Earthquake Engineering & Seismology

13/07/2017
Earthquake Engineering
& Seismology for design
engineers
Francisco López Almansa

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 1
Objective
 To provide basic concepts of earthquake

engineering and seismology useful for
conscious earthquake-resistant design
1
13/07/2017
Index
Generation and propagation of earthquakes 4
Seismic hazard 8
Vulnerability and Risk
PGA and design spectra
Accelerograms
Response spectra
Intensity and Magnitude
Statistics
Influence of soil 22
Design codes 28
Spain
Eurocode 8
Colombia
USA
Japan
Miscellanea 42
Near-fault effects
Microzonation studies
Space variation of seismic motion
Vertical inputs
Bibliography 48
Web Sites 50
Generation and propagation of earthquakes (1)
 Other sources of seismic activity: volcanoes, underground explosions, caverns

or mines collapse, reservoir filling, and fracking
 Earthquakes are mostly generated by relative motion between tectonic plates

 There are also intra-plate earthquakes along inner faults (e.g. New Madrid fault)
 Since motion of tectonic plates can be monitored, earthquakes can be predicted
Normal fault Reverse fault Strike-slip

fault
2
13/07/2017

 Hypocenter (focus) is the point where fracture
initiates
 Epicenter is the vertical projection of the
hypocenter on the ground surface
 Motion attenuates with distance to origin
 Several distances are relevant
 Repi: epicentral distance
 Rhypo: hypocentral (focal) distance
 Rjb: Joyner-Boore distance
 Rrup: rupture (closest) distance
 Rseis: nearest distance

 Shake is transmitted through body and surface waves
 Body waves are P (primary or pressure, like worms) and S (secondary or shear,
like snakes)
 http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/images/P-wave_animation.gif
 http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/images/S-wave_animation.gif
 Surface waves are Rayleigh (like ocean waves with vertical ellipse orbits) and
Love (Q, horizontal)
 http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/images/Rayleigh_animation.gif
 http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/images/Love_animation.gif
3
13/07/2017

 P waves are faster than S ones because axial rigidity is higher than transverse one
 In a homogeneous isotropic elastic medium:  2 μ /ρ and
μ / ρ, where  and μ are the Lamé parameters and ρ is the density
 P wave velocity is in the range 5 to 8 km/s; S and body waves are slower
 S wave is the most damaging, can produce vertical (SV) and horizontal (SH)
motions
 S and Love waves are not transmitted through liquids (water)
 Surface waves decay more slowly with distance than body waves; large Love
waves travel around Earth several times before dissipating
 Outside the immediate area, Love waves are the most destructive
 Soft soil filters (damps
out) high frequencies
and amplifies low
ones
 Motion amplifies as
approaching ground
level
Seismic hazard. Vulnerability and Risk (1)

 Seismic Hazard + Seismic Vulnerability = Seismic Risk
 Seismic Hazard refers to the site seismicity
 Seismic Vulnerability refers to the construction (building or bridge)
 Recently, vulnerability is commonly expressed in terms of new
concepts, such as vulnerability indices and fragility curves
 These tools can be derived either from deep structural analysis or from
external observation; in general, are more useful for study of a given
type of buildings than for a particular one
IVIM parameters for vulnerability assessment
Qualification Ki Weight
Number Parameter
A B C Wi
1 Type and configuration of resisting system 0 1 2 4
2 Quality of resisting system 0 1 2 1
3 Conventional resistance -1 0 1 1
4 Location and soil condition 0 1 2 1
5 Diaphragms 0 1 2 1
6 Plan configuration 0 1 2 1
7 Vertical configuration 0 1 3 2
8 Connectivity between elements 0 1 2 1
9 Low-ductility structural members 0 1 2 1
10 Non-structural elements 0 1 2 1
11 State of preservation 0 1 2 1
12 Adjacency 0 1 3 2
4
13/07/2017
Seismic hazard. PGA and design spectra (2)

 Seismicity (seismic hazard) of a given location is commonly expressed
as the combination (basically, product) of design Peak Ground
Acceleration (PGA) and design spectrum (spectral shape, in fact)
 PGA refers usually to the maximum acceleration in bedrock of the
earthquake expected for 475 years return period; for instance, PGA for
Lisbon ranges between 0.15 and 0.17 g
 Broadly speaking, design spectra represent the ratio between absolute
accelerations at top and bottom (input) of the construction
 Design spectra characterize the effect of the local earthquakes
depending on soil type and damping and stiffness (via fundamental
period) of the construction: Sa(TF,); Sa(0,) = 1
Sa
2.50
 < 0.05
 = 0.05
 > 0.05
1
T (s)
1 2 3 4
Seismic hazard. PGA and design spectra (3)

 Design spectra can correspond either to horizontal or vertical directions
 PGA and design spectra are derived jointly as smoothed envelopes of individual
response spectra corresponding to expected accelerograms
 Expected accelerograms can be either recorded or simulated (artificial or
synthetic)
 Simulated accelerograms must be generated accounting for the expected
generation and propagation mechanisms, accounting particularly for local soil
conditions
All the individual spectra
should correspond to the same
Sa damping factor!
T
5
13/07/2017
Seismic hazard. Accelerograms (4)

