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Authors There are currently a lot more mobile phones than computers in the world, including
in developing countries. Thus, considering the challenges faced in these countries in
Isaias Barreto da Rosa
accessing print-based publications and also their existing challenges regarding accessing
ibr@tlu.ee
ICT resources such as computer and Internet, mobile access to digital libraries might
David Ribeiro Lamas be a good alternative. This paper features the design of an application for easing the
drl@tlu.ee access to DSpace-based digital libraries, using user-centered design approach. Such
application integrates mobile, web and desktop interfaces, aiming, on one hand, to
provide alternative mechanisms for accessing such libraries in developing countries,
Institute of Informatics,
using mobile devices, and on the other, to facilitating the usage of digital libraries in
Tallin University, Estonia educational contexts.
Tags
1. Introduction
Mobile digital libraries,
DSpace, education, Digital libraries (DLs) currently have a paramount importance in research, teaching and learn-
developing countries ing. While in the past, accessing library resources would require a physical dislocation to the
library building, today digital libraries are accessible anytime and from almost anywhere.
Such availability of library materials has had a clear positive impact on the performance of
students in formal educational settings (Borgman et al., 2000).
If traditional libraries are places shared by learners from all disciplines, digital libraries have
the advantage of bringing together people with formal, informal and professional learning
objectives (Marchionini & Maurer, 1995). Considering the fact that most learning in life is
informal, another great advantage of digital libraries is related to advancing informal learning,
since “the same advantages that accrue to classroom learning also accrue to individuals
pursuing their own learning” (p. 74). With the current proliferation of mobile devices, new
doors are opened to improve the accessibility of library materials and to broaden the learning
opportunities related to the usage of digital libraries. “The use of mobile technologies to
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access digital libraries opens up doors for providing unique digital divide contexts where traditional Internet connection
learning experiences, both inside and outside of the classroom” lines are very limited.
(Datta & Agogino, 2007, p. 1). With these devices, the access to
digital libraries and the learning process are carried out in an DSpace digital library system
“on the go” setting.
In developing countries, the usage of open source software is
Thus, the usage of mobile devices for accessing digital a must (Witten, 2006) and when it comes to building digital
library resources seems to be particularly relevant for both libraries, there are several free open source DL systems which
the developing and the developed world. The International can be used: Archimede, DSpace, EPrints, Fedora, Greenstone,
Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimates that in 2012, in Invenio, Keystone, MyCoRe, OPUS, Streetprint, etc. Among these
developing countries, while mobile phones penetration rate systems, DSpace is one of the most popular, with more than 1470
was 84,3%, there were 27,6% households with a computer installations around the world. It is OAI-PMH compliant and its
and 28 people using the Internet for each 100 inhabitants. interface is translated into more than 20 languages. DSpace can
On the other hand, in the developed world mobile phones be installed on Windows, Linux, or Mac OSX. Apart from the
penetration rate was 123,6%, there were 75,5% households Greenstone version for iPod-Linux and Android powered mobile
with a computer and 73 people using the Internet for each phones, and the DSpace theme for mobile devices which was
100 inhabitants1 . Moreover, e-books have become a dominant released in 2012, the majority of these existing open source
force in contemporary publishing with sales rising nearly 43% in DL systems does not include any specific interface for mobile
20122 . In 2011, over 30% of book publishers issued more than devices.
three quarters of their titles as e-books. One of the main reasons
for such growth is the massive spread of mobile computing This paper however, does not introduce another DSpace
and e-reading devices, like dedicated e-book readers, smart theme for mobile devices, but a new mobile application, which
phones and tablet computers. Thus, if digital libraries are made enables: searching over one or several existing DSpace-based
available on mobile devices, they could theoretically reach digital libraries at the same time and from a single point, offline
a broader range of people. Therefore, making digital libraries reading of DSpace resources on mobile devices (which is only
easily accessible on mobile phones and understanding the possible with a native application and not with a mobile theme
way they are perceived and accepted, especially in the digital for DSpace), receiving reading suggestions from the system,
divide context of developing countries, seems to be particularly integrating mobile and desktop access to digital libraries
important. (through a web and a desktop versions of this application),
etc. As mentioned above, such application can be valuable for
This paper features a system for accessing DSpace-based digital users in developing countries in their struggles to access library
libraries aiming at facilitating the access and usage of such materials in a digital divide context, and can also bring added
libraries, especially in educational contexts. It also seeks to value to the users in places where such challenges are not a
integrate the usage of digital libraries in mobile and in stationary major concern.
