The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew:

Paradigm Writing

This document contains templates to use when you practice writing out paradigms
and patterns. The templates supply either the consonantal root or a series of boxes in
place of root letters to which you need to add the appropriate vowels and any affixes.
Here we are using the term “paradigms” to refer to all the forms from a certain list, and
the term “patterns” to refer to the distinguishing characteristics that run throughout, or are
the base of, a paradigm. The answers occur at the end of the document. For verbs, some
paradigms include both contextual and pausal forms.
The paradigms and patterns are selected from throughout the textbook and include
the following.
1. Noun forms.
2. Independent personal pronoun and Qal patterns through ch. 9.
3. Qal Perfect: lfq, dbk (with pronouns and Qal patterns).
4. Qal Perfect: lfq, dbk. Qal Imperfect: lfq, dml, ˜tn. Qal patterns.
5. Derived Stem ID Badges.
6. I-class Imperfects: Niphal, Piel, Hitpael and Hiphil, alongside Qal of ˜tn.
7. A-class Imperfects: Pual and Hophal , alongside Qal of dml.
8. Mixed-class Perfects: Piel, Hitpael and Hiphil, alongside Qal of dbk.
9. A-class Perfects: Niphal, Pual, Hophal, alongside Qal of lfq.
10. Derived Stem Imperfects and Perfects.
As a complement to learning these paradigms and patterns, the Alias Profiles provide a
ready reference for weak roots.
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 2

1. Noun forms.
Be sure to include accent marks and note if the accent is on the following word.

a. Vertical format.

ms ab rbd
ms cs rbd
mp ab rbd
mp cs rbd
fs ab klm
fs cs klm
fp ab klm
fp cs klm
dual ab dy
dual cs dy

b. Horizontal format.

Dual both fem. pl. fem. sg. masc. pl. masc. si.

dy klm klm rbd rbd absolute

dy klm klm rbd rbd construct

 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 3

2. Independent personal pronoun and Qal patterns through ch. 9.

Pronoun Patterns
Qal
1cs
act ptc ∂∂∂
Qal ptc
2ms
R2 = w ∂∂
Qal
2fs
pass ptc ∂ ∂∂
Qal
3ms
inf ab ∂∂∂
Qal
3fs
inf cs ∂∂∂
Qal inf
1cp
R3 = h ∂∂
Qal
2mp
inf cs S∂ ∂ ∂

2fp

3mp

3fp
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 4

3. Qal Perfect: lfq, dbk (with pronouns and Qal patterns).

Pronoun Qal Perfect Qal Perfect Patterns

Qal
1cs 1cs lfq dbk act ptc ∂∂∂
Qal ptc
2ms 2ms lfq dbk R2 = w ∂∂
Qal
2fs 2fs lfq dbk pass ptc ∂ ∂∂
Qal
3ms 3ms lfq dbk inf ab ∂∂∂
Qal
3fs 3fs lfq dbk inf cs ∂∂∂
Qal inf
1cp 1cp lfq dbk R3 = h ∂∂
Qal
2mp 2mp lfq dbk inf cs S∂ ∂ ∂

2fp 2fp lfq dbk Qal imv ∂∂∂

3mp 3cp lfq dbk Qal imv E∂ ∂ ∂

3fp Qal imv S∂ ∂ ∂

 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 5

4. Qal Perfect: lfq, dbk. Qal Imperfect: lfq, dml, ˜tn. Qal patterns.

Qal Perfect Qal Perfect Qal Imperfect Qal Imperfect Qal Imperfect

1cs lfq dbk 1cs lfq dml ˜t

2ms lfq dbk 2ms lfq dml ˜t
2fs lfq dbk 2fs lfq dml nt
3ms lfq dbk 3ms lfq dml ˜t
3fs lfq dbk 3fs lfq dml ˜t
1cp lfq dbk 1cp lfq dml ˜t
2mp lfq dbk 2mp lfq dml nt
2fp lfq dbk 2fp lfq dml nt
3cp lfq dbk 3mp lfq dml nt
3fp lfq dml nt
Patterns.

