I N D O N E S IA M O D E L U N ITE D NATI O N S 2 0 1 7

WELCOMING LETTER
Dear Delegates,

My name is Steven Giovanni Sugiarto and I am thrilled to welcome you the ASEAN
Regional Forum committee Indonesia MUN 2017! This will be my second-time chairing at
Indonesia MUN; I was the assistant chair of ARF last year and absolutely felt that I want
to be back at this committee and IMUN conference. I can’t wait for another committee
session full of substantial debates and engaging diplomacy.
I was raised in the city of Surabaya and currently I am a junior majoring in Ac-
counting from the Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia. I have been
involved in Model UN since freshmen and had travelled as an Universitas Indonesia of-
ficial delegation team to NTUMUN 2016 at Singapore and Harvard World Model UN
2017 at Montreal, Canada. I had also participated in several national MUNs, such as Jogja
International MUN and President Model UN, and I will also be chairing ARF committee at
Brawijaya MUN 2017. Aside from MUN, I am now holding the position of Kepala Depar-
temen Kajian dan Aksi Strategis BEM FEB UI 2017. Beside accounting and economics, I
am passionate in politics, international relations and political philosophy. In my spare time,
I love reading, writing, swimming, and going to movies. Talking about books, I am a huge
fan of Dan Brown. Also, I have been travelling quite often, so if you love to talk about
various places, I would love to hear about that!
Throughout the conference, I will be accompanied by my two assistant directors;
Adizsa and Latasha. Adizsa Nurulhuda is currently a sophomore studying Psychology at
University of Indonesia. She has been doing MUNs since high school. She received the
best delegate award at High Scope MUN 2014 and honorable mention at Jakarta MUN
2013. She is also a part of UI’s delegation to NTUMUN 2017. Besides MUN, Adizsa is
also active in debating and has won several awards. Latasha Desideria is currently a senior
studying Economics at University of Indonesia. She received honorable mention at Stu-
dent Energy MUN and a part of UI’s delegation to EuroMUN 2017 at the Netherlands,
winning Honorable Mention and Best Position Paper in Climate Summit
This year ASEAN Regional Forum will bring the topic of “Strengthening Regional
Maritime Security Against Piracy and Other Threats to Security”. According to the Inter-
national Chamber of Commerce (ICC) as well as the International Maritime Bureau (IMB),
the South-East Asian region accounts for 55% of piracy and robbery incidents in 2015.
Delegates here will address the issue of piracy and other threats to maritime security
which continues to occur as well as the necessary structural measures that would increase
maritime security. I expect delegates to first figure out the root reasons and motives of
pirates. Second, delegates will need to research on the other factors of why piracy is still
active. Above all, I hope delegates can develop solutions to prevent piracy in the future.
With the thrilling topic, I hope IMUN 2017 will give you excitement and memorable expe-
rience, as I am very excited to be back as the director ARF. If you have any questions, feel
free to contact me anytime at arf.imun2017@gmail.com . I am looking forward to seeing
you in November!

Best Regards,
Steven Giovanni Sugiarto
Director, ASEAN Regional Forum
Indonesia Model United Nations 2017

1
 RULES OF PROCEDURE
ARF 2017
We still comply with the general ROP, which includes moderated caucus, unmod-
erated, caucus, points, working paper, and presentation of draft resolution. How-
ever, we have some differences in couple of procedures, such as:

1. For Draft Resolution, it will not bear the name of Draft Resolution, but it will
be called as, Chairman’s Statement of the 25th ASEAN Regional Forum, with the
format of,

Title
“Chairman’s Statement of the 25th ASEAN Regional Forum”

[Place] DEPOK, INDONESIA

[Date] (Current Date)

The Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was held
in Depok, Indonesia on (Date). The Meeting was chaired by the
Honourable Steven Giovanni Sugiarto, Minister of Foreign Affairs of
(Country), Honourable Adizsa Nurulhuda, Minister of Foreign Affairs of
(Country), and Honourable Latasha Desideria, Minister of Foreign Affairs of
(Country).

