GEN PSYCH REVIEWER Galen - humoral psychology (fluids/temperaments)

BY SHAYNEGANDA,CUTE AT SEXY ;) sanguine - cheerful - blood

(ang umangal babagsak sa exams) phlegmatic - sluggish - phlegm

melancholic - beyond sad - black vile

INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY choleric - angry - yellow vile

Psychology - came from the Greek words:

MEDIEVAL INFLUENCES(church)
psych/psyche - soul/mind
St. Augustine - method of introspection
logos - study
St. Thomas Aquinas - minds are physical entity &
(scientific study of behavior and mental process)
spreads morality

Behavior - all actions and reactions

MODERN INFLUENCES
Mental Processes - covert activities of the mind
Rene Descartes - I think therefore I am

John Locke - Tabularasa (blank slate)

 overt - obvious; seen in the naked eye
(sa start, wala pa tayong alam kaya nga blank hehe
 covert - hidden so natututo based sa mga nararanasan natin)

 conscious - aware George Berkely - idea is your reality; theory of

knowledge
 unconscious - unaware

 simple
SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY
 complex - analyze; interpret
Wilhelm Wundt - father of scientific psychology

Granville Stanley Hall - APA

ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY
GOALS/OBJECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY
 rational - logical reasoning (D.E.P.C.)
 irrational - no basis

 voluntary - freewill

 involuntary - no freewill describe - what is happening

explain - why is it happening

GREEK INFLUENCES predict - when will it happen again

Democritus - human mind is composed of “atoms” control - how can it be changed

Plato - mind and soul are distinct (dualism)

Aristotle - 3 functions of the soul SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

vegetative - maintainance of life
Structuralism
appetative - motives and desires
Edward Titchener
rational - functions of the heart
Method: Introspection Psychodynamic - psychoanalysis; unstable

Analyze the structure of the mind Behavioral - stimulus response; behaviorism

Humanistic - sees the goodness; considerate

Functionalism Cognitive - mental processes

J. Dewey, W. James, H. Carr Sociocultural - society & culture incorporate in 1 goal

Method: objective analysis Biophysiological - biological structure of the mind

Functions and importance of sensory Evolutionary - true in the past; may not be true in the
present

Positive - positive side; optimist

Gestalt
(combination of all perspective yung the best hehe)
M. Wertheimer, K. Koffka, W. Kohler

Method: Phenomenology (based on experience)

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Introspection - self analization

Psychoanalysis
Observation - discriminate & interpret
Sigmund Freud
Naturalistic - natural environment; watch w/o
Methhod: Free Association interference

Human desires are directed by unconscious mind Directed - specific manner

Participative - immersion of oneself

Behaviorism Testing - tests presented to an individual

John Watson Clinical Method/Case History - combination of

naturalistic and observation
Method: conditioning (process of learning behavior)
Statistical - reduces data into descriptive form
Subject matter should be observable & objective
Experimental - based in assumptions

Interview - foundation of all methods; conversation

Purpovism

William McDougal

Method: objective method (nasa quiz1 ito, if you FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY

want to know daw the reason why some people do
this certain thing, for short inaalam mo yung purpose General - basic & fundamental
nya on doing that)
Developmental - human devt from old age
An individual’s behavior can’t be understood w/o
understanding his/her goals Social - how people think abt influence; interaction

Personality - individual differences

Clinical - diagnosis; treatment of problems

PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY
(nasa quiz 1 din ‘to, yung kapag may problem yung
isang tao then nagkakasakit sya dahil dun, itong field
yung gagamitin)
School & Educational - evaluation of learning Cephalocaudal Principle - development from head
problems in school downward; the child must learn to control his head

Counseling - deals w/ personal problems Proximodistal Principal - starts devt from the center to
the nearest one
Industrial/Organizational - selection of ppl for job
Cognitive Development - gains from simple (concrete)
(ito yung kapag maghhire ng nag-aaply ng trabaho
to the more complex
na lumabas sa quiz 1)

Engineering - how ppl and machines are related

Environmental - man & environment PRE - NATAL

Physiological - biological processes

Experimental - behavior & cognitive

 conception begins; ends at birth
Forensic - law & legal proceedings
 tremendous growth
(kapag may mga cases sa court, nasa quiz1 rin)
 hereditary endowment (46 chromosome, 23 pair)
Consumer - selecting/obtaining products
 gender is identified
Sports - enhance athlete & coach’s performance
 mother’s favorable condition foster the devt
Health - cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal
(pag may vices yung momomy - unhealthy si
factors that affect health and illness
baby) (pinapakinig yung baby sa classical music)

 incorporate to significant people (tinatawag

yung ibang kapatid pag sumisipa si baby
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ganoin)

