Smart Energy Metering and Theft Control using Arduino & GSM

Smart Energy Metering and Power Theft Control using Arduino & GSM 2017-18
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible and under whose constant
guidance and encouragement the task was completed.
I would like to express my immense gratitude to Dr. MURALIDHARA RAO M, Principal,
Don Bosco Institute of Technology, Bangalore, for his timely help and inspiration during the
tenure of the course.
I would like to express our deep gratitude to the Dr. H S PRASHANTH, Professor
And HOD, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for his timely
cooperation while carrying the Technical Seminar. It is his friendliness that made me learn
more.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Technical Seminar coordinators Mr. R C
PATIL, Associate Professor and Mrs. LAKSHMIDEVI T R, Assistant Professor, Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DBIT, Bangalore, for their encouragement and
suggestions which helped me a lot in the completion of the Technical Seminar.
Sincerely I acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. R C PATIL, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DBIT, for his constant
encouragement, help and valuable suggestions.
I also extend my sincere thanks to all the Faculty members of Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering, DBIT, Bangalore, Who have encouraged me throughout the
course.
Last but not the least, I express my heartfelt gratitude to Almighty, my Parents for their love and
blessings that helped me complete the Technical Seminar Work successfully.
SIDDESHA A G
1DB15EC482
Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 1

Table of Content
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
CHAPTER 1………………………………………………………………………………………………….6
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6
1.1 General Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….....6

1.2 Existing System :Energy Metering ……………………………………………………..7
1.2.1 Conventional System………………………………………………………………7
1.2.2 Problem statement…………………………………………………………………7
1.2.3 Proposed System…………………………………………………………………..8
1.3 Scope of the project………………………………………………………………………9
1.4 Organization of report…………………………………………………………………….9
CHAPTER 2………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE………………………………………………………………10
2.1 Block Diagram…………………………………………………………………………...10
2.2 Electronic Energy meter …………………………………………………………………11
2.3 Solid State Relay ………………………………………………………………………...16
2.3.1 Types of SSR’s………………………………………………………………….16
2.3.1(a) Reed-Relay-Coupled SSR……………………………………………………...16
2.3.1(b)Transformer-Coupled SSR……………………………………………………...17
2.3.1(c)Photo-coupled SSR……………………………………………………………...18
2.3.2 Input Circuit Performance………………………………………………………....19
2.3.3 Output Circuit Performance……………………………………………………….20

2.3.4 Input Characteristics……………………………………………………………..20
2.4 Lever Switch……………………………………………………………………………..21
.2.5 Optical Isolator…………………………………………………………………………22
2.6 GSM Module……………………………………………………………………………23
2.7 LCD Display…………………………………………………………………………….24
2.8 Voltage Transformer OR Voltage Transformer…………………………………………26
2.9 Microcontroller Atmega328p……………………………………………………………26
2.9.1 Specifications…………………………………………………………………..27
2.9.2 Key features…………………………………………………………………….28
CHAPTER 3………………………………………………………………………………………………….29
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION……………………………………………………..29
Chapter 4……………………………………………………………………...30
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT…………………………………………………………...30
Chapter 6……………………………………………………………………...31
Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications………………………………………….....31
6.1 Advantages…………………………………………………………………………….....31
6.2 Disadvantages………………………………………………………………………….....31
6.3 Applications……………………………………………………………………………....31
Chapter 7…………………………………………………………………..…..32
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….…...32
REFERENCES………………………………………………………….……..33

Table of Tables
Table 1 key features of Atmega328p…………………………………………………………27-28
Table of Figures
Figure 2.1 Architecture Diagram……………………………………………………………..10
Figure 2.2.1 Electronic energy meter…………………………………………………………11
Figure 2.2.2 Block diagram of external hardware……………………………………………12
Figure 2.2.3 The Voltage signal switching circuit……………………………………………12
Figure 2.2.4 The Current signal switching circuit……………………………………………13
Figure 2.2.5 The waveform of voltage Input signal………………………………………….14
Figure 2.2.6 The waveform of current Input signal………………………………………….14
Figure 2.2.7 The waveform of voltage and current source signal……………………………15
Figure 2.2.8 The Block diagram of paced loop………………………………………………17
Figure 2.3.1(a) Hybrid SSR…………………………………………………………………..17
Figure 2.3.2(b) Transformer Coupled SSR…………………………………………………..18
Figure 2.3.3(c) Photo-coupled SSR…………………………………………………………..18
Figure 2.4 Lever Switch………………………………………………………………………21
Figure 2.5 Optical Isolator……………………………………………………………………22
Figure 2.6 GSM Module……………………………………………………………………...23
Figure 2.7(a) LCD Display…………………………………………………………………...24
Figure 2.7 (b) Schematic Diagram……………………………………………………………25
Figure 2.8 Voltage Transformer……………………………………………………………...26

