Automatic Rain Timer

Report of Project on
AUTOMATIC RAIN TIMER

Submitted by Anoop T Kuruvila(13101263) Goldin Prasad(13101209) Mahesh K(13101213) Pradeep P A(13101221) Shemeer K K(13101264)
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of bachelor of technology in
Electronics and Communication Engineering Of Cochin University of Science and Technology
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering College of Engineering Karunagapally Kollam 691 531 Phone : +91 474 243300 http://www.ceknpy.ac.in
College of Engineering Karunagapally Kollam

(Managed by IHRD, A Govt. of kerala Underaking)
Certificate
This is to certify that this Project Report entitled Automatic Rain Timer is an authentic record of the work done by Anoop T Kuruvila (13101263), Goldin Prasad (13101209),Mahesh K(13101213), Pradeep P A(13101221), Shemeer K K (13101264) under our guidance and supervision, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of B Tech Degree in Electronics and Communication of Cochin University of Science and Technology, at the Department of Electronics and Communication, College of Engineering, Karunagapally.
Internal Guide
Project Coordinate
Head of Dept
Mr Reji thankachan Lecturer Dept. of ECE
Mr Sylish S V Lecturer Dept. of ECE
Mr. Hari V S HOD Dept. of ECE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Project work is a product of experience and it goes a long way in shaping a person in his respective profession, and its not that he himself benefits by gaining experience, but an entire group of kind hearts that are behind the success. If words can be considered as tokens of acknowledgement and symbols of love, then these words play a vital role in expressing our gratitude. First of all, we are indebted to GOD ALMIGHTY, for the choicest blessings showered on us for the successful completion of the project. We would like to express my gratitude to the Management, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KARUNAGAPALLY, KARUNAGAPALLY, KOLLAM for their whole hearted support and for providing us with necessary infrastructure. We also like to express our sincere thanks to Dr.Ajil Kumar A, The Principal of the college for his kind support throughout the completion for this venture. With great respect, we express our sincere thanks to the Head of The Electronics and Communication Department, Mr. Hari V S for all the proper guidance and encouragement that helped us to complete this project. We also like to express our sincere gratitude to the Project-In-Charge Mr. Sylish S V and Project Guide Mr. Reji Thankachan , for their guidance which helped us a lot in completing this project successfully. Last but not the least; we are grateful to our friends and parents for their valuable motivation and support.
ABSTRACT
Automatic rain timer is one of the applications of electronics to increase the facilities of life. If we look out at the climatic changes in our day to day life. Every seasons have priorities and benefits in our survival. But rainy season is kind of season which is being preferred mostly for irrigation and for our water consumption etc. . So if we can calculate the average rate of rainfall falling or the total time period at a subscribed area , we can move on according to it. For ex. The type of crops which require limited amount of water consumption can be grown there. It is also used for the areas where the shortage of water is utmost. In automatic rain timer we can calculate the exact period of time for which rain has fallen. Here, an astable multivibrator is put in concern for giving a trigger to the circuit for further analysis of the timer. Wire mesh is considered as a switch for our automatic rain timer, as rainfall starts rain water falls over the mesh and circuit starts working as an electrical conduction occurs between the meshes. It remains on until rainfall stops. The average rate of rainfall duration is calculated within the described or allotted period of time in the 7-segment display. Consumption of water can be reduced by the surrounding peoples , by moving according to it. This innovation can be success only if people are made aware about its advantages and how user friendly it is. This innovation find its use mainly to help farmers for their irrigation purpose and also by common peoples surviving mainly in places where rainfall is found shortage.
Contents
1. 2.
Introduction.9 Block Diagram ..............................10
2.1 Block Diagram Explanation and Design11.

