CLASS - X

SCIENCE (SOLUTIONS) MOCK TEST

CLASS - X

SECTION - A
1. Diffusion
2. Chipko Movement started in March, 1973 from Gopeshwar in Chamoli district of Tehri-Garwal
region of Uttaranchal to prevent felling of trees. The term has been coined after the practice of
hugging the trees selected for felling. It was led by Gauri Devi. Leaders of the movement were
Sunderlal Bahuguna of Tehri and Chandi Prasad Bhatt of Gopeshwar.

SECTION - B
3. (i) (a) Aluminium, (b) Copper
(ii) In both cases, the gas evolved is H2. When calcium reacts with water the heat evolved is not
sufficient for hydrogen to catch fire. On the other hand, sodium metal reacts with water
violently and in this case a lot of heat is evolved which is sufficient for hydrogen to catch
fire.
4. The embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood with the help of a special tissue called
placenta. Placenta is a fully formed reddish brown disc embedded in the uterine wall, that serves
to bring the foetal and maternal blood close enough to permit the exchange of materials between
the two. It contains villi. On the mother's side are blood spaces, which surround the villi. This
provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo.
The developing embryo will also generate waste substances which can be removed by
transferring them into the mother's blood through the placenta.
5. Laws of refraction of light :
First law : The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in
the same plane.
Second law (Snell's law) : The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
refraction is a constant for given pair of media.
sin i
i.e., = Constant
sin r
Speed of light in vacuum, c = 3 × 108 m/s
Speed of light in medium, v = 1.4 × 108 m/s
Speed of light in vacuum
Absolute refractive index of medium =
Speed of light in medium
3 ´ 108 m / s
= = 2.14
1.4 ´ 108 m / s
OR
sin i v 1
R.I. = sin r = v
2

sin i v sin i v sin i v

R.I. A = = 1 , R.I. = = 1 , and R.I. = = 1 ,
sin10° v A B sin 25° v B C sin 40° vC
Q sin 40° > sin 25° > sin 10°
So, velocity of light will be maximum in medium C.

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SECTION - C
6. (i) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI (aq) ¾® PbI2(s) + 2KNO 3(aq)

D
(ii) 3Mg(s) + N2(g) ¾¾ ® Mg3N2(s)
(iii) 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) ¾® 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2(g)
7. The compound prepared from gypsum on heating it at 100°C, is known as plaster of paris. Its
1
chemical formula is CaSO4. H O. Hence, its chemical name is calcium sulphate hemihydrate.
2 2
The chemical equation for its preparation is as follows.

100° C 1 1
CaSO 4 .2H 2 O ¾¾¾¾ ® CaSO 4 H2 O + 1 H 2 O
Gypsum 2 2
Plaster of Paris Water

Plaster of Paris is used in hospital mainly as plaster for supporting fractured bones in the right
position. In densitry, it is used for making casts.
OR
Though acetic acid has four hydrogen atoms, only one of the four hydrogen atoms is released as
H+ ion in solution. So, it is a weak acid.
8. (i) Carbon mainly forms covalent compounds in which molecules are present instead of ions. In
other word, the bonding present in these compounds does not given rise to any ions.
(ii) Cyclopropane
Cyclopropane contains three C — C single bond and six C — H single bond.

H H
C H
H
Total 9 single bonds are present in cyclopropane. C C
H H

9. (i) Cerebrum

The cerebrum controls voluntary actions. It has sensory areas, association areas and motor
areas. Sensory areas receive the messages. There are different areas for hearing, smell, sight
and so on in cerebrum. There are separate areas of association where this sensory information
is interpreted by putting it together with information from the other receptors as well as with
information that is already stored in brain. The motor areas are responsible of the action of
the voluntary muscles. Cerebrum is also responsible for the intelligence, memory,
consciousness and will power.

(ii) Cerebellum

It is responsible for maintaining the balance while walking, swimming, riding, etc. It is also
responsible for precision and the fine control of the voluntary movements.