Figure 2.9 Microcontroller Atmega328P………………………………………………….…26
Figure.3 AVR system Implementation Circuit Diagram…………………………………….29

ABSTRACT
Energy theft is a very common problem in countries like India where consumers of energy are
increasing consistently as the population increases. Utilities in electricity system are destroying
the amounts of revenue each year due to energy theft. The newly designed AMR used for
energy measurements reveal the concept and working of new automated power metering
system but this increased the Electricity theft forms administrative losses because of not
regular interval checkout at the consumer's residence. It is quite impossible to check and solve
out theft by going every customer’s door to door. In this paper, a new procedure is followed
based on MICROCONTROLLER Atmega328P to detect and control the energy meter from power
theft and solve it by remotely disconnect and reconnecting the service (line) of a particular
consumer. An SMS will be sent automatically to the utility central server through GSM module
whenever unauthorized activities detected and a separate message will send back to the
microcontroller in order to disconnect the unauthorized supply. A unique method is
implemented by interspersed the GSM feature into smart meters with Solid state relay to deal
with the non-technical losses, billing difficulties, and voltage fluctuation complication.

Chapter1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction

Electricity is one of the most important blessings that science has given to mankind. But this
energy used by unauthorized person cause losses to utility and also pollutes the environment.
Losses in electricity energy sector can come under two sets: technical and managerial. Technical
losses of electrical energy are caused due to the functional tendency of the equipment used from
generating station to the distributing station. Non-Technical losses are due to lack of utility labor
interference periodically. These losses are much higher in developing countries like India.
The proposed system consists of digital energy meter, an Arduino (microcontroller), GSM
modem and SSR. After switching power on the Arduino and the GSM modem, turn on the SSR
and connects the energy meter to load via SSR. Then read the EEPROM and display the current
data. Arduino checks the readings from voltage and two current sensors i.e. PT and CT
respectively. It measures the current sensor difference between two CT, supply voltage variation
from the utility to protect the customer equipment. Solid state relay will disconnect and
reconnect the supply by the microcontroller instruction given.

1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM: ENERGY METERING

1.2.1 Conventional System
Conventional System “Energy meters displays kilowatt-hour by continuously measuring
the instantaneous voltage (volts) and current (amperes) to give energy used in joules’’. The
primary type of electricity meter is the electromechanical induction meter and an electronic
meter. In electromechanical induction meter, the total number of rotation of the aluminum disc is
directly proportional to the power consumed.
Electronic meters shows the power consumed, power factor, the reactive power used
digitally displayed on LCD or LED display, and also able to send the energy consumed readings
to remote places through some communication network. It is a single way communication.
In addition to measuring energy used, electronic meters can also record other parameters
of the load and supply such as instantaneous and maximum rate of usage demands, voltages,
power factor and reactive power used etc .
“Traditionally, the electricity meters are installed on consumer’s premises and the
consumption information is collected by meter-readers on their fortnightly or monthly visits to
the premises.”
1.2.2 Problem statement
Drawbacks of the regular energy meter:

 Highly depends on meter reader.
 Human error cannot be avoided for the manual meter reading.
 Always there is no cross checking or recheck of human readers for energy utilization.
 High chance of stealing and bribery always high to misuse it especially during events.
 Possibility to change the reading when taking photos of energy meter by using software
tools.
 More number of meter reading employees is extra expenses to the company for hiring
them and their expense on traveling too expensive one.

