WCDMA FDD Mode Physical Layer

Dr. Chih-Peng Li (李志鵬)

Institute of Communications Engineering

National Sun Yat-Sen University
 Table of Contents

Physical Layer General Description

WCDMA Uplink Physical Layer

WCDMA Downlink Physical Layer

Multiplexing and Channel Coding (MCC)

Reference: Textbook Chapter 6 and 3GPP TS 25.201,

25.211, 25.212, 25.213, 25.214, and 25.215.
WCDMA Physical Layer General
Description (3G TS 25.201)
 3GPP RAN Specifications

TS Physical Layer – Describes the contents of the layer 1 documents

25.201 general (TS 25.200 series); where to find information; a
description general description of layer 1.

TS Physical channels Establishes the characteristics of the layer-1

25.211 and mapping of transport channels and physical channels in the
transport FDD mode, and specifies:
channels onto Transport channels
physical channels Physical channels and their structure
(FDD)
Relative timing between different physical
channels in the same link, and relative timing
between uplink and downlink;
Mapping of transport channels onto the
physical channels.
 3GPP RAN Specifications
TS Multiplexing and Describes multiplexing, channel coding, and
25.212 Channel Coding interleaving in the FDD mode and specifies:
(FDD) Coding and multiplexing of transport channels;
Channel coding alternatives;
Coding for layer 1 control information;
Different interleavers;
Rate matching;
Physical channel segmentation and mapping;
TS Spreading and Establishes the characteristics of the spreading and
25.213 Modulation (FDD) modulation in the FDD mode, and specifies:
Spreading;
Generation of channelization and scrambling codes;
Generation of random access preamble codes;
Generation of synchronization codes;
Modulation;
 3GPP RAN Specifications

TS Physical Layer Establishes the characteristics of the physical

25.214 Procedures layer procedures in the FDD mode, and specifies:
(FDD) Cell search procedures;
Power control procedures;
Random access procedure.

TS Physical Layer Establishes the characteristics of the physical

25.215 Measurements layer measurements in the FDD mode, and
(FDD) specifies:
The measurements performance by layer 1;
Reporting of measurements to higher layers and
network;
Handover measurements and idle-mode
measurements.
 General Protocol Architecture
Radio interface means the Uu point between User Equipment
(UE) and network.
The radio interface is composed of Layers 1, 2 and 3.
Layer 3 Radio Resource Control (RRC)
Control / Measurements

Logical channels
Layer 2
Medium Access Control

Transport channels

Layer 1 Physical layer

 General Protocol Architecture

The circles between different layer/sub-layers

indicate Service Access Points (SAPs).
The physical layer offers different Transport channels
to MAC.
A transport channel is characterized by how the
information is transferred over the radio interface.
MAC offers different Logical channels to the Radio
Link Control (RLC) sub-layer of Layer 2.
A logical channel is characterized by the type of
information transferred.
 General Protocol Architecture

Physical channels are defined in the physical layer.

There are two duplex modes: Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).
In the FDD mode a physical channel is characterized
by the code, frequency and in the uplink the relative
phase (I/Q).
In the TDD mode the physical channels is also
characterized by the timeslot.
The physical layer is controlled by RRC.
 Service Provided to Higher Layer
The physical layer offers data transport services to higher
layers.
The access to these services is through the use of transport
channels via the MAC sub-layer.

The physical layer is expected to perform the following

functions in order to provide the data transport service:
1. Macrodiversity distribution/combining and soft handover
execution.
2. Error detection on transport channels and indication to higher
layers.
3. FEC encoding/decoding of transport channels.
4. Multiplexing of transport channels and demultiplexing of
coded composite transport channels (CCTrCHs).
 Service Provided to Higher Layer
5. Rate matching of coded transport channels to physical
channels.
6. Mapping of coded composite transport channels on physical
channels.
7. Power weighting and combining of physical channels.
8. Modulation and spreading/demodulation and despreading of
physical channels.
9. Frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronisation.
10. Radio characteristics measurements including FER, SIR,
Interference Power, etc., and indication to higher layers.
11. Inner - loop power control.
12. RF processing.
 Multiple Access

UTRA has two modes, FDD (Frequency Division

Duplex) & TDD (Time Division Duplex), for operating
with paired and unpaired bands respectively.
FDD: A pair of frequency bands which have specified
separation shall be assigned for the system.
TDD: A duplex method whereby uplink and downlink
transmissions are carried over same radio frequency by
using synchronised time intervals.
In the TDD, time slots in a physical channel are divided into
transmission and reception part.
 Physical Layer Measurements

Radio characteristics including FER, SIR, Interference

power, etc., are measured and reported to higher layers
and network. Such measurements are:
1. Handover measurements for handover within UTRA.
Specific features being determined in addition to the
relative strength of the cell, for the FDD mode the timing
relation between cells for support of asynchronous soft
handover.
2. The measurement procedures for preparation for handover
to GSM900/GSM1800.
3. The measurement procedures for UE before random
access process.
 Transport Channels

Transport channels are services offered by Layer 1 to

the higher layers.
A transport channel is defined by how and with what
characteristics data is transferred over the air
interface.

Two groups of transport channels:

Dedicated Transport Channels
Common Transport Channels
 Transport channels
Dedicated Transport Channels
DCH – Dedicated Channel (only one type)
Common Transport Channels – divided between all
or a group of users in a cell (no soft handover, but some
of them can have fast power control)
BCH: Broadcast Channel
FACH: Forward Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
RACH: Random Access Channel
CPCH: Common Packet Channel
DSCH: DL Shared Channel
 Dedicated Transport Channels

There exists only one type of dedicated transport

channel, the Dedicated Channel (DCH)
The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is a downlink or uplink
transport channel.
The DCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over
only a part of the cell using e.g. beam-forming
antennas.
DCH carries both the service data, such as speech
frames, and higher layer control information, such as
handover commands or measurement reports from the
terminal.
 Dedicated Transport Channels

The content of the information carried on the DCH is

not visible to the physical layer, thus higher layer
control information and user data are treated in the
same way.
The physical layer parameters set by UTRAN may
vary between control and data.
Possibility of fast rate change (every 10 ms)
Support of fast power control.
Support of soft handover.
 Common Transport Channel

Broadcast Channel (BCH) -- mandatory

BCH is a downlink transport channel that is used to
broadcast system and cell specific information.
BCH is always transmitted over the entire cell.
The most typical data needed in every network is the
available random access codes and access slots in the cell,
or the types of transmit diversity.
BCH is transmitted with relatively high power.
Single transport format – a low and fixed data rate for the
UTRA broadcast channel to support low-end terminals.
 Common Transport Channel

Paging Channel (PCH) -- mandatory

PCH is a downlink transport channel.
PCH is always transmitted over the entire cell.
PCH carries data relevant to the paging procedure, that is,
when the network wants to initiate communication with the
terminal.
The identical paging message can be transmitted in a single
cell or in up to a few hundreds of cells, depending on the
system configuration.
 Common Transport Channel

Random Access Channel (RACH) -- mandatory

RACH is an uplink transport channel.
RACH is intended to be used to carry control information
from the terminal, such as requests to set up a connection.
RACH can also be used to send small amounts of packet
data from the terminal to the network.
The RACH is always received from the entire cell.
The RACH is characterized by a collision risk.
RACH is transmitted using open loop power control.
 Common Transport Channel

Forward Access Channel (FACH) -- mandatory

FACH is a downlink transport channel.
FACH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part
of the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas.
FACH can carry control information; for example, after a
random access message has been received by the base
station.
FACH can also transmit packet data.
FACH does not use fast power control.
FACH can be transmitted using slow power control.
There can be more than one FACH in a cell.
The messages transmitted need to include in-band
identification information.
 Common Transport Channel

Common Packet Channel (CPCH) -- optional

CPCH is an uplink transport channel.
CPCH is an extension to the RACH channel that is
intended to carry packet-based user data.
CPCH is associated with a dedicated channel on the
downlink which provides power control and CPCH
Control Commands (e.g. Emergency Stop) for the uplink
CPCH.
The CPCH is characterised by initial collision risk and by
being transmitted using inner loop power control.
CPCH may last several frames.
 Common Transport Channel

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) -- optional

DSCH is a downlink transport channel shared by several
UEs to carry dedicated user data and/or control information.
The DSCH is always associated with one or several
downlink DCH.
The DSCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a
part of the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas.
DSCH supports fast power control as well as variable bit
rate on a frame-by-frame basis.
 Transport Channel
Dedicated Common Channel Shared Channels
Channel
DCH FACH RACH CPCH DSCH USCH

Uplink/ Both Downlink Uplink Uplink Downlink Uplink, only

Downlink in TDD.

Code According to Fixed codes Fixed codes Fixed codes Shared Shared
Usage maximum bit per cell. per cell. per cell. between between
rate. users. users.
Fast Power Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
Control
Soft Yes No No No No No
Handover

Suited for: Medium or Small data Small data Small or Medium or Medium or
large data amounts. amounts. medium data large data large data
amount. amounts. amounts. amounts.