3. 4. 5.
Circuit Diagram15 Working ....16 Component Description18 5.1 NE55518 5.2 74LS90..18 5.3 74LS47.. 19 5.4 7- SEGMENT DISPLAY. 19 5.5 7421 20
5.6 UM6620 5.7 TRANSFORMER.21 5.8 BD677..21 6. Bill of Materials.23

6. 7.
Components List...25 PCB Fabrication....26
8.1 Where and Why are they Used?................................................... 26 8.2 Preparation of Single Sided PCB......27 8.3 Layout...... 27 8.4 Fabrication....28 8.5 Etching..28
8.6 Drilling..28
8.
Soldering29
9.1 Need For Flux..29

9.
PCB30
10.1 PCB Layout30 10.2 Component View...31 10.Conclusion..32
LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 Block Diagram4 4.1 Circuit Diagram..6 6.1 6.2 PCB Layout21 Component View. 22
List of Tables
1.Bill of Materials....
Automatic Rain Timer
1. Introduction
A simple rain gauge allows you to measure the amount of rain-fall(in millimeters/centimeters) over a period of time but it does not tell you the average rate at which the rain had been falling, unless you record the precise timings of its start and ending. Here is a timer that can determine the exact period for which rain has fallen and thus helps you find out the average rainfall rate in conjunction with a rain gauge. The timer acts like an automatic stop watch for recording the duration of rain. . It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate, a system that is cheap and affordable, a reliable and durable system irrespective of usage. So, it adds more comfort for an individual to observe the total time period of rainfall being fallen. The system seeks to develop a system that is cost effectiveness while not undermining the need for efficient working.
Electronics and Communication Page9
2. Block Diagram
2.1 Block Diagram Explanation and Design
Sensor :- The primary sensing element or sensor is the 1st and foremost requirement for measurement. The sensor sends the condition state or value of the process variable and produce an output which reflux, this condition, state or value. Pulse generator:- A pulse generator is either an electronic circuit or a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate rectangular pulses. Pulse generators usually allow control of the pulse repetition rate (frequency), pulse width, delay with respect to an internal or external trigger and the high- and low-voltage levels of the pulses. More-sophisticated pulse generators may allow control over the rise time and fall time of the pulses. Pulse generators are available for generating output pulses having widths (durations) ranging from minutes down to under 1 picoseconds. Pulse generators are generally voltage sources, with true current pulse generators being available only from a few suppliers. Pulse generators may use digital techniques, analog techniques, or a combination of both techniques to form the output pulses. Here 555 timer is used as a astable multivibrator .Astable have no stable state. The 555 timer can be used with supply voltage in the range of +5V to +18V and can drive load upto 200ma. Counter:- In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal . Here 74LS90 decade counter is used. IC 74LS90 is a 4-stage ripple decade counter containing a high-speed flip-flop.
7-Segment display:- A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator , is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dotmatrix displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic devices for displaying numerical information. Seven segment display consisting of seven light emitting segments the numbers 0-9 can be displayed. These are classified into two: the common-anode and common-cathode. In the common-anode type, a low voltage applied to an LED cathode allows current to flow through the diode, which causes it to emit light. In the common-cathode type, a high voltage applied to an LED anode causes the current to flow and produces the resulting light emission. Alarm :- A sound or message that indicates an error condition or predefined event has occurred
Design
Here NE555 work as an astable multivibrator Vcc =5V. Total time period , T= Tc+ Td Charging time period of capacitor is Tc Where Tc = 0.69(R1+R2)C , Discharging time period of capacitor is Td Td = 0.69 R2C
.Let R2=1k and C=1000f
Therefore, R1 = 85K (use standard 100k preset ) For transistor T1 =BC547 Let Ic be 0.5mA Design for VR4 =5V Current , IR4=Ic=0.5mA R4 =VR4/IR4 =10k For R3 IB =IC / Let be 100 I=0.5/100=0.005mA New VR3 =5V, IB= IB*10=0.05mA VR3 = IB R3 =VR3/IB=1k
For LED Assume current I be 5mA VR=5V R= VR/I= 1K Consider transistor T2 ; Power, P=1W V=5V IC=P/V=1/5=0.2A Let =50 I=* IC=10A = 0.01mA R20 =500 Use standard 470 For resistor R5-R18 ; Voltage across the resistor = 5V, assume resistor =220 Therefore current flow through the resistors (R5 R18) = 22mA
3. Circuit Diagram
4. Working
