PROBLEM 14.1 PROBLEM 14.2 PROBLEM 14.3 PROBLEM 14.

4
KNOWN: Mixture of O2 and N2 with partial pressures in the ratio 0.21 to 0.79. KNOWN: Partial pressures and temperature for a mixture of CO2 and N2. KNOWN: Mole fraction (or mass fraction) and molecular weight of each species in a mixture of n KNOWN: Temperature of atmospheric air and water. Percentage by volume of oxygen in the air.
species. Equal mole fractions (or mass fractions) of O2 , N2 and CO2 in a mixture. FIND: (a) Mole and mass fractions of water at the air and water sides of the interface, (b) Mole and
FIND: Mass fraction of each species in the mixture. FIND: Molar concentration, mass density, mole fraction and mass fraction of each species.
mass fractions of oxygen in the air and water.
FIND:
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC:
SCHEMATIC:
SCHEMATIC:
pO 2 0.21 xO xN xCO 0.333
2 2 2
p N2 0.79 A CO 2, A 44 kg/kmol or
mO mN m CO 0.333
B N2, 28 kg/kmol 2 2 2
32 kg/kmol B
O2
CO 2 44
N2 28 kg/kmol 32, 28
O2 N2
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Perfect gas behavior for air and water vapor, (2) Thermodynamic equilibrium
at liquid/vapor interface, (3) Dilute concentration of oxygen and other gases in water, (4) Molecular
weight of air is independent of vapor concentration.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Perfect gas behavior. PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Saturated water (T = 290 K): pvap = 0.01917 bars. Table A-9, O2/water,
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Perfect gas behavior. ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Perfect gas behavior.
ANALYSIS: (a) With H = 37,600 bars.
ANALYSIS: From the definition of the mass fraction, ANALYSIS: From the equation of state for an ideal gas,
i i p i / Ri T pi i / T ANALYSIS: (a) Assuming ideal gas behavior, pw,vap = (Nw,vap/V) T and p = (N/V) T, in which
pi mi
mi i i Ci . i p i / Ri T pi i / T case
T i i i
i
Hence, with pA = pB, and dividing numerator and denominator by the total pressure p,
x w,vap p w,vap / pair 0.01917 /1.0133 0.0194 <
Hence, with
1bar ix i . With mw,vap = ( w,vap/ air) = (Cw,vap w/Cair air) = xw,vap ( w/ air). Hence,
CA CB mi <
pi pi i pi . 8.314 10 2 m3 bar/kmol K 2 9 8 K i xi mw,vap = 0.0194 (18/29) = 0.0120 <
i
R iT / i T T i Assuming negligible gas phase concentrations in the liquid,
CA CB 0.040 kmol/m 3. < Similarly,
Hence
pi i/ T xw,liq = mw,liq = 1 <
xi i R iT i
i pi / T With i i Ci , it follows that pi (b) Since the partial volume of a gaseous species is proportional to the number of moles of the
mi iR iT i/ i T
i pi / T A 44 kg/kmol 0.04 kmol/m 3 1 .78kg/m3 < i i i species, its mole fraction is equivalent to its volume fraction. Hence on the air side of the interface

or, cancelling terms and dividing numerator and denominator by the total pressure p, or, dividing numerator and denominator by the total density x O2,air 0.205 <
B 28 kg/kmol 0.04 kmol/m 3 1.13 k g /m 3. < mi / i
mi i xi . Also, with
xi . < mO
2,air
xO
2,air O2 / air 0.205 32 / 29 0.226 <
mi / i
ixi i
xi Ci / i Ci The mole fraction of O2 in the water is
With the mole fractions as (b) With
find x O2,liq p O2,air / H 0.208 bars / 37, 600 bars 5.53 10 6 <
0.21 O2 x O2 N 2 x N2 CO2 x CO2 32 0.333 28 0.33 44 0.333 34.6
xO
2
pO / p
2 0.21 0.79
0.21 xA xB 0.04/0.08 0.5 < <
m O2 0.31, mN 2 0.27, m CO2 0.42. where p O x O2,air patm = 0.205 1.0133 bars = 0.208 bars. The mass fraction of O2 in the
2,air
and with
xN pN / p 0.79, water is
2 2 mi With
i/ i
find the mass fractions as mO /
2 O2 mN /
2 N2 m CO /
2 CO 2
0.333/32 0.333/28 0.333/44 m O2,liq x O2,liq 02 / w 5.53 10 6 32 /18 9.83 10 6 <
find
mO
32 0.21
0.233 < mA 1.78/ 1.78 1.13 0.61 < mO 2.987 10 2. COMMENTS: There is a large discontinuity in the oxygen content between the air and water sides
2 2
32 0.21 28 0.79 find of the interface. Despite the low concentration of oxygen in the water, it is sufficient to support the
m B 1.13/ 1.78 1.13 0.39. < life of aquatic organisms.
m N2 1 m O2 0.767. < xO 2 0.35, xN 2 0.40, xCO2 0.25. <

PROBLEM 14.5 PROBLEM 14.6 PROBLEM 14.7 PROBLEM 14.8

KNOWN: Air is enclosed at uniform pressure in a vertical, cylindrical container whose top and KNOWN: Pressure and temperature of hydrogen stored in a spherical steel tank of prescribed KNOWN: Molar concentrations of helium at the inner and outer surfaces of a plastic membrane. KNOWN: Mass diffusion coefficients of two binary mixtures at a given temperature, 298 K.
bottom surfaces are maintained at different temperatures. diameter and thickness. Diffusion coefficient and membrane thickness.
FIND: Mass diffusion coefficients at a different temperature, T = 350 K.
FIND: (a) Conditions in air when bottom surface is colder than top surface, (b) Conditions when FIND: (a) Initial rate of hydrogen mass loss from the tank, (b) Initial rate of pressure drop in the tank. FIND: Molar diffusion flux.
ASSUMPTIONS: (a) Ideal gas behavior, (b) Mixtures at 1 atm total pressure.
bottom surface is hotter than top surface.
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC: -4 2
SCHEMATIC: PROPERTIES: Table A-8, Ammonia-air binary mixture (298 K), DAB = 0.28 10 m /s;
-4 2
Hydrogen-air binary mixture (298 K), DAB = 0.41 10 m /s.
ANALYSIS: According to treatment of Section 14.1.5, assuming ideal gas behavior,

D AB ~ T 3 /2
where T is in kelvin units. It follows then, that for
3/2
NH3 Air: DAB 350 K 0.28 10 4 m 2 / s 350 K / 2 9 8 K

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional diffusion in a plane wall, (3) D AB 350 K 0.36 10 4 m 2 / s <
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional species diffusion in a stationary medium, (2) Uniform total Stationary medium, (4) Uniform C = CA + CB. 3/2
molar concentration, C, (3) No chemical reactions. H 2 Air: D AB 350 K 0.41 10 4 m 2 / s 350/298
ANALYSIS: The molar flux may be obtained from Eq. 14.50,
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Uniform pressure, (2) Perfect gas behavior. ANALYSIS: (a) From Table 14.1
D AB 10 9 m 2 /s D AB 350 K 0.52 10 4 m 2 / s <
ANALYSIS: (a) If T1 > T2, the axial temperature gradient (dT/dx) will result in an axial density N A,r
CA,o C A,L CA,o N A,x C A,1 C A,2 0.02 0.005 kmol/m3
gradient. However, since d /dx < 0 there will be no buoyancy driven, convective motion of the R m,dif L 0.001m COMMENTS: Since the H2 molecule is smaller than the NH3 molecule, it follows that
1 / 4 D AB 1 / r 1 / ro
i
mixture. 8 2
N A,x 1.5 10 kmol/s m . < DH
2 Air
D NH
3 Air
There will also be axial species density gradients, d O /d x and d N /dx. However, there is no 4 0.3 10 12 m2 / s 1.5 kmol/m3
7.35 10 12 kmol/s
2 2 as indeed the numerical data indicate.
N A,r COMMENTS: The mass flux is
gradient associated with the mass fractions dmO 2 /d x 0, d mN /dx 0 . Hence, from Fick’s 1/0.05 m 1/0.052 m
2 8 2 8 2
law, Eq. 14.1, there is no mass transfer by diffusion. n A,x A N A,x 4 kg/kmol 1.5 10 kmol/s m 6 10 kg/s m .
or
(b) If T1 T2 , d /dx 0 and there will be a buoyancy driven, convective motion of the mixture. 12 12
n A,r A N A,r 2 kg/kmol 7.35 10 kmol/s 14.7 10 kg/s. <
However, dmO /d x 0 and dmN /d x 0, and there is still no mass transfer. Hence, although
2 2
(b) Applying a species balance to a control volume about the hydrogen,
there is motion of each species with the convective motion of the mixture, there is no relative motion
between species. M A,st M A,out n A,r
COMMENTS: The commonly used special case of Fick’s law,
d AV D3 d A D3 dp A D 3 A dp A
d M A,st
jA D AB A dt 6 dt 6R A T dt 6 T dt
dx
Hence
would be inappropriate for this problem since is not uniform. If applied, this special case indicates
that mass transfer would occur, thereby providing an incorrect result.
6 0.08314 m 3 bar/kmol K 300 K
dpA 6 T
n A,r 14.7 10 12 kg/ s
dt D3 A 0.1m 3 2 kg/kmol

dpA
3.50 10 7 bar/s. <
dt
2
COMMENTS: If the spherical shell is appoximated as a plane wall, Na,x = DAB(CA,o ) D /L = 7.07
-12
10 kmol/s. This result is 4% lower than that associated with the spherical shell calculation.
 PROBLEM 14.9 PROBLEM 14.9 (Cont.) PROBLEM 14.10 PROBLEM 14.11
KNOWN: The inner and outer surfaces of an iron cylinder of 100-mm length are exposed to a (b) To determine whether DC-Fe is a constant for the experimental diffusion process, the data are KNOWN: Three-dimensional diffusion of species A in a stationary medium with chemical reactions. KNOWN: Gas (A) diffuses through a cylindrical tube wall (B) and experiences chemical reactions at
carburizing gas (mixtures of CO and CO2 ). Observed experimental data on the variation of the carbon represented on a ln(r) coordinate. a volumetric rate, N A .
FIND: Derive molar form of diffusion equation.
composition (weight carbon, %) in the iron at 1000 C as a function of radius. Carbon flow rate under
steady-state conditions. SCHEMATIC: FIND: Differential equation which governs molar concentration of gas in plastic.
Wt. carbon distribution - experimental observations SCHEMATIC:
FIND: (a) Beginning with Fick’s law, show that d c / d n r is a constant if the diffusion
coefficient, DC-Fe, is a constant; sketch of the carbon mass density, c(r), as function of ln(r) for such 1.6

a diffusion process; (b) Create a graph for the experimental data and determine whether DC-Fe for this
1.4
diffusion process is constant, increases or decreases with increasing mass density; and (c) Using the
Exp data
experimental data, calculate and tabulate DC-Fe for selected carbon compositions over the range of the
1.2
experiment.
SCHEMATIC: 1