Suited for No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

bursty data?
 Mapping of Transport Channels onto
Physical Channels
Transport Channels Physical Channels
DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
CPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
BCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
FACH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
PCH
DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

 Synchronization Channel (SCH)
 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

 Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)
Unmapped  Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

 CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)

Collision-Detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator Channel

 (CD/CA-ICH)
 Interface Between Higher Layers and the
Physical Layer

Transport Ch 1 Transport Ch 2 Transport Ch 1 Transport Ch 2

Transport Block & Transport Block &

Transport Block Transport Block
Error Indication Error Indication

Transport Block & Transport Block &

TFI Transport Block TFI Transport Block TFI TFI
Error Indication Error Indication

Higher Layer

Physical Layer

Decoding &
TFCI Coding & Multiplexing TFCI
Demultiplexing

Physical Control Physical Data Physical Control Physical Data

Channel Channel Channel Channel
 Transport Format Indicator (TFI)

The TFI is a label for a specific transport format

within a transport format set.
It is used in the inter-layer communication between
MAC and L1 each time a transport block set is
exchanged between the two layers on a transport
channel.
When the DSCH is associated with a DCH, the TFI
of the DSCH also indicates the physical channel (i.e.
the channelisation code) of the DSCH that has to be
listened to by the UE.
 Transport Format Combination Indicator
(TFCI)
This is a representation of the current Transport Format
Combination.
The TFCI is used in order to inform the receiving side of the
currently valid Transport Format Combination, and hence how to
decode, de-multiplex and deliver the received data on the
appropriate Transport Channels.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between a certain value of
the TFCI and a certain Transport Format Combination.
MAC indicates the TFI to Layer 1 at each delivery of Transport
Block Sets on each Transport Channel. Layer 1 then builds the
TFCI from the TFIs of all parallel transport channels of the UE,
processes the Transport Blocks appropriately and appends the
TFCI to the physical control signalling.
Through the detection of the TFCI the receiving side is able to
identify the Transport Format Combination.
 Mapping of Transport Channel to Physical
Channel
In UTRA, the data generated at higher layers is
carried over the air with transport channels, which are
mapped in the physical layer to different physical
channels.
The physical layer is required to support variable bit
rate transport channels to offer bandwidth-on-
demand services, and to be able to multiplex several
services to one connection.
The transport channels may have a different number
of blocks.
Each transport channel is accompanied by the
Transport Format Indicator (TFI).
 Mapping of Transport Channel to Physical
Channel

The physical layer combines the TFI information

from different transport channels to the Transport
Format Combination Indicator (TFCI).
TFCI is transmitted in the physical control channel.
At any moment, not all the transport channels are
necessarily active.
One physical control channel and one or more
physical data channels form a single Coded
Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCh).
WCDMA Uplink Physical Layer
 Table of Contents

Overview

Uplink Physical Layer

Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL DPCCH)
Common Uplink Physical Channels
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

Uplink Physical Layer Modulation

 Overview

Configuration
Radio frame
A radio frame is a processing unit which consists of 15 slots.
The length of a radio frame corresponds to 38400 chips.
Time slot
A time slot is a unit which consists of fields containing bits.
The length of a slot corresponds to 2560 chips.
Spreading Modulation: QPSK.
Data Modulation: BPSK.
Spreading
Two-level spreading processes
 Overview

Spreading (cont.)
Channelization operation
OVSF codes.
Transform every data symbol into a number of chips.
Increase the bandwidth of the signal.
The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor.
Data symbols on I- and Q-branches are independently multiplied
with an OVSF code.
Scrambling operation
Long or short Gold codes.
Applied to the spread signals.
Randomize the codes
Spread signal is further multiplied by complex-valued scrambling
 Uplink Physical Channels

Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels

Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL DPCCH)
Common Uplink Physical Channels
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
 Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels

UL Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH)

Carry the DCH transport channel (generated at Layer 2 and
above).
There may be zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs on
each radio link.

UL Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL

DPCCH)
Carry control information generated at Layer 1
One and only one UL DPCCH on each radio link.
 Frame Structure for UL DPDCH/DPCCH

Data
DPDCH Ndata bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata= 10*2k bits (k=0,1,…,6)

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

DPCCH Npilot bits NTFCI bits NFBI bits NTPC bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

One Power Control Period

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms = 38400 chips

 UL DPDCH
The parameter k determines the number of bits per uplink
DPDCH slot.
It is related to the spreading factor SF of the DPDCH as SF =
256/2k.
The DPDCH spreading factor ranges from 256 down to 4.
Slot Format #i Channel Bit Channel SF Bits/ Bits/ Ndata
Rate (kbps) Symbol Rate Frame Slot
(ksps)
0 15 15 256 150 10 10
1 30 30 128 300 20 20
2 60 60 64 600 40 40
3 120 120 32 1200 80 80
4 240 240 16 2400 160 160
5 480 480 8 4800 320 320
6 960 960 4 9600 640 640
 UL DPCCH - Layer 1 Control Information

The spreading factor of the uplink DPCCH is always

equal to 256, i.e. there are 10 bits per uplink DPCCH
slot.
Slot Channel Bit Channel SF Bits/ Bits/ Npilot NTPC NTFCI NFBI Transmitted
Form Rate (kbps) Symbol Rate Frame Slot slots per
at #i (ksps) radio frame
0 15 15 256 150 10 6 2 2 0 15
0A 15 15 256 150 10 5 2 3 0 10-14
0B 15 15 256 150 10 4 2 4 0 8-9
1 15 15 256 150 10 8 2 0 0 8-15
2 15 15 256 150 10 5 2 2 1 15
2A 15 15 256 150 10 4 2 3 1 10-14
2B 15 15 256 150 10 3 2 4 1 8-9
3 15 15 256 150 10 7 2 0 1 8-15
4 15 15 256 150 10 6 2 0 2 8-15
5 15 15 256 150 10 5 1 2 2 15
5A 15 15 256 150 10 4 1 3 2 10-14
5B 15 15 256 150 10 3 1 4 2 8-9
 UL DPCCH - Layer 1 Control Information

Pilot Bits.
Support channel estimation for coherent detection.
Frame Synchronization Word (FSW) can be sued to
confirm frame synchronizaton.
Transmit Power Control (TPC) command.
Inner loop power control commands.
Feedback Information (FBI).
Support of close loop transmit diversity.
Site Selection Diversity Transmission (SSDT)
Transport-Format Combination Indicator (TFCI) –
optional
TFCI informs the receiver about the instantaneous
transport format combination of the transport channels.
 Pilot Bit Patterns with Npilot=3,4,5,6
Npilot = 3 Npilot = 4 Npilot = 5 Npilot = 6
Bit # 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5
Slot #0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
2 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
4 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
7 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
8 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
11 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
12 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
13 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
14 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
Shadowed column is defined as FSW (Frame Synchronization Word).
 Pilot Bit Patterns with Npilot=7,8
Npilot = 7 Npilot = 8
Bit # 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Slot #0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
2 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
4 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
6 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
7 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
8 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
11 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
12 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
13 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
14 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
Shadowed column is defined as FSW (Frame Synchronization Word).
 FBI Bits
The FBI bits are used to support techniques requiring
feedback from the UE to the UTRAN Access Point,
including closed loop mode transmit diversity and site
selection diversity transmission (SSDT).

S field D field

NFBI
The S field is used for SSDT signalling, while the D field is
used for closed loop mode transmit diversity signalling.
The S field consists of 0, 1, or 2 bits. The D field consists of
0 or 1 bit. Simultaneous use of SSDT power control and
closed loop mode transmit diversity requires that the S field
consists of 1 bit.
 TFCI Bits

There are two types of uplink dedicated physical

channels:
those that include TFCI (e.g. for several simultaneous
services)
those that do not include TFCI (e.g. for fixed-rate services).
It is the UTRAN that determines if a TFCI should be
transmitted and it is mandatory for all UEs to support
the use of TFCI in the uplink.
In compressed mode, DPCCH slot formats with TFCI
fields are changed.
There are two possible compressed slot formats for
each normal slot format.
 TPC Bit Patterns

TPC Bit Pattern Transmitter

power control
command
NTPC = 1 NTPC = 2

1 11 1
0 00 0
 Spreading of UL DPCH
c d ,1 βd
DPDCH1

c d ,3 βd

Σ
DPDCH3 I

c d ,5 βd
DPDCH5
S lo n g , n o r S s h o r t , n

I+ jQ
c d ,2 βd
DPDCH2

c d ,4 βd
DPDCH4

Σ
c d ,6 βd Q

DPDCH6

j
cc βc
DPCCH Only one UL DPCCH.
Up to six parallel DPDCHs.
 Spreading of UL DPCH

The binary DPCCH and DPDCHs to be spread are

represented by real-valued sequences, i.e. the binary
value "0" is mapped to the real value +1, while the
binary value "1" is mapped to the real value –1.
The DPCCH is spread to the chip rate by the
channelization code cc, while the n:th DPDCH called
DPDCHn is spread to the chip rate by the
channelization code cd,n.
One DPCCH and up to six parallel DPDCHs can be
transmitted simultaneously, i.e. 1 ≤ n ≤ 6.
 Gain of UL DPCH
After channelization, the real-valued spread signals are
weighted by gain factors, βc for DPCCH and βd for all
DPDCHs.
At every instant in time, at least one of the values βc and βd
has the amplitude 1.0. The β-values are quantized into 4 bit
words.
After the weighting, the stream of real-valued chips on the I-
and Q-branches are then summed and treated as a complex-
valued stream of chips.
This complex-valued signal is then scrambled by the complex-
valued scrambling code Sdpch,n.
Gain of UL DPCH
Signaling values for Quantized amplitude ratios
βc and βd βc and βd
15 1.0
14 0.9333
13 0.8666
12 0.8000
11 0.7333
10 0.6667
9 0.6000
8 0.5333
7 0.4667
6 0.4000
5 0.3333
4 0.2667
3 0.2000
2 0.1333
1 0.0667
0 Switch off
 OVSF Code Allocation for UL DPCH

DPCCH is always spread by cc= Cch,256,0

When there is only one DPDCH

DPDCH1 is spread by cd,1= Cch,SF,k (k= SF / 4)

When there are more than one DPDCH

All DPDCHs have SF=4
DPDCHn is spread by the the code cd,n = Cch,4,k
k = 1 if n ∈ {1, 2}, k = 3 if n ∈ {3, 4} and k = 2 if n ∈ {5, 6}
 Scrambling Codes of UL DPCH
Long scrambling code allocation
The n-th UL long scrambling code
Sdpch,n(i) = Clong,n(i), i = 0, 1, …, 38399

  i 
Clong,n (i) = clong,1,n (i)1 + j(−1) clong,2,n (2 )
i

 2 
Short scrambling code allocation
The n-th UL short scrambling code
Sdpch,n(i) = Cshort,n(i), i = 0, 1, …, 38399
   i mod256 
Cshort,n (i ) = cshort,1,n (i mod256)1 + j(−1)i cshort,2,n  2  
   2  
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

PRACH is used to carry the RACH.

The random access transmission is based on a Slotted
ALOHA approach with fast acquisition indication.
The UE can start the random-access transmission at
the beginning of a number of well-defined time
intervals, denoted access slots.
There are 15 access slots per two frames and they are
spaced 5120 chips apart.
Information on what access slots are available for
random-access transmission is given by higher layers.
 PRACH Access Slot Numbers and
Their Spacing
radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms

5120 chips

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

Access slot #0 Random Access Transmission

Access slot #1 Random Access Transmission

Access slot #7 Random Access Transmission

Access slot #8 Random Access Transmission

Access slot #14

 Structure of the Random-Access Transmission

The random-access transmission consists of one

or several preambles of length 4096 chips and a
message of length 10 ms or 20 ms.

Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part

4096 chips
10 ms (one radio frame)

Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part

4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)

 RACH Preamble Code Construction

Each preamble is of length 4096 chips and consists of

256 repetitions of a signature of length 16 chips.
There are a maximum of 16 available signatures.
The random access preamble code Cpre,n, is a
complex valued sequence.
It is built from a preamble scrambling code Sr-pre,n
and a preamble signature Csig,s as follows:
π π
j( + k )
C pre,n , s (k ) = S r − pre,n (k ) × Csig , s (k ) × e 4 2
, k = 0,1,2,…,4095
where k=0 corresponds to the chip transmitted first in time.
 PRACH Preamble Scrambling Code

The scrambling code for the PRACH preamble

part is constructed from the long scrambling
sequences.
There are 8192 PRACH preamble scrambling
codes in total.
The n:th preamble scrambling code, n = 0, 1, …,
8191, is defined as:
Sr-pre,n(i ) = clong,1,n(i ), i = 0, 1, …, 4095;
 PRACH Preamble Scrambling Code

The 8192 PRACH preamble scrambling codes are

divided into 512 groups with 16 codes in each group.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the group
of PRACH preamble scrambling codes in a cell and the
primary scrambling code used in the downlink of the cell.
The k:th PRACH preamble scrambling code within the
cell with downlink primary scrambling code m, k = 0, 1,
2, …, 15 and m = 0, 1, 2, …, 511, is Sr-pre,n(i) as defined
above with n = 16×m + k.
 PRACH Preamble Signature

The preamble signature corresponding to a signature

s consists of 256 repetitions of a length 16 signature
Ps(n), n=0…15. This is defined as follows:

Csig,s(i) = Ps(i modulo 16), i = 0, 1, …, 4095.

The signature Ps(n) is from the set of 16 Hadamard codes

of length 16.
 PRACH Preamble Signatures
Preamble Value of n
Signature
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
P0(n) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P1(n) 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
P2(n) 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
P3(n) 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
P4(n) 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
P5(n) 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
P6(n) 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
P7(n) 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
P8(n) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
P9(n) 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
P10(n) 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1
P11(n) 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
P12(n) 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
P13(n) 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
P14(n) 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1
P15(n) 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
 Structure of the Random-Access Message
Part Radio Frame

Data
Data Ndatabits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0,1,2,3.)
Pilot TFCI
Control Npilotbits NTFCIbits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms

 PRACH Message Part
Data part
10*2k bits, where k=0,1,2,3.
Corresponds to a SF of 256, 128, 64, and 32.
Control part
SF=256.
8 known pilot bits to support channel estimation for
coherent detection.
2 TFCI bits corresponds to a certain transport format of the
current Random-access message.
The message part length can be determined from the
sued signature and/or access slot, as configured by
higher layers.
 PRACH Message Part
Random-access message data fields
Slot Format Channel Bit Channel SF Bits/ Bits/ Ndata
#i Rate (kbps) Symbol Rate Frame Slot
(ksps)
0 15 15 256 150 10 10
1 30 30 128 300 20 20
2 60 60 64 600 40 40
3 120 120 32 1200 80 80

Random-access message control fields

Slot Format Channel Bit Channel SF Bits/ Bits/ Npilot NTFCI
#i Rate (kbps) Symbol Rate Frame Slot
(ksps)
0 15 15 256 150 10 8 2
 PRACH Message Part Pilot Bit Pattern
Npilot = 8
Bit # 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Slot #0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
2 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
3 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
4 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
6 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
7 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
8 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
11 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
12 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
13 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
14 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

Shadow column is defined as frame synchronization word (FSW).

 Spreading of PRACH Message Part

Message part OVSF Code Allocation

Given the preamble signature s, 0 ≤ s ≤ 15
Control part : cc = Cch,256,m with m = 16s + 15
Data part: cd = Cch,SF,m with m = SF x s/16 and SF=32 to 256

cd βd

Sr-msg,n
PRACH message I
data part I+jQ

PRACH message Q
control part

cc βc j
 PRACH Message Part Scrambling Code

The scrambling code used for the PRACH message part is 10

ms long, and there are 8192 different PRACH scrambling
codes defined.
The n:th PRACH message part scrambling code, denoted Sr-
msg,n, where n = 0, 1, …, 8191, is based on the long scrambling
sequence and is defined as:
Sr-msg,n(i) = Clong,n(i + 4096), i = 0, 1, …, 38399
The message part scrambling code has a one-to-one
correspondence to the scrambling code used for the preamble
part.
For one PRACH, the same code number is used for both
scrambling codes.
 Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

PCPCH is used to carry the CPCH.

The CPCH transmission is based on DSMA-CD
(Digital Sense Multiple Access – Collision Detection)
approach with fast acquisition indication.
The UE can start transmission at the beginning of a
number of well-defined time-intervals.
 Structure of the CPCH Access Transmission

The PCPCH access transmission consists of:

one or several Access Preambles [A-P] of length 4096 chips.
one Collision Detection Preamble (CD-P) of length 4096 chips
a DPCCH Power Control Preamble (PC-P) which is either 0 slots or
8 slots in length
a message of variable length Nx10 ms.
Pj Pj
P1 Message Part
P0

4096 chips
0 or 8 slots N*10 msec

Access Preamble Control Part

Collision Detection Data part

Preamble
 CPCH Access Preamble Part

PCPCH access preamble codes Cc-acc,n,s, are

complex valued sequences.
π π
j( + k )
Cc − acc ,n , s (k ) = S c − acc ,n (k ) × Csig , s (k ) × e 4 2
, k = 0,1,2, … ,4095

The RACH preamble signature sequences are used.

The scrambling codes could be either
A different code segment of the Gold code used to form
the scrambling code of the RACH preambles or
The same scrambling code in case the signature set is
shared.
 PCPCH Access Preamble Scrambling Code

There are 40960 PCPCH access preamble scrambling codes in

total.
The n:th PCPCH access preamble scrambling code is defined as:
Sc-acc,n (i) = clong,1,n(i), i = 0, 1, …, 4095;
The codes are divided into 512 groups with 80 codes in each
group.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the group of
PCPCH access preamble scrambling codes in a cell and the
primary scrambling code used in the downlink of the cell.
The k:th PCPCH scrambling code within the cell with downlink
primary scrambling code m, for k = 0,..., 79 and m = 0, 1, 2, …, 511, is
Sc-acc,n as defined above with n=16×m+k for k=0,...,15 and n = 64×m +
(k-16)+8192 for k=16,..., 79.
 CPCH Collision Detection (CD)
Preamble Part
The PCPCH CD preamble codes Cc-cd,n,s are complex
valued sequences.
π π
j( + k )
Cc −cd ,n , s (k ) = S c −cd ,n (k ) × Csig , s (k ) × e 4 2
, k = 0,1,2, … ,4095

The RACH preamble signature sequences are used.

The scrambling code is chosen to be a different code
segment of the Gold code used to form the scrambling
code for the RACH and CPCH preambles.
 PCPCH CD Preamble Scrambling Code

There are 40960 PCPCH-CD preamble scrambling codes in

total.
The n:th PCPCH CD access preamble scrambling code, where n =
0 ,..., 40959, is defined as:
Sc-cd,n(i) = clong,1,n(i), i = 0, 1, …, 4095;
The 40960 PCPCH scrambling codes are divided into 512
groups with 80 codes in each group.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the group of
PCPCH CD preamble scrambling codes in a cell and the
primary scrambling code used in the downlink of the cell.
The k:th PCPCH scrambling code within the cell with downlink
primary scrambling code m, k = 0,1, …, 79 and m = 0, 1, 2, …, 511, is
Sc-cd, n as defined above with n=16×m+k for k = 0,...,15 and n =
64×m + (k-16)+8192 for k=16,...,79.
 CPCH Power Control Preamble Part
The power control preamble segment is called the CPCH
Power Control Preamble (PC-P) part.
The slot format for CPCH PC-P part shall be the same as for
the CPCH message part.
Slot Channel Bit Channel SF Bits / Bits / Npilot NTPC NTFCI NFBI
Format #i Rate (kbps) Symbol Rate Slot Slot
(ksps)
0 15 15 256 150 10 6 2 2 0
1 15 15 256 150 10 5 2 2 1

The scrambling code for the PCPCH power control preamble

is the same as for the PCPCH message part.
The channelization code the PCPCH power control preamble
is the same as the control part of message part.
 Frame Structure for PCPCH

Data
Data Ndata bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata= 10*2k bits (k=0,1,…,6)

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

Control Npilot bits NTFCI bits NFBI bits NTPC bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms = 38400 chips

 PCPCH Message Part

Up to N_MAX_frames 10ms frames.

N_Max_frames is a higher layer parameter.
Each 10 ms frame is split into 15 slots, each of length
2560 chips.
Each slot consists of two parts:
Data part carries higher layer information.
Data part consists of 10*2k bits, where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
SF= 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4.
Control part carries Layer 1 control information with SF =
256. Slot format is the same as CPCH PC-P part.
 PCPCH Message Part Spreading

cd βd

Sc-msg,n
PCPCH message I
data part
I+jQ

PCPCH message Q
control part

cc βc j
 PCPCH Message Part OVSF Code
Allocation
Control part is always spread by cc = Cch,256,0
Data part is spread by cd = Cch,SF,k with SF = 4 to 256
and k = SF/4.
A UE is allowed to increase SF during the message
transmission on a frame by frame basis.
 PCPCH Message Part Scrambling
Code Allocation
The set of scrambling codes are
10 ms long
Cell-specific
one-to-one correspondence to the signature sequences and
the access sub-channel used by the access preamble part.
Both long or short scrambling codes can be used.
There are 64 uplink scrambling codes defined per cell and
32768 different PCPCH scrambling codes defined in the
system.
 PCPCH Message Part Scrambling
Code Allocation
The n:th PCPCH message part scrambling code, denoted Sc-
msg,n, where n =8192,8193, …,40959 is based on the
scrambling sequence and is defined as:
Long scrambling codes : Sr-msg,n(i) = Clong,n(i ), i = 0, 1, …, 38399
Short scrambling codes : Sr-msg,n(i) = Cshort,n(i), i = 0, 1, …, 38399
The 32768 PCPCH scrambling codes are divided into 512
groups with 64 codes in each group.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the group of
PCPCH preamble scrambling codes in a cell and the primary
scrambling code used in the downlink of the cell.
 Uplink Modulation

The modulation chip rate is 3.84 Mcps.

