Professional Documents
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NAME OF INDUSTRY
Submitted to
Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering
By
Hoshiarpur
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement i
About the training ii
Contents iii
Abstracts iv
Introduction v
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my INDUSTRIAL
ENGINES), which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
ABOUT TRAINING
that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving
upgrade and update skills throughout working life. People within many professions
have attented our industrial training at ITL Hoshiarpur .during the training we have
gained lots of experience and learned about various technologies those are we haven’t
know about before so I found this training very use full in my future . I am giving my
Abstracts
As I learned to many things those are related to my core(M.E). every mechanical engr.
Have knowledge of various tools like vernier caliper and micrometer I think while
starting any kind of production its very necessary to control the quality of product in
order to survive in the market .so every industry have their own R&D as well as QC
department . this project report is solely is based on quality of engines and their
production line .i found every engine should folloing various stages in order to being
manufacture so this project report file is based on component and assembly of engines
INTRODUCTION
mechanical energy. Heat engines burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to do
work. Internal combustion engines are heat engines that burn fuel in a combustion
convert electrical energy into mechanical motion; pneumatic motors use compressed
air; and clockwork motors in wind-up toys use elastic energy. In biological systems,
molecular motors, like myosins in muscles, use chemical energy to create forces and
eventually motion.
Types of Engine:
They are the most widely used type of engine. Reciprocating engines are classified
into two types: spark ignition (SI) engines and compression ignition (CI) engines.
combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel, which is injected into the combustion
chamber, is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to the
mechanical compression. Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This
increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high degree that atomised
diesel fuel injected into the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously. This contrasts
with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine or gas engine which use a spark
plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. In diesel engines, glow plugs (combustion chamber
pre-warmers) may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when the engine uses a
lower compression-ratio, or both. The original diesel engine operates on the constant
COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE
Crankcase
engine. The enclosure forms the largest cavity in the engine and is located below the
The crankshaft
of the engine
is mounted
onto the
grooves of
the crankcase.
It is an
assembly.Crankcases and other basic engine structural components are typically made
The main object of a fuel pump in a diesel engine is to deliver a fuel to the injector
which spray the finely divided particles of the fuel suitable for rapid combustion. It
consist of a plunger which moves up and down in the barrel by the cam and spring
arrangement provided for pushing and lowering the plunger respectively.when the
plunger is at the bottom of its stroke the fuel enters the barrel through the inlet port
.As the plunger rises,it forces this fuel up into the injector ,until the upper part cut
sufficient resistance to rapid wear and tear to the fast moving reciprocating parts.
Crankshaft
translates reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational motion with the help of
connectimg rod.. This shaft contains one or more eccentric portion called cranks. That
part of the crank, to which bigger end of the connecting rod is fitted, is called crank
rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder
to the crankshaft. The piston are generally made of aluminium alloys which are light
in weight. aluminium may be alloyed with one or more other elements like copper,
These are circular rings and made of special steel alloys which retain elastic
properties even at high temperature. A piston ring is a split ring that fits into a groove
combustion engine or steam engine.the pistpn rings are housed in the circumferential
grooves provided on the outer surface of the piston. Generally, there are two types of
rings mounted for the piston. The function of the upper rings to provide air tight seal
to prevent leakage of the burnt gases into the lower portion.the function of second
ring is to scribe the oil.similarly,the function of the lower rings is to provide effective
in a reciprocating engine. Together with the crank, it forms a simple mechanism that
converts reciprocating motion into rotating motion. A connecting rod may also
convert rotating motion into reciprocating motion.the upper end of the connecting rod
is fitted to the piston and the lower end to the crank.The special steel alloy or
aluminium alloys are used for the manufacturing of connecting rods, as it is subjected
Flywheel
excess energy during thr power stroke. Which is returned during other stroke.it is a
energy storing device which is used to store the energy when supply of energy is more
then the requirement and release energy when supply of energy is less then the
where the energy source is not continuous.Flywheels are made cast iron.The
Cylinder head
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of
the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion
chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket.The cylinder head contains inletvand
exit valves for admitting fresh charge and exhausting the burnt gases.it contains inlet
and exhaust manifold and valve mechanism. It also contain nozzle for injectingthe
fuel into the cylinder. The cylinder block and cylinder head are made from the same
material. It is generally made of cast iron. A asbestos gasket is provided between the
Camshaft
stroke and in a precisely defined sequence. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft
used to operate valves. It consists of a cylindrical rod running the length of the
cylinder bank with a number of oblong lobes protruding from it, one for each valve.
The cam lobes force the valves open by pressing on the valve, or on some
camshafts have good wear resistance since the chilling process hardens them. Other
elements are added to the iron before casting to make the material more suitable for
its application.
Tappet
A tappet is a projection that imparts a linear motion to some other component within a
mechanism.To reduce wear from the rotating camshaft, the tappets were usually
circular and allowed or even encouraged to rotate.To reduce wear from the rotating
Pushrod
A rod operated by cams that opens and closes the valves in an internal combustion
engine. pushrod engine is a reciprocating piston engine whose poppet valves are sited
in the cylinder head. An OHV engine's valvetrain operates its valves via a camshaft
within the cylinder block, cam followers pushrods and rocker arms.