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10. (Any three)
Comparative Study of Blood Vessels
S.No. Features Arteries Veins Capillaries
1 Direction of Take the blood Bring the blood Blood flows from
blood flow away from heart towards the heart arterioles
to different parts from various body (capillaries) to
of body. parts. venules.
2 Kind of blood Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated Blood changes from
except in pulmonary blood except in oxygenated to
artery. pulmonary vein. deoxygenated.
3 Blood pressure Pressure is high. Pressure is low. Pressure is extremely
low.
4 Blood flow Blood flows rapidly Blood flows Blood flows smoothly
with jerks. smoothly without without jerks.
jerks.
5 Lumen Narrow Wide Very small
6 Valves Absent Present Absent
7 Location Mostly deep seated. Mostly superficial. Form a network
all over the body
and in the organs.
11. (i) Given, h 0 = 1 cm, hi = –1.5 cm, u = –15 cm
–v hi - v –1.5
As we know, m = = Þ =
u h0 -15 1
v = –15 × 1.5 = –22.5 cm
-v æ -22.5 ö
\ m = = -ç ÷ = -1.5
u è -15 ø
(ii) (a) Used as shaving mirror.
(b) By dentists, to see a magnified image of patient's teeth.
OR
(i) When object is placed at 2F 1,

A
B F2 B'
2F1 F1 O 2F2
A'

(a) Image is formed at 2F 2.

(b) Same size of image as that of the object.
(c) Image is real and inverted
(ii) Since, the rays from far away objects in outside world get focussed at principal focus, the
distance between lens and wall is equal to focal length 20 cm. The lens is a convex lens.
100 100
\ Power of lens, P = = = 5D
f(in cm) 20

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 CLASS - X

40 W, 220 V

I1

12. (i)
I2
I 60 W, 220 V

+ –

220 V
P 40 2
(ii) Current drawn by 40 W bulb, II = = A = = 0.18 A
V 220 11
P 60 3
Current drawn by 60 W bulb, I2 = = = A = 0.27 A
V 220 11
Total current drawn from circuit, I = I1 + I2 = 0.18A + 0.27 A = 0.45 A
(iii)Energy consumed by 40 W bulb in 1 hour = P × t = 40 W × 1 h = 40 Wh
Energy consumed by 60 W bulb in 1 hour = 60 W × 1h = 60 Wh
\ Total energy consumed = 40 Wh + 60 Wh = 100 Wh = 0.1 kWh
13. The circuit is shown in figure.
8W

+ – 4W
A
8W

V
+ –

Cell Key

Since the effective resistance of parallel combination of two 8W resistors is same as the first
resistor, same currect will flow through these.
Effective resistance of combination of two resistors (8W each) in parallel is
8´8
Req = = 4 W
8+8
Hence, the potential difference across 4W resistor is same as that across combination of two
resistors.
14. Biogas is considered to be a boon to the farmers because:
(i) Farmers can produce clean domestic fuel from the wastes like animal dung, dry leaves, dry
plants, etc.
(ii) Spent slurry can be used in the fields as manure to increase the fertility of the soil.
(iii) Biogas can be used to generate electricity which can be utilised to run modern machines
used in the fields to save time and energy.
15. (i) Importance of decomposers
1. They decompose the dead bodies of animals and plants thus acts as cleansing agents of
the environment.
2. They help in recycling the material in biosphere thus, play a vital role in biogeochemical
or nutrient cycles.
3. They maintain the fertility of soil.
4. If there were no decomposers, the earth would have been a heap of dead organisms.

