Subject Name Chemistry 1

Topic Chapter 4

Title Gases

1. Chapter Overview
 Gas laws:
(a) Boyle’s law
(b) Charles’ law
(c) Avogadro’s law

 Dalton’s law
 Kinetic theory of gases
 Ideal and non-ideal behaviour of gases

2. Learning Objectives
 To understand gas laws
 To perform calculations using the ideal gas equation
 To define and perform calculations using Dalton’s law

3. Learning Outcomes:
On successful completion of this topic students should be able to:
 Perform calculations using gas law
 Explain qualitatively the basic assumption of the kinetic molecular theory gases
for an ideal gas.
 State the conditions at which real gases approach the ideal behaviour
States of matter
 Under any given set of physical conditions, most substance can be categorized into 3
distinct states

i.

ii.

iii.

Bulk characteristics
Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas
Volume
Shape
Relative
compressibility
Relative density

Explanation
 The particles in solids and liquids are very __________but in gases they are more widely
spaced with much __________________in between.

 The particles in solid and liquid are closely-packed causing these materials to have
relatively large density and negligible compressibility. There are also strong forces of
attraction between particles so material is held together as fixed volume.

 The particles in gas are more widely-spaced than liquid and solid. The forces between gas
particles are so____________that they readily move away and
__________________________of container.

Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases for ideal gas:

I.

II.

III.
IV. The size of the molecules is negligible when compared with the space occupied by the
gas.

V. Collisions between molecules are perfectly elastic. (The average kinetic energy of all the
gas molecules remains constant).

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Molecular Speed

The distribution curve

Fraction

Of

Molecules

Kinetic energy (E)/velocity

 Curve is not _______________ i.e. the most probably speed (peak of curve) is smaller
than average speed.

 Only a small fraction of the molecules have ____________________and only a very

small fraction has very __________________.

 Most of them have_______________________________.

Effect of temperature change

 As the temperature is raised, the average energy of molecules increases proportionally.

 The shape of the distribution curve alters as the fraction of molecules with low energies
______________ and the fraction of molecules with high energies _______________.

 The maximum of a curve is displaced to the___________ and the curve become

__________ but the area under the curve remains _____________.

 The proportion of molecules with energies above Ek ______________.

The Gas Law

A. Boyle’s Law

 Deals with the effect of ______________ on the volume of gas.

 Def:
  Can be expressed mathematically as:

PV =k

P1V1=P2V2

Ways of Representing Boyle’s Law Graphically

P P

V 1/V
PV PV

V P

B. Charles’ Law

 Deals with the effect of _______________ on the volume of gas.

 Def:

 It can be expressed mathematically as:

V/T=k

V1/T1=V2/T2

Ways of Representing Charles’ Law

V
V

T(K) T (°C)
-273.15
C. Avogadro Law

 Def:

 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L at s.t.p. (273 K, 1 atm)

Vαn

D. Combining 3 laws together produce an ideal gas equation:

 Unit of R depends on the unit of other variables.

I. If P (Nm-2/Pa), V (m3) II. If P (atm), V(dm3)

R= R=

E. Dalton’s Law

 Dalton’s Law states that

 Partial pressure: the pressure that each gas would exert if it alone is present in the
container.

 Can be expressed as:

PT= PA+PB+PC PA= XA * PT where mole fraction, XA= no of moles

Total no of mol
= nA______
nA+nB+nC
 KEY TERMS

KEYTERMS DEFINITION

1 atm = 760 mm Hg/Torr=101.325kPA

Ideal gas Gas that obeys the gas law or the ideal gas equation

Molar volume Volume occupied by one mole of any gas a s.t.p is 22.4
dm3

REFERENCES

1. Silberberg, M.S.,2009, Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change,

5th edition, McGraw Hill.
2. Zumdahl, S.S and Zumdahl, S.A.,2009, Chemistry, 8th edition, Brooks/Cole.
3. Blackman, 2008, Chemistry, 2nd edition, John Wiley.
4. Noorbani, A,2012, College Chemistry, IPTA Publications.