0.8

0.6
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional radial diffusion, (2) Uniform total molar concentration, (3)
Stationary medium.
0.4
ANALYSIS: Dividing the species conservation requirement, Eq. 14.33, by the molecular weight, A,
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Uniform total molar concentration, (2) Stationary medium. and applying it to a differential control volume of unit length normal to the page,
0.2
ANALYSIS: The derivation parallels that of Section 14.2.2, except that Eq. 14.33 is applied on a N A,r NA,g N A,r dr N A,st
3 0 molar basis. That is,
PROPERTIES: Iron (1000 C). = 7730 kg/m .Experimental observations of carbon composition 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 where
ln (r, mm) N A,x N A,y N A,z N A,g N A,x dx N A,y dy N A,z dz N A,st .
r (mm) 4.49 4.66 4.79 4.91 5.16 5.27 5.40 5.53 CA
N A,r 2 r 1 N A,r 2 rDAB
Wt. C (%) 1.42 1.32 1.20 1.09 0.82 0.65 0.46 0.28 Since the plot is not linear, DC-Fe is not a constant. From the treatment of part (a), if DAB is not a With r
constant, then
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional, radial diffusion in a stationary N A,x N A,r
d A N A,x dx N A,x dx, N A,y dy .... N A,r dr N A,r dr
medium, and (3) Uniform total concentration. D AB C2 x r
d ln r
ANALYSIS: (a) For the one-dimensional, radial (cylindrical) coordinate system, Fick’s law is CA C A 2 rdr 1
N A,x D AB dydz , N A,y ....
must be constant. We conclude that DC-Fe will be lower at the radial position where the gradient is x N A,g N A 2 r dr 1 N A,st .
d A t
jA D AB A r (1) higher. Hence, we expect DC-Fe to increase with increasing carbon content. CA
dr N A,g N A dxdydz , N A,st dxdydz Hence
(c) From a plot of Wt - %C vs. r (not shown), the mass fraction gradient is determined at three t
locations and Fick’s law is used to calculate the diffusion coefficient, CA CA
where Ar = 2 rL. For steady-state conditions, jA is constant, and if DAB is constant, the product It follows that N A 2 rdr 2 DAB r dr 2 rdr
r r t
Wt % C
jc A r D C Fe CA CA CA CA
d
r A C1 (2) r D AB D AB D AB NA . < or
dr x x y y z z t
where the mass flow rate is D AB C CA
r A NA . <
COMMENTS: If DAB is constant, the foregoing result reduces to Eq. 14.38b. r r r t
must be a constant. Using the differential relation dr/r = d (ln r), it follows that
jc 3.6 10 3 kg / 100 h 3600 s / h 1 10 8 kg / s
COMMENTS: (1) The minus sign in the generation term is necessitated by the fact that the
d A and
3
= 7730 kg/m , density of iron. The results of this analysis yield, reactions deplete the concentration of species A.
C1 (3)
d ln r 11 2
Wt - C (%) r (mm) Wt-C/ r (%/mm) DC-Fe 10 (m /s) (2) From knowledge of NA r ,t , the foregoing equation could be solved for CA (r,t).

so that on a ln(r) plot, A is a straight line. See the graph below for this behavior. 1.32 4.66 -0.679 6.51 (3) Note the agreement between the above result and the one-dimensional form of Eq. 14.39 for
0.955 5.04 -1.08 3.79 uniform C.
Continued ….. 0.37 5.47 -1.385 2.72

PROBLEM 14.12 PROBLEM 14.13 PROBLEM 14.14 PROBLEM 14.15

KNOWN: One-dimensional, radial diffusion of species A in a stationary, spherical medium with KNOWN: Oxygen pressures on opposite sides of a rubber membrane. KNOWN: Water vapor is transferred through dry wall by diffusion. KNOWN: Pressure and temperature of CO2 in a container of prescribed volume. Thickness and
chemical reactions. surface area of rubber plug.
FIND: (a) Molar diffusion flux of O2, (b) Molar concentrations of O2 outside the rubber. FIND: The mass diffusion rate through a 0.01 3 5 m wall.
FIND: Derive appropriate form of diffusion equation. FIND: (a) Mass rate of CO2 loss from container, (b) Reduction in pressure over a 24 h period.
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC:
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, steady-state conditions, (2) Stationary medium of uniform ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional species diffusion, (3) ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Loss of CO2 is only by diffusion through the rubber plug, (2) One-dimensional
total molar concentration, C = CA + CB, (3) Perfect gas behavior. Homogeneous medium, (4) Constant properties, (5) Uniform total molar concentration, (6) Stationary diffusion through a stationary medium, (3) Diffusion rate is constant over the 24 h period, (4) Perfect
-9 2 medium with xA << 1, (7) Negligible condensation in the dry wall. gas behavior, (5) Negligible CO2 pressure outside the plug.
PROPERTIES: Table A-8, Oxygen-rubber (298 K): DAB = 0.21 10 m /s; Table A-10, Oxygen-
-3 3 -9 2
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, radial diffusion, (2) Uniform total molar concentration, (3) rubber (298 K): S = 3.12 10 kmol/m bar. ANALYSIS: From Eq. 14.46, PROPERTIES: Table A-8, CO2-rubber (298 K, 1 atm): DAB = 0.11 10 m /s; Table A-10, CO2 -
-3 3
Stationary medium. dx A dC A C A,1 C A,2 rubber (298 K, 1 atm): S = 40.15 10 kmol/m bar.
ANALYSIS: (a) For the assumed conditions N A,x CD AB DAB D AB .
ANALYSIS: Dividing the species conservation requirement, Eq. 14.33, by the molecular weight, A, dx dx L ANALYSIS: (a) For diffusion through a stationary medium,
dCA CA 0 CA L
and applying it to the differential control volume, it follows that N A,x J A,x DAB D AB . C A,1 C A,2
From Eq. 14.33 NA AD AB
dx L
N A,r NA,g N A,r dr N A,st 3 3 L
From Eq. 14.33, C A,1 Sp A,1 0.15 10 kmol/m
where C A,1 Sp A,1 40.15 10 3 kmol/m3 bar 5bar 0.200 kmol/m3
where
CA 0 SpA,1 6.24 10 3 kmol/m3 C A,2 Sp A,2 0 kmol/m 3. C A,2 Sp A,2 0.
CA
N A,r DAB 4 r 2 Hence
r CA L Sp A,2 3.12 10 3 lmol/m 3. Hence
0.200 0 kmol/m3
N A,r NA 3 10 4 m 2 0.11 10 9 m 2 / s 3.30 10 13 kmol/s
Hence 0.15 10 3 kmol/m3
N A,r dr N A,r dr NA 10 9 m 2 / s 0.15 10 10 kmol/s m2 . 0.02 m
r 0 .01m and
6.24 10 3 3.12 10 3 kmol/m3
CA 4 r 2 dr N A,x 0.21 10 9 m 2 / s Therefore nA A NA 44 kg/kmol 3.30 10 13 kmol/s 1.45 10 11 kg/s. <
0.0005 m
N A,g N A 4 r 2 dr , N A,st . 2 10 2
t nA (b) Applying conservation of mass to a control volume about the container
A A NA 18kg/kmol 15 m 0.15 10 kmol/s m
N A,x 1.31 10 9 kmol/s m2 . < d
Hence or AV d CA V
nA or N A.
CA CA (b) From the perfect gas law dt dt
N A 4 r 2 dr 4 DAB r 2 dr 4 r2 dr nA 4.05 10 9 kg/s. <
r r t pA,1 2 bar Hence, with CA = pA/ T,
CA,1 0.0807 kmol/m3 <
or T 0.08314 m 3 bar/kmol K 298 K dp A NA T 3.3 10
13
km ol /s 8.314 10
2
m
3
bar/km ol K 298K 10
8.18 10 bar/s.
1 CA CA dt V 2 3
D AB r 2 NA . < CA,2 0.5CA,1 0.0404 kmol/m .
3
< 10 m
r2 r r t
Hence
COMMENTS: Recognize that the molar concentrations outside the membrane differ from those dp A
COMMENTS: Equation 14.40 reduces to the foregoing result if C is independent of r and variations pA t 8.18 10 10 bar/s 24h 3600s/h 7.06 10 5 bar. <
in and are negligible. within the membrane; that is, CA,1 C A(0) and CA,2 CA(L).
dt
 PROBLEM 14.16 PROBLEM 14.17 PROBLEM 14.18 PROBLEM 14.19
KNOWN: Pressure and temperature of helium in a glass cylinder of 100 mm inside diameter and 5 KNOWN: Temperature and pressure of helium stored in a spherical pyrex container of prescribed KNOWN: Pressure and temperature of hydrogen inside and outside of a circular tube. Diffusivity KNOWN: Dimensions of nickel tube and pressure of hydrogen flow through the tube. Diffusion
mm thickness. diameter and wall thickness. and solubility of hydrogen in tube wall of prescribed thickness and diameter. coefficient.
FIND: Mass rate of helium loss per unit length. FIND: Mass rate of helium loss. FIND: Rate of hydrogen transfer through tube per unit length. FIND: Mass rate of hydrogen diffusion per unit tube length.
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Helium loss by one-dimensional diffusion in radial
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional radial diffusion through cylinder ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) One-dimensional diffusion through tube wall, (3) Negligible
wall, (3) Negligible end losses, (4) Stationary medium, (5) Uniform total molar concentration, (6) direction through the pyrex, (3) C = CA + CB is independent of r, and xA << 1, (4) Stationary medium. ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady diffusion in radial direction, (2) Uniform total molar concentration in
pressure of H2 in ambient air, (4) Tube wall is a stationary medium of uniform total molar
Negligible helium concentration outside cylinder. -13 2 wall, (3) No chemical reactions.
PROPERTIES: Table A-8, He-SiO 2 (293 K): DAB = 0.4 10 m /s; Table A-10, He-SiO 2 (293 concentration, (5) Constant properties.
-13 2 -3 3
PROPERTIES: Table A-8, He-SiO2 (298 K): DAB 0.4 10 m /s; Table A-10, He-SiO2 (298 K): S = 0.45 10 kmol/m bar. ANALYSIS: The mass transfer rate per unit tube length is
-3 3
-3 3
K): S 0.45 10 kmol/m bar. PROPERTIES: Table A-10 (H2 – Ni): S = 9.01 10 kmol/m bar.
ANALYSIS: From Table 14.1, the molar diffusion rate may be expressed as C A r1 C A r2
N A,r ANALYSIS: From Table 14.1, the resistance to diffusion per unit tube length is
ANALYSIS: From Table 14.1, CA,S1 CA,S2 ln r2 / r1 / 2 D AB
N A,r Rm,dif = ln (Do/Di)/2 DAB, and the molar rate of hydrogen diffusion per unit length is
CA,S1 C A,S2 R m,dif
N A,r where from Eq. 14.44, CA,s = Spa,
ln r2 / r1 / 2 D AB where
2 D AB C A,si C A,so
1 1 1 1 1 1 C A r1 Sp A,1 160 kmol/m3 atm 2 atm 320 kmol/m3 N A,r
where, from Eq. 14.44, CA,S = SpA. Hence R m,dif 1.81 1012 s / m3 ln Do / Di
4 D AB r1 r2 13 2 0.1m 0.11m
4 0.4 10 m /s
C A r2 Sp A,2 160 kmol/m 3 atm 0.1atm 16 kmol/m 3.
CA,S1 Sp A,1 0.45 10 3 kmol / m3 bar 4 bar 1.8 10 3 kmol / m3 with From Eq. (14.44), the tube wall molar concentrations are
3 3 3 3 Hence,
CA,S2 SPA,2 0. CA,S1 Sp A 0.45 10 kmol/m bar 4 bar 1.80 10 kmol/m
320 16 k mol/m3 C A,si S p A,i 9.01 10 3 kmol / m 3 bar 4 bar 0.036 kmol / m3
C A,S2 0 304 kmol/m3
Hence N A,r
find ln 20.5/20 / 2 1.8 10 11 m2 / s 2.18 108 s / m 2 CA,so S p A,o 0
1.8 10 3 kmol / m 3
N A,r 1.80 10 3 kmol/m3
N A,r 10 15 kmol/s. N A,r 1.39 10
6
kmol/s m. <
ln 0.055 / 0.050 / 2 0.4 10 13 m 2 / s 1.81 1012 s / m3 2 10 12 m 2 / s 0.036 kmol / m3
COMMENTS: If the wall were assumed to be plane, N A,r 2.00 10 12 kmol / s m
Hence ln 0.028 / 0.025
N A,r 4.75 10 15 kmol / s m. 15 15
n A,r A N A,r 4 kg/mol 10 kmol/s 4 10 kg/s. < L 5 10 4 m
The mass loss is then R m,dif 2.21 108 s / m2 With M A 2kg / kmol for H 2 ,
COMMENTS: Since r1 r2, the spherical shell could have been approximated as a plane wall with L D AB D 1.8 10 11 m 2 / s 0.04 m
n A,r A N A,r 4 kg / kmol 4.75 10 15 kmol / s m 2
0.139 m2 . From Table 14.1, 8 2
= 0.01 m and A 4 rm which is close to the value of 2.18 10 s/m for the cylindrical wall. n A,r M A N A,r 2 kg / kmol 2.00 10 12 kmol / s m 4.00 10 12 kg / s m <
L 0.01 m
n A,r 1.90 10 14 kg / s m. < R m,dif 1.8 1012 s / m 3 COMMENTS: The hydrogen loss is miniscule.
D AB A 0.4 10 13 m 2 / s 0.137 m 2
and
CA,S1 CA,S2 1.80 10 3 k mol/m3
N A,x 10 15 kmol/s.
R m,dif 1.8 1012 s / m3
Hence the approximation is excellent.