settings and includes three different and complementary
interfaces: web, desktop and mobile (for Android and IOS
Mobile Access to digital libraries
powered devices). Considering that DSpace is a free and open
source digital library system used around the world, making Accessing digital libraries on mobile phones has several
it properly accessible on mobile devices might ameliorate the challenges (Choy, 2010; Watters, 2003). Among these challenges,
accessibility of library resources to many people, especially there are, at least, two, which are particularly relevant: the small
when we take into account that resources in these libraries are screen size of the mobile devices, and the usage environment of
usually freely accessible. Due to several functionalities such mobile devices, which is very prone to distractions. Therefore
as offline reading, the proposed system can be very useful for usage of mobile devices for accessing online contents in both,
formal and informal learning contexts, requires taking into
consideration a set of specificities so that the service can
1
http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx, July 25 2013 indeed bring a real added value to the users. Some researches
2
http://bookstats.org/pdf/BookStats-Press-Release-2013-highlights.pdf, July have been conducted to identify the specificities of using digital
25 2013
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libraries and online learning materials in this context, i.e., to • Considering the specificities of mobile environments and
identify how students and other users behave when using such equipment, a very special attention should be given to the
resources on mobile devices (Choy, 2010; Datta & Agogino, usability and interaction design.
2007; Mitchell & Suchy, 2012; Ryokai, Agogino, & Oehlberg,
Some traditional libraries have been making part of their services
2012). Some of the main conclusions of these researches are:
available to users via mobile web sites, aiming at bringing added
• In an “on the go” setting, students are more interested in value to the users of these libraries. Apart from these initiatives,
retrieving educational contents they came across in mobile there are also some existing artifacts, not necessarily developed
situations, to a later usage in a stationary context. by traditional libraries, which allow users to access publications,
references and other resources on their mobile phones. Some
• When returning to a stationary setting, students should
of these artifacts are (1) Mendeley, which enables users to
find in an easy and accessible way, the materials they found
manage their references and to carry their personal digital
in a mobile context.
library on mobile devices; (2) Papers, which allow users to
• Documents delivered through mobile devices need to be manage references, to search papers on major databases such
formatted in a very specific way, due to the small size of the as ACM, IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, etc. (Vaidhyanathana,
screen. One should not simply take the resources formatted Moorea, Lopera, Schaika, & Goolabsingha, 2012).
for desktop computer usage and make them available for
There are also other initiatives aiming at making library resources
mobile phones. The non-adjustment of text materials into
available over mobile phones: the development of a version of
a more readable format is one of the main reasons for
the Greenstone digital library system for iPod-Linux and Android
objections on using mobile phones for reading.
powered mobile phones, enabling the installation of the entire
• When using digital libraries and learning materials in mobile digital library on these devices which might work as a server for
phones in both formal and informal learning contexts, users the DL over a local area network; the release in 2012 of a mobile
tend to capture data and take notes. theme for DSpace-based digital libraries, enabling a better
access to this system, when using mobile devices. However, it
Apart from understanding the way people use digital libraries is important to highlight a big difference between Greenstone,
and learning materials in mobile devices, there has also been DSpace and the above mentioned tools (Mendeley and Papers):
some researches on making digital collections available on while Greenstone and DSpace are digital library systems and
mobile devices (Bainbridge, Jones, McIntosh, Jones, & Witten, therefore library-side tools, Papers and Mendeley are user-side
2008; Marsden et al., 2002; Mitchell & Suchy, 2012). An analysis tools, used for searching, reference management etc.
of such researches enables us to identify some key learnings and
some best practices regarding to developing a mobile interface These and other existing mobile artifacts are not directed
to digital libraries. (Mitchell & Suchy, 2012; Nielsen, 2011): towards profiting from popular open source-based digital library
systems such as Fedora, ePrints, etc. Apart from Greenstone
• A specific web service should be created to provide data to (and lately, DSpace), they do not provide mobile interfaces
the application. to any digital library based on these open source systems,
which are very popular all over the world. Most of these
• It is imperative to understand the potential users
digital libraries make contents available according to the Open
beforehand, and therefore to know who they are, what
Access Philosophy, which advocates free access to scientific
their needs are, what functionalities they want, which
publications for all. Given the developing countries context
mobile devices they use, etc.
of shortage of financial resources and difficulties in accessing
• When offline access is an important prerequisite or some printed-based publications, such resources are particularly
mobile specific features are needed (such as camera, user relevant for them (Chan & Costa, 2004). Therefore, considering
location, offline reading, etc.), building a mobile application that the usage of open source digital library systems is a must in
is recommended in detriment of a mobile Web site. developing countries (Witten, 2006) and taking into account the
great advantage brought by the Open Access resources in these
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regions, facilitating the access to such DLs seems to be really characteristics, representing distinct grouping of behavior
important. Mobile access can bring such contribution. that were identified during the research (A Cooper, 2009).