The complex-valued chip sequence generated by
the spreading process is QPSK modulated.
cos(ωt)

Re{S} Pulse-
Complex-valued Split shaping
chip sequence S real &
from spreading imag.
Im{S} Pulse-
operations parts
shaping

-sin(ωt)
 Uplink Modulation

The uplink modulation should be designed:

The audible interference from the terminal transmission is
minimized.
The terminal amplifier efficiency is maximized.
Audible interference:
Discontinuous uplink transmission can cause audible
interference to audio equipment that is very close to the
terminal.
Solution: WCDMA uplink doesn’t adopt time multiplexing.

User Data (DPDCH) DTX Period User Data (DPDCH)

Physical Layer Control Information (DPDCH)
WCDMA Downlink Physical Layer
 Table of Contents
Introduction
Downlink Transmit Diversity
Open loop transmit diversity
Space Time Block Coding Based Transmit Antenna Diversity
(STTD)
Time Switched Transmit Diversity for Synchronization Channel
(TSTD)
Closed loop transmit diversity
Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH)
Common Downlink Physical Channels
1. Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
2. Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
3. Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
 Table of Contents
Common Downlink Physical Channels (continue)
4. Synchronization Channel (SCH)
5. Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
6. Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
7. CPCH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)
8. CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel
(CD/CA-ICH)
9. Page indicator channel (PICH)
10. CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)
Spreading
Modulation
Timing Relationship
 Introduction

Downlink DPCH
CCPCH, PICH AICH, CPICH

Idle On-line
MS MS

SCH

Power-on
MS
 Downlink Transmit Diversity

Open loop transmit diversity: STTD and TSTD

Closed loop transmit diversity
BS
Physical channel type Open loop mode Closed loop
TSTD STTD Mode

P-CCPCH – ˇ –
SCH ˇ – –
S-CCPCH – ˇ –
DPCH – ˇ ˇ
PICH – ˇ –
PDSCH – ˇ ˇ
AICH – ˇ –
CSICH – ˇ –
AP-AICH - ˇ -
CD/CA-ICH - ˇ -
DL-DPCCH for CPCH - ˇ ˇ
 Space Time Block Coding Based Transmit
Antenna Diversity (STTD)
The STTD encoding is optional in UTRAN. STTD
support is mandatory at the UE.
STTD encoding is applied on blocks of 4 consecutive
channel bits.
b0 b1 b2 b3 A ntenna 1

b0 b1 b2 b3

-b 2 b 3 b 0 -b 1 A ntenna 2
C hannel b its

S T T D enco d ed channel b its

fo r antenna 1 and antenna 2 .
 Time Switched Transmit Diversity for SCH
(TSTD)
TSTD can be applied to TSTD.
TSTD for the SCH is optional in UTRAN, while TSTD
support is mandatory in the UE.
Slot #0 S lo t #1 Slot #1 4

Prim ary
SC H ac p ac p ac p

Secondary i,0 i,1 i,14

SC H ac s ac s ac s

256 chips
2560 chips

O ne 10 m s SC H radio fram e

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #14

acp (Tx OFF)

acp acp
Antenna 1
acsi,0 (Tx OFF)
acsi,2 acsi,14

(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
acp (Tx OFF)
Antenna 2
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
acsi,1 (Tx OFF)
 Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity
CPICH1 Ant1
w1
Spread/scramble
∑

DPCCH
DPCH Ant2
DPDCH

∑
w2 CPICH2

w1 w2

Weight Generation 3GPP TS 25.214 V3.9.0 Sect. 7

Determine FBI message

from Uplink DPCCH
 Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity
The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX
antenna branches, and weighted with antenna specific
weight factors w1 and w2 , where wi = ai + jbi .
The weight factors (phase adjustments in closed loop
mode 1 and phase/amplitude adjustments in closed
loop mode 2) are determined by the UE, and
signalled to the UTRAN access point
(=cell transceiver) using the D sub-field of the FBI
field of uplink DPCCH.
For the closed loop mode 1 different (orthogonal)
dedicated pilot symbols in the DPCCH are sent on
the 2 different antennas. For closed loop mode 2 the
same dedicated pilot symbols in the DPCCH are sent
on both antennas.
 Number of Feedback Information in Closed
Loop Transmit Diversity
Summary of number of feedback information bits per
slot, NFBD, feedback command length in slots, NW,
feedback command rate, feedback bit rate, number of
phase bits, Nph, per signalling word, number of
amplitude bits, Npo, per signalling word and amount
of constellation rotation at UE for the two closed loop
modes.
Closed NFBD NW Update Feedback bit Npo Nph Constellation
loop rate rate rotation
mode

1 1 1 1500 Hz 1500 bps 0 1 π/2

2 1 4 1500 Hz 1500 bps 1 3 N/A

 Determination of Feedback Information in
Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity
The UE uses the CPICH to separately estimate the channels
seen from each antenna.
Once every slot, the UE computes the phase adjustment, φ,
and for mode 2 the amplitude adjustment that should be
applied at the UTRAN access point to maximise the UE
received power.
The UE feeds back to the UTRAN access point the
information on which phase/power settings to use.
Feedback Signalling Message (FSM) bits are transmitted in
the portion of FBI field of uplink DPCCH slot(s) assigned
to closed loop mode transmit diversity, the FBI D field.
Each message is of length NW = Npo+Nph bits.
 Closed Loop Mode 1
The UE uses the CPICH transmitted both from antenna 1 and
antenna 2 to calculate the phase adjustment to be applied at
UTRAN access point to maximise the UE received power.
In each slot, UE calculates the optimum phase adjustment, φ,
for antenna 2, which is then quantized into having two
possible values as follows:
π , if π / 2 < φ − φ r (i ) ≤ 3π / 2
φQ = 
0, otherwise
where 0, i = 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14
φ r (i ) = 
π / 2, i = 1,3,5,7,9,11,13
If φ Q = 0, a command '0' is sent to UTRAN using the FSMph
field. If φ Q = π, command '1' is sent to UTRAN using the
FSMph field.
 Closed Loop Mode 2
In closed loop mode 2 there are 16 possible combinations of
phase and power adjustment.
FSMpo subfield of FSMpo Power_ant1 Power_ant2
signalling message 0 0.2 0.8
1 0.8 0.2

FSMph subfield of FSMph Phase difference between antennas (radians)

signalling message 000 π
001 -3π/4
011 -π/2
010 -π/4
110 0
111 π/4
101 π/2
100 3π/4
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channels (DPCH)

There is only one type of downlink dedicated

physical channel, the Downlink Dedicated Physical
Channel (DL DPCH).
Within one downlink DPCH, dedicated data
generated at Layer 2 and above, i.e. the dedicated
transport channel (DCH), is transmitted in time-
multiplex with control information generated at
Layer 1 (known pilot bits, TPC commands, and an
optional TFCI).
 Frame Structure of DL DPCH

DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
Ndata1 bits NTPC bits NTFCI bits Ndata2 bits Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

 DL DPCH

Parameters
Each frame= 15 slots = 10 ms
Each slot= 2560 chips
Each slot= one power-control period.
SF = 512/2k (e.g., SF=512, 256, ...,4)
Two basic types
With TFCI (for several simultaneous services)
Without TFCI (fixed-rate services)
It is the UTRAN that determines if a TFCI should be
transmitted and it is mandatory for all UEs to support
the use of TFCI in the downlink.
 DL DPCH Compressed Mode

In compressed frames, a different slot format is used

compared to normal mode.
There are two possible compressed slot formats that
are labelled A and B.
Slot format B shall be used in frames compressed
by spreading factor reduction.
Slot format A shall be used in frames compressed
by puncturing or higher layer scheduling.

Reference: 3GPP TS 25-212 V3.8.0 4.4 Compressed Mode

 DL DPCH Fields (table is not completed)
Slot Channe Channel SF Bits / DPDCH DPCCH Transmitted
Format #i Bit Rate Symbol Slot Bits/Slot Bits/Slot slots per
(kbps) Rate (ksps) radio frame NTr
NData1 NData2 NTPC NTFCI NPilot
0 15 7.5 512 10 0 4 2 0 4 15
0A 15 7.5 512 10 0 4 2 0 4 8-14
0B 30 15 256 20 0 8 4 0 8 8-14
1 15 7.5 512 10 0 2 2 2 4 15
1B 30 15 256 20 0 4 4 4 8 8-14
2 30 15 256 20 2 14 2 0 2 15
2A 30 15 256 20 2 14 2 0 2 8-14
2B 60 30 128 40 4 28 4 0 4 8-14
3 30 15 256 20 2 12 2 2 2 15
3A 30 15 256 20 2 10 2 4 2 8-14
3B 60 30 128 40 4 24 4 4 4 8-14
4 30 15 256 20 2 12 2 0 4 15
4A 30 15 256 20 2 12 2 0 4 8-14
4B 60 30 128 40 4 24 4 0 8 8-14
5 30 15 256 20 2 10 2 2 4 15
5A 30 15 256 20 2 8 2 4 4 8-14
 DL DPCH Pilot Bit Patterns

Npilot Npilot = 4 Npilot = 8 Npilot = 16

=2 (*1) (*2) (*3)

Symbol 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
#

Slot #0 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 10
1 00 11 00 11 00 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 11 11 00
2 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 10 11 00
3 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 01 11 10
4 10 11 10 11 10 11 01 11 10 11 01 11 11 11 11
5 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 10 11 01 11 01
6 11 11 11 11 11 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 10 11 11
7 10 11 10 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 00
8 01 11 01 11 01 11 10 11 01 11 10 11 00 11 11
9 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 00 11 11
10 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 11 11 10
11 10 11 10 11 10 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 00 11 10
12 10 11 10 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 00 11 01 11 01
13 00 11 00 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 00
14 00 11 00 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 11 11 10 11 01
 DL DPCH TPC & TFCI

TPC
TPC Bit Pattern Transmitter Power
Control Command
NTPC = 2 NTPC = 4 NTPC = 8
11 1111 11111111 1
00 0000 00000000 0

TFCI
TFCI value in each radio frame corresponds to a
certain combination of bit rates of the DCHs
currently in use.
 DL DPCH Multi-Code Transmission

DPDCH DPDCH
Condition:

TPC TFCI Pilot

Total bit rate to be
transmitted exceeds
Transmission the maximum bit rate
Power Physical Channel 1

Multicode
Transmission transmission is
Power Physical Channel 2 mapped onto several
parallel downlink
DPCHs using the same
•••

spreading factor.

