4–a3 … give the same value i.e ak+1 – ak is same for all different values
of k.
4. The nth term of an A.P is the difference of the sum to first n terms and
the sum to first (n-1) terms of it.
i.e an Sn Sn1
Top Formulae
where a is the first term, d is the common difference and n is the total
number of terms.
X
Mathematics
Chapter 6: Triangles
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
Top Concepts
1. All congruent figures are similar but the similar figures need not be
congruent.
2. Two polygons are similar if
Their corresponding angles are equal
Their corresponding sides are in same ratio.
4. A line segment drawn through the mid points of one side of a triangle
parallel to another side bisects the third side
5. The ratio of any two corresponding sides in two equiangular triangles is
always same.
6. All circles are similar.
7. All squares are similar.
8. All equilateral triangles are similar.
9. If two triangles ABC and PQR are similar under the corresponding A ↔ P,
B ↔Q and C ↔ R, then symbolically, it is expressed as Δ ABC Δ PQR.
10. If two angles of a triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another
triangle, then by the angle sum property of a triangle their third angles
will also be equal.
11. The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the
ratio of their corresponding sides.
12. The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the
squares of the corresponding medians.
13. Triangles on the same base and between the same parallel lines have equal
area.
3
14. In a rhombus sum of the squares of the sides is equal to the sum of
squares of the diagonals.
15. In an equilateral or an isosceles triangle, the altitude divides the base into
two equal parts.
3
16. The altitude of an equilateral triangle with side ‘a’ is a.
2
17. In a square and rhombus, the diagonals bisect each other at right angles
18. If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right triangle to the
hypotenuse then triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar
to the whole triangle and to each other.
Top Formulae
Top Diagrams
1. Δ ABC Δ DEF
4
2. Δ ABD Δ DEF
1
X
Mathematics
Chapter 7: Coordinate Geometry
Top Definitions
6. The point where the x axis and the y axis intersect is coordinate points
(0, 0).
Top Concepts
1. The axes divide the Cartesian plane into four parts called the
quadrants (one fourth part), numbered I, II, III and IV anticlockwise
from OX.
2. The coordinate of a point on the x axis are of the form (x,0) and that
of the point on y axis are (0,y)
4. Three points A, B and C are collinear if the distances AB, BC, CA are
such that the sum of two distances is equal to the third.
2
10. Diagonals of rhombus and square bisect each other at right angle.
11. Four given points are collinear, if the area of quadrilateral is zero.
18. If the triangle is right angled triangle, then orthocentre is the point
where right angle is formed.
20. Orthocentre, centroid and circum centre are always collinear and
centroid divides the line joining Orthocentre and circumcentre in the
ratio of 2:1.
22. Angle bisector divides the opposite sides in the ratio of remaining
sides.
23. Three given points are collinear, if the area of triangle is zero.
Top Formulae
4. Coordinates of point which divides the line segment joining the points
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) in the ratio m : n internally are
mx2 nx1 my2 ny1
x and y
mn mn
6. If A(x1, y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) are vertices of a triangle, then the
coordinates of centroid are
x x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
G= 1 ,
3 3
7. If A(x1, y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) are vertices of a triangle, then the
coordinates of incentre are
ax bx2 cx3 ay1 ay2 ay3
I = 1 ,
abc abc
8. If A(x1, y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) are vertices of a triangle, then the
area of triangle ABC is given by
1
Area of ABC = x1(y2 y3 ) x2 (y3 y1 ) x3 (y1 y2 )
2
4
Top Diagrams
E F
G
B C
D
5. Incentre (I) of a triangle.
A
E F
I
B C
D
6
E F
O
B D C
E F
O
B C
D
1
X
Mathematics
Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry
Top Definitions
2. Ratio of the sides of the right triangle with respect to the acute angles
is called trigonometric ratios of the angle.
Top Concepts
2. When any two sides of a right triangle are given, its third side can be
obtained by using Pythagoras theorem.
5. The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the
length of the sides of the triangle, if the angles remain the same.
6. The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec
A or cosec A is always greater than 1 or equal to 1.
8. Only symbol cosine, sine, tangent, cotangent, sec and cosec has no
meaning.
sin
n
9. is generally written as sinn , n being a positive integer.
Similarly other trigonometric ratios can also be written.