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 CLASS - X
(ii) The flow of energy is unidirectional because the energy that is captured by the autotrophs
does not revert back to the solar input and the energy which passes to the herbivores does
not come back to autotrophs. Also as it moves through the various trophic level it is no longer
available to previous level.
OR
Ecosystem is the basic unit of ecology and the biotic and abiotic components present in it
influence each other. Both the components are essential for the sustenance of life.
Ecosystem is a self-sustained unit of living things (plants, animals and decomposers) and their non-
living environment (soil, air and water).
1. Natural ecosystem : These ecosystem operate in the nature by themselves without any human
interference. Common examples of natural ecosystem are a pond, a lake, a meadow, a desert, a
grassland, a forest and an ocean, etc. (any two)
2. Artificial ecosystem : These are maintained by man and hence are also termed man-made or
man-engineered ecosystem. In these ecosystem, man maintains or disturbs the natural balance
by the addition of energy and planned manipulations. Common examples of artificial ecosystem
are croplands, orchards, gardens, aquarium, etc. (any two)

SECTION - D
16. (i) The chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another is known
as an ionic bond.
(ii) An ionic bond is formed when one of the atoms can donate electrons to achieve the inert
gas electronic configuration and other atom needs electrons to achieve the inert gas electronic
configuration.
When a metal (usually 1, 2 or 3 electrons in outermost shell) reacts with a non-metal (usually
5, 6 or 7 electrons in outermost shell), transfer of electrons takes place from metal atoms to
the non-metal atoms and an ionic bond is formed. There is a strong force of electrostatic
attraction between metallic cation and non-metallic anion which is responsible for the
formation of ionic bond.
(iii) Formation of magnesium chloride (MgCl 2) : The atomic number of magnesium is 12. It has
two elctrons in its valence shell as shown below :
12 Mg — 2, 8, 2
Magnesium, therefore, has a tendency to lose the 2 valence electrons and in the process
attains the electronic configuration of neon.

Mg ¾® Mg2+ + 2e -
2,8,2 2,8

Chlorine (atomic number 17) has 7 elctrons in the valence shell. It has a tendency to gain
one electron to complete its octet.

Cl + e - ¾® Cl -
2,8,7 2,8,8

Thus, when magnesium and chlorine are brought together, the magnesium atom transfers its
two valence electrons to two chlorine atoms. In the process, both the atoms acquire the stable
electronic configuration of nearest inert gases. The positively charged magnesium ion Mg 2+
and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl –) are now held together by the electrostatic force of
attraction and form ionic bond.
Mg2+ + 2Cl– ¾® Mg2+ 2Cl – or MgCl2

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 CLASS - X
This process can also be shown as below:

Cl
× –
¾® Mg2+ 2
×
Mg × + Cl or MgCl2
Cl

17. (i) A is ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).

conc.H SO
(ii) CH3COOH + C2 H 5OH ¾¾¾¾¾
2 4
¾® CH 3COOC2 H 5 + H2 O
(A) (B)

(iii) Compound A can be obtained from compound B by acid hydrolysis.

(iv) CH3COOC2 H 5 (l) + H2O (l) ¾® CH3COOH (aq) + C2H5OH(aq)
(B) (A)

(v) CO2 gas is produced 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ¾® 2CH3COONa + H 2O + CO2­

OR
(i) Saturated hydrocarbon burn with blue and non-smoky flame due to their complete
combustion. And unsaturated hydrocarbons generally burn with sooty flame due to their
incomplete combustion.
Another test
Unsaturated compounds decolourises bromine water and its colour therefore, disappears.
e.g.
CH2 = CH2 + Br (aq) ¾® CH2 — CH2
Ethene Bromine
(Brown) Br Br
1, 2- dibromoethane
(Colourless)

But, saturated compounds does not decolourise the bromine water.