Transmission
Power Physical Channel L Layer 1 control
information is
transmitted only on
One Slot (2560 chips) the first DL DPCH.
 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Frame Structure:

Pre-defined symbol sequence

Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
 Common Pilot Channel

The CPICH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256)

downlink physical channel that carries a pre-defined
bit/symbol sequence.
In case transmit diversity (open or closed loop) is
used on any downlink channel in the cell, the CPICH
shall be transmitted from both antennas using the
same channelization and scrambling code.
There are two types of Common pilot channels:
The Primary CPICH.
The Secondary CPICH.
 Transmit Diversity of CPICH

Modulation pattern for Common Pilot Channel (with

A = 1+j)

Antenna 1 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

Antenna 2 -A -A A A -A -A A A -A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A

slot #14 slot #0 slot #1

Frame#i Frame#i+1
Frame Boundary

In case of no transmit diversity, the

symbol sequence of Antenna 1 is used.
 The Primary CPICH
The Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) has the
following characteristics:
The same channelization code is always used for the P-CPICH;
The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code;
There is one and only one P-CPICH per cell;
The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell.
The Primary CPICH is a phase reference for the following
downlink channels: SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH AP-
AICH, CD/CA-ICH, CSICH, DL-DPCCH for CPCH and the
S-CCPCH.
By default, the Primary CPICH is also a phase reference for
downlink DPCH and any associated PDSCH.
The Primary CPICH is always a phase reference for a
downlink physical channel using closed loop TX diversity.
 Secondary Common Pilot Channel
(S-CPICH)
A Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH) has the
following characteristics:
An arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the S-CPICH;
A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary
scrambling code;
There may be zero, one, or several S-CPICHs per cell;
A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or only over a part
of the cell;
A Secondary CPICH may be a phase reference for a downlink
DPCH.
The Secondary CPICH can be a phase reference for a
downlink physical channel using open loop TX diversity,
instead of the Primary CPICH being a phase reference.
 Downlink Phase Reference

Physical Channel Type Primary-CPICH Secondary-CPICH Dedicated Pilot

P-CCPCH ˇ – –

SCH ˇ – –

S-CCPCH ˇ – –

DPCH ˇ ˇ ˇ

PICH ˇ – –

PDSCH* ˇ ˇ ˇ

AICH ˇ – –

CSICH ˇ – –

DL-DPCCH for CPCH ˇ – –

Note *: the same phase reference as with the associated DPCH shall be used.
 Primary Common Control Physical Channel
(P-CCPCH)
Fixed rate: 30 kbps, SF=256.
Used to carry the BCH transport channel.
No TPC commands, no TFCI and no pilot bits.
Frame structure:
256 chips
Data
(Tx OFF)
N data1 =18 bits

T slot = 2560 chips , 20 bits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
 Secondary Common Control Physical
Channel (S-CCPCH)
S-CCPCH is used to carry the FACH and PCH.
Two types of S-CCPCHs: those that include TFCI and those
that do not include TFCI.
It is the UTRAN that determines if a TFCI should be
transmitted, hence making it mandatory for all UEs to support
the use of TFCI.
TFCI Data Pilot
NTFCI bits Ndata1 bits Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=0..6)

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
 Secondary CCPCH Fields
Slot Channel Bit Channel Symbol SF Bits/ Bits/ Ndata1 Npilot NTFCI
Format #i Rate (kbps) Rate (ksps) Frame Slot
0 30 15 256 300 20 20 0 0
1 30 15 256 300 20 12 8 0
2 30 15 256 300 20 18 0 2
3 30 15 256 300 20 10 8 2
4 60 30 128 600 40 40 0 0
5 60 30 128 600 40 32 8 0
6 60 30 128 600 40 38 0 2
7 60 30 128 600 40 30 8 2
8 120 60 64 1200 80 72 0 8
9 120 60 64 1200 80 64 8 8
10 240 120 32 2400 160 152 0 8
11 240 120 32 2400 160 144 8 8
12 480 240 16 4800 320 312 0 8
13 480 240 16 4800 320 296 16 8
14 960 480 8 9600 640 632 0 8
15 960 480 8 9600 640 616 16 8
16 1920 960 4 19200 1280 1272 0 8
17 1920 960 4 19200 1280 1256 16 8
 S-CCPCH Pilot Symbol Patterns
Npilot = 8 Npilot = 16
Symbol # 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Slot #0 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 10
1 11 00 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 11 11 00
2 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 10 11 00
3 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 01 11 10
4 11 10 11 01 11 10 11 01 11 11 11 11
5 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 10 11 01 11 01
6 11 11 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 10 11 11
7 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 00
8 11 01 11 10 11 01 11 10 11 00 11 11
9 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 00 11 11
10 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 01 11 11 11 10
11 11 10 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 00 11 10
12 11 10 11 00 11 10 11 00 11 01 11 01
13 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 00
14 11 00 11 11 11 00 11 11 11 10 11 01
 Characteristics of S-CCPCH
The FACH and PCH can be mapped to the same or to
separate Secondary CCPCHs.
If FACH and PCH are mapped to the same S-CCPCH,
they can be mapped to the same frame.
The main difference between a CCPCH and a downlink
dedicated physical channel is that a CCPCH is not inner-
loop power controlled.
The main difference between the P-CCPCH and S-
CCPCH is that the transport channel mapped to the P-
CCPCH can only have a fixed predefined transport
format combination, while the S-CCPCH support
multiple transport format combinations using TFCI.
 Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
The SCH is a downlink signal used for cell search.
The SCH consists of: the Primary and Secondary SCH.
The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary SCH
are divided into 15 slots, each of length 2560 chips.
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14

Primary
SCH acp acp acp

Secondary i,0 i,1 i,14

SCH acs acs acs

256 chips

2560 chips

One 10 ms SCH radio frame

 Synchronization Channel (SCH)
The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of
length 256 chips, the Primary Synchronisation Code
(PSC), transmitted once every slot.
The PSC is the same for every cell in the system.
The primary and secondary synchronization codes are
modulated by the symbol a, which indicates the
presence/ absence of STTD encoding on the P-
CCPCH:

P-CCPCH STTD encoded a = +1

P-CCPCH not STTD encoded a = -1
 Synchronization Channel (SCH)

The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly

transmitting a length 15 sequence of modulated codes
of length 256 chips, the Secondary Synchronisation
Codes (SSC), transmitted in parallel with the Primary
SCH.
The SSC is denoted csi,k, where i = 0, 1, …, 63 is the
number of the scrambling code group, and k = 0, 1, …,
14 is the slot number.
Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of
length 256.
This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which
of the code groups the cell's downlink scrambling code
belongs to.
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

The PDSCH is used to carry the Downlink Shared Channel

(DSCH).
A PDSCH corresponds to a channelisation code below or at
a PDSCH root channelisation code.
A PDSCH is allocated on a radio frame basis to a UE.
Within one radio frame, UTRAN may allocate different
PDSCHs under the same PDSCH root channelisation code
to different UEs based on code multiplexing.
Within the same radio frame, multiple parallel PDSCHs,
with the same spreading factor, may be allocated to a single
UE.
All the PDSCHs are operated with radio frame
synchronisation.
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

PDSCHs allocated to the same UE on different radio

frames may have different spreading factors.
Frame structure of PDSCH:

Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=0..6)

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

For each radio frame, each PDSCH is associated with one

downlink DPCH. The PDSCH and associated DPCH do not
necessarily have the same spreading factors and are not
necessarily frame aligned.
All relevant Layer 1 control information is transmitted on
the DPCCH part of the associated DPCH, i.e. the PDSCH
does not carry Layer 1 information. To indicate for UE that
there is data to decode on the DSCH, the TFCI field of the
associated DPCH shall be used.
The TFCI informs the UE of the instantaneous transport
format parameters related to the PDSCH as well as the
channelisation code of the PDSCH.
 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

The Acquisition Indicator channel (AICH) is a fixed

rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry
Acquisition Indicators (AI).
Acquisition Indicator AIs corresponds to signature s
on the PRACH.
Frame structure:
AI part = 4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols 1024 chips

a 0 a1 a2 a30 a31 Transmission Off

AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0

20 ms
 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

The AICH consists of a repeated sequence of 15

consecutive access slots (AS), each of length 5120
chips.
Each access slot consists of two parts, an Acquisition-
Indicator (AI) part consisting of 32 real-valued
symbols a0, …, a31 and a part of duration 1024 chips
with no transmission that is not formally part of the
AICH.
The part of the slot with no transmission is reserved for
possible use by CSICH or possible future use by other
physical channels.
 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

The spreading factor (SF) used for channelisation of the

AICH is 256.
The phase reference for the AICH is the Primary CPICH.
The real-valued symbols a0, a1, …, a31 are given by
15
a j = ∑ AIs b s, j
s =0
AIs (1, 0, -1) ~( ACK, No ACK, NACK)
Each slot can ack 16 signatures.
 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
AICH signature patterns bs,0, …, bs,31:
 CPCH Access Preamble Acquisition
Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)

The AP-AICH is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical

channel used to carry AP acquisition indicators (API)
of CPCH.
AP acquisition indicator APIs corresponds to AP
signature s transmitted by UE.
Frame structure:
API part = 4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols 1024 chips

a 0 a1 a2 a30 a31 Transmission Off

AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0

20 ms
 CPCH Access Preamble Acquisition
Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)