Qal Qal
act ptc ∂∂∂ inf ab ∂∂∂ Qal imv ∂∂∂
Qal ptc Qal
R2 = w ∂∂ inf cs ∂∂∂ Qal imv E∂ ∂ ∂
Qal Qal inf
pass ptc ∂ ∂∂ R3 = h ∂∂ Qal imv S∂ ∂ ∂
Qal
inf cs S∂ ∂ ∂
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 6

5. Derived Stem ID Badges.

Niphal ∂∂∂ ∂∂∂ Niphal ∂∂∂ ∂∂∂

Piel ∂∂∂ ∂∂∂ Piel ∂∂∂ ∂∂∂
Hitpael ∂∂∂ Hitpael ∂∂∂
Pual ∂∂∂ Pual ∂∂∂
Hiphil ∂∂∂ ∂∂∂ Hiphil ∂∂∂ ∂∂∂
Hophal ∂∂∂ Hophal ∂∂∂
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 7

6. I-class Imperfects: Niphal, Piel, Hitpael and Hiphil, alongside Qal of ˜tn.

Qal i-class Niphal Piel Hitpael Hiphil

1cs ˜t lfq lfq lfq l fq

2ms ˜t lfq lfq lfq l fq
2fs nt lfq lfq lfq l fq
3ms ˜t lfq lfq lfq l fq
3fs ˜t lfq lfq lfq l fq
1cp ˜t lfq lfq lfq l fq
2mp nt lfq lfq lfq l fq
2fp nt lfq lfq lfq lfq
3mp nt lfq lfq lfq l fq
3fp nt lfq lfq lfq lfq
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 8

7. A-class Imperfects: Pual and Hophal , alongside Qal of dml.

Qal a-class Pual Hophal

1cs dml lfq lfq

2ms dml lfq lfq
2fs dml lfq lfq
3ms dml lfq lfq
3fs dml lfq lfq
1cp dml lfq lfq
2mp dml lfq lfq
2fp dml lfq lfq
3mp dml lfq lfq
3fp dml lfq lfq
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 9

8. Mixed-class Perfects: Piel, Hitpael and Hiphil, alongside Qal of dbk.

Contextual forms.

Qal Piel Hitpael Hiphil

1cs dbk lfq lfq lfq
2ms dbk lfq lfq lfq
2fs dbk lfq lfq lfq
3ms dbk lfq lfq l fq
3fs dbk lfq lfq l fq
1cp dbk lfq lfq lfq
2mp dbk lfq lfq lfq
2fp dbk lfq lfq lfq
3cp dbk lfq lfq l fq

3rd person pausal forms.

Qal Piel Hitpael Hiphil

3ms dbk lfq lfq l fq
3fs dbk lfq lfq l fq
3cp dbk lfq lfq l fq
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 10

9. A-class Perfects: Niphal, Pual, Hophal, alongside Qal of lfq.

Qal Niphal Pual Hophal

1cs lfq lfq lfq lfq
2ms lfq lfq lfq lfq
2fs lfq lfq lfq lfq
3ms lfq lfq lfq lfq
3fs lfq lfq lfq lfq
1cp lfq lfq lfq lfq
2mp lfq lfq lfq lfq
2fp lfq lfq lfq lfq
3cp lfq lfq lfq lfq
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 11

10. Derived Stems: Inf. Cs.

Niphal Piel Hitpael Pual Hiphil Hophal

Imperfect
1cs lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
2ms lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
2fs lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
3ms lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
3fs lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
1cp lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
2mp lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
2fp lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq
3mp lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
3fp lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq
Perfect
1cs lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq
2ms lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq
2fs lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq
3ms lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
3fs lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
1cp lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq
2mp lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq
2fp lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq lfq
3cp lfq lfq lfq lfq l fq lfq
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 12

1. Noun forms (with accent marks).

a. Vertical format.

ms ab rb;&D: ø

ms cs fw&Arb'D“ fw&Aø

mp ab µyrI&b;D“ µy∂i&
mp cs fw&AyrEb]DI fw&Ay∂e

fs ab hK;&l]m' t∂ / h∂;&
fs cs fw&AtK'l]m' fw&At∂'

fp ab t/k&l;m] t/∂&
fp cs fw&At/Kl]m' fw&At/∂

dual ab µyId"&y: µyI∂'&

dual cs fw&AydEy“ fw&Ay∂e

b. Horizontal format.

Dual both fem. pl. fem. sg. masc. pl. masc. si.

