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International relations is a subject on which scholars have different views. Some consider it
a perfect discipline while others perceive it otherwise. Whatever the perception regarding
international relations remains, it has assumed an overriding importance after the
emergence of Nation-state system. It seeks for contacts among nations worldwide. Again
question, regarding which contacts are international relations, arises and scholars also have
difference of opinions on the issue of relations in real sense. For better comprehension of
these relations, scholars have proposed various theories. In fact, these theories are
approaches towards understanding of international politics among the nations. These
theories offer intellectual capacity to analyze international relations through rationale.
Moreover, these theories have relevance to international arena and importance can be
gauged from their application to it. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate these theories
and their applications in this pretext.
For this reason, I have structured this paper into main sections in which international
relations, explanation of theory and core popular theories are discussed, and various sub
sections of the core theories and other conflicting ways of thinking which are increasingly
gaining recognition to have conceptual framework of international relations. Furthermore, I
have also discussed applications of these theories after their detailed description. I end this
work with latest applications of these theories to their significance with modern state-
system and international relations as a whole. Prior to elaborate theories, it is important to
have a look at what international relations are.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
International relations are relations, contacts or dealings of one state with other states for
mutual benefits at international arena. “The study of International relations can be traced to
E.H. Carr's The Twenty Years Crisis which was published in 1939 and to Hans Morgenthau's
Politics Among Nations published in 1948” (Burchil et al. 1). Not only diplomatic relations,
but also economic, social and cultural associations fall within the purview of international
relations in this highly globalized world. Scholars, being at variance in this regard have
taken narrower and broader view of it. Those who take narrower view consider international
relations purely diplomatic interaction among nations whereas scholars who take broader
view include social interaction, trans-cultural intercourse and economic dealings within the
limits of international relations. To have grasp of all kind of contacts among nations,
scholars have proposed theories.
THEORY
A theory is a set of ideas, a perception or speculation as opposed to action based on
profound observation by significant scholars and philosophers. It is instrumental for a
certain concept to be established as an established fact. Philosophers professing respective
theory make out only positive side of the theory and ignore dark side of their respective
theory altogether. Similarly, in international relations scholars consider their respective
theories as applicable to the discipline and negate other school of thoughts.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
MARXISM
Marxism is a theory of international relations which asserts that economic considerations are
of supreme importance. They precede all other concerns. Marxists believe that class
consciousness and elevation of class greatly shape the politics of the world. They accept as
true that international system is a system of capitalism and accumulation of wealth.
Marxists deny theories which stand for security or even cooperation, but they primarily
focus on materialism and capitalism. This theory has achieved prominence and credibility
after the fall of communist block and disintegration of Soviet Russia.
FUNCTIONALISM
APPLICATIONS
International relations help understand the basic motives underlying the policies of various
countries in the international sphere and the reasons which contribute to their ultimate
success or failure. Nations which succeed to steer strong foreign policies seems to have
good international relations with other nations as a result eventual friendly relations come
into existence. These policies seek to pursue economic cooperation, cultural transaction,
social interaction and diplomatic dealings. For instance, economic cooperation between USA
and India, diplomatic contacts between England and France and cultural intercourse
between western countries are glaring examples in this regard.
Another application of international relations is: it provides an opportunity to have an
insight to the problems facing the world and to face them. Problems in the fields of
economy, trade, military and social spheres are deeply analyzed through theories of
international relations. Furthermore, to face these problems effectively, nations,
governments, Non-government institutions and multi-national companies endeavor to follow
course of action offered by international relations’ theories and principles. Military threats,
economic sanctions and social barriers are the problems present day nations are confronted
with. Thus, international relations are instrumental in successfully dealing with these
troubles.
This discipline also helps understand that narrow nationalism is the bane of humanity and
possess a serious threat to the world peace. Since nationalism instigates people of a nation
to achieve national interests on any cost, they even follow realism for this purpose. Their
policies are guided by feelings of superiority and excessive individualism. International
relations, in this pretext, aware nations that such exclusiveness leads to violence and war
so, such behavior must be done away with to avoid confrontations and hostilities.
Study of international relations further signifies that conflicts are bound to arise so long as
nations try to view problems subjectively and give precedence to national interests over all
other considerations. Nations tend to behave in a hostile manner when it comes to national
interests. In connection with achieving these national interests, states try to increase their
national power which ultimately leads to hostilities. International relations help understand
that if peace is desired an objective outlook is necessary so long as problems at
international arena are concerned. An objective stance would plunge nations into
confrontations because nations tend to behave aggressive under such behavior.
Another application of international relations is that traditional relations between the nations
have become outmoded and need modification. It further signifies that relations in past had
only diplomatic foundations while, presently, the world has become highly globalized and
contacts among the nations are not based not political fronts, but on economic, cultural and
social spheres. Therefore, modern theories of international relations also assert that
interaction among the nations be modified on modern lines.