The circuit comprises a timer IC NE555, two 74LS90 decade counters, two 74LS47 7-segment display driver ICs, two LT542 commonmode 7-segment displays and a melody generator UM66.Two pieces of a wire mesh (used for flies, etc) held slightly apart serve as a sensor pair. Raindrops trickling down from the top wire-mesh piece to the bottom piece make electrical conduction possible between two pieces. When rain stops, it creates an air gap between the wire-mesh pieces and the electricity can no longer conduct between the two wire-mesh pieces should be kept inclined at 45 spaced 3mm apart using insulated material around the periphery. and IC NE555 (IC1) is configured as an astable multivibrator whose oscillations frequency is decided by preset VR1, resistor R2 and capacitor C1. Preset VR1 is adjusted to provide a time period of one minute. Thus the circuit can record a maximum duration of 99 minutes. Reset pin 4 of IC1 is normally pulled low through resistor R1. Thus, in the absence of rainfall, remains inactive. When it starts raining, the two pieces of mesh conduct to take the reset pin high and make IC1 active. IC1 oscillates to provide one pulse per minute as long as rain lasts. Output pin 3 drives transistor T1 to provide the clock signal to pin 1(C ) of decade P O counter 74LS90 (IC2). IC 74LS90 is a 4-stage ripple decade counter containing a high-speed flip-flop acting as a divide-by-2 counter and another flip-flops connected as a dividr-by-5 counter. The Q0 output of the divide-by-counter is fed to clock pin C of the divide-by-5 counter inside IC2, and thus IC2 serves as a P 1 decade counter. The four BCD outputs are connected to the inputs of IC 74LS47 (IC4).
IC 74LS47 converts the four lines of BCD input data representing decimal numbers 0 through 9 into the corresponding 7-segment display format. The open-collector, active-low outputs of the decoder drive the segments of LT542 common-anode units display DIS1 via current-limiting resistors R12 through R18. Units decade counter IC2 is cascaded to identically wired decade counter IC3 by connecting the Q3 output of IC2 to C input of IC3, which P O is thus used as tens counter. The BCD outputs of IC3 are coupled to 7segment decoder/driver IC5 for driving tens display DIS2 via currentlimiting resistors R5 through R11. The BCD output Q0 and Q3 of both the decade counters are fed to 4input AND gate N1 of IC 7421 (IC6). These go high simultaneously at the count of decimal 99. The output of gate N1 drives melody generator UM66 (IC7), which, in turn, drives loudspeaker LS1 through driver transistor T2. Thus, when the display reaches 99 (minutes), the melody generator sounds. Power supply: The regulated 5V supply for the rain timer circuit is provided by a conventional regulated circuit shown in fig. Transformer X1 steps down 230V AC to 9V AC, which is rectified by a bridge rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4, filtered by capacitor C3 and then regulated to 5V by IC 7805(IC8). Capacitor C4 bypasses any ripple in the output of the regulator. LED1 is used as the power indicator.
5. Components Description
5.1 NE555 Timer The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuits (chip) used in a variety of timer , pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. 5.2 74LS90 The 74LS90 is a simple counter, i.e. it can count from 0 to 9 cyclically in its natural mode. It counts the input pulses and the output is received as a 4-bit binary number through pins QA, QB, QC and QD. The binary output is reset to 0000 at every tenth pulse and count starts from 0 again. A pulse is also generated (probably at pin 9) as it resets its output to 0000. The chip can count up to other maximum numbers and return to zero by changing the modes of 7490. These modes are set by changing the connection of reset pins R1 - R4. The other high counts can be generated by connecting two or more 7490 ICs. For example, if two 7490 are connected in a manner that input of one becomes the output of other, the second IC will receive a pulse on every tenth count and will reset at every hundredth count. Thus this system can count from 0 to 99 and give corresponding BCD outputs.
5.3 74LS47
74LS47 is a BCD to 7-segment decoder/driver IC. It accepts a binary coded decimal as input and converts it into a pattern to drive a sevensegment for displaying digits 0 to 9. Binary coded decimal (BCD) is an encoding in which each digit of a number is represented by its own binary sequence (usually of four bits).
.
74LS47 IC accepts four lines of BCD (8421) input data and generates their complements internally. The data is decoded with seven AND/OR gates to drive indicator LEDs of the seven segment directly. The outputs correspond to Common anode (CA) configuration of seven segment.
5.4 Seven Segment Display

