FACTS

Flexible AC Transmission
System

Presented by:
Dr Ahmed Massoud

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 1

 FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 2

 POWER SYSTEM

GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 3

 Characteristics of Transmission
Bottlenecks

• Steady-State Power Transfer Limit

• Voltage Stability Limit
• Transient Stability Limit
• Thermal Limit
• Short-Circuit Current Limit

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 4

Conventional System Solutions to
enhance Transmission capability

• Series Capacitors (X)

• Switched Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor (V)
• Transformer LTC’s (V)
• Phase Shifting Transformers (δ)
• Synchronous Condensers (V)

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 5

 FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 6
 Flexible Alternating Current
Transmission Systems (FACTS)
FACTS
AC transmission systems incorporating the
power electronic-based to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer
capability.
FACTS Controllers
A power electronic based system & other
static equipment that provide control of one
or more AC transmission parameters.

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 7

 Power Electronics Devices For
FACTS Controllers
Line-Commutated
• Thyristors
• Electrically Triggered (ETT)
• Light Triggered (LTT)
Self-Commutated
• Gate-Turn Off Thyristors (GTO)
• Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
• Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCTs)

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 8

 FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 9
 FACTS
c o n tro lle rs
lin e fo rc e d
c o m m u ta te d c o m m u ta te d
S e rie s Shunt S e rie s Shunt
thy ris to r c o ntro lle d thy ris to r c o ntro lle d s ta tic s y nc hro no us s ta tic s y nc hro no us
s e rie s c a pa c ito r re a c to r o r s w itc he d s e rie s c o m p e ns a to r c o mpe ns a to r
(TC S C ) c a pa c ito r (TC R or TS C ) (S S S C ) (S TATC O M )
B a c k -to -b a c k S e rie s -s e rie s S h u n t-S e rie s S e rie s -s e rie s
c o nv e ntio na l HVD C inte rline po w e r flo w unifie d po w e r flo w inte rline po w e r flo w
c o ntro lle r c o ntro lle r c o ntro lle r
(IP F C ) (UP F C ) (IP F C )
B a tte ry e ne rgy S upe rc o nduc ting
s to ra ge (B E S S ) M a gne tic E ne rgy
S to ra ge (S M E S )

B a c k -to -b a c k
light HVD C
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 ___ ___

Vs X Vr

Vs .Vr
P= sin δ
X

Vs
I.X
δ
Vr
I

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 Controllable parameters
Control of the line impedance
current and active power control
Control of angle
current and active power control
Series voltage injection
Current, active, and reactive power control
Parallel voltage injection
Current, active, and reactive power control
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 12
 Series control
V1 Xseries X V2

Vseries
V1
P=V 1.V 2.sin(δ )/(X-X series )
I
δ
V2

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 13

 Parallel control
V1 X V2

V1
V1
Q
I
P=V 1.V 2.sin(δ )/X I
δ
V2
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 Series and parallel control

V1 Xseries X V2

Vseries

Q ?
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 15
 FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 16
 Static VAR compensator
• TCR = Thyristor Controlled Reactor
• TSR = Thyristor Switched Reactor
• TSC = Thyristor Switched Capacitor
• MSC = Mechanically-Switched Capacitor
• MSR = Mechanically-Switched Reactor
• FC = Fixed Capacitor
• Harmonic Filters

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Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)
Parallel-connected static var generator or
absorber
● Output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or
inductive current
● Maintain or control specific parameters of the
electrical power system
(typically bus voltage).
● Thyristor-based Controllers
● Lower cost alternative to STATCOM
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 18
 8

6 Voltage Current Thyristor Controlled

4

0
Reactor
-2

-4

-6

-8
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Time (s)

Firing angle of 90

0.667

0.333

-0.333

-0.667

-1
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Time (s)

Firing angle of 135

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Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)

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Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM)

● Parallel-connected static var compensator

● Capacitive or inductive output current
controlled independently of the ac
system voltage

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 Inverter Q
(IGBT, GTO, or GCT) L

Vdc

P (if no energy
source is provided)

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 Parallel Active Power Filters
(Parallel APF)

• Reactive power
• Compensation
• Source current’s higher
• Harmonics compensation
• DC element voltage control

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 23

 3-phase
supply

is
L v Shunt active
e
filter
iL if

non-linear
load

Shunt active power filter single line diagram

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 24

 i dc (t)

Sa Sb Sc
La ia
ea
+ C v an Lb ib
v dc (t) eb
_ v bn Lc ic
ec
v cn
S'a S'b S'c

Two level voltage source inverter

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 25

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 26
 Voltage source inverters
1. Two level Voltage source inverter
2. Multilevel voltage source inverter
3. Series connection

Current source inverter ?

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 Multilevel inverter
1. Neutral point clamped
2. Cascaded
3. Flying capacitor

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 Neutral point clamped

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 Flying capacitor

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 30

 Cascaded

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 31

 2E volt
S1 D1
i load i load
E E

S4 D4

2E 2E

S5 D5
E E

S8 D8

iload >0 iload <0

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 E volt
i load i load
E E

D3 S4 S3 D4

E E

S5 D5
E E

S8 D8

iload >0 iload <0

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 0 volt
i load i load
E E

D3 S4 S3 D4

0 0

E E

D7 S8 S7 D8

iload >0 iload <0

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 34

 -E volt
i load i load
E E

D3 S4 S3 D4

-E -E

D6 S6
E E

D7 S7

iload >0 iload <0

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 -2E volt
D2 S2
i load i load
E E

