Thermodynamics: The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
ME271
Chapter 6
Lecture 1
The Second Law of

Thermodynamics
Summary
Remind Chap.5 Chapter 6 - Lecture 1
Objectives Reminder - Summary
Today’s - Chapter 5: Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Volumes -
Subjects
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law  Conservation of mass
6.2-Thermal
Energy Reservoirs
 Mass and volume flow rates: (5.5) ; (5.6)
6.3-Heat Engines
 Mass balance for a steady-flow process: (5.18) ; (5.19)
Multiple inlets and exits Single-stream steady-flow systems
6.4-Refrigerators  Mass balance for incompressible flow: (5.20) ; (5.21)

& Pumps Multiple inlets and exits Single-stream incompressible
steady-flow systems
6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines  Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid
6.6-Reversible &  Energy transport by mass: Pv  (5.27)
Irrev. Processes
(5.34)
6.7-The  Energy analysis of steady-flow systems:
Carnot Cycle
6.8-The
Carnot Principles  Some steady-flow engineering devices (5.36)
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale  Nozzles and Diffusers:
6.10-The Carnot  Turbines and Compressors.
Heat Engine
 Throttling valves: →
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump  Mixing chambers and Heat exchangers: : for MC
for HE
Summary  Pipe and Duct flow.
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 2
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
Summary
Remind Chap.5
Chapter 6
Objectives
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics -
Today’s
Subjects - Objectives -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law The objectives of Chapter 6 are to:
6.2-Thermal 1. Introduce the second law of thermodynamics.
Energy Reservoirs
2. Identify valid processes as those that satisfy both the first and second laws of
6.3-Heat Engines thermodynamics.
6.4-Refrigerators 3. Discuss thermal energy reservoirs, reversible and irreversible processes, heat
& Pumps
engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps.
6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines 4. Describe the Kelvin–Planck and Clausius statements of the second law of
thermodynamics.
6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes 5. Discuss the concepts of perpetual-motion machines.
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle
6. Apply the second law of thermodynamics to cycles and cyclic devices.
6.8-The 7. Apply the second law to develop the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale.
Carnot Principles
8. Describe the Carnot cycle.
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale 9. Examine the Carnot principles, idealized Carnot heat engines, refrigerators, and
6.10-The Carnot heat pumps.
Heat Engine
10. Determine the expressions for the thermal efficiencies and coefficients of
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump
performance for reversible heat engines, heat pumps, and refrigerators.
Summary
Chapter 6
Summary
Remind Chap.5
Chapter 6 - Lecture 1
Objectives
Subjects of
Today’s
Subjects
- Chapter 6 - Lecture 1 -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law 6.1 Introduction to the Second Law
6.2-Thermal
Energy Reservoirs
 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics
 Major uses of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
6.3-Heat Engines
6.2 Thermal Energy Reservoirs
6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps 6.3 Heat Engines
6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines
 Heat Engines & Steam Power Plants
6.6-Reversible &
 Thermal Efficiency
Irrev. Processes
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle
6.8-The
Carnot Principles
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump
Summary
Chapter 6
Summary
Objectives
Today’s
Subjects
- 6.1: Introduction to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law
 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics:
6.2-Thermal  In Chapters 4 and 5, we applied the first law of
Energy Reservoirs thermodynamics - conservation of energy principle - to Fig. 6.1
processes involving closed and open systems: A cup of hot
6.3-Heat Engines coffee does not
• Energy is a conserved property, and no process is get hotter in a
6.4-Refrigerators cooler room.
& Pumps
known to have taken place in violation of the First
law of thermodynamics,
6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines • Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that a process
6.6-Reversible &
must satisfy the first law to occur.
Irrev. Processes
• However, satisfying the first law alone does not
Fig. 6.2
6.7-The ensure that the process actually takes place. Transferring heat to a wire
Carnot Cycle
will not generate electricity.
 Examples:
6.8-The
Carnot Principles • Cup of coffee (Fig. 6.1),
6.9-The Thermo. • Electricity wire (Fig. 6.2),
Temperature Scale
• Paddle wheel (Fig. 6.3).
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine  This inadequacy of the first law to identify whether a
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
process can take place is remedied by introducing Fig. 6.3
& Heat Pump another general principle: the second law of Transferring heat to
a paddle wheel will
Summary
thermodynamics. not cause it to rotate
Chapter 6
Summary
Remind Chap.5
Objectives
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics –
Today’s
Subjects - 6.1: Introduction to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (Cont.) -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law
 Major Uses of the Second Law of Thermodynamics :
6.2-Thermal  It is clear from the arguments (Examples of Figs. 6.1 to 6.3) that processes proceed in a
Energy Reservoirs
certain direction and not in the reverse direction (Fig. 6.4).
6.3-Heat Engines  This violation is easily detected with the help of a property called entropy.
6.4-Refrigerators  A process cannot occur unless it satisfies both 1st & 2nd laws of thermodynamics (Fig. 6.5).
& Pumps
6.5-Perpetual
 This leads us to state the major uses of the 2d law:
Motion Machines
1. The 2nd law may be used to identify the direction of processes.
6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes 2. The 2nd law also asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity.
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle
3. The 2nd law of thermodynamics is also used in determining the theoretical limits
for the performance of commonly used engineering systems, such as heat engines
6.8-The
Carnot Principles and refrigerators.
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine
6.11-Carnot Refrig. Fig. 6.4 Fig. 6.5