µyId"&y: t/k&l;m] hK;&l]m' µyrI&b;D“ rb;&D: absolute

fw&AydEy“ fw&At/Kl]m' fw&AtK'l]m' fw&AyrEb]DI fw&Arb'D“ construct

Endings only.

Dual both fem. pl. fem. sg. masc. pl. masc. si

µyI∂'& t/∂& t∂ / h∂;& µy∂i& ø absolute
fw&Ay∂e fw&At/∂ fw&At∂' fw&Ay∂e fw&Aø construct
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 13

2. Independent Personal Pronoun and Qal patterns through ch. 9.

Pronoun Patterns
Qal
1cs ynIa} act ptc ∂ ∂ ∂o
Qal ptc
2ms hT;a' R2 = w ∂ ∂;
Qal
2fs T]a' pass ptc ∂W∂ ∂
Qal
3ms aWh inf ab ∂ ∂o ∂;
Qal
3fs ayhi inf cs ∂ ∂ ∂]
Qal inf
1cp Wnj]n"a} R3 = h t/∂ ∂]
Qal
2mp µT,a' inf cs S∂ ∂] ∂;

2fp hn:Tea'
3mp µhe
3fp hN:he
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 14

3. Qal Perfect: lfq, dbk (with pronouns and Qal patterns).

Pronoun Qal Perfect Qal Perfect Patterns

Qal
1cs ynIa} 1cs yt{il]f&'q; yTid“b'&K; act ptc ∂ ∂ ∂o
Qal ptc
2ms hT;a' 2ms T;l]f'&q; T;d“b'&K; R2 = w ∂ ∂;
Qal
2fs T]a' 2fs T]l]f'&q; T]d“b'&K; pass ptc ∂W∂ ∂
Qal
3ms aWh 3ms lf'&q; dbe&K; inf ab ∂ ∂o ∂;
Qal
3fs ayhi 3fs hl;&f]q; hd:&b]K; inf cs ∂ ∂ ∂]
Qal inf
1cp Wnj]n"a} 1cp Wnl]f'&q; Wnd“b'&K; R3 = h t/∂ ∂]
Qal
2mp µT,a' 2mp µT,&l]f'q] µT&≤d“b'K] inf cs S∂ ∂] ∂;

2fp hn:Tea' 2fp ˜T,&l]fq] ˜T&,d“b'K] Qal imv ∂ ∂ ∂]

3mp µhe 3cp Wl&f]q; Wd&b]K; Qal imv E∂ ∂] ∂i

3fp hN:he Qal imv S∂ ∂] ∂;

 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 15

4a. Qal Perfect: lfq, dbk. Qal Imperfect: lfq, dml, ˜tn. Qal patterns.

Contextual forms.

Qal Perfect Qal Perfect Qal Imperfect Qal Imperfect Qal Imperfect

1cs yt{il]f&'q; yTid“b'&K; 1cs lfo&q]a, dm&'l]a, ˜Te&a,

2ms T;l]f'&q; T;d“b'&K; 2ms lf&oq]Ti dm'&l]Ti ˜T&eTi
2fs T]l]f'&q; T]d“b'&K; 2fs yli&f]q]Ti ydI&m]l]Ti ynI‡T]Ti
3ms lf'&q; dbe&K; 3ms lfo&q]yI dm'&l]yI ˜Te&yI
3fs hl;&f]q; hd:&b]K; 3fs lfo&q]Ti dm'&l]Ti ˜Te&Ti
1cp Wnl]f'&q; Wnd“b'&K; 1cp lfo&q]nI dm&'l]nI ˜Te&nI
2mp µT,&l]f'q] µT&≤d“b'K] 2mp Wl&f]q]Ti Wd&m]l]Ti Wn‡T]Ti
2fp ˜T,&l]fq] ˜T&,d“b'K] 2fp hn:l]fo&q]Ti hn:d“m'&l]Ti hN:Te&Ti
3cp Wl&f]q; Wd&b]K; 3mp Wl&f]q]yI Wd&m]l]yI Wn‡T]yI
3fp hn:l]fo&q]Ti hn:d“m'&l]Ti hN:Te&Ti
Patterns.