 Wherever energy meter installed inside the house, which may lead to non-checking of
reading due to lock.
 The consumer is not receiving updates of his regular usage of energy.
 The consumer may not receive his energy bill as per regular interval of the due date.
1.2.3 Proposed System

A smart energy meter works on communication directly with wireless data protocol, so
there will be precise reading & there's no necessary for a meter reader to take energy meter
reading in consumer premises. Smart energy meters can operate in divergent ways with GSM
Module. There are so many different merits of smart energy meter such as:
 User new smart energy meters send precise reading on a regular interval in sequence
about customer’s energy usage to utility (Electricity provider). So the bills will be proper
and labor cost is reduced for taking a reading in consumer residents.
 If the consumer did not pay the energy bill within time, the utility can remotely
disconnect the service (line) of a particular consumer and after payment, the service
continues to the consumer. So we can avoid sending an employee to cut off energy from
the network and again to reconnect their connection.
 We have connected lever switch for tampering attempt detect. When anyone tries to open
the meter cover the button will release and send information to the service provider.
 When the power quality is not maintained from the distribution supply, then the customer
equipment can be protected by disconnecting and reconnecting to the supply by SSR.
The proposed system consists of digital energy meter, an Arduino (microcontroller),

GSM modem and SSR. After switching power on the Arduino and the GSM modem, turn on
the SSR and connects the energy meter to load via SSR. Then read the EEPROM and display the
current data. Arduino checks the readings from voltage and current sensor i.e. PT and CT
respectively.
If there is any difference in value between CT’s connected in phase and neutral line then
Arduino turns OFF the relay sends SMS to the service provider. Also, this Arduino helps the

utility for power disconnection when the bill is not cleared by the customer. From customer
point, this is a benefit to monitoring their daily/monthly consumption, voltage fluctuation and get
disconnected from the supply.
1.3Scope of the project
The scope of this project is to design, implement and to observe the results obtained by the
sytem. This project can be implemented in real time and the transmission block of this project
will be placed in the energy meter and the receiver part of the system is a mobile phone.
1.4 Organization of report
The rest of the report is organized as follows. chapter 2 will provide the theoretical details about
hardware architecture and represents the transmission block and receiption blocks. Chapter 3
provides the Literature survey done on the air pollution monitoring systems.Chapter 4 provides
the complete details about implementation and results of the components of the system.
Advantages,limitations and applications are briefed in chapter 5. The conclusion and the
direction towards the future work are given in chapter 6.

CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
2.1 Block Diagram
The system architecture of Arduino and GSM based smart energy meter is shown in the
Fig. 1. The energy consumption is being calculated using the energy meter IC and Arduino.
Fig-2.1: Architecture Diagram
In order to prevent a power theft, detection program is present in the Arduino. Arduino and GSM
based smart energy meter can be divided into several parts as Energy Meter IC, LCD, Arduino,
GSM modem, Relay, Optocoupler, Lever switch, Display Unit and Power Supply Unit etc.

2.2 Electronic Energy meter
Fig-2.2.1: Electronic energy meter
In order to accurately measure the electronic energy used for a electronic energy meter, suitable
hardware and software have to be designed. Meanwhile, the problem of the distorted current
waveform from loads need to be considered. The aim of this project is to design a sample meter
can accurately display real voltage, current, power and energy used during one day.
Generally, one electronic energy meter consists of hardware and software. Specifically, elements
of hardware included the power supply, interface circuit, suitable launch pad with
microcontroller (single chip) and a liquid crystal display (LCD).

Fig-2.2.2: Block diagram of external hardware

Initially, the Figure 2.2.2 showed all elements of hardware which can support alternating voltage
and current sources from the mains (UK’s standard socket). The voltage source can support 240
Volts and 12 Amperes (Root-Mean-Square). Thus, maximum values could be assumed as ±400
Volts and ±20 Amperes. The sensor box would switching voltage and current by output
production of 1Volts/100Volts and 1Volts/10Amperes. As a result, the voltage and current were
switched to ±4Volts (voltage source) and ±2Volts (current source) by the sensor box.
Fig 2.2.3 The Voltage signal switching circuit
Fig 2.2.4 The Current signal switching circuit