There will be no pre-ambulatory clauses, it will be replaced with Highlights

of the Discussion (example of the DR will be given below),

Operative Clauses (The usual operative clauses)

2. For the voting of Chairman’s statement, we will not use the normal majority
vote, which is the 2/3 of the committee, but we will use consensus.

3. There will be Consultation of the Whole. Consultation of the Whole is a motion,

so delegate will need to propose a motion of a “Consultation of the Whole” with
a specific time and topic, the maximum time is 20 minutes. If the motion passed,
here the delegate that passed the motion will be able to talk first for a certain
amount of time up to the delegate. Then, the delegate has the right to choose the
next speaker. It goes on until the time has elapsed.

2
 TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
Welcoming Letter.................................................................................................................. 1

Rules of Procedure............................................................................................................... 2

Table of Contents.................................................................................................................. 3

History of Committee ........................................................................................................ 4

Background of Topic ........................................................................................................... 5

Timeline of Significant Events .......................................................................................... 8

Current Situation ............................................................................................................... 9

Past Actions ....................................................................................................................... 11

Bloc Positions ......................................................................................................................11

Possible Solutions .............................................................................................................. 14

Questions A Resolution Must Answer ........................................................................... 14

Suggestions for Further Research ................................................................................. 15

Position Papers ................................................................................................................. 15

Closing Remarks................................................................................................................. 15

3
HISTORY OF preventive diplomacy, and elaboration
of approaches to conflicts (ARF, 2001).
COMMITTEE These three-main approaches adopt-
The ASEAN Regional Forum— ed by the ASEAN Regional Forum is
abbreviated as ARF—is a region-wide held to further promote its objectives,
Asia-Pacific multilateral forum as outlined in the First ASEAN Regional
established in 1994 by ASEAN Forum Chairman’s Statement in 1994
following the Twenty-Sixth ASEAN which is to:
Ministerial Meeting and Post 1. Foster constructive dialogue and
Ministerial Conference held in consultation on political and security is-
Singapore. The establishment of the sues of common interest and concern;
ASEAN Regional Forum was made 2. Make significant contributions to
under the distinct purpose to serve efforts towards confidence-building
as an open-dialogue forum for official and preventive diplomacy in the Asia-
regional consultations upon matters Pacific region.
relating to peace and security (ARF, 1994).
Currently, the ASEAN Regional As an international
Forum consists of ASEAN member organization, ASEAN Regional Forum is
states which includes Thailand, Vietnam, characterized by minimal
Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Ma- institutionalization, decision making
laysia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Brunei, by consensus as well as the use of
and Laos as well as ASEAN dialogue both “first track” (official) and “second
partners consisting of United States, track” (nonofficial) diplomacy. The first-
Canada, China, India, Japan, South Korea, track diplomacy emphasized the uti-
Russian Federation, New Zealand, and lization of diplomatic meetings which
The European Union. gathers leading officials to
Furthermore, the ASEAN directly discuss upon matters relating to
Regional Forum also consists of security measures. On the
other countries including Papua New other hand, second-track diplomacy
Guinea, Mongolia, North Korea, Pakistan emphasized the utilization of scholars,
and East Timor (Moon, 2017). During professional, governmental
forum sessions, member states actively officials not acting in their official
engage in diplomatic discussion and capacity, as well as other individuals and
deliberation upon necessary measures organizations in its diplomatic
and strategy development in aims to meetings. Unlike other international
foster peace and security. organization, second-track diploma-
Early in its formation in cy is viewed equally as important as
ASEAN Regional Forum agreed in first-track diplomacy.
consensus to adopt three In terms of its internal
main approaches to mechanism, primary ASEAN
effectively tackle security issues Regional Forum meetings are attended by
which consists of confidence build- foreign ministers and are held in
ing measures (CBMs), development of conjunction with the ASEAN Post