PROBLEM 14.20 PROBLEM 14.21 PROBLEM 14.22 PROBLEM 14.23

KNOWN: Conditions of the exhaust gas passing over a catalytic surface for the removal of NO. KNOWN: Radius of coal pellets burning in oxygen atmosphere of prescribed pressure and KNOWN: Radius of coal particles burning in oxygen atmosphere of prescribed pressure and KNOWN: Pore geometry in a catalytic reactor. Concentration of reacting species at pore opening
and order of catalytic reaction.
temperature. temperature.
FIND: (a) Mole fraction of NO at the catalytic surface, (b) NO removal rate. FIND: (a) Differential equation which determines concentration of reacting species, (b) Distribution
FIND: Oxygen molar consumption rate. FIND: (a) Radial distributions of O2 and CO2, (b) O2 molar consumption rate. of reacting species concentration along the pore.
SCHEMATIC:
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform total molar ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional diffusion in x direction, (3)
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional diffusion in r, (2) Steady-state conditions, (3) Constant Stationary medium, (4) Uniform total molar concentration.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional species diffusion through the film, concentration, (3) No homogeneous chemical reactions, (4) Coal is pure carbon, (5) Surface reaction
(3) Effects of bulk motion on NO transfer in the film are negligible, (4) No homogeneous reactions of properties, (4) Perfect gas behavior, (5) Uniform C and T. ANALYSIS: (a) Apply the species conservation requirement to the differential control volume,
rate is infinite (hence concentration of O2 at surface, CA , is zero), (6) Constant DAB, (7) Perfect gas
NO within the film, (5) Constant properties, including the total molar concentration, C, throughout the ANALYSIS: From Equation 14.53, NA,x k1 CA D dx NA,x dx 0, where
behavior.
film. d 2 dCA
r 0 -4 2
dr dr PROPERTIES: Table A-8, CO2 O2; DAB (273 K) = 0.14 10 m /s; DAB (1450 K) = DAB N A,x dx N A,x dN A,x /dx dx
ANALYSIS: Subject to the above assumptions, the transfer of species A (NO) is governed by 3/2 -4 2
(273 K) (1450/273) = 1.71 10 m /s.
diffusion in a stationary medium, and the desired results are obtained from Eqs. 14.60 and 14.61. dCA /dr C1 / r 2 or CA C1 / r C 2. and from Fick’s law
Hence ANALYSIS: (a) For the assumed conditions, Eq. 14.53 reduces to
The boundary conditions at r and r = ro are, respectively, dx A D2 D2 dC
x A,s d 2 dC A N A,x CDAB DAB A .
1 0.15 CA C C2 C r 0
x A,s 0.10. < dr dr
dx 4 4 dx
x A,L 1 Lk1 / D AB 1 0.001m 0.05 m / s 10 4 m2 / s dx dC Hence
NA N A ro CD AB A DAB A 2
Also
dr r
o
dr r
o r dC A /dr C1 or CA C1/ r C 2. dN A D2 d 2C A
dx k1C A D dx D AB k1C A D dx 0
k1Cx A,L Hence From the boundary conditions:
dx 4 dx 2
N A,s 2
1 Lk1 / D AB k1 C1 / ro C D AB C 1/ ro 2
CA C C2 C d CA 4 k1
CA 0. <
where, from the equation of state for a perfect gas,
k1 C1 / ro DAB C1 / ro2 k1C or C1
k1C
. dx 2 DD AB
2 C A ro 0 0 C1 / ro C C1 Cro.
p 1.2 bar k1 / ro D AB / ro
C 0.0187 kmol/m 3. (b) A solution to the above equation is readily obtained by recognizing that it is of exactly the same
T 8.314 10 2 m 3 bar/kmol K 773 K The oxygen molar consumption rate is
Hence, recognizing that C = CA + CB, form as the energy equation for an extended surface of uniform cross section. Hence for boundary
conditions of the form
Hence
N A ro D AB
dCA
DAB
k1C CA C C ro / r C 1 ro / r CB C CA C ro / r . <
0.05 m / s 0.0187 kmol/m 3 0.15 dr r k1ro D AB CA 0 CA,0 , D AB dC A /dx k1C A L
N A,s 9.35 10 5 kmol/s m 2 o (b) The conditions correspond to equimolar, counter diffusion NA NB , with x L
4 2
1 0.001m 0.0 5m/s 10 m /s p 1 atm the solution must be analogous to that obtained for a fin with a convection tip condition. With the
where C 8.405 10 3 kmol/m3. dx A dCA Cro
T 2 3 NA,r NA,r 4 r2 CD AB 4 r2 DAB 4 r2 4 DAB r 2 4 DAB Cro . analogous quantities
or 8.205 10 m atm/kmol K 1450 K
dr dr r2 CA T T , m 4 k 1 /DD AB
1/2
4h/Dk
1 /2
n A,S A N A,S 30 kg/kmol 9.35 10 5 kmol/s m 2 2.80 10 3 k g/s m 2 . Hence,
With
The molar rate of NO removal for the entire surface is then 0 . 1m / s 8.405 10 3 kmol/m3 D AB k, k1 h
N A ro 1.71 10 4 m 2 / s 5.30 10 4 kmol/s m 2 C
p 1 atm
8.405 10 3 kmol/m3 the solution is, by analogy to Eq. 3.70
4 4 2
N A,s N A,s A 9.35 10
5
kmol/s m
2
0.02 m
2
1.87 10
6
kmol/s 10 1.71 10 m /s T 8.205 10 2 m3 atm/kmol K 1450 K
cosh m L x k1 /mD AB sinh m L x
or 2 find CA x . <
N A ro 4 ro2 NA ro 4 0.001 m 5.30 10 4 kmol/s m2 cosh mL k1 /mD AB sinh mL
n A,S 5.61 10 5 kg/s. < N A,r 1.71 10 4 m 2 / s 4 8.405 10 3 kmol/m 3 10 3 m
9 2
N A ro 6.66 10 kmol/s. < 8
COMMENTS: The total pore reaction rate is – DAB( D /4) (dCA/dx)x=0, which can be inferred by
COMMENTS: Because bulk motion is likely to contribute significantly to NO transfer within the film, COMMENTS: The O2 consumption rate would increase with increasing k1 and approach a limiting N A,r 1.81 10 kmol/s. < applying the analogy to Eq. 3.72.
the above results should be viewed as a first approximation.
finite value as k1 approaches infinity.
 PROBLEM 14.24 PROBLEM 14.25 PROBLEM 14.26 PROBLEM 14.27
KNOWN: Pressure, temperature and mole fraction of CO in auto exhaust. Diffusion coefficient for KNOWN: Partial pressures and temperatures of CO2 at opposite ends of a circular tube which also KNOWN: Conditions associated with evaporation from a liquid in a column, with vapor (A) transfer KNOWN: Water in an open pan exposed to prescribed ambient conditions.
CO in gas mixture. Film thickness and reaction rate coefficient for catalytic surface. contains nitrogen. occurring in a gas (B). In one case B has unlimited solubility in the liquid; in the other case it is
FIND: Evaporation rate considering (a) diffusion only and (b) convective effects.
FIND: (a) Mole fraction of CO at catalytic surface and CO removal rate, (b) Effect of reaction rate insoluble.
FIND: Mass transfer rate of CO2 through the tube. SCHEMATIC:
coefficient on removal rate. FIND: Case characterized by the largest evaporation rate and ratio of evaporation rates if pA = 0 at
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC:
the top of the column and pA = p/10 at the liquid interface.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional diffusion, (3) Constant properties,
(4) Uniform T and p, (5) Perfect gas behavior.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional diffusion, (3) Uniform -4 2
temperature and total pressure. PROPERTIES: Table A-8, Water vapor-air (T = 300 K, 1 atm), DAB = 0.26 10 m /s; Table A-6,
3
-4 2 Water vapor (T = 300 K, 1 atm), psat = 0.03513 bar, vg = 39.13 m /kg.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) One-dimensional species diffusion in film, (3) Negligible PROPERTIES: Table A-8, CO2 – N2 (T 298 K, 1 atm): DAB = 0.16 10 m /s. ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional species transfer, (3) Uniform
effect of advection in film, (4) Constant total molar concentration and diffusion coefficient in film. temperature and total pressure in the column, (4) Constant properties. ANALYSIS: (a) The evaporation rate considering only diffusion follows from Eq. 14.63 simplified for
ANALYSIS: From Eq. 14.70 the CO2 molar transfer rate is a stationary medium. That is,
ANALYSIS: From Eq. (14.60) the surface molar concentration is ANALYSIS: If gas B has unlimited solubility in the liquid, the solution corresponds to equimolar dC A
x A,L D AB D2 /4 p counter diffusion of A and B. From Eqs. 14.63 and 14.68, it follows that N A,x N A,x A D AB A .
0.0012 A,0 pA,L dx
xA 0 0.0008 < NA
1 Lk1 / D AB 1 0.01m 0.005m / s /10 4 m 2 / s T L
N A,x
dx
CD AB A CD AB
x A,0 x A,L
. (1)
Recognizing that pA/pA,sat = CA/C A,sat , the rate is expressed as
2 dx L C C A,s D AB A
-2 3 3 0.16 10 4 m 2 / s / 4 0.05 m 100 50 mmHg N A,x D ABA A, CA,sat 1
With C = p/ T = 1.2 bar/(8.314 10 m bar/kmol K 773 K) = 0.0187 kmol/m , Eq. (14.61) yields NA If gas B is completely insoluble in the liquid, the diffusion of A is augmented by convection and from L L
a CO molar flux, and hence a CO removal rate, of 0.08205 m3 atm/kmol K 298 K 1 m 760 mmHg/atm Eqs. 14.73 and 14.77 4 2 2
0.26 10 m /s /4 0 .2 m 1 8
dx A CD AB 1 x A,L N A,x 1 0.25 1.087 10 km ol /s
k1C x A,L
N A,s NA 0 NA 8.45 10 11 kmol/s. N A,x CD AB CA v x ln . (2) 80 10
3
m
3
39.13 m / k g 18 kg/km ol
1 Lk1 / D AB dx L 1 xA,0
The mass transfer rate is then where CA,s 1 / vg A with A 18 kg/kmol.
Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2), it is obvious that the evaporation rate for the second case exceeds that for
11 kmol/s
0.005 m / s 0.0187 kmol / m3 0.0012 nA A N A 44kg/kmol 8.45 10 the first case. Also
N A,s 7.48 10 8 kmol / s m 2 < (b)The evaporation rate considering convective effects using Eq. 14.77 is
1 0.01m 0.005m / s /10 4 m 2 / s nA 3.72 10 9 kg/s. < N A,x sol CD AB / L x A,0 x A,L 0.1 0 N A,x N A,x A
CDABA 1 xAL
ln .
-11 L 1 x A,0
COMMENTS: Although the molar transfer rate of N2 in the opposite direction is NB = 8.45 10 N A,x insol CD AB / L ln 1 x A,L / 1 x A,0 ln 1 0 / 1 0.1
If the process is diffusion limited, Lk1 / D AB 1 and Using the perfect gas law, the total concentration of the mixture is
kmol/s, the mass transfer rate is
C D AB x A,L 0.0187 kmol / m3 10 4 m 2 / s 0.0012 N A,x sol C p / T 1.0133 bar/ 8.314 10 2 m 3 bar/kmol K 300K 0.04063 kmol/m3
NA,s 2.24 10 7 kmol / s m 2 < nB B NB 28 kg/kmol 8.45 10 11 kmol/s 2.37 10 9 kg/s. 0.949. <
L 0.01m N A,x insol where p = 1 atm = 1.0133 bar. The mole fractions at x = 0 and x = L are
pA,s 0.03531bar
COMMENTS: If the process is reaction limited, N A,s 0 as k1 0. x A,0 0.0348 x A,L x A,0 0.0087.
COMMENTS: The above result suggests that, since the mole fraction of the saturated vapor is
p 1.0133bar
typically small, the rate of evaporation in a column is well approximated by the result corresponding to
equimolar counter diffusion. Hence
3 4 2 2
0.04063 k m o l / m 0.26 10 m /s /4 0.2 m 1 0.0087
N A,x
3
ln 1.107 10
8
kmol/s. <
80 10 m 1 0.0348

COMMENTS: For this situation, the convective effect is very small but does tend to increase (by
1.5%) the evaporation rate as expected.