D3 S3

-2 E -2 E

D6 S6
E E

D7 S7

iload >0 iload <0

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Output of 5-level inverter (PWM)
3
M a gni tu de (P er unit )

-1

-2

-3
0 0. 005 0 .0 1 0.015 0 .0 2
Ti me (s )

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 37

 Series connection of IGBT

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 38

 Output of two-level inverter (PWM)
M ag n itu d e (Per u n it ) 3

-1

-2

-3
0 0. 0 05 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 5 0 . 02
T im e (s )

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 39

 FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 40
Series Capacitors Applied For:
Increasing Power Transfer
Increasing Stability Limits
Improving Voltage Profile
Improving Load Division

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 41

Series Active Power filter (Series
APF)

• Voltage harmonics compensation

• Stability improvement
• Current harmonics blocking

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 Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC)
● Output voltages in quadrature with, and
controllable independently of, the line current
● Control the transmitted electric power.
● May include energy storage to enhance the
dynamic behavior of the power system by
additional temporary real power
compensation, to increase or decrease
momentarily, the overall real (resistive)
voltage drop across the line.
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 43
 Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor (TCSC)
● Smooth control of series capacitive
reactance

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 44

 FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 45
 Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC)
● A combination of STATCOM and SSSC coupled via a
common dc link
● Bi-directional flow of real power between the SSSC and
the STATCOM

Unified Power Flow Controller = Static Synchronous Series Compensator +

STATCOM

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 In v e r t e r
(I G B T , G T O , o r G C T )
S e r ie s
c o n v e rte r

S hunt
c o n v e rte r
L

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 Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC)
• Source current harmonics compensation
• System stability improvement
• Reactive power compensation
• DC element voltage control
• Voltage harmonics compensation

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 48

 Combination of active power filter
and passive filter

Supply Load

Active Passive
filter filter

Parallel active power filter and passive filter

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 Supply Load

Passive
filter

Active
filter
Parallel active power filter in series with passive filter
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 50
 Active
Supply filter Load

Passive
filter

Series active power filter and parallel passive filter

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 Active
Supply filter Load

Active
filter

Series and parallel active power filter (unified power

quality conditioner UPQC)

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 Series VS. Parallel

● Series is more powerful in controlling the

current/power flow and damp oscillations
● Parallel is more effective in voltage control and
damping of voltage oscillations

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 53

 FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 54
 FACTS and HVDC

Grid 1 V1 FACTS V2 Grid 2

or
HVDC

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 55

High voltage DC transmission (HVDC)

It is economically attractive:
• over a long distance from a remote
generating to the load centre (>300
miles)
• underwater transmission
• when connecting two AC systems at two
different frequencies

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 Advantages of HVDC
• No limits in transmitted distance.
• Fast control of power flow, which implies stability
improvements.
• Direction of power flow can be changed very quickly.
• HVDC can carry more power for a given size of conductor
• improved transient stability
• dynamic damping of the electric system oscillations
• Require less space compared to ac for same voltage rating
and size
• Ground can be used as a return conductor
• No charging current
• HVDC transmission limits short circuit currents

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 Cost
AC Cost

DC Cost

600-800Km

Distance

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 The HVDC technology
The fundamental process that occurs in an HVDC system
is the conversion of electrical current from AC to DC
(rectifier) at the transmitting end, and from DC to AC
(inverter) at the receiving end.
1. Natural Commutated Converters. The component that
enables this conversion process is the thyristor (high
power and low switching frequency).
2. Forced Commutated Converters. It uses GTO or IGBT.
They are known as VSC (Voltage Source Converters).

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 59

 HVDC transmission system
Terminal A

Ld
Positive pole
12 pulse Y Y

DC
Δ Y filter

AC HVDC Terminal B AC
system transmission system
A line B
Y Y

AC filter and
power factor
correction
DC
capacitors Δ Y filter

Negative pole
12 pulse Ld

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 Components of HVDC
1. Converter: at one side rectifier and the other inverter
each converter consists of a positive pole and a
negative pole each pole consists of 6 pulse converters
connected through star-delta and star-star transformer
to yield 12 pulse converter
2. On the AC side:
* AC filters to reduce the current harmonics
generated from the converters
* Power factor correction capacitors to supply the
lagging reactive power
3. On the DC side: smoothing reactor and DC filters to
filter the ripple in the DC currents

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 61

12 pulse line frequency converter
Objectives:
1. Reduce current harmonics on AC side
2. Reduce voltage ripple on DC side
3. High power

12 pulse converter consists of two six-pulse converters

connected through star-star and delta-star transformer
The 2 converters are connected in series from the DC side
and parallel from the AC side

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 62

 Ld
Id

ia i a1 i as1
as1
2N:1

v d1
cs1 n1 bs1

i a2 i as2
2 3 N:1 as2

cs2 v d2

n2

bs2

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 63

 Types of HVDC links
1. Monopolar: Having one conductor and the ground is
the return path

DC pole

return earth

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2. Bipolar: There are two conductors (poles). One
operates with positive polarity and the second with
negative. During fault of one them, the bipolar acts as a
monopolar
+ DC pole

return earth

- DC pole

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 65

 HVDC Light
1. HVDC Light unit sizes range from a few tens of MW to
presently 350 MW and for DC voltages up to ±150 kV and
units can be connected in parallel.
2. HVDC Light consists of two elements: converter stations
and a pair of cables. The converter stations are Voltage
Source Converters (VSCs) employing Self-commutated
switch

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 66

 FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition
3. FACTS controllers
4. Parallel controllers
5. Series controller
6. Series-parallel controllers
7. HVDC
8. Others
Battery Energy Storage System
Super conducting material

Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 67