Study of international relations has greatly contributed to strengthening the feeling among
member states that they must try to conduct their relations along peaceful lines and avoid
military pacts and alliances. Earlier relations among the nations used to be conducted on
security lines which often would lead to conflicts. Nations with similar ideologies would form
alliances to clash with adversaries unilaterally. With the emergence of international relations
as a set of principles and conceptual frameworks, nations have realized that conflicts and
enmity leads to violence and ultimate destruction whereas peaceful coexistence could only
be achieved through nonviolent means. To achieve this goal, states reshape their foreign
policies thereby altering their relations from traditional ones to modern ones.
One of the major applications of international relations is international law. International law
is a body of rules and principles to govern states’ activities across the globe. International
law started to be studies under international relations properly after the establishment of
United Nations Organization. This body governs all type of actions of nations and seeks to
correct them in case of failure to meet peaceful lines. Though international relations are
some times conducted brushing aside principles of international law, this application has
controlled conflicting behaviors through prescribed yardstick. For example, jurisdiction of
the members of the international community is largely regulated by international law.
Further, problems relating bilateral relations, flights and technological assistance,
international law has played pivotal role.
Moreover, international economics also began to be studies and controlled under
international relations. World trade organization, international monetary fund and other
economic organizations are studied and regulated under international relations’ assumptions
and policies. Besides, economic assistance and cooperative ventures find their existence
with reference to applications of international relations. Situations and conditions for loan,
aid and assistance are also determined with reference to international relations and their
impacts on international economic scene. International relations also provide a ground for
economic sanctions on nations provided they violate international code of conduct and
disturb peace globally.
Besides these applications, international relations are also significant in regards to national
and international organizations. National organizations though having domestic area of
influence are supervised by international set of laws. They cannot function without restraints
worldwide. Nations, in this pretext, are made bound to administer activities of their
respective national organizations for smooth functioning of policies internationally. Barring
national organizations, international organizations also draw their management from
international regulatory authorities. These organizations, being of worldwide nature, also
have to observe and follow international relations’ assumptions and theories.
International relations also provide extensive ground for establishment of regional blocks.
Though these regional blocks are outcome of military, political, economic, social and cultural
compulsions yet they are regulated by international law and international inspectors. For
example, Shinghai Cooperation Organization was established to follow their motive
professing anti-extremism, anti-terrorism and anti-separatism. It has international
obligations and international law has its profound impact on functioning of the same.
Association of South East Asian Nations, European Union and Organization of Islamic
Countries etc are also glaring examples in above connection.
Study of international relations also has significance with respect to nature of relations a
nation has with other sovereign states. Not only nature of relations but also formulation of
foreign policy for persistent pursuance of these relations are made worthy by international
relations. International relations further determine the implications of military ties and
alliance between two nations around region. International relations also guarantees that
conflicts between two neighboring countries should not disturb balance of power in the
region thereby upset international peace till conflict is resolved through peaceful
negotiations.
Together with other applications, international relations also have put forward principles of
effective diplomacy. Diplomatic emissaries’ appointment, their privileges and indemnities
are managed by international system. For conflict management among two warring nations,
international relations offer various grounds and forums under the supervision on
internationally approved governing bodies. Through diplomacy, relations between nations
are established and maintained along peaceful lines.
Furthermore, military strategies and their implications are also taken into account by
international bodies. Any nation posing serious threat to international harmony is dealt with
table talks in the inception and then with an iron hand provided failure of diplomatic talks.
This behavior of international relations justifies peaceful coexistence impartially. No nation
is allowed to either further their military might or arms accumulation. Thus the subject deals
with violence and militarism with stiff behavior to keep balance of power constant.
Nuclearization, lately, has assumed profound importance in international relations. Nukes
are a peril if utilized for the destruction of world peace and security and a boon if used for
easiness in many ways. Horrible incidents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are still alive as
alarming sirens at international political scene. Usage of nukes for this purpose has strictly
been checked by international arrangements. Treaties to reduce accumulation of nuclear
weapons and armament have proved to be essence of global security. Non-proliferation
Treaty and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty are shining examples to worth name.
Ideological warfare is another front which international relations have successfully dealt
with. Ideological blocks are even worse then military ones. They stand for extreme dogma
of being exclusive. This has been a dangerous predisposition. To put this tendency
international relations has evolved codes of conduct to assuage extremist feelings of nations
with similar ideologies. It is also instrumental in making sovereign nations aware of the
farcical dogmas and their perilous impacts on international peace and security.
Finally, international relations propose various implications so long as contacts and dealings
among the nations are concerned.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be asserted that theories, proposed by scholars of the subject, are
helpful in having a comprehended approach towards assumptions of international political
system. They offer deep and profound conceptual framework for analytical judgment of the
subject. Along with theories, applications of the discipline lead to maximum approach
towards relations among nations and problems they are confronted presently. Well
calculated solutions of the troubles overwhelmingly signify importance of the subject and its
applications.