Secondly, the interface circuit used to connect the sensor box and the launch pad. The feature of
the interface circuit which is to switch output signal from sensor box to the input working signal
which are able to used for the launch pad and microcontroller(0 ~ 3.6 Volts). Therefore, Figure
2.2.3 and Figure 2.2.4; showed that the voltage and current signal would be switched to 0-2V
which is in the range of working voltage.
Then, the switched signals have been showed in Figure 2.2.5 and Figure 2.2.6. It is clearly to see
that the real voltage and current input signal of 2.08 Volts (voltage rms) and 1.88 Volts (current
rms). Because there is limited error caused by the value of resistors cannot match the results of
calculation.
Fig 2.2.5The waveform of Voltage Input Signal

Fig 2.2.6 The waveform of Current Input Signal
Additionally, there is also a distorted problem of the waveform of the current source when some
loads connected with the sensor box. Figure 2.2.7 showed that the waveform of voltage has
normal sine ware (channel 2), but the waveform of current source has irregular sine wave
(channel 1) when adjusting loads.
Fig 2.2.7 The waveform of Voltage and Current sources

Thus, the frequency of the power supply is 50Hz. The sampling frequency of 10K Hz of the
current waveform can be sampled to avoid the distorted and display all parameters more
accurately.
Fig 2.2.8 The Block Diagram of Paced Loop

Finally, the principle of the software is the paced loop. Figure 2.2.8 showed the block diagram of
the program. In conclusion, hardware and software were designed to deal with the problem of the
current waveform and accurately display real voltage, current, power and energy used in one
day.
2.3 Solid State Relay
A solid-state relay is an ON-OFF control device in which the load current is conducted by one or
more semiconductors - e.g., a power transistor, an SCR, or a TRIAC. (The SCR and TRIAC are
often called “thyristors,” a term derived by combining thyratron and transistor, since thyristors
are triggered semiconductor switches.) Like all relays, the SSR requires relatively low
controlcircuit energy to switch the output state from OFF to ON, or vice versa. Since this control
energy is very much lower than the output power controllable by the relay at full load, “power
gain” in an SSR is substantial--frequently much higher than in an electromagnetic relay of
comparable output rating. To put it another way, the sensitivity of an SSR is often significantly
higher than that of an EMR of comparable output rating.
2.3.1 Types of SSR’s:
It is convenient to classify SSR’s by the nature of the input circuit, with particular reference to
the means by which input-output isolation is achieved. Three major categories are recognized:
a. Reed-Relay-Coupled SSR.
b. Transformer-Coupled SSR.
c. Photo-coupled SSR.
2.3.1(a) Reed-Relay-Coupled SSR: Reed-Relay-Coupled SSR’s (see figure 2.3.1(a)), in which

the control signal is applied (directly, or through a preamplifier) to the coil of a reed relay. The
closure of the reed switch then activates appropriate circuitry that triggers the thyristor switch.
Clearly, the input-output isolation achieved is that of the reed relay, which is usually excellent.

Fig 2.3.1(a) Hybrid SSR
2.3.1(b) Transformer-Coupled SSR: Transformer-Coupled SSR’s (see figure 2.3.2(b)), in

which the control signal is applied (through a DC-AC converter, if it is DC, or directly, if It is
AC) to the primary of a small, low-power transformer, and the secondary voltage that results
from the primary excitation is used (with or without rectification, amplification, or other
modification) to trigger the thyristor switch. In this type, the degree of input-output isolation
depends on the design of the transformer.
Fig 2.3.1(b) Transformer-Coupled SSR
2.3.1(c) Photo-coupled SSR: Photo-coupled SSR’s (see figure2.3.1(c)), in which the control
signal is applied to a light or infrared source (usually, a light-emitting diode, or LED), and the
radiation from that source is detected in a photo-sensitive semiconductor (i.e., a photosensitive
diode, a photo-sensitive transistor, or a photo-sensitive thyristor). The output of the photo-
sensitive device is then used to trigger (gate) the TRIAC or the SCR’s that switch the load
current. Clearly, the only significant “coupling path” between input and output is the beam of

light or infra-red radiation, and electrical isolation is excellent. These SSR’s are also referred to
as “optically coupled” or “photoisolated”.
Fig 2.3.1(c) Photo-coupled SSR
In addition to the major types of SSR’s described above, there are some special-purpose designs
that should be mentioned:
• Direct-control AC types, in which external contacts, operating in a circuit energized by the