4
Ministerial Conference, which occurs an-
nually in July. After each ASEAN Region-
al Forum meeting, the ARF Chairman’s
Statement and the organization’s offi-
cial declaration is issued. Furthermore,
the ASEAN Regional Forum is support-
ed by the ARF Senior Officials Meeting
(ARFSOM) held annually in May, which
is attended by senior foreign ministry of-
ficials from ARF countries to exchange
perspectives on regional political and
security issues and developments.
BACKGROUND
OF TOPIC
“Two hours before sunset on
May 28, 10 men, armed with guns and
machetes, climbed from their speed-
boat onto the deck of a shipping
tanker named Orapin 4. The ship was
carrying large quantities of fuel between
Singapore and Pontianak, a port on the
western coast of Indonesian Borneo.
Bursting onto the bridge, the attackers
locked the ship’s crew below deck and
disabled the communications system.
They then scrubbed the first and last
letter from the boat’s stern, leaving a new
identifier, Rapi, in its place.
Failing to hail the crew that
evening, the Thai shipping company that
owns Orapin 4 reported it missing. Radio
alerts were sent out, asking other vessels
to keep an eye out for the ship — but
nobody had seen it. Over the next 10
hours, the attackers siphoned more than
3,700 metric tons of fuel into a second
vessel. Finally, four days after the attack,
the Orapin 4 pulled into its home port
of Sri Racha, Thailand — the town, as
it happens — where the namesake hot
5
sauce was first brewed. While the 14
members of the crew were safe, the pi-
rates — and $1.9 million in stolen fuel
— were long gone.
Under most conditions, the bra-
zen attack on the Orapin 4 would have
been notable. But this was the sixth
such attack in three months.” (Time)
Meeting (ARFSOM) held annually in
May, which is attended by senior for-
eign ministry officials from ARF coun-
tries to exchange perspectives on re-
gional political and security issues and
developments.
Geography Condition of
Southeast Asia
The news stated above
shows that the piracy is happening
in a high rate in Southeast Asia. The
strategic location of Southeast Asia
has made it important to the global
waterways — also becomes the main
contribution to the attack that
happens within. From the western part of
Malaysia to the north side of Indone-
sia’s Bintan Island, the Malacca, and
Singapore, it serves as a global
shipping line. More than 120,000
ships pass through these waterways
annually - more than that, between
70% and 80% of all imported by
China and Japan transits these waterways
(Mccauley). The most countries that
feel the advantage of these waterways
are Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines,
and Singapore.
Yet, these countries also are
the ones who suffer piracy the most.
One of the main reason is the lack of
capabilities in securing their own sea
territory. Eventually, the economic
potential of these waterways has
6
every two weeks in region of Southeast
Asia (International Chamber of Com-
merce, 2015). Southeast Asia was the
location of 41% of the world’s pirate
attacks between 1995 and 2013.
Current instances of piracies include the
attack and hijack of a Malaysian tanker
off the coast of Borneo on 1 April 2015.
Other instances include the piracy
occurring in the Malacca strait which
targeted ships and fishermen of
different ASEAN countries. One of
the most “dangerous” country is
Indonesia. Around the mid 1990s,
Indonesia ports and waters have been
considered as the most dangerous seas
in Southeast Asia (Liss, The roots of
piracy in Southeast Asia, 2007). In 2014
itself, Indonesia accounted for 93 out
of 329 attacks worldwide (International
Maritime Bureau, 2005). The significant
ongoing threats such as piracy disrupts
the stability of economic and maritime
security of the South-East Asian water-
ways and is ultimately considered to be
transnational crime.
Since 2011, there has been
around 14 oil-siphoning attacks. From
those 14 attacks, one specific company
was targeted four times, where expects
suspect that there may be collusion
between the shipping company, crew
members, and the pirates. Yet – piracy
does not happen only to oil ships. Below
are some latest stories,
1.Orapin 4
Orapin 4 is a product tanker
vessel from Thailand, scheduled de-
parted from Singapore on 21 May 2014
bound for Pontianak, Indonesia and
scheduled to arrive on the May 29th.
7
On May 28th, the shipping company
contacted Orapin 4 via email but did
not receive a reply. Last communication
happened on the day before at 5.30 pm
local time. All 14 crew were safe, which
make them able to tell the tale. On May
28th, ten pirates armed board the ves-
sel from the South China Sea. The pi-
rates changed the painted ship name
from Orapin 4 to RAPI and destroyed all
communications equipment onboard.
Another tanker came and the pirates
took about 10 hours siphoning the oil
inside the tanker and left (ReCAAP In-
formation Sharing Centre, 2014).
2. Abu Sayyaf
Abu Sayyaf is a Jihadist terror
group from Jolo and Basilan islands in
Philippines. This group has been hold
responsible for several violent – such
as kidnapping, rape, drug trafficking,
bombings, and piracy. On 26th March
2016, ten Indonesian sailors were
kidnapped and held as hostage by
Islamist militant group Abu Sayyaf.
The ship was carrying 7,000 tons of
coal and was on its way to Batangas
port (Sanchez, 2016). On 1st of April
in the same year, four Malaysian crew
were kidnapped when they arrived in
Ligitan Island (Lai, 2016). Following