Qal Qal
act ptc ∂ ∂ ∂o inf ab ∂ ∂o ∂; Qal imv ∂ ∂ ∂]
Qal ptc Qal
R2 = w ∂ ∂; inf cs ∂ ∂ ∂] Qal imv E∂ ∂] ∂i
Qal Qal inf
pass ptc ∂W∂ ∂ R3 = h t/∂ ∂] Qal imv S∂ ∂] ∂;
Qal
inf cs S∂ ∂] ∂;
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 16

4b. Qal Perfect: lfq, dbk. Qal Imperfect: lfq, dml, ˜tn. Qal patterns.

Pausal forms.

Qal Perfect Qal Perfect Qal Imperfect Qal Imperfect Qal Imperfect

1cs yt{il]f…–q; yTid“b…–K; 1cs lf–oq]a, dm…–l]a, ˜T´–a,

2ms T;l]f…–q; T;d“b…–K; 2ms lf–oq]Ti dm…–l]Ti ˜T´–Ti
2fs T]l]f…–q; T]d“b…–K; 2fs ylif–oq]Ti ydIm…–l]Ti ynIT´–Ti
3ms lf…–q; db´–K; 3ms lfo–q]yI dm…–l]yI ˜T´–yI
3fs hl;f…–q`; hd:b´–K; 3fs lfo–q]Ti dm…–l]Ti ˜T´–Ti
1cp Wnl]f…–q; Wnd“b–K… ; 1cp lfo–q]nI dm…–l]nI ˜T´–nI
2mp µT≤–l]f'q] µT≤–d“b'K] 2mp Wlfo–q]Ti Wdm…–l]Ti WnT´–Ti
2fp ˜T≤–l]fq] ˜T≤–d“b'K] 2fp hn:l]fo–q]Ti hn:d“m–æl]Ti hN:T´–Ti
3cp Wlf…–q; Wdb´–K; 3mp Wlfo–q]yI Wdm…–l]yI WnT´–yI
3fp hn:l]fo–q]Ti hn:d“m–æl]Ti hN:T´–Ti
Patterns.

Qal Qal
act ptc ∂ ∂ ∂o inf ab ∂ ∂o ∂; Qal imv ∂ ∂ ∂]
Qal ptc Qal
R2 = w ∂ ∂; inf cs ∂ ∂ ∂] Qal imv E∂ ∂] ∂i
Qal Qal inf
pass ptc ∂W∂ ∂ R3 = h t/∂ ∂] Qal imv S∂ ∂] ∂;
Qal
inf cs S∂ ∂] ∂;
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 17

5. Derived Stem ID Badges.

Niphal ∂∂∂{…Pi ∂∂∂]nI

Piel ∂∂{∂'P ] ∂∂{∂i
Hitpael ∂∂{∂'t]Pi
Pual ∂∂{∂Pu ]
Hiphil ∂∂∂]P' ∂∂∂]hi
Hophal ∂∂∂]P;
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 18

6a. I-class Imperfects: Niphal, Piel, Hitpael and Hiphil, alongside Qal of ˜tn.

Contextual forms.

Qal i-class Niphal Piel Hitpael Hiphil

1cs ˜Te&a, lfe&Q;ai lFe&q'a} lFe&q't]a, lyfi&q]a'

2ms ˜Te&Ti lfe&Q;Ti lFe&q'T] lFe&q't]Ti lyfi&q]T'
2fs ynI‡T]Ti yli&f]Q;Ti yli&F]q'T] yli&F]q't]Ti yliyfi&q]T'
3ms ˜Te&yI lfe&Q;yI lFe&q'y“ lFe&q't]yI lyfi&q]y"
3fs ˜Te&Ti lfe&Q;Ti lFe&q'T] lFe&q't]Ti lyfi&q]T'
1cp ˜Te&nI lfe&Q;nI lFe&q'n“ lFe&q't]nI lyfi&q]n"
2mp Wn‡T]Ti Wl&f]Q;Ti Wl&F]q'T] Wl&F]q't]Ti Wlyfi&q]T'
2fp hN:Te&Ti hn:l]f&'Q;Ti hn:l]Fe&q'T] hn:l]Fe&q't]Ti hn:l]fe&q]T'
3mp Wn‡T]yI Wl&f]Q;yI Wl&F]q'y“ Wl&F]q't]yI Wlyfi&q]y"
3fp hN:Te&Ti hn:l]f'&Q;Ti hn:l]Fe&q'T] hn:l]Fe&q't]Ti hn:l]fe&q]T'
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 19

6b. I-class Imperfects: Niphal, Piel, Hitpael and Hiphil, alongside Qal of ˜tn.