same AC power line as is used for the load circuit, trigger a TRIAC (or back-to-back-connected
SCR’s). This type is also referred to as having a “switch closure” input. Clearly, this type of
relay, while simpler and inherently less expensive than more sophisticated designs, has the great
disadvantage (for most applications) of having no isolation between the control and load circuits.
• Direct-control DC types in which external contacts, operating in a circuit energized by the

same DC power line as is used for the load circuit, control the conduction of a transistor. This
type of relay, which is perhaps the simplest of all, and inherently the least expensive, also has the
great disadvantage (for most applications) of having no isolation between the control and load
circuits.

• SCR types designed for DC, in which the load-current carrying SCR is made to turn off by
means of a second SCR, connected in a “commutating circuit” (such as that of figure 6), which is
capable of turning off the first SCR by momentarily reducing its current to zero.
2.3.2 Input Circuit Performance.
The sensitivity of isolated SSR’s (that is, the minimum control voltage and current at which the
SSR turns on) depends on the characteristics of the isolating component or circuit:
• In hybrid (reed-relay isolated) designs, the SSR’s sensitivity is established by the

operating-power requirement of the reed relay, which ranges from as low as 40 milliwatts (e.g., 5
volts dc at 8 mA) to as high as several hundred milliwatts. Note that the low-voltage, low-power
designs are compatible with standard digital-computer “logic levels,” and that the standard
“high-fan-out” TTL logic-level output from a digital computer or digital controller can drive two
or more hybrid SSR’s in parallel.
• In transformer-coupled SSR’s, the sensitivity is usually considerably higher than that of

the hybrid type, because all the input signal must do is to gate on the AC-DC converter that
drives the transformer, and that requires, typically, less than 10 milliwatts (e.g., 4.5 v dc at 2
mA) and rarely more than 50 milliwatts. This sensitivity is better than required by any single-
TTL digital output, and a high-fan-out TTL output can drive from 3 to 10 such SSR’s in parallel.
• In optically coupled SSR’s, the sensitivity ranges from about 6 milliwatts (e.g., 3 volts dc at 2
mA) to 100 milliwatts. Using an appropriate series resistor or current regulator, this type of input
circuit is also compatible with TTL logic levels, and several optically coupled SSR’s can be
driven in parallel by high-fan-out logic lines.
• The sensitivity of most “direct-control“ SSR’s (figures 4 and 5) is significantly lower than that
of the isolated designs, but that fact is of little importance because the control power required is
almost always well within the capability of even the smallest control contacts.
The maximum turn-off level (voltage and/or current) of an SSR is about 50% of the minimum
level at which it turns on. This characteristic provides an adequate margin of safety between the
ON and OFF states, thereby eliminating erratic behavior due to small changes in the control
signal.

2.3.3 Output Circuit Performance:
Clearly, the most significant output-circuit parameters are the maximum load circuit voltage that
may be impressed across the relay output circuit in the OFF condition without causing it to break
down into conduction or failure, and the maximum current that can flow through the output
circuit and load in ON condition.
2.3.4 Input Characteristics:
• Dielectric strength, rated in terms of minimum breakdown voltage from control circuit to both
the SSR case and the output (load) circuit. A typical rating is 1500 volts ac (RMS), for either
control to case or control to output.
• Insulation Resistance, from control circuit to both the case and the output circuit. Typical
ratings range from 10 megohms to 100,000 megohms for transformer and hybrid designs. For
optically isolated SSR’s, typical insulation resistances range from 1000 to 1 million megohms.
• Stray Capacitance, from control circuit to both case and the output circuit. Capacitance to case
is rarely significant, but capacitance to the output circuit may couple ac and transients back to the
sensitive control circuit, and even further back, into the control-signal sources. Fortunately, in
well designed SSR’s, this capacitance is rarely large enough to cause interaction. Typical stray
capacitance ranges from 1 to 10 picofarads.
The speed of response of the SSR to the application of control voltage is covered later in this
section.