PROBLEM 14.28 PROBLEM 14.29 PROBLEM 14.30 PROBLEM 14.31

2
KNOWN: Vapor concentrations at ends of a tube used to grow crystals. Presence of an inert gas. KNOWN: Spherical droplet of liquid A and radius ro evaporating into stagnant gas B. KNOWN: Vent pipe on a methanol distillation system condenser discharges to atmosphere at 1 bar. KNOWN: Clean surface with pure steam has condensate rate of 0.020 kg/m s for the prescribed
Ends are impermeable to the gas. Constant temperature. 3
Cooler and vent at 21 C. Vapor volume of cooler is 0.005 m . conditions. With the presence of stagnant air in the steam, the condensate surface drops from 28 C to
FIND: Evaporation rate of species A in terms of pA,sat , partial pressure pA(r), the total pressure p and
FIND: Vapor molar flux and spatial distribution of vapor molar concentration. Location of maximum 24 C and the condensate rate is halved.
other pertinent parameters. FIND: (a) Weekly loss of methanol vapor due to diffusion out the vent pipe and (b) Weekly loss due
concentration gradient. to expulsion of methanol vapor in the cooler once per hour caused by process heat rate change. FIND: Partial pressure of air in the air-steam mixture as a function of distance from the condensate
SCHEMATIC: film.
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC:
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties including pressure in air-steam
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Constant ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional, radial, species diffusion, (3) mixture, (3) Perfect gas behavior.
pressure, hence C is constant. Constant properties, including total concentration, (4) Droplet and mixter air at uniform pressure and ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional species transport, (3) Uniform
temperature, (5) Perfect gas behavior. PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water vapor: psat (28 C = 301 K) = 0.03767 bar; psat (24 C = 297 K) =
ANALYSIS: Physical conditions are analogous to those of the evaporation problem considered in temperature and total pressure in vent pipe, (4) Constant properties, (5) Perfect gas behavior. -4 2
0.02983 bar; Table A-8, Water-air (298 K, 1 bar): DAB = 0.26 10 m /s.
Section 14.4.4 with ANALYSIS: From Eq. 14.31 for a radial spherical coordinate system, the evaporation rate of liquid A -4 2
PROPERTIES: Methanol-air mixture (given, 273 K): DAB = 0.13 10 m /s. ANALYSIS: The partial pressure distribution of the air as a function of distance y can be found from
into a binary gas mixture A + B is the species (A) rate expression, Eq. 14.77,
C A,0 > CA,L diffusion of vapor from source to crystal, dCA CA ANALYSIS: (a) The methanol transfer rate through the vent follows from Eq. 14.77
C B,L > CB,0 diffusion of inert gas from crystal to source, N A,r DABA r N A,r N A,y CD AB / y ln 1 x A,y / 1 x A,0 .
dr C D 2 CD AB 1 p A,2 / p
2
N
A,x A,x N c A ln
Impermeable ends absolute flux of species B is zero NB,x 0 ; hence v B,x 0. where Ar = 4 r and NA,r = NA, a constant, 4 L 1 pA,1 / p With C p/ T, x B,y 1 x A,y and x B,0 1 x A,0, recognizing that xB = pB/p, find
CA dCA where pA,2 = 0 and pA,1 = pA = 100 mmHg = 0.1333 bar = 13.3 kPa,
Diffusion of B from crystal to source must be balanced by advection from source to crystal. The NA 1 D AB 4 r 2 . pB y p B,0 exp N A,y
T
y
C dr p 1bar
advective velocity is v x N A,x /C. The vapor molar flux is therefore determined by Eq. 14.77, C 4.093 10 2 kmol/m3 pD AB
From perfect gas behavior, CA p A / T and C p / T,
T 8.314 10 2 m 3 bar/kmol K 21 273 K p B,0 p p A,0 p sat 28 C p sat 24 C 0.03767 0.02983 bar 0.00784 bar.
CD AB 1 x A,L
N A,x ln < N A p pA D AB 4 r 2
p dpA D AB 2 94 K D AB 273 294/ 273
3/2
0.13 10
4 2
m / s 2 94/ 27 3
3/2
0.145 10
4 2
m /s.
L 1 xA,0
T dr Substituting numerical values, find the rate on a weekly basis as With N A,y 0.020/2 kg / m 2 s /28 kg/km ol 3.57 10 4 kmol/m 2 s,
and the vapor molar concentration is given by Eq. 14.75,
Separating variables, setting definite limits, and integrating 2
x /L 0.035 m 0.145 10 4 m 2 / s 1 0 8.314 10 2 m 3 bar/kmol K 299 K
CA 1 x A,L NA 4.093 10 2 kmol/m 3 ln pB y 0.0784 bar exp 3.57 10 4kmol/m 2 s
xA 1 1 x A,0 . < NA
T 1 r dr pA,r dp A 4 0.5 m 1 0.1333/1 0.03767 bar 6.902 10 4 m2 / s
C 1 x A,0 p 4 D AB ro r 2 pA,r p p A
o 3600 s / h 24 h / d a y 7day/week 9.883 10 5 kmol/week
From Eq. 14.72, find that p y 784 kPa exp 0.3415y
B
mA NA A 9.883 10 5 kmol/week 32 kg/kmol 0.00316 kg/week. <
dx A p 1 p pA r
dx
N A,x 1 x A /CD AB NA 4 r oD AB ln < 3
(b) The methanol vapor in the cooler of volume 0.005 m is expelled once per hour, so that the
with pB in [kPa] and y in [mm], where T = 26 C = 299 K, the average temperature of the air-steam
T 1 ro / r p pA,o -1 3/2 -4 2 3/2 -4 2
mixture, and DAB p T = 0.26 10 m /s (1/0.03767) (299/298) = 6.902 10 m /s. Selected
dCA N A,x additional mass loss is m A n A A , where nA is values for the pressure are shown below and the distribution is shown above:
1 xA . where p A,o p A ro pA,sat , the saturation pressure of liquid A at temperature T.
dx D AB
p AV 0.1333bar 0.005m3 y (mm) 0 5 10 15
COMMENTS: Compare the method of solution and result with the content of Section 14.4.4, nA 2.728 10 5 kmol pB(y) (kPa) 784 142 25.8 4.7
Hence maximum concentration gradient corresponds to minimum xA and occurs at Evaporation in a Column. T 8.314 10 2 m3 bar/kmol K 294 K
COMMENTS: To minimize inert gas effects, the usual practice is to pass vapor over the surfaces so
x L. from which it follows that that the inerts are eventually collected near the outlet region of the condenser. Our estimate shows
COMMENTS: Vapor transfer is enhanced by the advection, which is induced by presence of the m A 2.728 10 5 kmol/ 24 7 32 kg/kmol 0.1467 kg/week. < that the effective region to be swept is approximately 10 mm thick.
inert gas. COMMENTS: Note that the loss through the vent is approximately 2% that lost by expulsion when
the process heat rate is varied.