Top Formulae
sec cos
1
1. cos1
2. Trigonometric ratio’s
si dopposite to A p
(i) sin A
hypotenuse h
side adjacent to A b
(ii) cos A
hypotenuse h
side adjacent to A p
(iii) tan A
side opposite to A b
hypotenuse h
(iv) cos ecA
side opposite to A p
hypotenuse h
(v) s ecA
side adjacent to A b
side adjacent to A b
(vi) co t A
side opposite to A p
5. Trigonometric Identities
(i) sin2 co s2 1
(ii) 1 tan2 sec2
(iii) 1 cot2 sec2
3
Top Diagrams
X
Mathematics
Chapter 9: Some Application of Trigonometry
Top Definitions
1. The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the
point in the object viewed by the observer.
5. Ratio of the sides of the right triangle with respect to the acute angles
is called trigonometric ratios of the angle.
Top Concepts
2. When any two sides of a right triangle are given, its third side can be
obtained by using Pythagoras theorem.
5. The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the
length of the sides of the triangle, if the angles remain the same.
7. Only symbol cosine, sine, tangent, cotangent, sec and cosec has no
meaning.
8. The two heights above and below the ground level in case of reflection
from the water surface are equal.
2
Top Formulae
sec cos
1
1. cos1
2. Trigonometric ratio’s
si dopposite to A p
(i) sin A
hypotenuse h
side adjacent to A b
(ii) cos A
hypotenuse h
side adjacent to A p
(iii) tan A
side opposite to A b
hypotenuse h
(iv) cos ecA
side opposite to A p
hypotenuse h
(v) s ecA
side adjacent to A b
side adjacent to A b
(vi) co t A
side opposite to A p
5. Trigonometric Identities
(i) sin2 co s2 1
(ii) 1 tan2 sec2
(iii) 1 cot2 sec2
3
Top Diagrams
1. Angle of elevation.
2. Angle of depression.
4
X
Mathematics
Chapter 10: Circles
Top Definitions
2. The common point of the circle and the tangent is called point of
contact.
3. The length of the segment of the tangent from the external point P
and the point of contact with the circle is called the length of the
tangent.
Top Concepts
1. A tangent to a circle is a special case of the secant when the two end
points of the corresponding chord coincide.
3. There are exactly two tangents to a circle through a point outside the
circle.
4. At any point on the circle there can be one and only one tangent.
7. The centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangents.
Top Diagrams
3. Radius Tangent.
1
Class X
Mathematics
Chapter: Constructions
Top Definitions
Top Concepts
Step 1: Construct the given triangle ABC by using the given data.
Step 2: Take any one of the three side of the given triangle as base.
Let AB be the base of the given triangle.
Step 3: At one end, say A, of base AB. Construct an acute angle BAX
below the base AB.
Step 4: Along AX mark off n points A1, A2, A3,………, An such that
Step 2: Take any one of the three sides of the given triangle and
consider it as the base. Let AB be the base of the given triangle.
Step 3: At one end, say A, of base AB. Construct an acute angle BAX
below base AB i.e., con the opposite side of the vertex C.
Steps of construction:
i. Join OP
4. To draw the tangent to a circle at a given point on it, when the centre
of the circle is not known.
Steps of construction:
ii. Draw QPB equal to PRQ and on opposite side of chord PQ.
Steps of construction:
6
iii. Join PA and PB. These are the required tangents from P to C
(O,r).
Steps of construction:
vi. Join PT and PT’. Then PT and PT’ are the required tangents.
7
7. Two tangents can be drawn to a circle through a point outside the circle
and pair of these tangents are always equal in length.
1
Class X: Math
Chapter : Area Related to Circles
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
2. A line segment joining the centre of the circle to a point on the circle is
called its radius.
5. A diameter of circle divides a circle into two equal arcs, each known as
a semicircle.
6. The region bounded by an arc of a circle and two radii at its end points
is called a sector.
7. A chord divides the interior of a circle into two parts, each called a
segment.
10. Circles having the same centre but different radii are called concentric
circles.
11. Two circles (or arc) are said to be congruent if we can superpose
(place) one over the other such that they cover each other completely.
12. The distance around the circle or the length of a circle is called its
circumference or perimeter.