& Heat Pump Processes occur in a certain direction, A process must satisfy both the first and
and not in the reverse direction. second laws of thermodynamics to proceed.
Summary
Chapter 6
Summary
Objectives
Today’s
Subjects
- 6.2: Thermal Energy Reservoirs -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law
 Thermal Energy Reservoirs :
6.2-Thermal  In the development of the 2nd law, it is very convenient to have:
Energy Reservoirs
• Thermal energy reservoir: hypothetical body with a relatively large thermal
6.3-Heat Engines energy capacity (mass x specific heat) that can supply or absorb finite amounts of
heat without undergoing any change in temperature.
6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps • In practice, large bodies of water such as oceans, lakes, and rivers as well as the
6.5-Perpetual atmospheric air can be modeled accurately as thermal energy reservoirs because
Motion Machines of their large thermal energy storage capabilities or thermal masses (Fig. 6.6).
6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes  Thermal energy reservoirs (or heat reservoir) are often referred to as (Fig. 6.7):
6.7-The • Source: when they supply energy in the form of heat,
Carnot Cycle
• Sink : when they absorb energy in the form of heat.
6.8-The
Carnot Principles
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine Fig. 6.6
Bodies with relatively Fig. 6.7
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
large thermal masses can A source supplies energy
& Heat Pump in the form of heat, and a
be modeled as thermal
energy reservoirs. sink absorbs it.
Summary
Chapter 6
Summary
Objectives - The Second Law of Thermodynamics -
Today’s - 6.3: Heat Engines -
Subjects
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law  Heat Engines :
6.2-Thermal
Energy Reservoirs
 Heat Engines: Are special devices that convert heat to work.
• Work can easily be converted to other forms of energy, but
6.3-Heat Engines converting other forms of energy to work is not easy (Fig. 6.8).
6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps  Heat engines differ considerably from one another, but all can Fig. 6.8
be characterized by the following (Fig. 6.9): Work can always be converted
6.5-Perpetual to heat directly and completely,
Motion Machines 1. They receive heat from a high-temperature source (solar but the reverse is not true.
6.6-Reversible &
energy, oil furnace, nuclear reactor etc.).
Irrev. Processes 2. They convert part of this heat to work (usually in the form of a
6.7-The rotating shaft).
Carnot Cycle
3. They reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature
6.8-The sink (the atmosphere, rivers, etc.).
Carnot Principles
4. They operate on a cycle.
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale
 Heat engines and other cyclic devices usually involve a fluid to
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine
and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a cycle:
the working fluid.
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump Fig. 6.9
Part of the heat received by a heat
Summary engine is converted to work,
Chapter 6 while the rest is rejected to a sink.
Summary
Today’s - 6.3: Heat Engines (Cont.1) -
Subjects
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law
 Heat Engines – Steam Power Plant
6.2-Thermal  The term heat engine is often used in a broader sense to
Energy Reservoirs include work-producing devices that do not operate in a
6.3-Heat Engines
thermodynamic cycle:
• Car engines operate in a mechanical cycle, not in a
6.4-Refrigerators thermodynamic cycle since the working fluid (the combustion
& Pumps gases) does not undergo a complete cycle. Instead of being
6.5-Perpetual cooled to the initial temperature, the exhaust gases are purged
Motion Machines and replaced by fresh air-fuel mixture.
6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes
 The work-producing device that best fits into the definition Fig. 6.10
Steam Power Plant diagram
of a heat engine is the Steam Power Plant (Fig. 6.10), where:
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle Qin  Amount of heat supplied to steam in boiler from a high - T  source (Furnace).
6.8-The Qout  Amount of heat rejected from steam in condenser to a low - T  sink.
Carnot Principles
Wout  Amount of work delivered by steam as it expands in turbine .
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale Win  Amount of work required to compress water to boiler pressure.
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine  The net work output may be described as (Figure 6.11):
(6.1)  W : Total work output Fig. 6.11
6.11-Carnot Refrig. out
& Heat Pump  A portion of the work output of a
W : Total work input
(6.2)  in heat engine is consumed internally
Summary to maintain continuous operation.
Chapter 6
Summary
Objectives
Today’s
Subjects
- 6.3: Heat Engines (Cont.2) -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law  Heat Engines – Thermal Efficiency
6.2-Thermal  Thermal efficiency (ηth): Fraction of heat input that is converted to net work output
Energy Reservoirs (Fig. 6.12).
6.3-Heat Engines  For heat engines:
6.4-Refrigerators • Wnet,out : is the desired output
& Pumps
• Qin : is the heat input (Amount of heat supplied to the working fluid)
6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines
(5.3)
Fig. 6.13
6.6-Reversible &
Schematic of a heat engine.
Irrev. Processes
(5.4)
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle
6.8-The (5.5)
Carnot Principles
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine
6.11-Carnot Refrig. Fig. 6.12

