1

Steady State Analysis of Standalone SEIG for

Different Operating Conditions with
Interactive MATLAB Graphical User
Interface
Vinay Kr. Sahu, Shubham. Pandey, Rahul. Kesarwani, Vivek. Kumar, Vineet. P. Chandran and Shelly. Vadhera

 Per-unit air gap and terminal voltages,

Abstract—This paper is an attempt to provide a user friendly , :
respectively
software package for steady state analysis of standalone SEIG. I1, I2, IL Per-unit stator, rotor and load currents
:
The steady state analysis is been carried out mainly with three
modes in which generally a standalone SEIG is been operated. per-phase, respectively.
Three operating conditions of the generator are mathematically POUT : Output electrical power
modeled and then simulated using conventional Matlab PIN : Input power
commands. Active windows with these mathematical models are
then created using Matlab’s Graphical User Interface capability II. INTRODUCTION
(GUI).The capacitance requirements of SEIG for its self

I
excitation are also incorporated in this paper.
nduction generators are the most commonly used generator
Index Terms— Graphical user interfaces (GUI), Self excited in wind energy application system due to its simplicity,
induction generator (SEIG), Capacitance requirements, and ruggedness, about 50 years of life time, versatility of using
Steady-state analysis same machine as motor or generator without modification,
high power per unit mass of materials and flexibility in speed
I. NOMENCLATURE range of operation. The main drawbacks in induction
generator are its lower efficiency and the need for reactive
, , , , : Per-unit stator, rotor, magnetizing, power to build up the terminal voltage. However, the
load and exciting resistances, efficiency can be improved by modern design and solid-state
respectively. converters which can be used to supply the reactive power
, , , , : Per-unit stator, rotor leakage, required. Connection of induction generators to a power
magnetizing, load and exciting
system is achieved when the rotor speed of an induction
reactance’s at base frequency,
generator is greater than the synchronous speed of the
respectively.
Per-unit stator, rotor, magnetizing, magnetic revolving field. Mathematical modeling of an
, , , , :
load and exciting admittances, Induction machine has continuously attracted the attention of
respectively. researchers because of its use in largest numbers and also due
to their varied modes of operation both under steady and
FS : Synchronous frequency
dynamic states. They are also growing in popularity not only
F : Per-unit frequency because of its advantages over the conventional type
: Per-unit rotational speed synchronous generators but also due to its ease of use under
standalone mode. The essence of simulation of such complex
machines such as self excited induction generator involves
solving complex equations of higher order. There are two
Vinay. Kr. Sahu , Shubham. Pandey, Rahul. Kesarwani, and Vivek. Kumar revolutionary methods which can be used for analysis of SEIG
are UG students with Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department , the loop impedance method which requires an iterative
Hindustan Institute of Technology & Management, Agra, India (e_mail:
sahuvinay08@gmail.com,shubhampandey123@gmail.com,rk.sgei@gmail.co
procedure to solve it and nodal admittance method which is
m, vivek.kumar.bmas@gmail.com) easily solved by simple equations and used online to
Vineet. P. Chandran is Assistant professor with Electrical & Electronics determine various parameters of the machine.
Engineering Department (sandwich program) , PSG College of Technology,
Coimbatore – 641004 (e_mail: vineetp.chandran@gmail.com)
Shelly. Vadhera is Assistant Professor with Electrical Engineering Huge literature is available in many research papers on
Department, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra (e_mail: steady state and dynamic operation of induction generator
shelly_vadhera@rediffmail.com) under different operating conditions of the system. The self
 2

excited induction generator has been briefly described by [1]

for study using MATLAB software. MATLAB GUI software
which is user-friendly tool for steady state analysis of a three
phase SEIG has been presented by [2] in which Fsolve (3)
optimization tool box has been used. Ref. [3] has again used
the GUI for the proper analysis, design, and capacitor
estimation of the SEIG. The loop impedance method has been
adopted by [4] for steady state analysis of SEIG using N-R
iterative method for estimating values of frequency and The constant speed operation is mathematically modeled by
magnetizing reactance. [5] has compared the loop impedance nodal equation deduced in [1]
and nodal admittance method used for analysis of SEIG. A
new formula was developed by [6] to determine the minimum (4)
capacitance required for self-excited induction generator. The
[7] have dealt with capacitance calculation for three-phase Were magnetizing reactance XM is obtained by finding the real
self-excited induction generator with a single capacitance and roots of equation (4) and substituting it in (5)
supplying a single-phase load. The capacitance requirements
of SEIG at different operating conditions and their (5)
determination have been extensively discussed from [8-
11].The steady state analysis of an SEIG and its performance
has been dealt by [12]. Most of the researchers have used loop
impedance method for analyzing the SEIG whereas very few After obtaining the values of F and XM the performance
have adopted nodal admittance method. characteristics of the generator is estimated using the
In this paper both these methods (i.e. loop impedance and following relationships.
nodal admittance) are extensively used for calculating various
parameters of the machine and also using these two methods
itself these three modes have been developed.

III. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF SEIG (6)

The steady-state per-phase equivalent circuit of a SEIG,
supplying a balanced resistive load, is shown in Fig. 1. In this
circuit, only the capacitive reactance is assumed to be affected
by magnetic saturation, and all other parameters are assumed In the constant frequency operation of SEIG, and XM should
to be constants. be considered as unknowns. For this operating condition, eqn.
jX1
IL
R1
F a
(4) can be simplified to give eqn. (7), which is a quadratic
b

I1 I2 equation in . For a given F, XC and RL, eqn. (7) can be used to

R2 obtain and then XM may be calculated from eqn. (5).
(F-v)
Eg
RL V1 -jXc E1 jXM
F
F F F2
jX2
(7)

Here A0–A6, , , , , are constants as

c d
defined in [1]
YL YC YM YR

Similarly for capacitance determination of SEIG loop

Y1
impedance method is used were two simultaneous non-linear
Fig. 1 The steady state equivalent circuit of SEIG
equations are obtained from which two unknowns are selected
and found using any iterative process. Here Newton-Raphson
(1) method is used to compute the values of frequency F and
capacitance reactance XC from where the capacitance values
Under steady state self excitation, total admittance must be are determined. If the estimation of the minimum excitation
zero, since capacitance for voltage build-up or the capacitance required
for a specified value of the terminal voltage under a given load
and speed is the requirement then both the steady-state values
(2) of and F is unknown where magnetizing reactance XM is a
specific value lying in the saturated region and both unknowns
Where the admittances at different points are given by, has to be determined for the given speed and load from the
equivalent circuit. A method is proposed for finding the
steady-state values of and F which is explained below.
 3

From the generator equivalent circuit the loop equation for the
current can be written as,

(8)

Where,

(9)

Under steady-state self-excitation I1 ≠ 0 Therefore, from

above equation Zs = 0, which implies that both the real and
imaginary parts of the right-hand side of the equation would
be separately zero. Substituting X1 =X2=Xl, this simplifies to
the following two nonlinear simultaneous equations with XC
and F as unknown variables. Fig. 2 Main page of the GUI tool developed

If an user chooses first option (a) he will be automatically

(10) redirected to the next window where he will be prompted to
select either of the two types of load i.e. one is resistive and
another is resistive inductive (impedance) load where the user
can choose any one and move to next window and he will then
have to enter all the user parameters of the machine as shown in
Here C1–C5, are constants as defined in [5] Fig. 3 which has to be analyzed.

To find the maximum and minimum capacitance nodal

admittance methods are used as given in [6] were F, Xc are
found easily.

Based on the above analytical techniques, a MATLAB’s

GUI program is developed which determines the load
characteristics and facilitates the steady state analysis of SEIG.
The above performance equations have been also used for
investigating capacitance requirements of SEIG for its self
excitation .Further the simulation techniques have also been
extended for reactive loads and variable speeds.

IV. WINDOW DEVELOPED IN MATLAB (GUI)

Fig. 3 The load window in GUI
This section illustrates the new interactive GUI which can be
used by any user for analyzing the SEIG with three modes
developed as shown in the main window. The three modes of
operation are as following

(a) Constant speed operation

(b) Constant frequency operation
(c) Capacitance determination

Fig. 4 The interactive window with clear grid and editable Parameters for
constant speed operation and purely resistive load.

Three important plots which are visible in Fig. 3 as push

buttons can be plotted and viewed in the same window
developed. Similarly other modes also have these type of
interactive windows where some important characteristics
 4

can be plotted and viewed which can be used for

determining the characteristics of the machine in steady
state analysis under specified operation.

V. RESULTS

Fig. 8 The load current I L versus terminal voltage VT for an Impedance load in
constant speed operation with MATLAB GUI

Fig. 5 The load current I L versus terminal voltage VT for purely resistive load
in constant speed operation with MATLAB GUI

Fig. 9 The power output POUT versus terminal voltage VT for an impedance
load in constant speed operation with MATLAB GUI.

Fig. 6 The power output POUT versus terminal voltage VT for purely resistive
load in constant speed operation with MATLAB GUI.

Fig. 10 The power output POUT versus stator current I1 for purely resistive
Fig. 7 The air-gap voltage Eg versus magnetizing reactance XM for purely load in constant frequency operation with MATLAB GUI at 1p.u
resistive load in constant speed operation with MATLAB GUI. speed
 5

Fig. 11 The power output POUT versus Frequency F in p.u for purely resistive
load in constant frequency operation with MATLAB GUI
Fig. 14 The speed in p.u versus minimum capacitance in micro farads for an
inductively dominating load with MATLAB GUI

Fig. 12 The load impedance ZL versus maximum capacitance in micro farads

for a resistively dominating load with MATLAB GUI Fig. 15 The load impedance ZL versus minimum capacitance in micro farads
for a resistively dominating load and at a speed of 1.2 p.u with MATLAB GUI

Fig. 13 The load impedance ZL versus maximum capacitance in micro farads

for a inductively dominating load with MATLAB GUI

Fig. 16 The speed in p.u versus Frequency F in p.u for inductively

dominating load and at a speed of 1.2 p.u with MATLAB GUI

Fig. 17 The load impedance ZL versus minimum capacitance in micro farads
for a inductively dominating load and at a speed of 1.2 p.u
VI. CONCLUSION
The developed GUI in MATLAB is a user-friendly tool for
steady state analysis of SEIG and has been presented in this
paper. All the operating conditions are mathematically
modeled and then simulated using GUI instruction in
MATLAB environment. The loop impedance and Nodal
admittance methods are used for steady state mathematical
modeling of SEIG. The developed GUI in MATLAB can be
extensively used by researchers and students for studying and
analyzing the machine characteristics.
APPENDIX
The specifications of the machine used throughout the
analysis are taken from [4].
= rated phase voltage = 230 V
= rated phase current = 4.74 A
Base power = = 1.09kW
Base speed = 1500 rev/min
Base frequency = 50 Hz
The measured machine parameters in per-unit are:
R1 = 0.062 p.u.,
R2 = 0.07 p.u
X1 = X2 = Xl = 0.093 p.u. (at rated current)
The magnetization characterization of the curve is given by
6
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