 PROBLEM 14.32 PROBLEM 14.33 PROBLEM 14.34 PROBLEM 14.34 (Cont.)
KNOWN: Column containing liquid phase of water (A) evaporates into the air (B) flowing over the KNOWN: Ground level flux of NO2 in a stagnant urban atmosphere. KNOWN: Radius of a spherical organism and molar concentration of oxygen at surface. Diffusion
(c) With r = 0,
mouth of the column. and reaction rate coefficients.
2 FIND: (a) Vertical distribution of NO2 molar concentration, (b) Critical ground level flux of NO2,
FIND: Evaporation rate of water (kg/h m ) using the known value of the binary diffusion coefficient
N A,0,crit .
FIND: (a) Radial distribution of O2 concentration, (b) Rate of O2 consumption, (c) Molar CA 0 C A,o k 0 ro2 / 6 D AB
for the water vapor - air mixture. concentration at r = 0.
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC: 2
CA 0 5 10 5 kmol / m3 1.2 10 4 kmol / s m3 10 4 m / 6 10 8 m 2 / s

CA 0 3 10 5 kmol / m3 <
COMMENTS: (1) The minimum value of CA,o for which a physically realistic solution is possible is
C A,o k 0 ro2 / 6 D AB 2 10 5 kmol / m3.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional diffusion in a stationary medium,
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, one-dimensional diffusion in the column, (2) Constant (3) Total molar concentration C is uniform, (4) Perfect gas behavior.
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, one-dimensional diffusion, (2) Stationary medium, (3) Uniform (2) The total respiration rate may also be obtained by applying Fick’s law at r = ro, in which case
properties, (3) Uniform temperature and pressure throughout the column, (4) Water vapor exhibits
ANALYSIS: (a) For the prescribed conditions the molar concentration of NO2 is given by Eq. 14.80, total molar concentration, (4) Constant properties (k0, DAB).
ideal gas behavior, and (5) Negligible water vapor in the chamber air. R N A ro DAB 4 ro2 d C A / dr r r D AB 4 R 2o k o / 6 D AB 2ro 4/3 ro3k 0 .
subject to the following boundary conditions. o
ANALYSIS: (a) For the prescribed conditions and assumptions, Eq. (14.40) reduces to
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, water (T = 320 K): psat = 0.1053 bar; Table A-8, water vapor-air (0.25 dCA N A,0 The result agrees with that of part (b).
-1 3/2 CA 0, . D AB d 2 d C A
atm, 320 K): Since DAB ~ p T find dx x 0 D AB r k0 0
r 2 dr dr
D AB 0.26 10 4 m2 / s 1.00 / 0.25 320 / 298 3/ 2 1157
. 10 4 m2 / s From the first condition, C1 = 0. From the second condition,
mC 2 N A,0 / D AB . d CA k 0 r3
ANALYSIS: Equimolar counter diffusion occurs in the vertical column as water vapor, evaporating r2 C1
at the liquid-vapor interface (x = 0), diffuses up the column through air out into the chamber. From Hence dr 3D AB
Eq. 14.7, the molar flow rate per unit area is
N A,0
C DAB 1 x A,L CA x e mx < k0 r2 C1
N A,x ln mD AB CA C2
L 1 x A,0 6 D AB r
1/2
where C is the mixture concentration determined from the ideal gas law as where m = (k1/DAB) .
With the requirement that CA(r) remain finite at r = 0, C1 = 0. With CA(ro) = CA,o
p 0.25 atm
C 0.009397 kmol/m3 N A,0
Ru T 8.205 10 2 m3 atm/kmol K 320 K (b) At ground level, CA 0 . Hence, from the perfect gas law, k 0 ro2
mD AB C2 C A,o
where Ru 8.205 10 2 m3 atm/kmol K. The mole fractions at x = 0 and x = L are 6 D AB
TN A,0
x A,L 0 (no water vapor in air above column) pA 0 CA 0 T .
mD AB CA C A,o k 0 / 6 D AB ro2 r 2 <
x A,0 pA / p 0.1053 / 0.25 0.4212
-4 1/2 -1 -1
where pA is the saturation pressure for water at T = 320 K. Substituting numerical values Hence, with m = (0.03/0.15 10 ) m = 44.7 m . Because CA cannot be less than zero at any location within the organism, the right-hand side of the
0.009397 kmol / m 3 1157 . 10 4 m 2 / s 1 0 mD ABp A 0 44.7m 1 0.15 10 4 m 2 / s 2 10 6 bar
foregoing equation must always exceed zero, thereby placing limits on the value of CA,o. The
N A,x ln N A,0,crit crit
0.150 m 1 0.4212 smallest possible value of CA,o is determined from the requirement that CA(0) 0, in which case
T 8.314 10 2 m 3 bar/kmol K 300 K
N A,x 3.964 10 6 kmol / m 2 s C A,o k 0ro2 / 6 D AB <
11 2
or, on a mass basis, N A,0,crit 5.38 10 kmol/s m . < (b) Since oxygen consumption occurs at a uniform volumetric rate of k0 , the total respiration rate is
mA,x N A,x M A COMMENTS: Because the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere is governed strongly by R k 0 , or
convection effects, the above model should be viewed as a first approximation which describes a worst
mA,x 3.964 10 6 kmol / m 2 s 3600 s / h 18 kg / kmol case condition. R 4/3 ro3 k 0 <
mA,x 0.257 kg / m 2 h < Continued …..

PROBLEM 14.35 PROBLEM 14.35 (Cont.) PROBLEM 14.36 PROBLEM 14.36 (Cont.)
KNOWN: Radius of a spherical organism and molar concentration of oxygen at its surface.
ro sinh k1 / D AB 1/ 2 r KNOWN: Radius and catalytic reaction rate of a porous spherical pellet. Surface mole fraction of Hence
Diffusion and reaction rate coefficients. CA CA,o
r 1/ 2
< reactant and effective diffusion coefficient.
xA r x A,s ro / r
sinh ar
. <
sinh k1 / D AB ro sinh aro
FIND: (a) Radial distribution of O2 concentration, (b) Expression for rate of O2 consumption, (c) FIND: (a) Radial distribution of reactant concentration in pellet, total reactant consumption rate, and
Molar concentration at r = 0 and rate of oxygen consumption for prescribed conditions. pellet effectiveness, (b) CO consumption rate and effectiveness for prescribed conditions.
(b) The total O2 consumption rate corresponds to the rate of diffusion at the surface of the organism. Applying conservation of species to a control volume about the pellet, N A,in N A,g 0, the total
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC:
R N A ro D AB 4 ro2 d C A / dr ro rate of consumption of A in the pellet is
N A,g NA,in N A,r ro 4 ro2J A,r ro .
1 1
R 4 ro2D AB CA,o ro k1 / D AB 1/ 2 cot k1 / D AB 1/ 2 ro Hence
ro2 ro
dx A 4 ro3 sinh ar cosh ar
N A,r ro 4 ro2 CDeff CD eff x A,s
R 4 ro D AB CA,o coth 1 < dr r r
o
sinh aro r2 r2 r ro