GENETICS - study of heredity

Development - changes over time in a person’s body,
thought and behavior due to biological and Genes - inside the DNA
environmental influences
DNA - inside the chromosome

Chromosome - inside the nucleus

Human Development - the scientific study of
psychological changes that occur in human being
over course of their life span Chromosome

1. Autosome - made up the biological features (22)

TWO PERSPECTIVE: 2. Sex chromosome - XX(Female) XY(Male)

Nature - hereditary which is the influence of inherited

characteristics on personality, personal growth,
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
intellectual growth, & social interactions
 special and smallest
Nurture - influence of the environment on all aspects
of human development & includes anything that  series of genes
does not come w/in an individual
 2 helix strand

 made up of sugar phosphate (organic) (AGT)

PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Genes PERIOD OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Dominant - inherited that can be seen 1. Germinal Period - upto the 2nd week of fertilization

2. Recessive - tends to fade but will stay Blastocyst - inner layer of the cell

Trophoblast - outer layer

GENETIC ANOMALIES
2. Embryonic - 2-8 weeks after conception; period of
rapid cell division and differentiation

zygote - evolve to embryo which has 3 layers:

1. Cystic Fibrosis - disease of the respiratory and
digestive system
(water - first environment natin)
2. Sickle Cell Anemia - blood disorder (low blood)
3. Tay Sachs Disorder - fatal neurological disorder
4. Phenylketonuria (KPU) - w/o yhe ablity to
breakdown pehylalanine amino acid; controlling the
color of skin and hair
 endoderm - inner layer; devt of digestive and
respiratory system
(parehong may letter N - eNdo and iNNer)
 ectoderm - outermost layer; which has become
the nervous system, sensory receptors and skin
(parehong may letter T - ecTo and ouTermost)
 mesoderm - middle layer; circulatory system,
bones, muscles, excretory and reproductive
system

CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALIES (parehong may letter M - Meso and Middle)

1. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) - affects the features

of the face; extra chromosome in the 21st pair

(no. 1 cause of intellectual defficiency)
2. Trisomy 13&18 - extra chromosome in the 13th and
18th pair; problem in the heart and respiratory system
3. Turner’s Syndrome - monosomy X; girls; missing the
23rd pair
Placenta - provides nourishment, filters the waste
product of the bebi
Umbilical Cord - chordlike structure; attaching the
fetus to the placenta (dito nakakahinga yung bata
kaya nga after delivery, di agad sya nipuputol)

4. Klinefelter’s Syndrome - men; 23rd pair is XXY

3. Fetal Period - 3rd to 9th month; on the 28th week, the
brain was developed
Fertilization - process when egg and sperm unite to
produce a single cell

Zygote - single cell unit produced (23 pairs)

Twinning - works abnormally

1. Monozygotic (identical) - 2 babies came from one

fertilized egg

2. Dizygotic (fraternal) - more than 1 egg was fertilized,

different characteristics

(D&F - diba magkasunod yun sa alphabet so pag

dizygotic, fraternal yon haha)
 INFANCY/BABYHOOD (birth - 2 y/o)
2. Primitive Reflexes - seen in the earlier years

babinski reflexes - indicator that the baby is

healthy; tickle (inc in the quiz2)
Hallmark of Infancy
palmar grasping reflexes - examples here is yung
 Physical growth
paghawak ng baby sa milk bottle nya, curling of
 Motor Development fingers

 Vocal Development moro reflexes - ex here when the baby will hear a
loud sound when he/she is sleeping, biglang
 Cognitive and Social Development magigising then will go back to sleep
(PMVC - pag ni-PM mo, pwede kayong swimming reflexes
magVideoChat haha nudaw)
stepping reflexes

Assimilation - old information, will be used in the EARLY CHILDHOOD (1 1/2 or 2 - 7 y/o)
present situation (for ex, tinuruan mo yung baby na
yung ball is round so ang tendency, all objects na  the time wherein the child begins to speak and
circular would be a ball for him/her) pay more attention

HAZARDS OF INFANCY
LATE CHILDHOOD (7 - 12 or 13 y/o)
 Unfavorable Prenatal Environment

 Difficult and Complicated Birth

 Multiple Birth - ex here is yung twinning  horizontal growth and gradual changes in height
and weight
 Post Maturity - nasa quiz2, overdue yung delivery

 Pre Maturity - not fully developed yung baby

since napaaga yung delivery (in Lehmann’s term,
sila yung mga pitopito or walowalo na babies) PUBERTY (13 - 17 y/o)