the kidnapped ten Indonesian sailors,
the owner of the boat had agreed to
pay the compensation to release the
crew members, which cost around $1
million (Lakshmi, 2016). On the second
of May, those sailors were released (Time
Hume, 2016). But, in the 15th of April,
another four Indonesian sailors from two
tugboats named Henry and Christi were
kidnapped after the ship was attacked
(Setyadi, 2016). The four were released
on 11th of May after a help came from
the Philippine government (Daily Ex-
press, 2016). The four Malaysian were
release after two months of captivity
and strained relationship between the
Malaysian and Philippines government
(Channel NewsAsia, 2016).
The story of Abu Sayyaf’s kidnapping pi-
racy does not end here. On the 21st of
June, seven Indonesian sailors aboard
a tugboat that passing through the Sulu
Archipelago was kidnapped (Torres,
2016). On 9th July, three Indonesians
fishermen was kidnapped near the coast
of Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia (Jakarta
Globe, 2016) On the 18th July, five Ma-
laysian sailors were also abducted near
the coast of Lahad Datu. 191Another
one Indonesian sailor was kidnapped in
the waters of Malaysia on 3 August while
leaving other two crews unharmed, the
incident was only reported by victims
on 5 August. (Channel NewsAsia, 2016).
Two of the Indonesian sailor hostages
have managed to escape from the Abu
Sayyaf after persistent threats of be-
heading (Cerojano, 2016).
TIMELINE OF
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
2000 - 2004
The impact of the 9/11
terrorist attacks lead to a more extensive
and stringent maritime safety and the
introduction of new security regulations
especially for the South-East Asian
region - that was highly prone to piracy.
New regulations were made throughout
the course of two years, which includes 2010 - 2014
the 2002 Container Security Initiative In May 28, ten pirates armed with guns
(CSI), the Proliferation Security Initiative and machetes, climbed from their
speedboat onto the deck of a shipping
8
(PSI) that was launched in May
2003, and most importantly, the
International Ship and Port Security
Code (ISPS), which was introduced in
December 2002 (Teitler, n.d.). To express
the commitment of the ASEAN Regional
Forum to fight against piracy, the forum
released a statement entitled ‘State-
ment on Cooperation Against Piracy and
Other Threats to Maritime Security’,
published on the 17 June 2003.
In 2004, an informal arrange-
ment was established between the
military naval forces of four ARF
member states, including but not limited to
Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and
Indonesia. This was made under
the purpose of advancing counter-
piracy operation. During this exact year,
the South-East Asia region accounted
for 40% of piracy worldwide to which
Indonesia accounted for at least 28% of
those activities.
2005-2009
Between the years of 2005 until 2006,
over 515 attacks on ships at sea
occurred within the South-East Asian
region. When Indonesia was asked
upon the concerns of piracy by ASEAN
member states, Indonesian
authorities expressed
their lack of capacity to
control and patrol their maritime
waters. The Indian Navy and Coast
Guard agreed to contribute vessels and
crews to counter actions of piracy as a
form of short-term solution.
tanker named Orapin 4 which
carried large quantities of fuel between
Singapore and Pontianak, which is in
Indonesia (Times, 2014). Before
attacking the crewmembers, the pirates
disabled the communication system of
the boat.
On the evening of 4 July 2014,
the Honduras-registered oil tanker
Moresby 9 was attacked by nine pirates,
approximately 34 nautical miles off
Indonesia’s Anambas islands. The
pirates forced the chief officer to
navigate the vessel, while the rest of the
crew was tied up and locked into the
engine control room (Liss,
Assessing Contempo-
rary Maritime Piracy in
Southeast Asia: Trends, Hotspots and
Responses, 2014). This was the second
attack on the Moresby 9 in two years,
and the seventh hijacking of a tanker in
Southeast Asia since April 2014.
2015-2017
International Maritime Bureau (IMB)
have noted that there is a steady drop in
global piracy over the past few years,
however attacks had risen 10% in the
first quarter of 2015 in the South-East
Asian region, with pirates taking 140
hostages.
CURRENT SITUATION
Between the 1990s and mid-
2000s, the IMB data shows that
Indonesian waters were particularly
affected by piracy, but it was the
rise in reported incidents in the
strategically important Malacca Strait
that caused international concern.
Southeast Asia, one of the biggest
9
On May 28th, the shipping company
contacted Orapin 4 via email but did
not receive market, with countries like
Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, and
Philippines, should be a safe place
for international trading. Other than
Singapore, these countries are
growing countries and they want to be
one of the strong economic countries.
On step that is very vital is no other than -
securing their waterways. Yet, this ideal
dream has not been achieved.
In the current situation, we
know the term of contemporary piracy.
Contemporary piracy means that
pirates do not longer act as in
movies, such as Jack Sparrow and other
pirates from the movie, but they are
more “modern”. These definitions
of contemporary piracy and armed
robbery against ships only include
attacks that target vessels or the
crew on board; and only those