1/ 2 ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional radial diffusion, (3) Constant aro
where k1 ro2 / D AB . properties, (4) Homogeneous chemical reactions, (5) Isothermal, constant pressure conditions within N A,r ro 4 ro CDeff xA,s 1 . <
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, one-dimensional diffusion, (2) Stationary medium, (3) Uniform pellet, (6) Stationary medium. tanh aro
total molar concentration, (4) Constant properties (k1, DAB). ANALYSIS: (a) In spherical coordinates, the mass diffusion equation is given by
1/2 -1 -8 2 1/2 -1 The pellet effectiveness is defined as NA,r(r o)/[NA,r(ro)]max and the maximum consumption
(c) For the prescribed conditions, (k1/DAB) = (20 s 10 m /s) = 44,720 m and = 4.472. 1 x
ANALYSIS: (a) For the prescribed conditions and assumptions, Eq. (14.40) reduces to CD ABr 2 A NA 0 occurs if xA(r) = xA,s for all 0 r ro. Hence
1 d d CA r2 r r 4 3
D AB r 2 k1 C A 0 5 10
5
kmol / m
3
10
4
m sinh k1 / D AB
1/ 2
r
1/ 2 where C, DAB are constant and N A k1 Av CA . Hence N A,r ro N A Vp k1AvCx A,s ro
10 kmol sinh k1 / D AB r max 3
r 2 dr dr CA 1.136 10
sinh 4.472 r 3 r 1 d 2 dx A k1A v
m
2 r xA 0. 3 aro
With y r CA, d CA/dr = (1/r) dy/dr – y/r and
In the limit of r 0, the foregoing expression yields r 2 dr dr D eff 1 . <
a 2ro2 tanh aro
1 d d CA D AB d dy D AB d 2y The boundary conditions are xA(ro) = xA,s and xA(0) is finite. Transform the dependent variable, y
D AB r 2 r y r CA r 0 5.11 10 6 kmol / m3 < rxA , with (b) To evaluate the rate, first determine values for these parameters:
r 2 dr dr r 2 dr dr r2 dr 2
p 1.2atm
R 4 10 4 m 10 8 m 2 / s 5 10 5 kmol / m3 4.472 coth 4.472 1 dx A 1 d y y 1 d 2 dx A 1 d dy 1 d2y C 0.0178 kmol/m3
The species equation is then
r dr r 2
or r r y r . T 0.08205 m3 atm/kmol K 823 K
dr r 2 dr dr r 2 dr dr r 2 dr 2
2.18 10 15 kmol / s
d2y k1 Hence 1 /2 3 8 2 3 1 /2
y 0 COMMENTS: The total respiration rate may also be obtained by integrating the volumetric rate of k 1A v 10 m / s 10 m / m
dr 2 D AB
d2 y k1A v a 7.07 10 4m 1
ro D eff 2 10 5 m 2 / s
consumption over the volume of the organism. That is, R NA d k C r 4 r 2dr. y 0.
The general solution is of the form 0 1 A dr 2 D eff
1/ 2 1/ 2 The general solution is of the form aro 176.8 tanh aro 1.
y C1 sinh k1 / D AB r C2 cosh k1 / D AB r
y C1 sinh ar C 2 cosh ar
Hence the consumption rate is
or
1 /2 3 5 2
where a k1A v / D eff giving N A,r ro 4 0.0025 m 0.0178 kmol/m 2 10 m / s 0.04 1 176.8
C1 1/ 2 C2 1/ 2
CA sinh k1 / D AB r cosh k1 / D AB r 8
r r xA
C1
sinh ar
C2
cosh ar N A,r ro 7.86 10 kmol/s <
r r and the effectiveness is
Because CA must remain finite at r = 0, C2 = 0. Hence, with CA (ro) = CA,o,
and using the boundary conditions, 3
CA,o ro x A 0 finite C2 0 x A ro x A,s C1 x A ,sro /sinh aro . 2
1 176.8 0.0169 <
2
C1
1/ 2 7.07 104 m 1 0.0025 m
sinh k1 / D AB ro Continued …..
COMMENTS: For the range of conditions of interest, 3/aro. Hence may be increased by
and
ro , k 1, A v and Deff . However, N A,r ro would decrease with ro , k 1 and A v.
Continued …..
 PROBLEM 14.37 PROBLEM 14.38 PROBLEM 14.38 (Cont.) PROBLEM 14.39
KNOWN: Molar concentrations of oxygen at inner and outer surfaces of lung tissue. Volumetric rate KNOWN: Combustion at constant temperature and pressure of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture adjacent (c) The concentration distribution for water vapor species will be of the same form, KNOWN: Ground level flux of NO2 in a stagnant urban atmosphere.
of oxygen consumption within the tissue. to a metal wall according to the reaction 2H 2 + O2 2H 2O. Molar concentrations of hydrogen,
3
N H 2O 2 FIND: (a) Governing differential equation and boundary conditions for the molar concentration of
FIND: (a) Variation of oxygen molar concentration with position in the tissue, (b) Rate of oxygen oxygen, and water vapor are 0.10, 0.10 and 0.20 kmol/m , respectively. Generation rate of water C H2 O x x C1x C 2 (3)
-2 3 2D AB NO2, (b) Concentration of NO2 at ground level three hours after the beginning of emissions.
transfer to the blood per unit tissue surface area. vapor is 0.96 10 kmol/m s.
With C1 = 0 for the wall condition, find C2 from C H O 10 mm , SCHEMATIC:
SCHEMATIC: FIND: (a) Expression for CH as function of distance from wall, plot qualitatively, (b) CH at the 2
2 2
wall, (c) Sketch also curves for CO2 x and C H 2 O x , and (d) Molar flux of water at x = 10mm. 0.96 10
2
kmo l/ m
3
3 2 3
0.20 k mo l/ m 0.010 m C2 C2 0.28 k m o l / m .
SCHEMATIC: 5 2
2 0.6 10 m /s

Hence, C H O at the wall is,

2

CH O 0 0 0 C2 0.28 kmol/m3 ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional diffusion in a stationary medium, (2) Uniform total molar
2
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional species transfer by diffusion concentration, (3) Constant properties.
through a plane wall, (3) Homogeneous, stationary medium with uniform total molar concentration and and its distribution appears as above. Recognizing that NO 0.5N H O , by the same analysis, find
2 2 ANALYSIS: (a) Applying the species conservation requirement, Eq. 14.33, on a molar basis to a unit
constant diffusion coefficient. area of the control volume,
C O2 0 0.06 kmol/m3
ANALYSIS: (a) From Eq. 14.78 the appropriate form of the species diffusion equation is ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional diffusion, (3) Stationary mixture, CA
(4) Constant properties including pressure and temperature.
N A,x k1C A dx N A,x dx dx.
d 2CA and its shape, also parabolic with zero slope at the wall is shown above. t
D AB ko 0. -5
2 dx PROPERTIES: Species binary diffusion coefficient (given, for H2, O2 and H2O): DAB = 0.6 10 (d) The molar flux of water vapor at x = 10 mm is given by Fick’s law
2 With N A,x dx N A,x N A,x / x dxand N A,x DAB CA / x , it follows that
Integrating, m /s.
dC H2 O 2C
ko N H2 O,x D AB A CA
dCA /dx ko / D AB x C1 CA x 2 C1x C2. ANALYSIS: (a) The species conservation equation, Eq. 14.38b, and its general solution are
dx D AB k1C A . <
2DAB x2 t
d2 C A NA NA and using the concentration distribution of Eq. (3), find
With CA CA 0 at x 0 and CA CA L at x L, 0 CA x x C1x C 2. (1,2) Initial Condition: C A x,0 0. <
dx 2 D AB 2D AB
d NH O 2
CA L CA 0 k oL The boundary condition at the wall must be dCA(0)/dx = 0, such that C1 = 0. For the species hydrogen, N H2 O,x DAB 2 x N H2 O x CA
C2 CA 0 C1 . 3 dx 2D AB Boundary Conditions: D AB N A,0 , CA ,t 0. <
L 2D AB evaluate C2 from knowledge of C H 10 mm 0.10 kmol/m and N H N H O , according x x 0
2 2 2
Hence to the chemical reaction. Hence, and evaluation at the location x = 10 mm, the species flux is (b) The present problem is analogous to Case (2) of Fig. 5.7 for heat conduction in a semi-infinite
medium. Hence by analogy to Eq. 5.59, with k DAB and D AB ,
ko x 0.96 10 2 kmol/m 3 s N H O, 10 mm 0.96 10 2 kmol/m3 s 0.010 m 9.60 10 5 kmol/m 2 s. <
CA x x x L CA L CA 0 CA 0 . < 0.10 kmol/m 3 0.010 m 2 0 C 2
2 x
2D AB L 1/2
2 0.6 10 5 m 2 / s COMMENTS: Note that the generation rate of water vapor is a positive quantity. Whereas for H2 t x2 N A,0x x
(b) The oxygen assimilation rate per unit area is
C A x ,t 2N A,0 exp erfc
D AB 4D AB t D AB 1/2
C2 0.02 kmol/m 3. and O2, species are consumed and hence N H and N O are negative. According to the chemical
2 2
2 D AB t
N A,x L D AB dCA /dx x L
Hence, the hydrogen species concentration distribution is reaction one mole of H2 and 0.5 mole of O2 are consumed to generate one mole of H2O. Therefore, At ground level (x = 0) and 3h,
ko L ko L D AB NH NH N H2 O and NO 2 0.5 N H O . 1/2
2 x 2 0.02 800x 2 0.02 2 2 t
N A,x L DAB
D AB 2D AB L
CA L CA 0 CH x
2
< C A 0,3h 2NA,0
2DAB D AB
k oL D AB which is parabolic with zero slope at the wall; see sketch above.
N A,x CA 0 CA L . < (b) The value of C H at the wall is, C A 0,3h 2 3 10
11
k mo l/ s m
2
1 0 ,8 0 0 s / 0.15 10
4 2
m /s
1/2
9.08 10
7 3
km o l / m . <
2 L 2
COMMENTS: The above model provides a highly approximate and simplified treatment of a CH 0 0 0.02 kmol/m 3 0.02 kmol/m 3. < COMMENTS: The concentration decays rapidly to zero with increasing x, and at x = 100 m it is, for
complicated problem. The lung tissue is actually heterogeneous and conditions are transient. 2
all practical purposes, equal to zero.
Continued …..

PROBLEM 14.40 PROBLEM 14.41 PROBLEM 14.42 PROBLEM 14.42 (Cont.)