 Infant Mortality - dito nauso yung term na “crib

death
 came from the Latin word “pubertas” meaning
age of manhood
Reflexes - innate; involuntary behavior
 rapid physical growth and maturation invloving
1. Survival Reflexes hormonal bodily changes

breathing reflexes - intake oxygen  primary sex characteristics - genitals

eye-blink reflexes - keep our eyes moistured  secondary sex characteristics - adam’s apple,
broadening of the shoulders sheneling kemerut
pupillary reflexes - kapag dim, nag-aadjust yung
eyes to adapt visual systems  changes in body, status and attitude

rooting reflexes - associated in the movement if  menarche - girl’s first menstruation

the head (for ex, tatakamin mo yung baby ng isang
 girls tend to outweigh boys but at the age of 14,
food, his/her head will follow the direction nung food)
boys begins to surpass girls oha
sucking reflexes - allow babies to take nutrients

swallomg reflexes - allow babies to take nutrients


ADOLESCENCE (18 - 20 y/0)
 "adolescre” - to grow to maturity
 in this stage, yung individual ay nagiging chaotic
and problematic as stated sa quiz2 hehe
 kaya nga acc to Hurlock, “terrible teens” yung
tawag sa kanila because of the effects ng
attitude and behavior
 enters a lot of vagueness and confusion
EARLY ADULTHOOD (20 - 40 y/0)
 personal need for intimacy and sex, strive for
love and compassion
 nagkakaroon din ng changes in social
expectations
 time to settle down - men are expected to work
while women are expected to assure
responsibility of being a wife and mother
(reproductive age)
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD (40 - 60 y/0)
 middle adulthood - afternoon of life
 late adulthood - evening of life
(acc to Carl Jung, 1933)
LATE ADULTHOOD (60 y/0 upon death)
 individuals make choices, select what to do
invest time and evaluate aspects of life
 closing period
 leads to poor adjustments/unhappiness
 despair - nagrregret sila sa mga things na hindi
nila nagawa noon
THEORIES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
 JEAN PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
 focused on accommodation and
assimilation
 accommodation - old info was replaced by
a new information (for ex, before ang alam mo
ay yung science, walang math per nung
nagkaroon ka na ng science subjects,
maddiscover mo na math pala yung language
of science so ibig sabihin, yung dati mong
perception na alam abt science ay napalitan)
 assimilation - old info was used at the
present situation
1. Sensorimotor
object permanence (assimilation)
stranger anxiety (nangingilala) (example here
yung isang baby, di naman sya agad nagpapakarga
sa mga tao na ngayon nya lang nameet or
whatsoever)
2. Preoperational
pretend play (for ex, pinagsabihan mo yung
baby na bawal kainin yung certain toy, tatango sya
pero di ka talaga nya naiintindihan, kaya nga
pretend play)
egocentrism (self-centered) (kapag hindi
nabibigay yung gutso, they’ll cry or have tantrums)
3. Concrete Operational
conservation, mathematical transformation
4. Formal Operational
abstract reasoning (most probably here’s the
reason why most of the child during this stage are
pilosopo kung sumagot)
moral reasoning (taught by their parents)
 infancy trust vs. mistrust toilet training

 SIGMUND FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES autonomy vs.

early childhood exploration
shame/doubt
 acc to him, for an indidual to develop,
kailangan daw ng pleasure preschool initiative vs. guilt school
 erogenous zone - pleasure zone (P.Z.) social (dito
industry vs. maddevelop
 fixation - insufficient or graciously satsified school age
inferiority yung confident
yung stage
acc sa quiz2)
 libido - sexual desire
identity vs. role
adolescence responsibilities
confusion

1. Oral - mouth(PZ) - sucking, biting, chewing young intimacy vs.

relationships
adulthood isolation

middle generality vs. work and

2. Anal - ana;(PZ) - bowel and bladder movement
adulthood stagnation parenthood
 toilet training - o.c. or orderless (fixation)
ego integrity vs.
maturity reflection on life
despair

3. Phallic (penis-like) - genitals(PZ) - coping with

sexual feelings

 incest towards their parents (most controversial)

 LEV YGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL COGNITIVE
 oedipus complex - boys to their mother THEORY

 electracomplex - girls to their father  children actively construct their knowledge

 to detach - womb envy or penis envy  culutual and social interaction guide
cognitive development of an individual

 knowledge - not w/in and individual but

4. Latency rather constructed through interaction with other
 dormant sexual feelings people from other culture

 bumababa yung libido since an individual’s  ex. here yung abt sa peer influences (quiz2)
attention is diverted to different activities

 gender identity  INFORMATIONAL PROCESSING THEORY

 increasing complex knowledge

5.Genital  gradually increasing capacity
 maturation of sexual interest

 ERIK ERICSON’S PYSCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF

DEVELOPMENT

 importance of interaction to devt

 presence of opposing forces