incidents that are committed for private as
opposed to political ends. Their motives
are no longer lifestyle, but it is about
“business”. Their motive is also clearer,
business is the major one even though
some factors like belief might also
still existed. Pirates are also smarter
and more opportunistic — sometimes
vessels such as fishing boats were
targeted by often violent pirates.
Maritime raids are also still occurring,
examples are abduction of foreign
tourists and resort workers. Most of the
attacks in Southeast Asia were simple
hit-and-run robberies conducted by
opportunistic pirates.
There are several classifications
of piracy. By looking at the modern
piracy perspective, there are two
 Fig. 1: World Map and The Statistics of
Armed Robbery and Piracy Against Ships (IMB)
different types of modern piracy, as said
by Eric Ellen, a former director from
IMB and Daniel Perret, a researcher in
the Ecole française d’Extrême Orient
(Konrad Adenauer Foundation,
2006). Eric Ellen made a distinction
between attacks that affects ships and
those who are targeting goods. As for
Daniel, he made a distinction between
“artisanal” piracy and that which relied on
international networks. If we are
referring to 1993 IMO classification,
there are three types of piracy. First is
“Minor Armed Robbery” or MAR. MAR
are piracy that the attacking and the
robberies that take place in ports and
coasts, with the victims of fishermen
and yachtsmen. Targets will only be
personal valuables and cash. Second will
be “Armed Robbery and Aggression of
Intermediate Degree” or ARAID. ARAID
involves violate actions that aimed at
pillage of boat on high seas. These
attacks usually came from well-
organized gangs that are heavily armed.
Finally, the third IMO category is the
10
category of “Serious Criminal
Hijacking”. This category is for planned
international activities, which involved
heavily armed men who are fully armed
and ready to hijack a ship, rename it,
and engage in illegal trafficking. Beside
than these three categories, there is one
special category, which is terrorism.
According to the IMB’s
piracy statistics, Indonesia is today the
most pirate-prone country in the world.
Piracy in Indonesia is a problem of port
security, and should be consider as a
very different phenomenon in other
piracy issues, such as Somalia.
Piracy in Indonesia happens in small
scale and minor thefts while vessels are at
anchored. The motivation of these
pirates is still poverty, overfishing, and
unemployment. Other than that, the
nature of piracy in Southeast Asia
clearly differs. The deployment of
warships to combat the pirates are not
needed, because tailored responses
to specific types of attacks as well as
broader approaches are more impor-
tant in the region of Southeast Asia.
With no realistic solutions, the issue of
piracy in SEA cannot be erased.
PAST ACTIONS
ARF Statement on Cooperation
Against Piracy and Other Threats to
Security
This statement was a practical security measures, which are
consensus established in 2003. It is
to ensure the existence of regional
cooperative efforts to combat naval
transnational organized crime. The
States under the Statement agree
to conduct cooperation with other
international bodies, such as IMO and
IMB. The efforts made to address the
issue must be based on relevant
international law, the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The Statement encourages States to
hold further bilateral and multilateral
agreement, conduct capacity building
and information sharing (domestical-
ly and internationally). The review over
efforts made to combat piracy issues will
be discussed in ARF Ministerial Meeting
and cooperation with IMO.
Pic. 2: Member States Mark 10th Anniversary of maritime police, and establishes a
Malacca Straits Patrol (Channel News Asia)
11
BLOC POSITIONS
1. Malacca Strait Patrols
Malacca Strait Patrols is a joint
cooperative security measures taken
by four surrounding States, compris-
ing Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand and
Malaysia. MSP consists of three
Malacca Strait Sea Patrol (MSSO), the
“Eyes-in-the-Sky” (EiS) air patrols, and
the Intelligence Exchange Group (IEG).
MSP was first established by Indonesia,
Malaysia, and Singapore.
In 2008, Thailand decided to join
the Patrol to counter maritime piracy
issues.The States conduct coordinat-
ed naval and air patrols. The agreement
also requires these States to facilitate
sharing of information between ships
and the Monitoring and Action Agency.
For MSSP, States under this agreement
conduct patrols within their own waters
and have set up several control points.
Moreover, the joint patrol of EiS initiative
conducts coordinated aerial surveillance
over the region.
2. Malaysia
Malaysia has made great effort to
make its piracy countermeasures more
efficient as well. It created the Malaysian
Maritime Enforcement Agency, which
combined several previously
separate government organizations into
one more coordinated body that monitors
traffic along the Strait with radar, trains
greater naval presence in the waters
off its coast. Malaysia, according to
Zulkifli bin Abu Bakar, the director of
maritime affairs in the MMEA’s crime
investigations department, has
deployed a helicopter-equipped
special task and rescue (STAR) team at
Johor Bahru. Team members, Zulkifli told
Reuters, would sometimes be
deployed on merchant ships operated by
Malaysian government-linked firms.
“The STAR team is in addition to the
other MMEA personnel tasked to