(ii) Carbon dioxide and water formed when ethane burns in air.
7
CH3CH3 + O ¾® 2CO2 + 3H2O + light + Heat
2 2
(iii) The reactions in which a reagent substitutes (replace) atom or group of atoms from the
reactant are called substitution reactions. These are generally shown by saturated compound
and benzene. When chlorine is added to hydrocarbons at a rapid rate in the presence of
sunlight, Cl replaces H-atoms one by one to give carbon tetrachloride as final product.
Sunlight
CH4 + Cl2 ¾¾¾¾® CH3Cl + HCl
Sunlight
CH3Cl + Cl2 ¾¾¾¾® CH2Cl2 + HCl
Sunlight
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 ¾¾¾¾® CHCl3 + HCl
Sunlight
CHCl3 + Cl2 ¾¾¾¾® CCl4 + HCl
18. Fertilization : Fertilization is the process of fusion of the male and female gametes to form a
diploid zygote which takes place in the embryo sac present in the ovule.
After pollination, pollen grains germinate on the stigma by producing pollen tube. It then penetrates
the stigma and passes through the style. The nucleus in the pollen tube divides into two male gametes/

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 CLASS - X
germ cells. Pollen tube enters the ovule through a narrow pore called micropyle. It releases two male
gametes in embryo sac.
One male gamete fuses with egg cell and second male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei.
Syngamy
One male gamete + Egg cell ¾¾¾¾¾ ¾
® Zygote.
Triple fusion
Second male gamete + Two polar nuclei ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® Triploid nucleus
(Primary Endosperm Nucleus)
Syngamy + Triple fusion = Double fertilization.
Pollen
grain
Stigma
Style
Pollen
tube
Ovary Male
Ovule gametes
Egg
nucleus

Process of fertilization
19. Speciation is the formation of new species from the pre-existing population.
Factors responsible for speciation :
(i) Genetic drift (ii) Natural selection (iii) Geographical isolation (iv) Mutation
Geographical isolation cannot be a major factor in the speciation of a self pollinating plant species
because physical barrier cannot be created in self-pollinating plants.
OR
(i) Speciation may take place by
(a) Migration (b) Natural selection
(c) Mutation (d) Genetic drift (any two)
(ii)The segment of DNA which is functional and is made of nucleic acids and protein is called gene.
(iii) Given,
Mother has red hair which is recessive, i.e., bb
Father has black hair which is dominant, i.e., BB or Bb.
The inheritance pattern can be shown as follows :
Parents Father Mother
BB/Bb × bb

Gametes B b

Bb
F1 generation (Black colour)
Thus, the child will have black hair as he is getting gene for black hair from his father which
is dominant.
20. (i) The sky appears dark instead of blue to an astronaut because there is no atmosphere in the
outer space that can scatter the sunlight. As the sunlight is not scattered, no scattered light
reaches the eyes of the astronauts and the sky appears black to them.
(ii) In the morning, the sun is near the horizon. Light reaching the eye of an observer travels a
greater distance in the atmosphere. Thus, most of the blue light and shorter wavelength rays
are scattered away by the air particles. Hence, the light that reaches the eye of an observer is
of longer wavelengths (of red end). Thus, the sun appears reddish at sunrise or sunset.

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(iii)Twinkling of stars can be seen on a clear night. This is due to atmospheric refraction of light
coming from the stars (star light). As the star light enters into the earth’s atmosphere,
atmospheric refraction takes place due to gradually changing refractive index of the air. Since
the physical conditions of the refracting medium (earth’s atmosphere) are not stationary, star
light flux (luminous flux) entering the eye of an observer continuously fluctuates. This
means luminous energy entering the eyes per second from the star increases and decreases
with time. Thus, the star sometimes appear brighter and at some other time fainter, causing the
‘twinkling of stars’.
21. (i) (a) Take a piece of cardboard and insert a straight conducting wire to pass through its centre,
perpendicular to the plane of cardboard. The carboard should be fixed in a position.
Sprinkle some iron filings on the cardboard. You may use a salt sprinkler for this purpose.
(b) Now, pass a steady electric current through the wire using the setup shown in fig. Gently
tap the cardboard a few times. Observe the pattern of the iron filings. You would find that
the iron filings align themselves showing a pattern of concentric circles around the wire.
These concentric circles represent the field lines of the magnetic field produced by the
wire.
compass compass
needle card card needle