With the release of a mobile theme for DSpace, mobile access 2. Participatory Design - defines the context and the
to this digital library system becomes much easier since users preliminary design challenges. Stories or scenarios are
can use their mobile phone browsers to access the available defined in order to imagine ideal user/system interaction.
materials, in a user-friendlier manner than when using the These scenarios are used for defining system requirements.
desktop web version of these libraries on their mobile devices.
3. Product Design - defines the use cases and basic interaction.
However, an eventual native application would provide a
User stories on the usage of the system are created, as
different set of advantages that cannot be found in mobile
well as a prototype.
web. For example, such applications would be installed on the
mobile phone or tablet, enabling offline reading of downloaded 4. Software prototype - at this stage, a number of prototypes
materials and the usage of specific device features such as are delivered until a feature-rich application is attained.
camera and user location. This offline reading possibility is
particularly relevant in developing countries where Internet The following subsections describe the stages followed in this
access is often a real challenge. design process.
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personas using the system to achieve a certain specific goals 3. As a lecturer, I want to receive automatic reading
(Leinonen et al., 2008). For this purpose, the characteristics and suggestions so that I can be aware of interesting materials
requirements of the personas are the main constraints. Three in my area of expertise.
usage scenarios were created:
4. As a user, I want to see citation information so that I
• Pedro is currently working on his Bachelor thesis. The can properly cite the resources I read, on my thesis and
libraries he knows are very limited on resources and he academic assignments.
does not have Internet access at home so that he can
5. As a lecturer, I want to send lists of reading suggestions to
search and download materials online. Since he is now at
my students so that they can read them for their thesis and
the University where there is free WiFi Internet access, he
assignments.
wants to search for such materials and to download them
for offline reading at home, so that he can work on his 6. As a user, I want to search and read digital library materials
thesis. on the go, so that I can save time.
• Antonio is a University lecturer. There are not many printed 7. As a user I want to search information on several digital
sources at the University where he works and his students libraries at the same time in Portuguese, so that I can find
have difficulties on accessing Internet at home. He needs more resources.
to search good articles, thesis and other publications on
several digital libraries, take some notes and recommend 8. As a user, I want to share my reading notes with others, so
some reading materials to his students along with his notes that they can know my impressions about the corresponding
for each resource. resource.
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etc. The entire back-end server was implemented in Python3 indexed by the application, the repetitions are eliminated, the
using postgreSQL database. results are sorted and sent to the user’s device.
The user has the possibility of searching for resources in a single Figure 3 - m-DSpace Web
library or in all libraries at the same time. When a single library
is chosen, the back-end application performs the search using
the regular DSpace web search functionality for the selected The desktop version, which was developed in Java, provides
library. Thus, in this case, the search is performed according all the functionalities that are available on the mobile version.
to the indexes of that library and a full-text search might be Therefore, the reading list (including metadata and full-text
performed (if the library is full-text indexable). However, when files) is also available on the user’s computer, apart from the
the user chooses to search over all the libraries at the same web and mobile devices. But the desktop users are also able to
time, such search is performed on the metadata that were benefit from other functionalities such as exporting metadata to
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Apart from the mobile version the desktop and the web versions
of this application were also developed aiming at easing the
access to DSpace-based digital libraries in learning contexts. On
mobile devices, the resources are adjusted to the small screen
size. This integration of the stationary and the “on the go” usage
of digital libraries facilitates finding on desktop environments,
the resources that were found and used in mobile settings. As
mentioned above such functionality is particularly important
when using digital libraries in educational context.
Conclusion
This paper has introduced a mobile application that provides an
alternative way of accessing DSpace-based digital libraries. The
application includes several functionalities such as federated
search over distinct digital libraries, adjusting and downloading
resources for reading on mobile devices, receiving automatic
reading suggestions from the system, sharing resources among
users, etc. This alternative mechanism of accessing digital
libraries, using mobile devices, seems to be relevant for both,
developing and developed countries. The application also
includes a web and a desktop version. It integrates the “on the
go” access to DSpace-based digital libraries with the web and
desktop access, in order to facilitate the usage of such libraries
in educational settings.
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