AP-AICH and AICH may use the same or different

channelisation codes. The phase reference for the AP-
AICH is the Primary CPICH.
The AP-AICH has a part of duration 4096 chips where
the AP acquisition indicator (API) is transmitted,
followed by a part of duration 1024chips with no
transmission that is not formally part of the AP-AICH.
The spreading factor (SF) used for channelisation of
the AP-AICH is 256.
APIs (1, 0, -1) ~( ACK, No ACK, NACK)
 CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment
Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH)
The CD/CA-ICH is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical
channel used to carry CD Indicator (CDI) only if the
CA is not active, or CD Indicator/CA Indicator
(CDI/CAI) at the same time if the CA is active.
CD/CA-ICH frame structure:
CDI/CAI part = 4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols 1024 chips

a0 a 1 a2 a30 a31 Transmission Off

AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0

20 ms
 CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment
Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH)
CD/CA-ICH and AP-AICH may use the same or
different channelisation codes.
The CD/CA-ICH has a part of duration of 4096chips
where the CDI/CAI is transmitted, followed by a part
of duration 1024chips with no transmission that is not
formally part of the CD/CA-ICH.
The spreading factor (SF) used for channelisation of
the CD/CA-ICH is 256.
 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

The PCH is to provide terminals with efficient sleep

mode operation.
For detection of the PICH, the terminal needs to
obtain the phase reference from the CPICH, and as
with the AICH, the PICH needs to be heard by all
terminals in the cell and thus needs to be sent at high
power level without power control.
The PICH is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel
used to carry the paging indicators.
The PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to
which a PCH transport channel is mapped.
 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
12 bits (transmission
288 bits for paging indication off)

b0 b1 b287 b288 b299

One radio frame (10 ms)

One PICH radio frame of length 10 ms consists of

300 bits (b0, b1, …, b299).
288 bits (b0, b1, …, b287) are used to carry paging
indicators.
The remaining 12 bits are not formally part of the
PICH and shall not be transmitted.
The part of the frame with no transmission is
reserved for possible future use.
 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

In each PICH frame, Np paging indicators {P0, …,

PNp-1} are transmitted, where Np=18, 36, 72, or 144.
The PI calculated by higher layers for use for a
certain UE, is associated to the paging indicator Pq,
where q is computed as a function of:
The PI computed by higher layers;
The SFN of the P-CCPCH radio frame during which the
start of the PICH radio frame occurs;
The number of paging indicators per frame (Np).

  Np  
q =  PI + ((18 × (SFN + SFN / 8 + SFN / 64 + SFN / 512)) mod144)×   mod Np
  144  
 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
The PI calculated by higher layers is associated with the value
of the paging indicator Pq.
If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to "1“, it is an
indication that UEs associated with this paging indicator and
PI should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-
CCPCH.
The PI bitmap in the PCH data frames over Iub contains
indication values for all higher layer PI values possible. Each
bit in the bitmap indicates if the paging indicator associated
with that particular PI shall be set to 0 or 1. Hence, the
calculation in the formula above is to be performed in Node B
to make the association between PI and Pq.
 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

Mapping of paging indicators Pq to PICH bits

Number of paging Pq = 1 Pq = 0
indicators per frame
(Np)
Np=18 {b16q, …, b16q+15} = {b16q, …, b16q+15} =
{-1,-1,…,-1} {+1,+1,…,+1}

Np=36 {b8q, …, b8q+7} = {b8q, …, b8q+7} =

{-1,-1,…,-1} {+1,+1,…,+1}

Np=72 {b4q, …, b4q+3} = {b4q, …, b4q+3} =

{-1, -1,…,-1} {+1, +1,…,+1}

Np=144 {b2q, b2q+1} = {b2q, b2q+1} =

{-1,-1} {+1,+1}
 CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)

The CSICH is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel

used to carry CPCH status information.
The CSICH bits indicate the availability of each
physical CPCH channel and are used to tell the
terminal to initiate access only on a free channel but,
on the other hand, to accept a channel assignment
command to an unused channel.
A CSICH is always associated with a physical channel
used for transmission of CPCH AP-AICH and uses
the same channelization and scrambling codes.
 CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)
4096 chips SI part

Transmission off b8i b8i+1 b8i+6 b8i+7

AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0

20 ms

The CSICH frame consists of 15 consecutive access slots

(AS) each of length 40 bits.
Each access slot consists of two parts, a part of duration 4096
chips with no transmission, and a Status Indicator (SI) part
consisting of 8 bits b8i,….b8i+7, where i is the access slot
number.
The part of the slot with no transmission is reserved for use
by AICH, AP-AICH or CD/CA-ICH.
 CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)

The modulation used by the CSICH is the same as for

the PICH.
The phase reference for the CSICH is the Primary
CPICH.
N Status Indicators {SI0, …, SIN-1} shall be
transmitted in each CSICH frame.
The Status Indicators shall be transmitted in all the
access slots of the CSICH frame, even if some
signatures and/or access slots are shared between
CPCH and RACH.
 CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)

Mapping of Status Indicators (SI) to CSICH bits:

Number of SI per SIn = 1 SIn = 0
frame (N)
N=1 {b0, …, b119} = {b0, …, b119} =
{-1,-1,…,-1} {+1,+1,…,+1}
N=3 {b40n, …, b40n+39} = {b40n, …, b40n+39} =
{-1,-1,…,-1} {+1,+1,…,+1}

N=5 {b24n, …, b24n+23} = {b24n, …, b24n+23} =

{-1,-1,…,-1} {+1,+1,…,+1}

N=15 {b8n, …, b8n+7} = {b8n, …, b8n+7} =

{-1,-1,…,-1} {+1,+1,…,+1}
N=30 {b4n, …, b4n+3} = {b4n, …, b4n+3} =
{-1, -1, -1, -1} {+1, +1, +1, +1}
N=60 {b2n, b2n+1} = {-1,-1} {b2n, b2n+1} = {+1,+1}
 Timing Relationship between Physical
Channels
Primary
SCH

Secondary
SCH

Any CPICH

P-CCPCH Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 0 Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 1

k:th S-CCPCH τS-CCPCH,k

τPICH

PICH for k:th

S-CCPCH

AICH access #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

slots
Any PDSCH

n:th DPCH τDPCH,n

10 ms 10 ms
 Timing Relationship between Physical
Channels
The P-CCPCH, on which the cell SFN is transmitted,
is used as timing reference for all the physical
channels, directly for downlink and indirectly for
uplink.
Transmission timing for uplink physical channels is
given by the received timing of downlink physical
channels.
SCH (primary and secondary), CPICH (primary and
secondary), P-CCPCH, and PDSCH have identical
frame timings.
 Timing Relationship between Physical
Channels
The S-CCPCH timing may be different for different S-
CCPCHs, but the offset from the P-CCPCH frame timing
is a multiple of 256 chips, i.e. τS-CCPCH,k = Tk × 256 chip,
Tk ∈ {0, 1, …, 149}.
The PICH timing is τPICH = 7680 chips prior to its
corresponding S-CCPCH frame timing, i.e. the timing of
the S-CCPCH carrying the PCH transport channel with the
corresponding paging information.
AICH access slots #0 starts the same time as P-CCPCH
frames with (SFN modulo 2) = 0.
The DPCH timing may be different for different DPCHs,
but the offset from the P-CCPCH frame timing is a
multiple of 256 chips, i.e. τDPCH,n = Tn × 256 chip,
Tn ∈ {0, 1, …, 149}.
 PICH/S-CCPCH Timing Relation

The S-CCPCH frame that carries the paging

information is related to the paging indicators in the
PICH frame.
A paging indicator set in a PICH frame means that
the paging message is transmitted on the PCH in the
S-CCPCH frame starting τPICH chips after the
transmitted PICH frame.
PICH frame containing paging indicator

Associated S-CCPCH frame

τPICH
 PRACH/AICH Timing Relation
The downlink AICH is divided into downlink access slots,
each access slot is of length 5120 chips.
The uplink PRACH is divided into uplink access slots, each
access slot is of length 5120 chips.
Uplink access slot number n is transmitted from the UE τp-a
chips prior to the reception of downlink access slot number n,
n = 0, 1, …, 14.
One access slot
Acq.
Ind.
AICH access
slots RX at UE

τp-a
Pre- Pre-
amble amble Message part
PRACH access
slots TX at UE

τp-p τp-m
 PRACH/AICH Timing Relation

Transmission of downlink acquisition indicators may

only start at the beginning of a downlink access slot.
Similarly, transmission of uplink RACH preambles
and RACH message parts may only start at the
beginning of an uplink access slot.
The preamble-to-preamble distance τp-p shall be
larger than or equal to the minimum preamble-to-
preamble distance
τp-p,min, i.e. τp-p ≥ τp-p,min.
 PRACH/AICH Timing Relation

In addition to τp-p,min, the preamble-to-AI distance τp-a

and preamble-to-message distance τp-m are defined as
follows:
When AICH_Transmission_Timing is set to 0, then
τp-p,min = 15360 chips (3 access slots)
τp-a = 7680 chips
τp-m = 15360 chips (3 access slots)
When AICH_Transmission_Timing is set to 1, then
τp-p,min = 20480 chips (4 access slots)
τp-a = 12800 chips
τp-m = 20480 chips (4 access slots)
The parameter AICH_Transmission_Timing is
signalled by higher layers.
 DPCH/PDSCH Timing Relation
The start of a DPCH frame is denoted TDPCH and the start
of the associated PDSCH frame is denoted TPDSCH.
Any DPCH frame is associated to one PDSCH frame
through the relation 46080 chips ≤ TPDSCH - TDPCH <
84480 chips, i.e., the associated PDSCH frame starts
between three slots after the end of the DPCH frame and
18 slots after the end of the DPCH frame.