A seven segment display is the most basic electronic display device that can display digits from 0-9. They find wide application in device that display numeric information like digital clocks, radio, microwave ovens, electronic meters etc. The most common configuration has an array of 8 LEDs arranged in a special pattern to display these digits. They are laid out as a squared-off figure 8 every LEDs is assigned a name from a to h and is identified by its name. 7 LEDs a to g are used to display the numerals while eighth LED h is used to display the dot/decimal. A seven segment is generally available in ten pin package. While eight pins corresponds to the eight LEDs , the remaining two pins (at middle) are common and internally shorted. These segment come in two configurations, namely, common cathode(CC) and common anode(CA).In CCconfiguration, the negative terminals of all LEDs are connected to the common pins. The common is connected to ground and a particular LED gloss when its corresponding pin is high. In CA arrangement, the common pin is given a high logic and the LED pins are given low to display a number.
5.5 7421
The 7421 IC is composed of two independent Four-Input AND gates. The truth table for the 4-input of the AND is identical to that of the 2-Input variant. Naming the logical inputs and outputs as zeros and ones allows for easy calculation of the function performed. Let inputs be marked as A, B, C, and D. The output will be called X. Then, A * B * C * D = X. For example, if 2 of the inputs were logical one and two of them were logical zero, then 0*0*1*1 = 0, therefore the output of the gate would be zero. By a simpler method, simply consider the fact that the gate will only be output logical one if and only if ALL inputs are logical one (HIGH).
5.6 UM66
UM66T is a melody integrated circuit. It is designed for use in bells, telephones, toys etc. It has an inbuilt tone and a beat generator. The tone generator is a programmed divider which produces certain frequencies. These frequencies are a factor of the oscillator frequency. The beat generator is also a programmed divider which contains 15 available beats. Four beats of these can be selected.
There is an inbuilt oscillator circuit that serves as a time base for beat and tone generator. It has a 62 notes ROM to play music. A set of 4 bits controls the scale code while 2 bits control the rhythm code. When power is turned on, the melody generator is reset and melody begins from the first note. The speaker can be driven by an external npn transistor connected to the output of UM66. Many versions of UM66T are available which generates different sounds.
5.7 Transformer
The transformer is used here is a 230/ (0-9V) step down transformer. A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another to inductively coupled conductors the transformers coils or windings. Transformer is used to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage components.
5.8 BD 667
Application
n LINEAR AND SWITCHING INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
Description
The BD677, BD677A, BD679, BD679A and BD681 are silicon epitaxialbase NPN power transistors in monolithic Darlington configuration mounted in Jedec SOT-32 plastic package. They are intended for use in medium power linear and switching applications. The complementary PNP types are BD678, BD678A, BD680, BD680A and BD682 respectively create tone of different songs
6.Bill of Materials
Table 6.1 Bill of Materials SL No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Component Name Diode IN4007 4 UM66 Music Generator 1 NE555 1 74LS90 Decade Counter 2 74LS47 7-Segment Decoder/Driver 7421 AND Gate 1 Common Anode 7Segment Display Red LED 1 Resistors 1 Capacitor 4 Transformer 230V AC Primary to 9V 4-ohm 1W Loud Speaker 70 1 38 17 2 11 16 2 1 58 2 26 36 6 6 No Amount (Rs) 4
1 13 14 15 16 PCB Board 1 BD677 NPN Transistor 1 BC547 NPN Transistor 1 7805 5v REGULATOR 1 Total 348 9 1 24 25
6. Component List
1. IC NE555 timer 2. Decade Counter - IC 74LS90 3. 7-Segment decoder and driver IC 74LS47 4. AND gate IC 7421 5. Music generator - UM66 6. 5V Regulator IC 7805 7. npn Transistor- BC547 , BD677 8. Common anode 7- Segment display 9. Red LED 10. Resistors 2.2k, 1k, 10k, 220ohm, 470ohm,100k preset 11. Capacitors - 1000F/16V, 0.1F, 0.01F, 1000F/35V 12. Transformer 230V AC primary to 9V 13. Loud Speaker 4 ohm 1watt 14. Diode IN4001
7. PCB Fabrication
