Thermodynamics

ME271

Chapter 6
Lecture 4

The Second Law of

Thermodynamics
 Reminder
Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives
Reminder
Today’s
Subjects - Chapter 6 - Lecture 3 -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law
6.5 Perpetual-motion machines: PMM2 PMM1
 Any device that violates the first or the second law.
6.2-Thermal
Energy Reservoirs  PMM1: A device that violates the first law (by creating
energy for example).
6.3-Heat Engines
 PMM2: A device that violates the second law (by transferring
6.4-Refrigerators heat from a lower-To body to a higher-To body for example).
& Pumps

6.5-Perpetual
6.6 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
Motion Machines  Reversible process: Any process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the
surroundings.
6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes  Irreversible process: Any process that once having taken place in a certain direction, cannot
reverse itself spontaneously and restore the system to its initial state.
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle
6.7 The Carnot Cycle
6.8-The
Carnot Principles  Introduction-Definitions
• The Carnot cycle is composed of 4 reversible
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale processes: two isothermal & two adiabatic,
6.10-The Carnot
and it can be executed either in a closed or a
Heat Engine steady-flow system.
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
 The Four Reversible Processes of the Carnot Cycle
& Heat Pump

Summary
Examples
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 2
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder
Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives
Subjects of
Today’s
Subjects - Chapter 6 - Lecture 4 -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law 6.8 The Carnot Principles
6.2-Thermal
Energy Reservoirs
 Expression of the Carnot Principles

6.3-Heat Engines 6.9 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

6.4-Refrigerators  Definition – Derivation – Kelvin &Celsius To scales
& Pumps

6.5-Perpetual
6.10 The Carnot Heat Engine
Motion Machines
 Efficiency of Carnot HE, Carnot Refrigerator & Carnot HP)
6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes 6.11 The Carnot Refrigerator & Heat Pump
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle  Efficiencies of Carnot Refrigerator & HP
6.8-The
Carnot Principles Summary Chapter 6
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale Examples
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine

6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump

Summary
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 3
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder
Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics –
Today’s
Subjects - 6.8: The Carnot Principles -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law
 Expression of the Carnot Statements :
6.2-Thermal  The 2nd law of thermodynamics puts limits on the operation of cyclic devices as expressed
Energy Reservoirs by the Kelvin-Planck & Clausius statements:
6.3-Heat Engines • A heat engine cannot operate by exchanging heat with a single reservoir,
• A refrigerator cannot operate without a net energy input from an external source.
6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps  These two statements lead to valuable conclusions linked to the thermal efficiency of
6.5-Perpetual reversible and irreversible (i.e. actual) heat engines: the Carnot principles (cf. Fig. 6.40):
Motion Machines
1. The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always
6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes less than the efficiency of a reversible one operating
6.7-The
between the same two reservoirs.
Carnot Cycle 2. The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating
6.8-The between the same two reservoirs are the same.
Carnot Principles

6.9-The Thermo.  These two statements can be proved by demonstrating

Temperature Scale
that the violation of either statement results in the
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine
violation of the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump Fig. 6.40
The Carnot Principles
Summary
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 4
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives - The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Today’s
Subjects
- 6.9: The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law  Definition
6.2-Thermal  Thermodynamic temperature scale: Temperature scale that is independent of the
Energy Reservoirs properties of the substances that are used to measure temperature.
6.3-Heat Engines  Such a Temperature scale offers great conveniences in thermodynamic calculations.

6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps  Derivation :
6.5-Perpetual  The second Carnot principle discussed before states that all
Motion Machines reversible heat engines have the same thermal efficiency when
6.6-Reversible & operating between the same two reservoirs (Fig. 6.42), i.e.:
Irrev. Processes
• ηth ≠ f (working fluid, cycle executed, reversible engine used).
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle • Since energy reservoirs are characterized by their
6.8-The
temperatures:
ηth,rev  g TH ,TL  
Carnot Principles

 QL
 f TH ,TL 
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale QL   (6.13)
or: ηth,  1 - Q
QH 
H
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine 
Fig. 6.42
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump • The functional form of f (TH,TL) ? All reversible heat engines operating
between the same two reservoirs
Summary have the same efficiency.
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 5
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives - The Second Law of Thermodynamics –
Today’s
Subjects
- 6.9: The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale (Cont.1) -
6.1-Introduction  Derivation (Cont.) :
to the 2nd Law
 The functional form of f (TH , TL ) can be developed with the help of the three reversible
6.2-Thermal heat engines shown in Fig. 6.43:
Energy Reservoirs

• Applying Equation 6.13 to all three engines separately, we obtain:

6.3-Heat Engines
Q1 Q2 Q1
6.4-Refrigerators
 f T1 ,T2  ;  f T2 ,T3  ;  f T1 ,T3 
& Pumps
Q2 Q3 Q3
Q1 Q1 Q2
6.5-Perpetual • Now consider the identity:  
Motion Machines Q3 Q2 Q3
6.6-Reversible & • which corresponds to: f T1 ,T3   f T1 ,T2   f T2 ,T3 
Irrev. Processes

6.7-The • Examination of this equation reveals that the left-hand side

Carnot Cycle is a function of T1 & T3 , and therefore the right-hand side
6.8-The must also be a function of T1 & T3 only. This condition will
Carnot Principles be satisfied only if the function ‘ f ’ has the following form:
6.9-The Thermo. Q1  T1 
Temperature Scale  f T1 , T3   (6.14)
Q3  T3 
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine
• For a reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump
at TH & TL : Q H  TH  Fig. 6.43
 (6.15)
Summary QL  TL  The arrangement of heat engines used to
develop the thermodynamic temperature scale.
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 6
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives - The Second Law of Thermodynamics –
Today’s
Subjects
- 6.9: The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale (Cont.2) -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law
 Kelvin & Celsius Temperature scales :
6.2-Thermal
 Several functions f (T) satisfy this equation, and the choice is completely arbitrary.
Energy Reservoirs  Lord Kelvin proposed taking f (T) = T to define a thermodynamic To scale (Fig. 6.44):
6.3-Heat Engines
(6.16)
6.4-Refrigerators • This temperature scale is called the Kelvin scale,
& Pumps
• The temperatures on this scale are called absolute temperatures.
6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines
 At the 1954 Int. Conf. on Weights and Measures, the triple point of water (state where all
6.6-Reversible & three phases of water exist in equilibrium) was assigned the value 273.16 K (Fig. 6.45).
Irrev. Processes
• The magnitudes of To units on the Kelvin and Celsius scales are identical (1K ≡ 1°C).
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle • The temperatures on these two scales differ, i.e.: (6.17)

6.8-The
Carnot Principles

6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale

6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine

6.11-Carnot Refrig. Fig. 6.44 Fig. 6.45

& Heat Pump For reversible cycles, the heat A conceptual experimental setup to determine
transfer ratio QH /QL can be replaced thermodynamic To on the Kelvin scale by
Summary by the absolute To ratio TH /TL. measuring heat transfers QH & QL..
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 7
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder
Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics –
Today’s
Subjects
- 6.10: The Carnot Heat Engine -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law
 Efficiency of Carnot Heat Engine :
6.2-Thermal  Carnot heat engine: Hypothetical heat engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle.
Energy Reservoirs

 The thermal efficiency of any heat engine, reversible or irreversible, is: (6.6)
6.3-Heat Engines

6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps  The efficiency of a Carnot engine, or any reversible heat engine is: (6.8)

6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines

6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes

6.7-The
Carnot Cycle   th, rev : Irreversible Heat Engine

6.8-The  th   th, rev : Reversible Heat Engine
Carnot Principles  
 th, rev : Impossible Heat Engine
6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale

6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine

6.11-Carnot Refrig. Fig. 6.46 Fig. 6.47

& Heat Pump The Carnot heat engine is the most efficient No heat engine can have a higher efficiency
of all heat engines operating between the than a reversible heat engine operating
Summary
Chapter 6 same high- and low-To reservoirs. between the same high- and low-To reservoirs.

Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 8

Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder
Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics -
Today’s
Subjects - 6.11: The Carnot Refrigerator & Heat Pump -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law
 Efficiencies of Carnot Refrigerator & Pump :
6.2-Thermal
 Carnot refrigerator: Refrigerator that operates on the reversed Carnot cycle.
Energy Reservoirs  Carnot heat pump : Heat pump that operates on the reversed Carnot cycle .
6.3-Heat Engines  The coefficient of performance of any refrigerator or heat pump, reversible or
irreversible, is:
6.4-Refrigerators (6.11)
& Pumps (6.9)

6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines
 The COP relations for Carnot refrigerators & heat pumps, or any reversible ones is:
6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes
(6.20)
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle

6.8-The (6.21)
Carnot Principles

6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale

6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine

6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump Fig. 6.51
No refrigerator can have a higher COP than a reversible
Summary
refrigerator operating between the same To limits.
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 9
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder
Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics -
Today’s
Subjects - Summary Chapter 6 -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law  Introduction to the 2nd law of thermodynamics
6.2-Thermal
 Introduction to the 2nd law of thermodynamics - Major uses of the 2nd law: - Direction
- Quality
Energy Reservoirs  Thermal Energy Reservoirs: - Source & - Sink
- Performance
6.3-Heat Engines
 Heat Engines
 Thermal efficiency:
6.4-Refrigerators It is impossible for any device that operates
& Pumps  Kelvin-Planck statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics: on a cycle to receive heat from a single
reservoir and produce a net amount of work
6.5-Perpetual  Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
Motion Machines  Coefficient Of Performance (COP):
6.6-Reversible &  Clausius statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics: It is impossible to construct a device that operates in
Irrev. Processes a cycle & produces no effect other than the transfer
 Perpetual Motion Machines of heat from a lower-To body to a higher-To body.
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle  Reversible & Irreversible Processes
6.8-The
 Irreversibilities - Internally and Externally irreversible processes.
Carnot Principles  The Carnot Cycle
6.9-The Thermo.  The reversed Carnot cycle.
Temperature Scale
 The Carnot Principles
6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine  The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
 The Carnot Heat Engine
& Heat Pump  The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
Summary Examples
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 10
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder
Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics -
Today’s
Subjects - 6.10: The Carnot Heat Engine -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law  Example 6.5: Analysis of a Carnot heat engine
6.2-Thermal A Carnot heat engine (c.f. figure) receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a high-To
Energy Reservoirs source at 652°C and rejects heat to a low-temperature sink at 30°C. Determine:
6.3-Heat Engines
a/ The thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine,
b/ The amount of heat rejected to the sink per cycle.
6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps

6.5-Perpetual
 Solution 6.5:
Motion Machines
TH 30  273
6.6-Reversible & a/  th,C  1   1  0.672
Irrev. Processes TL 652  273
6.7-The
Carnot Cycle b/ QL ?
6.8-The
Q  T
Carnot Principles
Knowing that :  H   L (equation 6.16)  Q L,rev TH   Q H,rev TL 
6.9-The Thermo.  QL  rev TL
Temperature Scale
T  30  273 
6.10-The Carnot Q L,rev  Q H,rev L  500   164 kJ
Heat Engine TH  652  273 
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump

Summary
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 11
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder
Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics -
Today’s
Subjects - 6.11: The Carnot Refrigerator & Heat Pump -
6.1-Introduction
to the 2nd Law  Example 6.6: A questionable claim for a refrigerator
6.2-Thermal An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that maintains the refrigerated
Energy Reservoirs
space at 2°C while operating in a room where the temperature is 25°C and that has
6.3-Heat Engines a COP of 13.5. Is this claim reasonable?

6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps  Solution 6.6:
6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines
Let us compare the COPR of this refrigerator with the Carnot COPR,C that should
have the maximum coefficient of performance.
6.6-Reversible &
Irrev. Processes
1 1
6.7-The
COPR,C    11.96  13  the inventor' s claim is false
TH 25  273
Carnot Cycle 1 1
6.8-The TL 2  273
Carnot Principles

6.9-The Thermo.
Temperature Scale

6.10-The Carnot
Heat Engine

6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump

Summary
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 12
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach
 Reminder
Chapter 6 - Lecture 4
Objectives
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics -
Today’s
Subjects - 6.11: The Carnot Refrigerator & Heat Pump -
6.1-Introduction  Example 6.7: Heating a house by a carnot heat pump
to the 2nd Law
A heat pump is to be used to heat a house during the winter as shown in the figure.
6.2-Thermal
Energy Reservoirs The house is to be maintained at 21°C at all times. The house is estimated to be
losing heat at a rate of 135,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to 5°C.
6.3-Heat Engines
Determine the minimum power required to drive this heat pump.
6.4-Refrigerators
& Pumps

6.5-Perpetual
Motion Machines

6.6-Reversible &  Solution 6.7:

Irrev. Processes

6.7-The The power required to drive the HP is W net,in and should equal the heat lost by the house. Moreover,
Carnot Cycle
the power requirements are minimum when a reversible HP is used. Thus:
6.8-The
Carnot Principles Desired output Q H Q H 
COPHP    W net,in  
6.9-The Thermo. Required input W net,in COPHP 
 135,000
  W net,in 
Temperature Scale
1 1  3.32 kW
6.10-The Carnot COPHP,rev    11.3  11.3 3600
T  5  273
Heat Engine 1 L 1 
TH 21  273 
6.11-Carnot Refrig.
& Heat Pump

Summary
Chapter 6
Coll. of Engg - Yanbu - TU Thermodynamics-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics-Pr A Haddad 13
Examples Cengel&Boles-Thermo.:An Engg Approach