5.
3 DEFINITE INTEGRALS AND AREAS 365
98. Suppose that you have a positive, decreasing
function and you approximate the area under it
by a Riemann sum with left rectangles. Will the
Riemann sum overestimate or underestimate the
actual area? [Hint: Make a sketch.]
99. Suppose that you have a positive, increasing,
concave up function and you approximate the
area under it by a Riemann sum with midpoint
rectangles. Will the Riemann sum overestimate
or underestimate the actual area? [Hint: Make a
sketch.]
100. Suppose that you have a positive, increasing,
concave down function and you approximate
the area under it by a Riemann sum with
midpoint rectangles. Will the Riemann sum
overestimate or underestimate the actual area?
[Hint: Make a sketch.]
101. A friend says that definite and indefinite
integrals are exactly the same except that one
has numbers plugged in. A second friend
disagrees, saying that the essential ideas are
entirely different. Who is right?
102. Suppose that you have a positive function and
you approximate the area under it using
Riemann sums with midpoint rectangles.
Explain why, if the function is linear, you will
always get the exact area, no matter how many
(or few) rectangles you use. [Hint: Make a
sketch.]
冕 x 43 e ⫺17x ⫹ 219√x 2
1 3
103. Evaluate
ln 29√6x 3 ⫺ x ⫺11 ⫺ p3
1 that produces a continuous stream of income is
[Hint: No work necessary.]
冕 b
104. Find a formula for c dx. [Hint: No
a
calculation necessary—just think of a graph.]
冕
1
1 where T is the expected life (in years) of the asset.
105. Finding dx by the Fundamental
⫺1x2
Theorem of Integral Calculus gives an answer
of ⫺2, as you should check. However, shouldn’t
the area under a positive function be positive?
Explain.
106. How will 冕a
b
f(x) dx and 冕b
a
f(x) dx differ?
[Hint: Assume that they can be evaluated by the
Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus, and
think how they will differ at the “evaluate and
subtract” step.]
Explorations and Excursions
The following problems extend and augment the
material presented in the text.
107. ECONOMICS: Pareto’s Law The economist
Vilfredo Pareto estimated that the number of
people who have an income between A and B
dollars (A ⬍ B) is given by a definite integral
of the form
冕
B
N⫽ ax ⫺b dx (b ⫽ 1)
A
where a and b are constants. Evaluate this integral.
Source: A. Reynolds, Income and Wealth
108. BIOMEDICAL: Poiseuille’s Law According
to Poiseuille’s law, the speed of blood in a
p
blood vessel is given by V ⫽ (R 2 ⫺ r 2),
4Lv
where R is the radius of the blood vessel, r is
the distance of the blood from the center of the
blood vessel, and p, L, and v are constants
determined by the pressure and viscosity of the
blood and the length of the vessel. The total
blood flow is then given by
冢blood flow冣 冕
Total p R
⫽ 2␲ (R ⫺ r )r dr 2 2
4Lv
0
Find the total blood flow by finding this integral
(p, L, v, and R are constants).
Source: E. Batschelet, Introduction to Mathematics
for Life Scientists
109– 110. BUSINESS: Capital Value of an Asset
The capital value of an asset (such as an oil well)
dx
the sum of the present value of all future earnings
from the asset. Therefore, the capital value of an
asset that produces income at the rate of r(t) dollars
per year (at a continuous interest rate i) is
value 冣 冕
冢Capital
T
⫽ r(t)e ⫺it
dt
0
Source: T. Lee, Income and Value Measurement
109. Use the formula in the preceding instructions to
find the capital value (at interest rate i ⫽ 0.06)
of an oil well that produces income at the
constant rate of r(t) ⫽ 240,000 dollars per year
for 10 years.
110. Use the formula in the preceding instructions to
find the capital value (at interest rate i ⫽ 0.05)
of a uranium mine that produces income at
the rate of r(t) ⫽ 560,000t1/2 dollars per year
for 20 years.