KNOWN: Carbon dioxide concentration at water surface and reaction rate constant. KNOWN: Initial concentration of hydrogen in a sheet of prescribed thickness. Surface KNOWN: Sheet material has high, uniform concentration of hydrogen at the end of a process, and is and substituting the ideal gas law, Eq. 14.9, and introducing the solubility relation, Eq. 14.44,
concentrations for time t > 0. then subjected to an air stream with a specified, low concentration of hydrogen. Mass transfer hm
FIND: (a) Differential equation which governs variation with position and time of CO2 concentration N A,conv SAB p A,s SAB p A,
parameters specified include: convection mass transfer coefficient, hm, and the mass diffusivity and
in water, (b) Appropriate boundary conditions and solution for a deep body of water with negligible FIND: Time required for density of hydrogen to reach prescribed value at midplane of sheet. SAB Ru T
solubility of hydrogen (A) in the sheet material (B), DAB and SAB, respectively.
chemical reactions. SCHEMATIC: hm
3
CA(x,0) = 3 kmol/m = CA,i FIND: (a) The final mass density of hydrogen in the material if the sheet is exposed to the air stream N A,conv C 2,s C A, (2)
SCHEMATIC: SAB Ru T
3 for a very long time, A,f, (b) Identify and evaluate the parameter that can be used to determine
CA(0,tf) = 1.2 kg/m /2 kg/kmol
3 whether the transient mass diffusion process in the sheet can be characterized by a uniform
CA(0,tf) = 0.6 kmol/m = CA concentration at any time; Hint: this situation is analogous to the lumped capacitance method for a where CA, = CA,f, the final concentration in the material after exposure to the air stream a long time.
CA(20 mm,t) = 0 = CA,s transient heat transfer process; (c) Determine the time required to reduce the hydrogen concentration Considering a surface species flux balance, as shown in the schematic above, with the rate equations
to twice the limiting value calculated in part (a). (1) and (2),
SCHEMATIC:
D AB C A,1 C A,2 hm
C A,s C A,f
L SAB Ru T
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional diffusion in x, (2) Constant DAB, (3) No internal chemical
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional diffusion in x, (2) Constant properties, including total density reactions, (4) Uniform total molar concentration.
C A,1 C A,2 h m / SAB Ru T Rm,dif
, (3) Water is stagnant. ANALYSIS: Using Heisler chart with heat and mass transfer analogy Bi m (3)
C A,s C A,f D AB / L R m,conv
ANALYSIS: (a) From Eq. 14.37b, it follows that, for the prescribed conditions, C A CA,s 0.6 0
0.2 o
2 C A,i CA,s 3.0 0
A k A. and introducing resistances to species transfer by diffusion, Eq. 14.51, and convection. Recognize
D AB
2 1 A <
x t With Bim = , Fig. D.1 may be used with from the analogy to heat transfer, Eq. 5.10 and Table 14.2, that when Bim < 0.1, the concentration can
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional diffusion, (2) Material B is stationary medium, (3) Constant be characterized as uniform during the transient process. That is, the diffusion resistance is negligible
The first term on the left-hand side represents the net transport of CO2 into a differential control o 0.2, Bi 1 0 properties, (4) Uniform temperature in air stream and material, and (5) Ideal gas behavior.
compared to the convection resistance,
volume by diffusion. The second term represents the rate of CO2 consumption due to chemical Fo 0.75. ANALYSIS: (a) The final content of H2 in the material will depend upon the solubility of H2 (A) in h mL
reactions. The term on the right-hand side represents the rate of increase of CO2 storage within the the material (B) and its partial pressure in the free stream. From Eq. 14.44, Bi m 01
. (4)
Hence
control volume. SAB Ru T D AB
D AB t f
(b) For a deep body of water, appropriate boundary conditions are
Fo m 0.75 C A,f SAB p A, 160 kmol / m 3 atm 0.1 atm 16 kmol / m3
L2 Bi m
15
. m / h 3600 s / h 0.003 m
A 0,t A,0 2 M A C A,f 2 kg / kmol 16 kmol / m3 32 kg / m3 < 160 kmol / m 3 atm 8.205 10-2 m 3 atm / kmol K 555 K 2.68 10 -8 m2 / s
tf 0.75 0.02 m /9 10 7 m2 / s f

A ,t 0 (b) The parameters associated with transient diffusion in the material follow from the analogous Bi m 6.60 10 3 < 0.1
tf 333s. < treatment of Section 5.2 (Fig. 5.3) and are represented in the schematic.
Hence, the mass transfer process can be treated as a nearly uniform concentration situation. From
and, with negligible chemical reactions, the species diffusion equation reduces to
COMMENTS: If the one-term approximation to the infinite series solution conservation of species on the material with uniform concentration,
2 1
A A. N A,conv N A,st
x2 D AB t Cn exp 2
n Fo cos nx hm d CA
n 1 C A C A,f L
With an initial condition, A (x,0) A,i = 0, the problem is analogous to that involving heat transfer in a SAB Ru T dt
semi-infinite medium with constant surface temperature. By analogy to Eq. 5.57, the species is used, it follows that
concentration is then 2
C1 exp Integrating, with the initial condition CA (0) = CA,i, find
o 1 Fom 0.2
A x ,t A,0 x In the material, from Fick’s law, the diffusive flux is
erf Using values of 1 1.56 and C1 1.27, it follows that C A C A,f hm t
A,0 2 D AB t
1 /2
N A,dif D AB C A,1 C A,2 / L (1) C A,i C A,f
exp
L SAB Ru T
(5) <
2
exp 1.56 Fo m 0.157 At the surface, x = L, the rate equation, Eq. 6.8, convective flux of species A is
x
A x ,t A,0 erfc 1 /2
. < Fo m 0.76 N A,conv h m C A,s C A, Continued …..
2 D AB t
which is in excellent agreement with the result from the chart. Continued …..
 PROBLEM 14.42 (Cont.) PROBLEM 14.43 PROBLEM 14.43 (Cont.) PROBLEM 14.43 (Cont.)
KNOWN: Hydrogen-removal process described in Problem 14.3 (S), but under conditions for which
which is similar to the analogous heat transfer relation for the lumped capacitance analysis, Eq. 5.6. -11 2 With Bim = 9.5, find 1 = 1.4219 rad and C1 = 1.2609 from Table 5.1, so that Eq. 5.41 becomes
the mass diffusivity of hydrogen gas (A) in the sheet (B) is DAB = 1.8 10 m /s (instead of
-8 2
2.6 10 m /s). With a smaller DAB, a uniform concentration condition may no longer be assumed
CA to C A,f 2
to exist in the material during the removal process. C1 exp 1 Fo m
C A,i C A,f
FIND: (a) The final mass density of hydrogen in the material if the sheet is exposed to the air stream
for a very long time, A,f, (b) Identify and evaluate the parameters that describe the transient mass
transfer process in the sheet; Hint: this situation is analogous to that of transient heat conduction in a 2 1 16 kmol / m3
plane wall; (c) Assuming a uniform concentration in the sheet at any time during the removal process, 12609
. exp 1.4219 2 Fo m
The derivation for the species transport surface boundary condition is developed in the solution for 320 16 kmol / m 3
determine the time required to reach twice the limiting mass density calculated in part (a); (d) Using
(c) The time, to, required for the material to reach a concentration twice that of the limiting value, the analogy developed in part (b), determine the time required to reduce the hydrogen concentration to Problem 14.3 (S). The solution to the mass transfer problem is identical to the analogous heat transfer
problem provided the transport coefficients are represented as
CA (To) = 2 CA,f, can be calculated from Eq. (5). twice the limiting value calculated in part (a); Compare the result with that from part (c). . 10 11 m2 / s t o
18
Fo m 1571
.
SCHEMATIC: h h m / SAB Ru T 2
0.003 m
2 1 16 kmol / m3 1.5 m / h t o (1)
exp k D AB
320 -16 kmol / m3 0.003 m 160 kmol / m3 atm 8.205 10 2 m3 atm / kmol K 555 K
(c) The uniform concentration transient diffusion process is analogous to the heat transfer lumped-
to 218 hour <
to 42.9 hour < capacitance process. From the solution of Problem 14.3 (S), the time to reach twice the limiting COMMENTS: (1) Since Bim = 9.5, the uniform concentration assumption is not valid, and we
concentration, CA (to) = 2 CA,f, can be calculated as expect the analysis to provide a longer time estimate to reach CA(to) = 2 CA,f.

CA to C A,f hm to (2) Note that the uniform concentration analysis model of part (c) does not include DAB. Why is this
exp (2)
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional diffusion, (2) Material B is a stationary medium, (3) C A,i C A,f L SAB Ru T so?
Constant properties, (4) Uniform temperature in air stream and material, and (5) Ideal gas behavior.
ANALYSIS: (a) The final content of H2 in the material will depend upon the solubility of H2 (A) in to 42.9 hour <
the material (B) at its partial pressure in the free stream. From Eq. 14.44,
For the present situation, the mass transfer Biot number is
CA,f SAB p A, 160 kmol / m 3 atm 0.1 atm 16 kmol / m3
hm L
Bi m
SAB Ru T D AB
f M A C A,f 2 kg / kmol 16 kmol / m3 32 kg / m3 <
15
. m / h / 3600 s / h 0.003 m
(b) For the plane wall shown in the schematic below, the heat and mass transfer conservation Bi m
equations and their initial and boundary conditions are 160 kmol / m3 atm 8.205 10-2 m3 atm / kmol K 555 K 1.8 10-11m 2 / s

Heat transfer Mass (Species A) transfer Bi m 9.5 >> 0.1

T 2T CA 2C
D AB A
and hence the concentration of A within B is not uniform
t x2 t 2 x
T x,0 Ti C A x ,0 CA,i (d) Invoking the analogy with the heat transfer situation, we can use the one-term series solution, Eq.
5.40, with Bi m Bi and
T CA
0, t 0 0, t 0
x x D AB t
Fo m Fo Fo m (3)
T CA hm L2
k L, t h T L, t T D AB L, t C A x, t Cf
x x SAB Ru T
Continued …..

Continued …..

PROBLEM 14.44 PROBLEM 14.45 PROBLEM 14.46 PROBLEM 14.46 (Cont.)