Printed Circuit Board play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of the electronic equipment .A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a result of component placement and track layout is held within limits still providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability 7.1 Where and Why Are PCBS Used? Printed Circuits Boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which are firmly bonded to an insulating base. Advantages of PCB over common wiring are: 1. PCBs are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a very small area with minimum parasitic effects 2. PCBs are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error. 3. Small components are easily mounted. 4. Servicing in simplified. The base materials used for PCBs are glass epoxy, epoxy paper, polyester etc. Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic deposition. The properties of copper foil are: 1. Thickness 35mm +5 meter 99.8% 0.1594
2. Thickness tolerance 3. Purity of Copper 4. Resistivity at 20 C -
7.2 Preparation of Single Sided PCB
In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad board. Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed. Base materials are selected according to application. It is mechanically and chemically cleaned. The photo resist is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength, changes their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble. Laminate coating of photo resist is done by
(i)
Spray coating Dip coating Roller coating
(ii) (iii)
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with each other. The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank. Proper developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a tray. The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist. Then the PCB is dyed in a tray.
7.3 Layout The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like ORCAD, Express PCB, PROTEL etc. We use the software DIP Trace PRO 2.07
7.4 Fabrication The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the component side as well as the copper clad side. Spaces are provided for holes to insert the respective components. Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the interconnecting mark.
7.5 Etching The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching. Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains. Then it is washed with water and Oxalic Acid.
7.6 Drilling The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill. Now the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is complete and ready for soldering
9. SOLDERING
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using and alloy solder consisting of Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb). Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to reduce the cost. After the PCB fabrication is done, the various components are arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done. All the liquids consists of particles which attract each other. The surface is always trying to shrink and this is because of surface tension. The principle behind the soldering is that when liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of solid surface, it may happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface. This property is called adhesive property. Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the metals so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal. 9.1 Need for flux During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of melting. The basic functions of flux are mentioned below: 1. Removes oxide from the surface. 2. Assists the transfer of heat from the surface to the joining and provides a liquid cover including air gap. 3. Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation
9.PCB Layout
10. Component View
Conclusion
With the knowledge of new techniques we are able to make life of the farmers more comfortable. One such application of electronic is AUTOMATIC RAIN CONTROL The same circuit find its use in other application too. Average rate of rain fall can be calculated with the help of which we can grow crops, relating to this specific period of rainfall .By calculating and the duration, the quantity of tube well can be decided and constructed to save water for future purpose. We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like to present it before prosperous world.

Submitted by Anoop T Kuruvila(13101263)

Submitted by Goldin Prasad(13101209)

Submitted by Mahesh K(13101213)

Submitted by Pradeep P A(13101221)

Submitted by Shemeer K K(13101264)

Automatic Rain Timer

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