combat anti-piracy/sea robbery.”
3. Indonesia
Indonesia, along with Singapore
and Malaysia started the initiative to
conduct coordinated Patrol, which only
allows States to engage in pursue for
within-border surveillance, making this
framework ineffective to significantly
reduce piracy. For example, for
instance, in June 2016, seven Indonesian
ship crews were taken hostage by the
armed Abu Sayyaf group in the southern
Philippines Sulu Sea. The Indonesian
government, through the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, has approached
countries that have a direct interest in
this issue, namely Malaysia and the
Philippines.
Malaysia needs to protect
Malaysian ship crews who have been
taken hostage by the Abu Sayyaf
group. To the Philippines, Indonesia
emphasized the fact that frequent
hijacking by Abu Sayyaf have
occurred in southern Philippines’ waters,
particularly along the trade lanes, through
which ships deliver coal needed by
Philippines’ energy suppliers. Indonesia
has been trying to deal with the problem,
along with Malaysia and the Philippines.
Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines
have agreed to begin joint army train-
ing later in 2017 to advance efforts to
12
secure the Sulu Sea from rampant
piracy. The military training will take
place in Indonesia’s Tarakan in North
Kalimantan, Malaysia’s Tawao Island
and the Philippines’ Bongao Island.
The efforts could begin with the Indo-
nesian government propose a regional
meeting discussing border security
between countries in Southeast Asia
region.
For the long-term goal, Indonesia
could initiate a type of ASEAN Joint
Patrol for Sea Border Security, as a
regional mechanism aimed at solving
maritime piracy matters in Southeast
Asia. Nevertheless, Indonesia, through
diplomatic efforts, needs to attract the
attention of all parties by demonstrat-
ing that the meeting being proposed is
for the common interest of all ASEAN
countries.
4. Singapore
Singapore has made a
considerable attempt to strengthen its
anti-piracy measures considering
it is a very small country. It began
performing random escorts of high value
merchant vessels aswell as pre-
designated routes to separate those
vessels from smaller ones. It also set
up a surveillance and information net-
work to track and investigate suspicious
activity in its waters, has increased
patrolling, is setting up radiation detectors
in its ports to scan for nuclear or radioactive
materials, and signed a pact
allowing pursuit of criminals into its wa-
ters, something other nations have been
hesitant to do fearing establishment of
another country within their borders.
These measures are important steps to
curbing piracy in the Strait of Malacca,
but as the countries work together bet- Maritime Forum (AMF) and Maritime
ter, they can hope to more fully eradicate Security Expert Working Group (MSEWG)
the issue. aim to address problems associated with
maritime security. While these enhance
5. Philippines dialogue between member states, they
The Philippines is the vessel- have not resulted in actual measures
manning capital of the world, to tackle piracy that involve all ASEAN
supplying one-fourth of the total member states.
seafarers, so that there is
a high probability that a 7. Countries outside ASEAN:
Filipino seafarer is victimized United States
during a piracy incident. The Philippine The US has a large presence
Government, through the Philippine beyond its own borders, so it makes
Overseas Employment Administration, sense that these nations who have
has required that all seafarers undertake been unable to completely solve their
piracy awareness seminars before their own issues with pirates inside their
deployment. MARINA, as the flag-state borders fear US intervention in their affairs.
administration for Philippine-flagged The United States especially has been
vessels, has come out with rules willing to use its Navy to help train foreign
regarding the employment of private- navies by running training operations
ly contracted armed service personnel with them (Bradford 2008). The US
to help guard Philippine ships in the would coordinate with several nations
high-risk zone. at once, though treating each one
separately, so as to run training missions
6. Other ASEAN Countries with multiple countries at a time while
Considering these difficulties, only having to communicate between
certain regional states have requested two at a time. Previous considerations
increased cooperation within ASEAN of multilateral efforts, requiring the
to tackle piracy. According to a senior coordination of several countries
officer from Vietnam’s Department of each with every other one, proved too
Foreign Relations under the Ministry of difficult, so the US with its greater
Public Security, ASEAN countries should naval resources was able to overcome this
step up efforts to share intelligence issue by using multiple instances of
and hold law-enforcement exercises. bilateral coordination simultaneous-
Because maritime security issues only ly (Bradford 2008). The United States
affect certain ASEAN member states, Regional Maritime Security Initiative
the organization has yet to provide an aims to put US ships in the Strait to
effective response to the increased provide greater defense presence to
threat of piracy. To date, there is no deter piracy or terrorism in the are,
anti-piracy measure involv- however it is strongly opposed by
ing all ASEAN member states. Malaysia and Indonesia.
Forums such as the ASEAN