2.4 Lever Switch:
Fig 2.4 Lever Switch
A lever switch is any electrical switch that uses a physical lever to actuate and operate the
switch. Most lever switches function as simple on / off switches that operate using a lever or
handle to toggle the switch between the two positions. Many lever switches use either a flat
lever, toggle switch, or handle that must simply be moved back and forth to turn the switch on or
off. When the switch is activated, electrical contact points inside of the switch touch together and
the circuit is closed, allowing electricity to flow.
There are several different types of lever switches, each designed to serve a specific purpose.
Toggle switches are a popular type of light duty lever switch that use a short handle as a lever to
actuate the switch on or off. Toggle switches are often installed on classic vehicles when
retrofitting them with modern amenities or aftermarket accessories.
Another type of lever switch is the snap action lever switch. Snap action lever switches use a flat
lever that is usually covered by a button which, when pressed, will push on the lever and actuate
the switch on or off. Snap action switches will also usually be spring loaded and return to the
same position once they are pressed. In other words, the button is pressed once to turn a
component on, and then once more to turn it off. Many of the buttons used for climate control or
entertainment system functions are good examples of snap action lever switches.
There are also heavier duty lever switches, which are much larger and durable than their smaller
counterparts, and are sometimes operated by a sizeable lever. Heavy duty lever switches will
often have multiple positions, and usually serve to actuate mechanical functions. These switches
will usually have strengthened contact points, and will be reinforced for increased durability.
Examples of heavy duty lever switches are automatic transmission shifters, or switches used to
control mechanical functions, such as transfer case switches.

In short, a lever switch is basically an electrical switch that uses a physical lever to actuate the
switch between positions. They operate in a similar manner to most other electrical switches, and
just the same, should be replaced as soon as they begin to show signs of failure. You can contact
a certified mobile mechanic, such as one from Your Mechanic, to inspect any faulty electrical
components and replace the switches, if deemed necessary.
2.5 Optical Isolator
Fig 2.5 Optical Isolator
An optoisolator (also known as optical coupler, optocoupler and opto-isolator) is a

semiconductor device that uses a short optical transmission path to transfer an electrical signal
between circuits or elements of a circuit, while keeping them electrically isolated from each
other. The incident light is linearly polarized by the first polarizer, before it falls on the rotator and is
rotated by 45°. The light then falls on the second polarizer which is aligned at 45° to the first polarizer.
Due to Faraday Effect, the propagation of light in a backward direction is blocked. The optical fibers are
made of silicate glass which is doped with terbium in order to attain the maximum efficiency possible.
Some of the applications of the optical fiber isolator include:
 High power fibers

 Optical communication networks
 Telecommunications

2.6 GSM Module:
Fig 2.6 GSM Module
A GSM modem requires a SIM card to be operated and operates over a network range
subscribed by the network operator. It can be connected to a computer through serial, USB or
Bluetooth connection. ... GSM modem is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone.
GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is
widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the 850MHz,
900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.
GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access (TDMA)
technique for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then sends it down
through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own particular time slot.
The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.
There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells.
Each cell varies as per the implementation domain. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM

network macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according
to the implementation environment.
2.7 LCD Display:
Fig 2.7(a) LCD Display
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD): An LCD is a small low cost display. It is easy to interface
with a micro-controller because of an embedded controller(the black blob on the back of the
board). This controller is standard across many displays (HD 44780) which means many micro-
controllers (including the Arduino) have libraries that make displaying messages as easy as a
single line of code.
Testing : Testing your LCD with an Arduino is really simple. Wire up your display using the
schematic or breadboard layout sheet. Then open the Arduino IDE and open the example
program.
File > Sketchbook > Examples > Library-Liquid Crystal > Hello World
Upload to your board and watch as "hello, world!" is shown on your display. If no message is
displayed the contrast may need to be adjusted. To do this turns the potentiometer.
Library Summary: (here's a summary of the LCD library for a full reference visit
http://tinyurl.com/krcarl )
Liquid Crystal (rs, rw, enable, d4, d5, d6, d7) - create a new Liquid Crystal object using a 4 bit
data bus.