Top Concepts
Top Formulae
1 2
3. Area of a semi circle = r
2
4. Perimeter of a semi circle or protractor = r + 2r
2
2r r
6. Length of arc AB = or
360 180
2
r 1
7. Area of a sector = Or Area of sector = r
360 2
2
r 1 2
8. Area of minor segment = r sin
360 2
9. Area of major segment = Area of the circle – Area of minor segment
1 2
Area of the corresponding segment = r
4 2
3 2
Area of the corresponding segment = r
2
6
3 2
Area of the corresponding segment = r
4
3
r
15. Perimeter of sector = 2r
180
1
Class X: Math
Chapter : Surface Areas and Volumes
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
5. If a right circular is cut off by a plane parallel to its base, then the
portion of the cone between the plane and the base of the cone is
called a frustum of the cone.
Top Concepts
1. The total surface area of the solid formed by the combination of solids
is the sum of the curved surface area of each of the individual parts.
4. The solids having the same curved surface do not necessarily occupy
the same volume.
Top Formulae
1. Cuboids:
Volume = ℓ x b x h
2 2 2
Diagonal of a cuboids = b h
2. Cube
Volume = (edge)²
= [2(R + r) (h + R – r)]
2 2
Slant height (ℓ) = h r
2 2
Area of curved surface = rℓ = r h r
Total surface area = Area of curved surface + Area of base
= rℓ + r² = r (ℓ + r)
1 2
Volume = r h
3
6. Sphere:
3
4
Volume = r²
3
7. Spherical shell:
4 4
Volume of material = r³ r³
3 3
4
= R³ r³
3
8. Hemisphere:
= 2 r² + r²
= 3r²
2
Volume = r²
3
9. Frustum of a cone:
1
Volume of the material = h R² r² Rr
3
Top Diagrams
1. Cuboid
2. Cube
4
6. Sphere:
7. Spherical shell:
8. Hemisphere:
9. Frustum of a cone:
6
1
Class X: Math
Chapter : Statistics
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
3. In a less than ogive the upper limit of a class is plotted against its
cumulative frequency as a point on the ogive.
4. In a ‘more than ogive’ the upper limit of a class is plotted against its
cumulative frequency as a point on the ogive
5. The mode for ungrouped data is the value that occurs most often.
8. Distribution for which values of mean, median and mode are not equal
is known as asymmetrical or skewed distribution.
Top Concepts
2. The ogives can be drawn only when the given class intervals are
continuous and if this is not the case then you don’t need to worry. All
you need to do is simply make the class intervals continuous.
Arithmetic mean = x
fx
f
6. Short Cut Method/ Assumed Mean Method
Step1: Find the class marks
Step2: Find the assumed mean (A) from the mid values
Step 3: Calculate deviation (d), d = x – A
Step 4: find the product of frequency with the corresponding
deviations
Step 5 : Calculate mean by using the following formula
x A+
fd
f
7. Step Deviation Method
Step1: Find the class marks
Step2: Find the assumed mean (A) from the mid values
Step 3: Calculate deviation (d). d = x – A
Step 4: After calculating deviations (d), we make one more column of
values by dividing ‘d’ by ‘h’
Step 5: This is new value called step deviation (d’ or u) is multiplied
with corresponding frequencies.
Step 6: Calculate mean by using the formula
x A+
fd ' h
f
8. The mode may be greater than, less than or even equal to the mean.
9. For finding the median we must arrange the given information i.e. the
given data in increasing or decreasing order.
10. The last of the cumulative frequencies will be always equal to the total
of all frequencies.
12. The step deviation method will be convenient to apply if all the
deviations (d’s) have a common factor
13. If class marks so obtained are in decimal form, then step deviation
method is preferred to calculate mean.
15. The most commonly used method of central tendency is the mean.
The biggest problem with mean is that it is effected by the extreme
values one large or small number can distort the average. In that case
3
16. The most frequently used measure of central tendency is the mean,
because the mean is calculated by taking into account all the
observations of a given data. And it lies between the smallest and the
largest value of the data.
Top Formulae
1. Direct Method
fx
Mean =
f
x A+
fd
f
3. Step Deviation Method
x A+
fd' h
f
4. Mode for a grouped data is given by
f1 -f 0
Mode= l + ×h
2f1 -f 0 -f 2
l = lower limit of the modal class
h = size o f the class interval
f1 = frequency of the modal class
f 0 =frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f 2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
Top Diagrams
4. Symmetric Distribution
Class X: Math
Chapter 15: Probability
Chapter Notes
Top Definitions
4. The event whose probability is one are called sure events/ certain
event.
Top Concepts
Top Formulae
(i) If P(A) > P(B) then event A is more likely to occur than event B.
(ii) If P(A) = P(B) then events A and B are equally likely to occur.
4. a
Top Diagrams
2. Face Cards