13
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS as the necessary structural measures
that would increase maritime security.
In the process of acquiring a resolution,
The problem of piracy might
delegates are required to comprehend
not be as simple as it looks. Delegates
the root cause of the problem as well
must find solutions by understanding
as the existing loopholes of policies and
the whole picture and root causes of
measures that has already been under-
piracy. The whole picture and root causes
taken by ASEAN and its state members
about piracy means understanding the
to ensure the effectively and efficiency
motives of pirates, how they
of future resolutions. The QARMAS are,
conduct their piracy, what are the root
causes piracy can happen, etc. One
1. What are the existing loop holes
possible solution to these problems is
in current regional maritime security
government and non-state actors’
measures? What measures should be
collaboration. For example, ship-own-
taken by member states to diminish
ers, could ensure their crews follow the
those loop holes? What are the best
appropriate rules and government could
classification of piracy? Should ARF
further response time to attracts. Port
make a new classification?
security also needs to be improved.
Delegates can explore how to
2. How can member states increase
tackle the root causes such as, pover-
the efficiency and effectiveness of
ty, illegal/overfishing, lax maritime reg-
current maritime security
ulations, and corruption of law enforce-
mechanisms? What can
ment. Collaboration here does not shifts
be done to assure the
to countries in the region, but also from
constancy of its implementation amongst
the outside the region. Countries outside
member states? A possible of
the region can contribute by supporting
collaborative framework?
efforts to eliminate poverty by providing
employment. Small details, such as en-
3. What long-term and short-term
suring vessels’ flag regulation also can
solutions should ARF and its member
be explore. Details on how will be waited
states provide to minimize piracy and
from the delegates.
other activities that threatens ASEAN
region?
QUESTIONS A
RESOLUTION MUST 4. How can state members of ARF
ensure that trading and other
ANSWER (QARMA) economic activities be maintained, even
Delegates representing
though security within the waterways
are not assured?
member states or observers of
ASEAN will address the issue of
5. How to ensure that piracy does not
piracy and other threats to maritime
worsen? How to protect the future
security which continues to occur as well
victims? How to guarantee the safety of