KNOWN: Radius and temperature of air bubble in water. KNOWN: Initial carbon content and prescribed surface content for heated steel. KNOWN: Thick plate of pure iron at 1000 C subjected to a carburizing process with sudden
Flux
exposure to a carbon concentration CC,s at the surface.
FIND: Time to reach 99% of saturated vapor concentration at center. FIND: Time required for carbon mole fraction to reach 0.01 at a distance of 1 mm from the surface.
FIND: (a) Consider the heat transfer analog to the carburization process; sketch the mass and heat k Ts Ti
SCHEMATIC: SCHEMATIC: See Part (c) qs t 5.58
transfer systems; explain correspondence between variables; provide analytical solutions to the mass
t 1/ 2
and heat transfer situation; (b) Determine the carbon concentration ratio, CC (x, t)/CC,s, at a depth of 1
mm after 1 hour of carburization; and (c) From the analogy, show that the time dependence of the
(b) Using the concentration distribution expression above, with L = 1 mm, t = 1 h and
1/ 2 -11 2
mass flux of carbon into the plate can be expressed as n C C,s D C Fe / t ; also, obtain an DAB = 3 10 m /s, find the concentration ratio,
expression for the mass of carbon per unit area entering the iron plate over the time period t.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steel may be approximated as a semi-infinite medium, (2) One-dimensional C C 1 mm, 1 h 0.001 m
diffusion in x, (3) Isothermal conditions, (4) No internal chemical reactions, (5) Uniform total molar erfc
1/ 2
0.0314 <
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional radial diffusion of vapor in air, (2) Constant properties, (3) concentration. C C,s
2 3 10-11 m 2 / s 3600 s
Air is initially dry. ANALYSIS: Conditions within the steel are governed by the species diffusion equation of the form
-4 2 2C
PROPERTIES: Table A-8, Water vapor-air (300 K): DAB = 0.26 10 m /s. A 1 CA (c) From the heat flux expression above, the mass flux of carbon can be written as
ANALYSIS: Use Heisler charts with heat and mass transfer analogy, x2 D AB t
C A CA,s CA or, in molar form, D C Fe C,s 0 1/ 2
1 . n C,s
1/ 2 c,s D C Fe / t <
C A,i CA,s CA,s 2x 1 xA D C Fe t
A . ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional transient diffusion, (2) Thick plate approximates a semi-
For o 1 0.99 0.01and Bim1 0, from Fig. D.7 find Fom 0.52. Hence with x2 D AB t infinite medium for the transient mass and heat transfer processes, and (3) Constant properties.
The mass per unit area entering the plate over the time period follows from the integration of the rate
The initial and boundary conditions are of the form ANALYSIS: (a) The analogy between the carburizing mass transfer process in the plate and the heat expression
D AB t transfer process is illustrated in the schematic above. The basis for the mass - heat transfer analogy
Fo m 0.52 x A x,0 0.001
ro2 stems from the similarity of the conservation of species and energy equations, the general solution to t
1/ 2
t
1/ 2
the equations, and their initial and boundary conditions. For both processes, the plate is a semi- mC t n C,s dt C,s D AB / t -1/2 dt 2 C,s D C Fe t/
x A 0,t x A,s 0.02 xA ,t 0.001. 0 0
t 0.52 10 6 m 2 /0.26 10 4 m 2 /s 0.02s. < infinite medium with initial distributions, CC (x, t 0) = CC,i = 0 and T (x, t 0) = Ti, suddenly
The problem is analogous to that of heat transfer in a semi-infinite medium with constant surface subjected to a surface potential, CC (0, t > 0) = CC,s and T (0, t > 0) = Ts. The heat transfer situation
temperature, and by analogy to Eq. 5.57, the solution is
COMMENTS: (1) This estimate is likely to be conservative, since shear driven motion of air within corresponds to Case 1, Section 5.7, from which the following relations were obtained.
the bubble would enhance vapor transport from the surface to the center. x A x ,t x A,s x
erf Mass transfer Heat transfer
(2) If the one-term approximation to the infinite series solution, x A,i x A,s 1 /2
2 D AB t Rate equation
sin Cc T
2 nr where jC D AB qx k
Cn exp n Fo 5 11 2 x x
D AB 2 10 exp 17,000/1273 3.17 10 m /s.
n 1 nr Diffusion equation
is used, it follows that with sin 0/0 = 1, Hence CC 1 CC T 1 T
14.84 2.15
x x D AB t x x t
C1 exp 2
o 1 Fo m 0.1. 0.01 0.02
0.526 erf
0.001m Polential distribution
0.001 0.02 11 1 /2 C C x, t C C,s T x, t Ts x
Using values of C1 2.0 and 1 3.11for Bi m 100, it follows that 2 3.17 10 t erf 5.58
0 C C,s Ti Ts 2 t 1/ 2
0.01 2.0 exp 3.11 2 Fo m or Fo m 0.55 where erf w = 0.526 w 0.51,
C C x, t x
1/2 erfc
which is in reasonable agreement with the Heisler chart result. 0.51 0.001/2 3.17 10 11 t or t 30,321s 8.42 h. < C C,s 2 D AB t 1/ 2

Continued …..
 PROBLEM 14.47 PROBLEM 14.47 (Cont.) PROBLEM 14.48 PROBLEM 14.48 (Cont.)
KNOWN: Thickness, initial condition and bottom surface condition of a water layer. (b) The change in the salt mass within the water is KNOWN: Temperature distribution expression for a semi-infinite medium, initially at a uniform 2
2 (b) The molar area density (kmol/m ) of P associated with the film of thickness do = 1 m and
FIND: (a) Time to reach 25% of saturation at top, (b) Amount of salt transfer in that time, (c) Final L temperature, that is suddenly exposed to an instantaneous amount of energy, Q o J / m .
concentration of salt solution at top and bottom. MA M A t1 M A,i concentration CP,o is
A A,i dV A
0 A
dx
Analogous situation of a silicon (Si) wafer with a 1- m layer of phosphorous (P) that is placed in a
SCHEMATIC:
Hence, furnace suddenly initiating diffusion of P into Si. M P,o C P,o d o P / MP do
L FIND: (a) Explain the correspondence between the variables in the analogous temperature and
MA A,s 0 A / A,s dx concentration distribution expressions, and (b) Determine the mole fraction of P at a depth of 0.1 mm M P,o 2000 kg / m3 / 30.97 kmol / kg 1 10 6 m
in the Si after 30 s.
1
MA A,s L 0 1 dx SCHEMATIC:
M P,o 6.458 10 5 kmol / m2
1 2
MA A,s L 0 1 C 1 exp 1 Fo m cos 1 x dx
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional diffusion, (2) Uniform total mass density, (3) Constant DAB. Substituting numerical values into the MT equation, find

ANALYSIS: (a) With constant and DAB and no homogeneous chemical reactions, Eq. 14.37b 2
MA A,s L 1 C1 exp 1 Fom sin 1 / 1 . 6.458 10 5 kmol / m2
reduces to C p 0.1 mm, 30 s exp 0.0001 m 2 / 4 12
. 10 7 m2 / s 30 s
2 1.2 10-17 m2 / s 30 s
1 Substituting numerical values,
A A.
x2 D AB t
1.274exp 1.571 2
0.215 1
with the origin of coordinates placed at the top of the layer, the dimensionless mass density is ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, transient diffusion, (2) Wafer approximates a semi-infinite Cp 0.08188 kmol / m3
MA 380 k g / m 3 1 m 1 medium, (3) Uniform properties, and (4) Diffusion process for Si and P is initiated when the wafer
A A,s A 1.571rad reaches the elevated temperature as a consequence of the large temperature dependence of the
x ,Fom 1 The mole fraction of P in the Si wafer is
i A,i A,s A,s diffusion coefficient.
198.7 k g / m 2.
-17 2
Hence, 0, Fo m,1 1 0.25 0.75. The initial condition is x ,0 1, and the boundary MA < PROPERTIES: Given in statement: DP-Si = 1.2 10 m /s; Mass densities of Si and P: 2000 and xP C P / CSi CP / Si / MSi
3
(c) Steady-state conditions correspond to a uniform mass density in the water. Hence, 2300 kg/m ; Molecular weights of Si and P: 30.97 and 28.09 kg/kmol.
conditions are
3 ANALYSIS: (a) For the thermal process illustrated in the schematic, the temperature distribution is xP 0.08188 kmol / m3 / 2300 kg / m3 / 28.09 kmol / kg
0 1, Fom 0 A 0, A L, M A / L 198.7 k g /m . <
Qo
x T x, t Ti exp x 2 / 4 t (HT)
x 0 COMMENTS: (1) The assumption of constant is weak, since the density of salt water depends c t 1/ 2 xP 2.435 10 5 <
strongly on the salt composition.
where the condition at x 1 corresponds to Bim = . Hence, the mass transfer problem is
(2) The requirement of Fom > 0.2 for the one-term approximation to be valid is barely satisfied. where Ti is the initial, uniform temperature of the medium. For the mass transfer process, the P
analogous to the heat transfer problem governed by Eq. 5.34 to 5.37. Assuming applicability of a one-
concentration has the form
term approximation (Fom > 0.2), the solution is analogous to Eq. 5.40. M P,o
C P x, t exp x 2 / 4 D P Si t (MT)
2 1/ 2
C1 exp 1 Fo m cos 1x . D P Si t
2
where M P,o is the molar area density (kmol/m ) of P represented by the film of concentration CP
With Bi m , 1 / 2 1.571 rad and, from Table 5.1, C1 1.274. Hence, for x 0,
and thickness do.
2
0.75 1.274exp 1.571 Fo m,1 The correspondence between mass and heat transfer variables in the equations HT and MT involves
the following conditions. The LHS represents the increase with time of the temperature or
2 concentration above the initial uniform distribution. The initial concentration is zero, so only the CP
Fo m,1 ln 0.75/1.274 / 1.571 0.215.
(x, t) appears. On the RHS note the correspondence of the terms in the exponential parenthesis and in
Hence,
the denominator. The thermal diffusivity and diffusion coefficient are directly analogous; this can be
2
L2 1m seen by comparing the MT and HT diffusion equations, Eq. 2.15 and 14.84. The terms Q o / c and
t1 Fo 0.215 1.79 108 s 2071days. <
D AB m,1 1.2 10 9 m 2 / s M P,o for HT and MT represent the energy and mass instantaneously appearing at the surface. The
Continued ….. product c is the thermal capacity per unit area and appears in the storage term of the HT diffusion
equation. For MT, the “capacity” term is the volume itself.
Continued …..