Pausal forms.

Qal i-class Niphal Piel Hitpael Hiphil

1cs ˜T´–a, lf´–Q;ai lF´–q'a} lF´–q't]a, lyfi–q]a'

2ms ˜T´–Ti lf´–Q;Ti lF´–q'T] lF´–q't]Ti lyfi–q]T'
2fs ynIT´–Ti ylif´–Q;Ti yliF´–q'T] yliF´–q't]Ti yliyfi–q]T'
3ms ˜T´–yI lf´–Q;yI lF´–q'y“ lF´–q't]yI lyfi–q]y"
3fs ˜T´–Ti lf´–Q;Ti lF´–q'T] lF´–q't]Ti lyfi–q]T'
1cp ˜T´–nI lf´–Q;nI lF´–q'n“ lF´–q't]nI lyfi–q]n"
2mp WnT´–Ti Wlf´–Q;Ti WlF´–q'T] WlF´–q't]Ti Wlyfi–q]T'
2fp hN:T´–Ti hn:l]fæ–Q;Ti hn:l]F´–q'T] hn:l]F´–q't]Ti hn:l]f´–q]T'
3mp WnT´–yI Wlf´–Q;yI WlF´–q'y“ WlF´–q't]yI Wlyfi–q]y"
3fp hN:T´–Ti hn:l]fæ–Q;Ti hn:l]F´–q'T] hn:l]F´–q't]Ti hn:l]f´–q]T'
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 20

7. A-class Imperfects: Pual and Hophal , alongside Qal of dml.

Contextual forms.

Qal a-class Pual Hophal

1cs dm&'l]a, lF'&qua} lf'&q]a;

2ms dm'&l]Ti lF'&quT] lf'&q]T;
2fs ydI&m]l]Ti yli&F]quT] yli&f]q]T;
3ms dm'&l]yI lF'&quy“ lf'&q]y:
3fs dm'&l]Ti lF'&quT] lf'&q]T;
1cp dm&'l]nI lF'&qun“ lf'&q]n:
2mp Wd&m]l]Ti Wl&F]quT] Wl&f]q]T;
2fp hn:d“m'&l]Ti hn:l]F'&quT] hn:l]f'&q]T;
3mp Wd&m]l]yI Wl&F]quy“ Wl&f]q]y:
3fp hn:d“m'&l]Ti hn:l]F'&quT] hn:l]f'&q]T;
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 21

8. Mixed-class Perfects: Piel, Hitpael and Hiphil, alongside Qal of dbk.

Contextual forms.

Qal Piel Hitpael Hiphil

1cs yTid“b'&K; yTil]F'&qi yTil]F'&q't]hi yTil]f'&q]hi
2ms T;d“b'&K; T;l]F'&qi T;l]F'&q't]hi T;l]f'&q]hi
2fs T]d“b'&K; T]l]F'&qi T]l]F'&q't]hi T]l]f'&q]hi
3ms dbe&K; lFe&qi lF&eq't]hi lyfi&q]hi
3fs hd:&b]K; hl;&F]qi hl;&F]q't]hi hl;yfi&q]hi
1cp Wnd“b'&K; Wnl]F'&qi Wnl]F'&q't]hi Wnl]f'&q]hi
2mp µT&≤d“b'K] µT,&l]F'qi µT,&l]F'q't]hi µT,&l]f'q]hi
2fp ˜T&,d“b'K] ˜T&,l]F'qi ˜T&,l]F'q't]hi ˜T&,l]f'q]hi
3cp Wd&b]K; Wl&F]qi Wl&F]q't]hi Wlyf&iq]hi

3rd person pausal forms.

Qal Piel Hitpael Hiphil

3ms db´–K; lF´–qi lF´–q't]hi lyfi–q]hi
3fs hd:b–K´ ; hl;F´–qi hl;F´–q't]hi hl;yfi–q]hi
3cp Wdb´–K; WlF´–qi WlF´–q't]hi Wlyf–iq]hi
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 22

9. A-class Perfects: Niphal, Pual, Hophal, alongside Qal of lfq.

Contextual forms.