Rocker arm
A rocker arm is an oscillating lever that conveys radial movement from the cam lobe
into linear movement at the poppet valve to open it. One end is raised and lowered by
a rotating lobe of the camshaft directly or via a tappet while the other end acts on the
valve stem. When the camshaft lobe raises the outside of the arm, the inside presses
down on the valve stem, opening the valve. When the outside of the arm is permitted
to return due to the camshafts rotation, the inside rises, allowing the valve spring to
close the valve.Tractor engines use stronger and stiffer rocker arms made of cast iron
Valves
Every cylinder in an internal-combustion engine contains one intake valve and one
exhaust valve. Both valves open and close internal passages in the cylinder head. The
intake valve is the larger of the two valves. It controls the flow of fuel into the
combustion chamber.the intake valves are made of an alloy that contains 8.5 percent
chromium. Exhaust valves may be made from a martensitic steel with chrome and
silicon alloys or a two-piece valve with a stainless steel head and martensitic steel
stem.
Oil pan
The oil pan is attached to the bottom of the engine with bolts and is the reservoir for
oil that gets pumped throughout the engine to lubricate clean and cool moving parts. A
pump forces the oil from the pan through a filter to remove dirt and other debris
before it circulates through the engine. The pan is usually made of steel or
aluminum.The oil dipstick extends into the oil pan and measures the oil level in the
reservoir. A drain plug on the bottom can be removed to drain oil.Gaskets or seals
Suction strainer
A pump suction strainer or inlet strainer is a type of filtering device that attaches to a
oil pump's inlet port and prevents particulate from damaging the pump or passing
Oil pump
The oil pump in an internal combustion engine circulates engine oil under pressure to
the rotating bearings, the sliding pistons and the camshaft of the engine. This
lubricates the bearings, allows the use of higher-capacity fluid bearings and also
assists in cooling the engine. generally we use gear pump in tractor engine. A gear
pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement. They are one of the
most common types of pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications. The gear pump
was invented around 1600 by Johannes Kepler .Gear pumps are positive displacement
Piston pin
COOLING SYSTEM
A system, which controls the engine temperature, is known as a cooling system.
The cooling system is provided in the IC engine for the following reasons:
• The temperature of the burning gases in the engine cylinder reaches up to 1500 to
2000°C, which
is above the melting point of the material of the cylinder body and head of the engine.
(Platinum, a
metal which has one of the highest melting points, melts at 1750 °C, iron at 1530°C
and
aluminium at 657°C.) Therefore, if the heat is not dissipated, it would result in the
failure of the
cylinder material.
• Due to very high temperatures, the film of the lubricating oil will get oxidized, thus
producing
carbon deposits on the surface. This will result in piston seizure.
engine
components due to the thermal stresses set up. This makes it necessary for, the
temperature
1. It must be capable of removing only about 30% of the heat generated in the
2. It should remove heat at a fast rate when the engine is hot. During the starting of
temperatures in a short
time.
In this type of cooling system, the heat, which is conducted to the outer parts of the
engine, is radiated and conducted away by the stream of air, which is obtained from
around the cylinder and cylinder head increases the contact area. The fins are metallic
ridges, which are formed during the casting of the cylinder and cylinder head
The amount of heat carried off by the air-cooling depends upon the following factors:
(i) The total area of the fin surfaces,
and small aircraft engines where the forward motion of the machine gives good
velocity to cool the engine. Air-cooling isalso provided in some small industrial
engines. In this system, individual cylinders are generally employed to provide ample
2. It is lighter in weight than water-cooled engines due to the absence of water jackets,
3. It is cheaper to manufacture.
6. No risk of damage from frost, such as cracking of cylinder jackets or radiator water
tubes.
a) It takes away the excessive heat generated in the engine and saves it from over
heating. b) It keeps the engine at working temperature for efficient and economical
Though the present tractor has a forced circulation system, it is still worthwhile to get
This is suitable for large installations and where plenty of water is available. The
water from a storage tank is directly supplied to the engine cylinder. The hot water is
not cooled for reuse but simply discharges. The low H.P. engine, coupled with the
This system works on the principle that hot water being lighter rises up and
the cold water being heavier goes down. In this system the radiator is placed at a
higher level than the engine for the easy flow of water towards the engine. Heat is
conducted to the water jackets from where it is taken away due to convection by the
circulating water. As the water jacket becomes hot, it rises to the top of the radiator.
Cold water from the radiator takes the place of the rising hot water and in this way a
circulation of water is set up the system. This helps in keeping the engine at working
temperature.
3. Circulation stops as the level of water falls below the top of the delivery pipe of the
radiator. For these reasons this system has become obsolete and is no more in use.
This also works on the same principle as the thermo-syphone system. In this there is a
hopper on a jacket
containing water, which surrounds the engine cylinder. In this system, as soon as
water starts boiling, it is replaced by cold water. An engine fitted with this system
cannot run for several hours without it being refilled with water.
makes use of a centrifugal pump to circulate the water throughout the water jackets
and radiator The water flows from the lower portion of the radiator to the water jacket
of the engine through the centrifugal pump. After the circulation water comes back to
the radiator, it loses its heat by the process of radiation. This system is employed in