DPCH frame

Associated PDSCH frame

TDPCH TPDSCH
 DPCCH/DPDCH Timing Relations
Uplink
In uplink the DPCCH and all the DPDCHs transmitted from one UE
have the same frame timing.
Downlink
In downlink, the DPCCH and all the DPDCHs carrying CCTrCHs of
dedicated type to one UE have the same frame timing.
Note: support of multiple CCTrChs of dedicated type is not part of the
current release.
Uplink/downlink timing at UE
At the UE, the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH frame transmission takes place
approximately T0 chips after the reception of the first detected path (in
time) of the corresponding downlink DPCCH/DPDCH frame.
T0 is a constant defined to be 1024 chips.
 Spreading without SCH
The non-spread physical channel consists of a sequence of
real-valued symbols.
For all channels except AICH, the symbols can take the
three values +1, -1, and 0, where 0 indicates DTX.
For AICH, the symbol values depend on the exact
combination of acquisition indicators to be transmitted.
I
Sdl,n
Any downlink
S
S
physical channel
except SCH
→ Cch,SF,m
I+jQ

P Q

j
 Spreading with SCH

Different downlink
Physical channels
G1

G2 Σ
P-SCH
Σ
GP

S-SCH

GS
 Downlink Modulation

In the downlink, the complex-valued chip sequence

generated by the spreading process is QPSK
modulated:

cos(ωt)

Re{T} Pulse-
Complex-valued Split shaping
chip sequence T real &
from summing imag.
parts Im{T} Pulse-
operations
shaping

-sin(ωt)
Multiplexing and Channel Coding
( 3G TS 25.212 )
 Table of Contents

Overview of MCC
Transport channel related terminologies
UL-MCC
DL-MCC
Some examples
 Overview of MCC
MCC – multiplexing and channel coding
Encoding data stream from MAC and higher layers to offer
transport services over the radio transmission link
Map transport block data into physical channel data
Operations performed in MCC
CRC attachment
Channel coding
Interleaving
Radio frame equalization/segmentation
Rate matching
Transport channel multiplexing
Mapping to physical channels
 Overview of MCC

Multiplexing and channel coding (MCC) is

a key procedure in 3GPP PHY to support QoS
requirements from upper layers
MCC interfaces with the 3GPP MAC layer by transport
channels (TrCHs)
Different QoS requirements may assign to different
transport channels
Transport channels are processed and multiplexed into
one or more physical channels (PhCHs) by MCC
UL Multiplexing and Channel Coding
DL Multiplexing and Channel Coding
 Transport Channel Related
Terminologies
Transport block
Transport block set
Transport block size
Transport block set size
Transmission time interval (TTI)
Transport format
Transport format set
Transport format combination
Transport format combination set
 Transport Channel Related
Terminologies
Transport block
A basic unit exchanged between L1 and MAC
Transport block set
A set of transport block exchanged between L1 and MAC
at the same time instance in the same transport channel
Transport block size
Size of transport block
Transport block set size
Size of transport block set

Transport block
Transport block Transport block
Transport block Transport block Transport block TrCH1
 Transport Channel Related
Terminologies
Transport format
Format of definition for the delivery of transport block set during a
TTI (transmission time interval)
Format contains
Dynamic part
Transport block size
Transport block set size
Static part
Transmission time interval
Error protection
Channel coding type (1/2,1/3convolutional, turbo,no cc)
Rate matching parameter
CRC size (8bit, 12bit, 16bit, 24bit, no CRC)
Ex:
{320bits, 640bits}, { 10ms, ½ convolutional code, rate matching
parameter = 1, 8bits CRC }
 Transport Channel Related
Terminologies
Transport format set
The set of transport formats associated to a transport
channel
Transport block set size and transport block size can be
different in a transport format set
All other parameters are fixed in a transport format set
Ex:
{ 40bits, 40bits } , { 80bits, 80bits }, { 160bits, 160bits }
{ 10ms, ½ convolutional code, rate matching parameter =
1, 8bits CRC }
 Transport Channel Related
Terminologies
Transport format combination
L1 multiplexes several transport channels into one
physical channel
Transport format is a combination of currently valid
transport formats of different transport channel
Examples:
DCH1: {20bits, 20bits}, {10ms, ½ convolutional code,
rm=2}
DCH2: {320bits, 1280bits}, {10ms, turbo code, rm = 3}
DCH3: {320bits, 320bits}, {40ms, ½ convolutional code,
rm = 1}
 Transport Channel Related
Terminologies
Transport format combination set
A set of transport format combination
Ex:
Combination 1
DCH1{20bits, 20bits}, DCH2{320bits, 1280bits} DCH3{320bits,320bits}
Combination 2
DCH1{40bits, 40bits}, DCH2{320bits, 1280bits} DCH3{320bits,320bits}
Combination 3
DCH1{160bits, 160bits}, DCH2{320bits, 320bits} DCH3{320bits,320bits}
Static part
DCH1: {10ms, ½ convolutional code, rm=2}
DCH2: {10ms, turbo code, rm = 3}
DCH3: {40ms, ½ convolutional code, rm = 1}
 Transport Channel Related
Terminologies
AMR TFCS example
Transport format
NTRCHa=81 NTRCHb=103 NTRCHc=60 NTRCHd=148 combination 1
Transport format
NTRCHa=39 NTRCHb=0 NTRCHc=0 NTRCHd=148 combination 2
Transport format
NTRCHa=0 NTRCHb=0 NTRCHc=0 NTRCHd=148 combination 3

CRC = 12 bits No CRC No CRC CRC = 16bits

CC = 1/3 CC = 1/3 CC = 1/2 CC = 1/3
TTI = 20ms TTI = 20ms TTI = 20ms TTI = 40ms

Transport format set a Transport format set c

Transport format set b Transport format set d
 Transport Channel Related
Terminologies
TFCS is defined every radio link setup
Each TF can change every TTI indicated by higher
layer
Receiver will be noted via “TFCI” bits in DPCCH
Data
DPDCH Ndata bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6)

Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

DPCCH Npilot bits NFBI bits NTPC bits
NTFCI bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
 UL-MCC
CRC attachment
TrBk concatenation / code block segmentation
Channel coding
Radio frame equalization
1st interleaving
Radio frame segmentation
Rate matching
TrCH multiplexing
Physical channel segmentation
2nd interleaving
Physical channel mapping
 UL-MCC

CRC-attachment
For error detection
gCRC24(D) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1
gCRC16(D) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1
gCRC12(D) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D + 1
gCRC8(D) = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1

TrBk

TrBk
 UL-MCC

TrBk concatenation
TrBk CRC
TrBk CRC TrBk CRC
TrBk CRC

Code block segmentation

Input block size of channel encoder is limited
convolutional coding : 504 bit max
turbo coding : 5114 bit max
The whole input block is segmented into the same smaller size. Filler
bits are added to the last block
2 filler bits

1498 bits 500 bits 500 bits 498 bits

 UL-MCC

Channel coding
For error correction
Turbo-code
Higher error correction capability, long decoding latency
Rate = 1/3
Convolutional code
Lower error correction capability, short decoding latency
Rate = 1/2 or 1/3
 UL-MCC

Usage of coding scheme and coding rate

Type of TrCH Coding scheme Coding rate

BCH Convolutional coding 1/2

PCH
RACH
CPCH, DCH, 1/3, 1/2
DSCH, FACH Turbo coding 1/3
No coding
 UL-MCC

Concatenation of encoded blocks

Radio frame size equalization
Code block 301 301

After CC, rate 1/2 602 16 602 16

Concatenation
1236
Of encoded blocks
Radio frame size
1236 4
equalization
Assume TTI=8, 1236/8 = 154.5,
So we add 4 to let it can be divided by 8
 UL-MCC

1st interleaving is an inter-frame interleaving scheme

Interleaving period is one TTI
10, 20, 40, 80 ms
=> 1, 2, 4, 8 columns in the interleaving matrix
1st interleaving including three steps
write input bits into the matrix row by row
perform inter-column permutation based on pre-defined
patterns (according to the TTI)
read output bits from the matrix column by column
 UL-MCC

1st interleaving:

Input bits 0 2 1 3

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

Write input bits Inter-column Read output bits
row by row permutation column by column
 Rate matching
Rate matching performs after radio frame
segmentation (per 10ms data)
Nij: number of bits in a radio frame before RM on TrCH i
Ndata,j: total number of bits that are available for the
CCTrCH
RMi: rate matching attribute for transport channel i
ΔNi,j:number of bits that should be repeated/punctured in
each radio frame on TrCH i

 i  
   ∑ RM m × N m , j  × N data , j  
 m =1 
Z =  
i, j  I 
 ∑ RM m N m, j
× 
 m =1 
∆N i , j = Z i , j − Z i −1, j − N i , j for all i = 1, ... , I
 Rate matching

Example
Assume 3 TrCH
N0 = 30, RM = 10
N1 = 100, RM = 12
N2 = 20, RM = 13
If Ndata = 180
Z1 = floor(300*180/1760) = 30 : Δ= 0
Z2 = floor((300+1200)*180/1760) = 153 : ΔN1 = 23
Z3 = floor((300+1200+260)*180/1760) = 180 : ΔN2 = 7
If Ndata = 130
Z1 = floor(300*130/1760) = 22 : ΔN0 = -8
Z2 = floor((300+1200)*130/1760) = 110 : ΔN1 = -12
Z3 = floor((300+1200+260)*130/1760) = 130 : ΔN2 = -10
 Rate matching
How could we decide which bits should be
punctured/repeated?
Determine of eini, eplus, eminus
e = eini
m=1
do while m < Xi (input bit length before RM)
e = e – eminus -- update error
if e <= 0 then -- check if bit m be punctured/ repeated
Repeat or puncture xm
e = e + eplus -- update error
end if
m=m+1 -- next bit
end do
 Rate Matching

Example: eini=3, eminus=2, eplus=5

(Puncturing case)

+5 +5 +5 +5

Variable e: 3 1 -1 4 2 0 5 3 1 -1 4 2 0 5 3
Input bits: 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
Output bits: 0 X 0 X 1 0 X 1 X 0

RM
0100100110 001010
 UL-MCC

TrCH multiplexing
Serially multiplex different transport channels into a
coded composite transport channel (CCTrCH)
Physical Channel Segmentation
If more than one physical channel (spreading code) is
used, physical channel segmentation is used.
2nd interleaving
Intra-frame interleaving
Similar with 1st interleaving, but with C2 = 30
Physical channel mapping
Map CCTrCH to one or multiple physical channels
 UL-MCC
TTI=2 TTI=2 TTI=4

TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3

Radio frame TrCH1 TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH2 TrCH3 TrCH3 TrCH3 TrCH3
segmentation

Rate matching TrCH1 TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH2 TrCH3 TrCH3 TrCH3 TrCH3

TrCH multiplexing TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3

2nd interleaving CCTrCH c1

PhCH
Physical channel mapping
PhCH

c2
 DL-MCC
1. CRC attachment
2. TrBk concatenation / code block segmentation
3. Channel coding
4. Rate matching
5. 1st insertion of DTX indication
6. 1st interleaving
7. Radio frame segmentation
8. TrCH multiplexing
9. 2nd insertion of DTX indication
10. Physical channel segmentation
11. 2nd interleaving
12. Physical channel mapping
 Rate Matching

Since DL rate matching is performed before TrCH

multiplexing, the RM does not know TF of other
transport channel

TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3 TrCH1 ? ?

TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3 ?

PhCH size PhCH size

RM in UL case RM in DL case
 Rate Matching

2 solutions in DL-RM
Fixed position
Use the maximum Ni in TFS i for all i as the data size before RM
Calculate for ΔNi as in UL case
Flexible position
Find maximum RMi*Ni,j for all combination j
Calculate for ΔNi
 Rate Matching

TFCS example
Combination 1: DCH1{20bits, 20bits}, DCH2{320bits, 1280bits}
DCH3{320bits,320bits}
Combination 2: DCH1{40bits, 40bits}, DCH2{320bits, 1280bits}
DCH3{320bits,320bits}
Combination 3: DCH1{160bits, 160bits}, DCH2{320bits, 320bits}
DCH3{320bits,320bits}
Assume RM1 = RM2 = RM3 = 100 (same importance)
Fixed position
Choose N1=160, N2=1280, N3=320 to calculate for ΔNi
Flexible position
Choose N1=40, N2=1280, N3=320 to calculate for ΔNi (combination 2)
 Rate Matching

Normal mode
For frames not overlapping with transmission gap
Compressed mode
Frames overlapping with transmission gap
Frame structure of type A
Slot # (Nfirst - 1) transmission gap Slot # (Nlast + 1)

T TF T TF
Data1 P CI Data2 PL PL Data1 P CI Data2 PL
C C

Frame structure of type B

Slot # (Nfirst - 1) transmission gap Slot # (Nlast + 1)

T TF T T TF
Data1 P CI Data2 PL P PL Data1 P CI Data2 PL
C C C
 Rate Matching

Compressed mode by puncturing

Use rate matching algorithm to generate available space
for transmission gap
We insert p-bits corresponding to the transmission gap
length and will be removed later
Using slot format A
Compressed mode by reducing the spreading factor
by 2
Using slot format B (reduce spreading factor by 2) to
increase available transmission bits
Compressed mode by higher layer scheduling
Higher layer schedule the transmission data
Using slot format A
 DTX Insertion

Since the rate matching output is to match the

maximum bit number of each TrCH, DTX
(discontinuous transmission bits) should be inserted
to match the real bit number after TrCH multiplexing

Before RM TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3

After RM TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3

TrCH MUX TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCH3 DTX

PhCH size
Physical Channel Mapping

DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
Ndata1 bits NTPC bits NTFCI bits Ndata2 bits Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

 Detail Issues in MCC

Why RM is done after 1st interleaving and radio

frame segmentation in UL ?
Although transport format for the individual TrCH
changes only once per TTI, combination of TrCHs may be
different in each frame
Rate matching shall be done on a frame-by-frame basis to
dynamically assign PhCH resources
Therefore, radio frame segmentation is performed before
rate matching
 Detail Issues in MCC

But, why RM is done before 1st interleaving and

radio frame segmentation in DL ?
PhCH resources are pre-assigned by the upper layers in
DL
Rate matching must be done before 1st interleaving since
DTX insertion of fixed position shall be performed after
rate matching and before 1st interleaving
Rate matching parameters are still calculated on a radio
frame basis
Some Examples

UL DCH example
UL 12.2 kbps data
UL 64/128/144 kbps packet data
UL 384 kbps packet data
TrCH multiplexing
12.2 kbps data + 3.4 kbps data
64 kbps data + 3.4 kbps data
DL DCH example
DL 12.2 kbps data
DL 64/128/144 kbps packet data
TrCH multiplexing
12.2 kbps data + 3.4 kbps data
 UL 12.2 kbps data
Transport block TrCh#a TrCh#b TrCh#c
NTrCHa NTrCHb NTrCHc
CRC attachment*
CRC
Tail bit attachment* NTrCHa 12 NTrCHb NTrCHc

Tail Tail Tail

Convolutional NTrCHa+12 8 NTrCHb 8*NTrCHb/103 NTrCHc 8*NTrCHc/60
coding R=1/3, 1/2

Radio frame 3*( NTrCHa+20) 3*( NTrCHb+8*NTrCHb/103) 2*( NTrCHc+8*NTrCHc/60)

equalization

1st interleaving 3*( NTrCHa+20) 1 3*( NTrCHb+8*NTrCHb/103) 1 2*( NTrCHc+8*NTrCHc/60)

Radio frame 3*( NTrCHa+20)+1* 3*( 2*( NTrCHc+8*NTrCHc/60)

segmentation NTrCHa /81 NTrCHb+8*NTrCHb/103)+1*NTrC
#1a #2b #1b #2b #1c #2c
Rate matching NRFa NRFa NRFb NRFb NRFc NRFc

#1a #2b #1b #2b #1c #2c

NRFa+NRM_1a NRFa+NRM_2b NRFb+NRM_1b NRFb+NRM_2b NRFc+NRM NRFc+NRM_
_1c 2c

NRFa=[3*( NTrCHa+20)+1* NTrCHa /81]/2

NRFb=[3*( NTrCHb+8*NTrCHb/103)+1*NTrCHb/103]/2
NRFc= NTrCHc+8*NTrCHc/60

To TrCh Multiplexing

* CRC and tail bits for TrCH#a is attached even if NTrCha=0 bits since CRC parity bit attachment for 0 bit transport
block is applied.
UL 64/128/144 kbps data
Transport block
336
CRC attachment
CRC
336 16

TrBk concatenation B TrBks

(B=0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 9)

352* B
Turbo coding R=1/3

1056* B
Tail bit attachment

Tail
st 1056* B 12*B/9
1 interleaving

Radio frame 1056* B +12*B/9

segmentation
#1 #2
Rate matching (1056* B +12*B/9)/2 (1056* B +12*B/9)/2

#1 #2
(1056* B +12*B/9)/2+NRM1 (1056* B +12*B/9)/2+NRM2

To TrCh Multiplexing
UL 384 kbps data
Transport block
336
CRC attachment
CRC
336 16

B TrBks
TrBk concatenation (B=0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24)

Code block 352* B

segmentation

176* B 176* B
Turbo coding R=1/3

528* B 528* B
Tail bit attachment

Tail Tail
st 528* B 12*B/24 528* B 12*B/24
1 interleaving

Radio frame 1056* B +24*B/24

segmentation
#1 #2
Rate matching (1056* B +24*B/24)/2 (1056* B +24*B/24)/2

#1 #2
(1056* B +24*B/24)/2+NRM1 (1056* B +24*B/24)/2+NRM2

To TrCh Multiplexing
 12.2 kbps + 3.4 kbps data

12.2 kbps data 12.2 kbps data 3.4 kbps data

#1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1 #2 #3 #4
TrCH
multiplexing

#1a #1b #1c #1 #2a #2b #2c #2 #1a #1b #1c #3 #2a #2b #2c #4

2nd interleaving

Physical channel 600 600 600 600

mapping
60 ksps DPDCH
CFN=4N CFN=4N+1 CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3
 64 kbps + 3.4 kbps data

64 kbps data 3.4 kbps data

#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4
TrCH
multiplexing
#1 #1 #2 #2 #3 #3 #4 #4

2nd interleaving

Physical channel
mapping

240 ksps DPDCH

CFN=4N CFN=4N+1 CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3
DL 12.2 kbps data
Transport block TrCh#a TrCh#b TrCh#c
NTrCHa NTrCHb NTrCHc
CRC attachment*

CRC
Tail bit attachment* NTrCHa 12 NTrCHb NTrCHc

Tail Tail Tail

Convolutional NTrCHa+12 8 NTrCHb 8*NTrCHb/103 NTrCHc 8* NTrCHc/60
coding R=1/3, 1/2

Rate matching 3*(NTrCHa+20) 3*(NTrCHb+8* NTrCHb/103) 2*(NTrCHc+8* NTrCHc/60)

Insertion of DTX 3*(NTrCHa+20)+NRMa 3*(NTrCHb+8* 2*(NTrCHc+8*

indication NTrCHb/103)+NRMb NTrCHc/60)+NRMc

3*(NTrCHa+20)+NRMa+NDI1 3*(NTrCHb+8* 2*(NTrCHc+8*

1st interleaving NTrCHb/103)+NRMb+NDIb NTrCHc/60)+NRMc+NDIc

Radio frame 3*(NTrCHa+20)+NRMa+NDI1 3*(NTrCHb+8* 2*(NTrCHc+8*

segmentation NTrCHb/103)+NRMb+NDIb NTrCHc/60)+NRMc+NDIc
#1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c
NRFa NRFa NRFb NRFb NRFc NRFc

NRFa = [3*(NTrCHa+20) +NRMa+NDIa]/2

NRFb = [3*(NTrCHb+8* NTrCHb/103)+ NRMb+NDIb]/2

NRFc = [2*(NTrCHc+8* NTrCHc/60)+ NRMc+NDIc]/2

To TrCh Multiplexing

* CRC and tail bits for TrCH#a is attached even if NTrCha=0 bits since CRC parity bit attachment for 0 bit transport
block is applied.
DL 64/128/144 kbps data
Transport block
336
CRC attachment

CRC
336 16

TrBk B TrBks
concatenation (B=0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 9)

352* B
Turbo coding R=1/3

1056*B
Tail bit attachment

Tail
Rate matching 1056*B 12*B/9

1056* B+12*B/9+NRM

1st interleaving

Radio frame 1056* B +12*B/9+NRM

segmentation
#1 #2
(1056* B +12*B/9+NRM)/2 (1056* B +12*B/9+NRM)/2

To TrCh Multiplexing
 12.2 kbps + 3.4 kbps data

12.2 kbps data 12.2 kbps data 3.4 kbps data

#1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1 #2 #3 #4
TrCH
multiplexing

#1a #1b #1c #1 #2a #2b #2c #2 #1a #1b #1c #3 #2a #2b #2c #4

2nd interleaving

510 510 510 510

Physical channel
mapping 1 2 15 1 2 15 1 2 15 1 2 15

30 ksps DPCH slot slot slot slot

CFN=4N CFN=4N+1 CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3

Pilot symbol TPC