Liquid Crystal (rs, rw, enable, d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7) - create a new Liquid Crystal
object using an 8 bit data bus.
Clear () - Clears the display and moves the cursor to upper left corner.
Home () - Moves the cursor to the upper left corner.
Set Cursor (col, row) - moves the cursor to column col and row .
Write (data) - writes the char data to the display.
Print (data) - prints a string to the display.
Fig 2.7 (b) Schematic Diagram

2.8 Voltage Transformer or Potential Transformer

Potential transformers are also called as voltage transformers. It is fundamentally step
down transformers very accurate turn’s ratio. A standard measuring device used to measure the
change in high magnitude to lower voltage for step down transformer. It works in technique with
more number of primary turns and less number of secondary turns. Higher value voltage and
current cannot be measured directly.
So we need one voltage sensor and two current sensors for the proposed system.
Fig 2.8 Voltage Transformer
2.9 Microcontroller Atmega328P:
Fig 2.9 Microcontroller Atmega328P

2.9.1 Specifications
The high-performance Atmel ico Power 8-bit ,AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines
32KB ISP flash memory with read- while- write capabilities,1024B EEPROM., 2KB SRAM,
23 general purposes I/O lines , 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable
USART
2.9.2 Key Features
Parameter Value
CPU type 8-bit AVR
Performance 20 MIPS at 20 MHz[2]
Flash memory 32 kB

SRAM 2 kB
EEPROM 1 kB
Pin count 28-pin PDIP, MLF, 32-pin TQFP, MLF[2]
Maximum operating frequency 20 MHz
Number of touch channels 16
Hardware QTouch Acquisition No
Maximum I/O pins 23
External interrupts 2
USB Interface No
USB Speed –
Table 1 key features of Atmega328p

CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Conventional single phase energy meter use one current sensor and voltage sensor to
estimate the KWhr consumed by the electrical load by the product of current and voltage. During
unauthorized tapping in the lines then any of these sensors gives zero value and certainly the
product of voltage and current will also be zero resulting in no energy measured in the energy
meter.
By connecting one more current sensor with solid state relay with minimal variation in
the energy meter helps to track down power theft, connect/disconnect the supply. A constant 5V
DC supply given to Microcontroller and LCD unit. Communication will be connected between
microcontroller and utility center through GSM modem. Lever switch provided to detect the
physical disturbance (tampering) given to the smart meter. To track down the unauthorized loads
tapped before the meter is beyond the scope of this proposed concept.
Fig.3 AVR system Implementation Circuit Diagram

Chapter 4
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
Arduino programs are used to write in any programming language with a compiler
concept that produces executable binary machine code. Atmel affords an improvement of this
environment for proposed system’s microcontrollers, AVR Studio and the newer Atmel Studio.
The Arduino development using project with IDE works on cross-platform application
concepts in Java. IDE is useful for a beginner of any programming languages.
Arduino programmer called as Sketch. Arduino library most useful to add many readymade
predefined inputs to our project. It supports C & C++ using special organize code.
“A typical Arduino C/C++ sketch consist of two functions that are compiled and linked
with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program:
setup(): is used for initializing settings which run one time at the start of a program.
loop(): is used to run the same function multiple times till the board powers off.

Chapter 6
Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
6.1 Advantages
 Human error can be avoided.
 The consumer will receive updates of his regular usage of energy.
 The consumer may receive his energy bill as per regular interval of the due date.
 There is a cross checking or recheck of human readers for energy utilization.
 Possibility to change the reading when taking photos of energy meter by using software
tools.
 Wherever energy meter installed inside the house, which may lead to non-checking of
reading due to lock, this can overcome by using smart energy metering.
6.2 Disadvantages
 Initial cost is high
 The network connectivity may not be guaranteed due to the mobility of vehicles
 Employment problem will occur
6.3 Applications
 This system used in industries, hospitals, institutions and house hold.

 Used to power suppliers like TNEB, private power producers

Chapter 7
Conclusion
This paper is the combined hardware advantage for both utility and the customer.
Arduino, SSR, and GSM stationed Energy Meter for smart metering, power theft detection, and
voltage variation is built which is able to read and send data via wireless protocol using GSM
technology through GSM modem, capable of managing and controlling the supply to that meter
through SSR. In the case of power theft, defaulter meter line cutting/joining labor system is
reduced. Power consumption, power quality, and its accuracy can be monitored by the
consumers directly in their mobile. This process will reduce the labor work and human error in
the distribution system and also protect the consumer equipment.