Qal Niphal Pual Hophal

1cs yTil]f'&q; yTil]f'&q]nI yTil]F'&qu yTil]f'&q]h;
2ms T;l]f'&q; T;l]f'&q]nI T;l]F'&qu T;l]f'&q]h;
2fs T]l]f'&q; T]l]f'&q]nI T]l]F'&qu T]l]f'&q]h;
3ms lf'&q; lf'&q]nI lF'&qu lf'&q]h;
3fs hl;&f]q; hl;&f]q]nI hl;&F]qu hl;&f]q]h;
1cp Wnl]f'&q; Wnl]f'&q]nI Wnl]F'&qu Wnl]f'&q]h;
2mp µT,&l]f'q] µT,&l]f'q]nI µT,&l]F'qu µT,&l]f'q]h;
2fp ˜T,&l]f'q] ˜T,&l]f'q]nI ˜T,&l]F'qu ˜T&≤l]f'q]h;
3cp Wl&f]q; Wl&f]q]nI Wl&F]qu Wl&f]q]h;
 The Cambridge Introduction to Biblical Hebrew: Paradigm Writing 23

10. Derived Stems: Imperfect and Perfect.

Niphal Piel Hitpael Pual Hiphil Hophal

Imperfect
1cs lfe&Q;ai lFe&q'a} lFe&q't]a, lF'&qua} lyfi&q]a' lf'&q]a;
2ms lfe&Q;Ti lFe&q'T] lFe&q't]Ti lF'&quT] lyfi&q]T' lf'&q]T;
2fs yli&f]Q;Ti yli&F]q'T] yli&F]q't]Ti yli&F]quT] yliyfi&q]T' yli&f]q]T;
3ms lfe&Q;yI lFe&q'y“ lFe&q't]yI lF'&qyu “ lyfi&q]y" lf'&q]y:
3fs lfe&Q;Ti lFe&q'T] lFe&q't]Ti lF'&quT] lyfi&q]T' lf'&q]T;
1cp lfe&Q;nI lFe&q'n“ lFe&q't]nI lF'&qun“ lyfi&q]n" lf'&q]n:
2mp Wl&f]Q;Ti Wl&F]q'T] Wl&F]q't]Ti Wl&F]quT] Wlyfi&q]T' Wl&f]q]T;
2fp hn:l]f&'Q;Ti hn:l]Fe&q'T] hn:l]Fe&q't]Ti hn:l]F'&quT] hn:l]fe&q]T' hn:l]f'&q]T;
3mp Wl&f]Q;yI Wl&F]q'y“ Wl&F]q't]yI Wl&F]quy“ Wlyfi&q]y" Wl&f]q]y:
3fp hn:l]f'&Q;Ti hn:l]Fe&q'T] hn:l]Fe&qt' ]Ti hn:l]F'&quT] hn:l]fe&q]T' hn:l]f'&qT] ;
Perfect
1cs yTil]f'&q]nI yTil]F'&qi yTil]F'&q't]hi yTil]F&q' u yTil]f'&q]hi yTil]f'&q]h;
2ms T;l]f'&q]nI T;l]F'&qi T;lF] '&q't]hi T;l]F'&qu T;l]f'&q]hi T;l]f'&q]h;
2fs T]l]f'&q]nI T]l]F'&qi T]lF] '&q't]hi T]l]F'&qu T]l]f'&q]hi T]lf] '&q]h;
3ms lf'&q]nI lFe&qi lF&qe 't]hi lF'&qu lyfi&q]hi lf'q& ]h;
3fs hl;&f]q]nI hl;&F]qi hl;&Fq] 't]hi hl;&F]qu hl;yfi&q]hi hl;&fq] ]h;
1cp Wnl]f'&q]nI Wnl]F'&qi Wnl]F'&qt' ]hi Wnl]F'&qu Wnl]f'&q]hi Wnl]f'&qh] ;
2mp µT,&l]f'q]nI µT,&l]F'qi µT,&l]F'qt' ]hi µT,&l]F'qu µT,&l]f'q]hi µT,&l]f'qh] ;
2fp ˜T,&l]f'q]nI ˜T&,l]F'qi ˜T&,l]F'q'th] i ˜T,l& ]F'qu ˜T&,l]f'q]hi ˜T&≤l]f'q]h;
3cp Wl&f]q]nI Wl&F]qi Wl&F]q't]hi Wl&F]qu Wlyf&iq]hi Wl&f]q]h;