& Heat Pump Some heat engines perform
better than others (convert more
Summary of the heat they receive to work).
Chapter 6
Summary
Today’s
Subjects
- 6.3: Heat Engines (Cont.3) -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law
 Heat Engines – Thermal Efficiency (2)
6.2-Thermal  Cyclic devices of practical interest (heat engines, refrigerators, heat pumps) operate between:
Energy Reservoirs
• A high-temperature medium (or reservoir) at TH
6.3-Heat Engines • A low-temperature medium (or reservoir) at temperature TL
6.4-Refrigerators  If we define :
& Pumps
• QH : Magnitude of heat transfer between the cyclic device and the high-To medium at
6.5-Perpetual temperature TH
Motion Machines
• QL : Magnitude of heat transfer between the cyclic device and the low-To medium at
6.6-Reversible & temperature TL
Irrev. Processes
6.7-The
→ → (6.6)
Carnot Cycle
6.8-The  N.B.:
Carnot Principles • The thermal efficiencies of work-producing devices are relatively low.
6.9-The Thermo. • Ordinary spark-ignition automobile engines have a thermal efficiency of about 25%.
Temperature Scale
• For diesel engines and large gas-turbine plants, the thermal efficiency is about 40%.
6.10-The Carnot • For large combined gas-steam power plants, thermal efficiency may reach 60%.
Heat Engine
• Even with the most efficient heat engines available today, almost one-half of the
6.11-Carnot Refrig. energy supplied ends up in the rivers, lakes, or the atmosphere as waste or useless
& Heat Pump energy (Fig. 6.14).
Summary Fig. 6.14
Chapter 6
Summary
Remind Chap.5
Objectives
Today’s
Subjects
- 6.3: Heat Engines – Thermal Efficiency -
6.1-Introduction  Example 6.1: Net power production of a heat engine
to the 2nd Law
Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 80 MW. If the rate
6.2-Thermal
Energy Reservoirs of waste heat rejection to a nearby river is 50 MW, determine:
a/ The net power output.
6.3-Heat Engines
b/ The thermal efficiency for this heat engine.
6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps
6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines
6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes
 Solution 6.1:
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle
 - Q  80  50  50 MW
a/ The net power output of this heat engine is : W net,out  QH L
6.8-The
Carnot Principles
W net,out 50
b/ The thermal efficiency is : th    0.375 or 37.5% 
Q H
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale 80
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump
Summary
Chapter 6
Summary
Remind Chap.5
Objectives
Today’s
Subjects
- 6.3: Heat Engines – Thermal Efficiency -
6.1-Introduction  Example 6.2: Fuel consumption rate of a car
to the 2nd Law
A car engine with a power output of 65 hp (1hp = 745.7 Watts) has a thermal
6.2-Thermal
Energy Reservoirs efficiency of 24%. Determine the fuel consumption rate (mass flow rate in kg/s)
of this car if the fuel has a heating value of 44,000 kJ/kg (that is, 44,000 kJ of
6.3-Heat Engines
energy is released for each kg of fuel burned (Take 1 hp ≈ 745 Watts ).
6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps
6.5-Perpetual  Solution 6.2:

Motion Machines
Rate of fuel consumpetion  mass of fuel consumed per unit time  m fuel
Q H
6.6-Reversible &
Amount of energy input required to produce 65 hpine
Irrev. Processes
m fuel  
6.7-The
Heating Value of the fuel 44000
Carnot Cycle
6.8-The
W net, out W net, out 65745
Carnot Principles Knowing that : th   Q H    201770 W  201.8 kW  201.8 kJ/s
6.9-The Thermo.
Q H  th 0.24
Temperature Scale
6.10-The Carnot Thus, to supply energy at this rate, the engine must burn fuel at a rate of :
Heat Engine
Q 201.8
6.11-Carnot Refrig. m fuel  H   0.00459 kg/s  16.5 kg/h
& Heat Pump HV 44000
Summary
Chapter 6

Thermodynamics: The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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Thermodynamics

The Second Law of

6.4-Refrigerators  Mass balance for incompressible flow: (5.20) ; (5.21)

6.11-Carnot Refrig. Fig. 6.4 Fig. 6.5

6.11-Carnot Refrig. Fig. 6.12

6.5-Perpetual  Solution 6.2:

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