REFERENCES
[1] Dineshkumar.K, “Development of ARM Processor based Electricity Theft Control System
using GSM Network”, 2015 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing
Technologies [ICCPCT]
[2] Md. Masudur Rahman; Noor-E-Jannat; Mohd. Ohidul Islam; Md. Serazus Salakin, “Arduino
and GSM Based Smart Energy Meter for Advanced Metering and Billing System” 2nd Int'l
Conf. on Electrical Engineering and Information & Communication Technology (ICEEICT)
2015 Jahangimagar University, Dhaka-I 342, Bangladesh, 21-23 May 2015
[3] http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_5.htm retrieved on 21/12/2016.
[4] http://www.atmel.com/devices/ATMEGA328P.aspx retrieved on 21/12/2016
[5] http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/gsm-gprs-modules retrieved on 21/12/2016
[6]http://cyborg.nitrkl.ac.in/assets/publication/tutorial/id_number_37.pdf retrieved on
21/12/2016
[7] Nabil Mohammad, Anomadarshi Barua, and Muhammad Abdullah Arafat, “A smart prepaid
energy metering system to control electricity theft”, in proceedings of International
Conference on Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC), vol.562, no.565, pp.6-8, Feb.2013.

Smart Energy Metering and Theft Control using Arduino & GSM

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Smart Energy Metering and Power Theft Control using Arduino & GSM 2017-18

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 1

1.1 General Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….....6

1.2.1 Conventional System………………………………………………………………7

1.2.2 Problem statement…………………………………………………………………7

1.2.3 Proposed System…………………………………………………………………..8

1.3 Scope of the project………………………………………………………………………9

1.4 Organization of report…………………………………………………………………….9

2.3 Solid State Relay ………………………………………………………………………...16

2.3.1 Types of SSR’s………………………………………………………………….16

2.3.1(a) Reed-Relay-Coupled SSR……………………………………………………...16

2.3.2 Input Circuit Performance………………………………………………………....19

2.3.3 Output Circuit Performance……………………………………………………….20

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 2

2.3.4 Input Characteristics……………………………………………………………..20

2.4 Lever Switch……………………………………………………………………………..21

.2.5 Optical Isolator…………………………………………………………………………22

2.6 GSM Module……………………………………………………………………………23

2.7 LCD Display…………………………………………………………………………….24

2.8 Voltage Transformer OR Voltage Transformer…………………………………………26

2.9 Microcontroller Atmega328p……………………………………………………………26

2.9.2 Key features…………………………………………………………………….28

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 3

Figure 2.7 (b) Schematic Diagram……………………………………………………………25

Figure 2.8 Voltage Transformer……………………………………………………………...26

Figure.3 AVR system Implementation Circuit Diagram…………………………………….29

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 4

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 5

1.1 General Introduction

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 6

1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM: ENERGY METERING

1.2.2 Problem statement

Drawbacks of the regular energy meter:

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 7

1.2.3 Proposed System

The proposed system consists of digital energy meter, an Arduino (microcontroller),

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 8

1.3Scope of the project

1.4 Organization of report

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 9

Fig-2.1: Architecture Diagram

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 10

2.2 Electronic Energy meter

Fig-2.2.1: Electronic energy meter

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 11

Fig-2.2.2: Block diagram of external hardware

Fig 2.2.3 The Voltage signal switching circuit

Fig 2.2.4 The Current signal switching circuit

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 12

Fig 2.2.5The waveform of Voltage Input Signal

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 13

Fig 2.2.6 The waveform of Current Input Signal

Fig 2.2.7 The waveform of Voltage and Current sources

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 14

Fig 2.2.8 The Block Diagram of Paced Loop

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 15

2.3 Solid State Relay

2.3.1 Types of SSR’s:

2.3.1(a) Reed-Relay-Coupled SSR: Reed-Relay-Coupled SSR’s (see figure 2.3.1(a)), in which

Dept. of E&C, DBIT, Bangalore Page 16

Fig 2.3.1(a) Hybrid SSR

2.3.1(b) Transformer-Coupled SSR: Transformer-Coupled SSR’s (see figure 2.3.2(b)), in