14
of the region’s sea lines of sections: statement of the problem, how
communication? your nation is related to the topic, and
possible solutions. Bear in mind that
your proposed solutions need to be in
SUGGESTIONS FOR line with your nation’s policy and the
FURTHER RESEARCH mandate of this council. A comprehen-
History has recorded numerous sive solution with the big picture of its
events of piracy in the vast ocean of detail is expected. Remember that these
Southeast Asia. This study guide is just a position papers are representation of
glimpse of all those events. So, it will great your nation’s position and not your own
to explore more historic events that are opinion. Therefore, do write formally and
related to piracy that is happening in the in third person clause. For example, a
region. Piracy is one of the oldest crime paper written by the delegate of Indo-
– yet, until today, it has not disappeared. nesia should read, “Indonesia believes
The complex issue comes from the that...” The format of the position paper
challenges to secure the vast ocean, is one single-spaced in 11 font size with
especially to countries who have wide the smallest margin possible.
area of sea territories and does not
the great capability of sea marine. The
geography condition of their
CLOSING REMARKS
I hope that this study guide can
country also need to be addressed by each
provide a big picture of what is expect-
delegate. This is due that pirates are
ed to be discussed in the committee
likely to hide at inhabitant islands.
session. I chose the topic of piracy, al-
Pirates also came with different
though indeed a very interesting topic to
motives. Different motives lead to
be discussed, it is also a very relevant
different ways of actions and different ways
issue that is being face by Southeast
of violent. Thus, the solution to address
Asian countries. My goal is to help you
pirates need to be classified based on the
to have a memorable conference, so I
piracy motives. Moreover, it is impor-
totally suggest you explore further about
tant for delegates to keep updated upon
this topic. If you have any questions, do
international news, supposedly if there
not hesitate to reach me, I would love to
is another piracy that is happening.
hear all of your questions or concerns. I
am sure you will have a fantastic time at
POSITION PAPERS Indonesia MUN 2017. I am counting the
Writing a position paper is an days to meet you all!
excellent way to prove your
understanding of the given topic and
tell the ideas that you will bring to the
committee. Position papers are
expected to be only 1 paper long
without the reference. A good posi-
tion paper will consist of three distinct

15
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