(ii) Right hand thumb rule : ‘Imagine that you are holding a current-carrying straight conductor
in your right hand and the thumb is stretched along the direction of current, then, your
fingers will wrap around the conductor in the direction of the field lines of the magnetic
field’.
(iii)Magnetic field produced by a straight current-carrying conductor is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it. That is, more the current, more will be the strength of magnetic
field at a given point and vice-versa.
OR

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 CLASS - X
Working of electric motor
(1) Current in the coil ABCD enters from the source battery through conducting brush B 2 and flows
back to the battery through brush B 1. The current in arm AB of the coil flows from B to A and
in arm CD it flows from D to C, that is, opposite to the direction of current through arm AB. That
is, the current flows along the path DCBA.
(2) On applying Fleming’s left hand rule, we find that the force acting on arm AB pushes it upwards
while the force acting on arm CD pushes it downwards. Thus, the coil and the axle, mounted free
to turn about an axis, start rotating [see fig.(a)].
(3) After half rotation, R2 makes contact with the brush B1 and R1 with brush B2. Thus, the current
in the coil gets reversed and flows along the path ABCD. As a result, the directions of force acting
on the two arms AB and CD are also reversed. The arm AB of the coil that was earlier pushed up
is now pushed down and the arm CD previously pushed down is now pushed up. Due to this, the
direction of rotation of the coil remains unchanged [see fig.(b)]. The reversing of the current is
repeated after every half rotation, giving rise to a continuous rotation of the coil and the axle.

F F

B C C B

F F

N S N S
Magnetic field Magnetic field

A D D A

Axle R 1 R2 Axle R 2 R1

B1 B2 B1 B2

– + – +

(a) (b)
A commercial electric motor uses an electromagnet instead of a permanent magnet which enhances
the power of motor.

SECTION - E
22. On scrubbing, its colour changes from yellow to reddish brown. It happens because soap is
basic in nature and the colour of turmeric change from yellow to reddish brown in basic medium.
When the shirt is washed with plenty of water, the stain turns yellow again.
OR
When an iron rod is dipped into solution of copper sulphate, copper is displaced because iron is
more reactive than copper.
23. (i) Hard water contains Ca and Mg salts. When soap is used for washing clothes with hard
water, a large amount of soap is wasted in reacting with Ca and Mg ions of hard water to
form scum (insoluble precipitate), before it can be used for the real purpose of washing.

2RCOONa + Mg2 + ¾® (RCOO)2 Mg + 2Na+

From hard Scum
water

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 CLASS - X

(ii) The Scum formed by the action of hard water on soap, sticks to the clothes being washed
and interferes with the cleaning ability of the additional soaps. This makes the cleaning of
clothes difficult.
24. Student I is correct as during binary fission in Amoeba parent splits into two equal halves whereas
during budding a small outgrowth is formed on the body of parent organism which then detaches
when fully mature.
OR
(i) Take 8-10 soaked seeds of pea/gram/red kidney beans. Place them on wet cotton in petridish
overnight. The seed coat becomes soft which helps in the opening of the seeds.
(ii)With the help of forcep, slowly remove the seed coat and study different parts of seed embryo.
(iii) Now, slowly remove the embryo axis with needle and place it on the slide.
(iv) Observe these three parts of the seed obtained, record your observations.
25. While testing the presence of starch, I would prefer variegated leaf, because it has both green and
non-green parts. The green parts contain chlorophyll and they photosynthesise to produce starch.
But the non-green parts lack chlorophyll. Hence, only the green parts will show the positive test
for starch.

26. (i) Reading of Voltmeter = 1 V

Reading of Ammeter = 200 mA = 200 × 10 –3 A
V 1 1000
(ii) R = = = = 5W
I 200 ´ 10 -3 200
60°
27.
r

42°

The value of angle of refraction (r) should be 42°.

The value of angle of emergence (e) should be 60°.
OR
(a) X — Violet
Y — Red
(b) Different colours of white light bend through different angles with respect to the incident
beam of light due to difference in speed of different wavelengths in a medium.

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