 Acceleration, velocity and
displacement plots
 High frequencies are more
represented in acceleration than in
velocity and displacement (Dsin t =
 cos t)
 Maximum values are not very
relevant since they merely represent
what happened in one instant
 Lorca record (NS component)
 Arias intensity measures the severity
of an accelerogram:

4 (units of velocity)
3
 Bracket duration is comprised in
Acceleration (m/s2)
2
between the instants when the 5% of
1
the maximum acceleration is
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
exceeded for the first and last time,
-1 Time (s) respectively
-2
 Trifunac duration time between the
-3
5% and the 95% of the Arias Intensity
-4

 Numerical integration from acceleration to velocity and displacement is not obvious
due to numerical inaccuracy and to low-frequency noise (more relevant in velocity and
displacement)
 Raw signals need to be treated to eliminate long period noise (or other types of noise)
 Common treatments are: (i) adding zero-amplitude pads, (ii) baseline adjustment and
(iii) filtering
 Adding zero-amplitude pads means appending zero pads of adequate length to the
beginning and end of the segment of recorded data
 Baseline correction means shifting the “midline” of the signal (constant, linear,
quadratic, etc.)
 Baseline adjustment can also be used to remove long-period noise
 Filtering means eliminating frequencies
 Transfer (gain) function kills some frequencies while does not modify others
(bandpass)
 Transfer functions are polynomials; the higher the order, the more abrupt the cut-off
 Filters can be causal (phase shift) or acausal (no phase shift); acausal filters are better
 There are several filters (Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel); no much difference among
them
6
13/07/2017

 Danger! Filtering low frequencies prevents from detecting true permanent soil
displacements
 If records are processed, the processing should be distributed with the
accelerogram
 A critical piece of information is the range of periods over which the data can be
used
 Exercise (No. 5): obtain velocity and displacement signals and calculate Arias
intensity, Bracket duration and Trifunac duration of (raw) Lorca record
 Only Excel (or similar software) can be used; however, for comparison, I suggest
using more specific codes (SeismoSignal)
 The objective of this exercise is to become familiar with the involved
calculations and to highlight the relevance of noise
4
3
Acceleration (m/s2)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-1 Time (s)
-2
-3
-4
Seismic hazard. Response spectra (7)

 Individual response spectra are defined, for a given accelerogram, y
for SDOF linear models
x
 x = y – xg;  ⁄ ; ;  1  

 Equation of motion: m
 Relative displacement solution (Duhamel integral):
c
 sin ω e  
k
 Relative velocity solution:
 cos ω e  
 ω ω  ω  xg
 Absolute acceleration solution:
ω 2 ω ω
 Response spectra: Sd max x(t) ; Sv max x (t)  Sd = PSv; 2 π
Sa max y (t) ω  Sv = PSa
 Sd: relative displacement response spectrum
 PSv: relative velocity response pseudo-spectrum
 PSa: Absolute acceleration response pseudo-spectrum 2 π
 Difference between PSa and Sa is higher when ,  and 0 are high
7
13/07/2017

Sd
Individual Design
displacement displacement
spectra spectrum
TB TC TD
T
Sv Design
velocity
Individual spectrum
velocity
spectra
TB TC TD T
Sa
Design
Individual acceleration
acceleration spectrum
spectra
T López
Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc
B T Almansa. Barcelona
C T D
15
T

 Joint individual and design acceleration-velocity-displacement spectra
 Exercise (No. 6): obtain acceleration, velocity and displacement individual

spectra of Lorca record
 You can use only Excel (or similar software); however, I suggest to use more
specific codes (SeismoSignal)
8
13/07/2017

 Pseudo-acceleration (PSa) and displacement (Sd) spectra are mostly used
 Displacement spectra quantify the effect of ground motion in terms of maximum
relative displacement (structural damage)
 Pseudo-acceleration spectra quantify the effect of ground motion in terms of
equivalent static force providing the maximum relative displacement
 Acceleration spectra (Sa) reports on the nonstructural damage (absolute acceleration)
 Recently, energy spectra have been proposed; they quantify the effect of ground
motion in terms of input (EI) and hysteretic energy (EH)
 Ordinarily, energy spectra are expressed in terms of equivalent velocities: EI = ½ m
VE2 and EH = ½ m VD2 ; those spectra are similar to velocity ones
 Energy spectra are “better” than displacement ones and displacement spectra are
“better” than acceleration ones
 Design codes contain PSa and , sometimes, Sd
VD spectrum
VE spectrum
Seismic hazard. Intensity and magnitude (11)

 Intensity is an empirical local parameter referring damage in constructions in a
given location
 Intensity is measured in several scales: Modified Mercalli (MM, I to XII),
European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98, I to XII), Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik
scale (MSK-64, similar to MM), Liedu Scale (China, similar to EMS-98), Shindo
scale (Japan and Taiwan)
 Intensity attenuates with the “distances” to epicenter
 Magnitude is a global parameter referring the released energy during an
earthquake
 There are several types of magnitudes: local magnitude (ML, Richter scale), body
wave magnitude (mb), surface magnitude (MS), duration magnitude (MD) and
moment magnitude (Mw)
 For very large earthquakes, moment magnitude is the most reliable estimate
 Moment is a product of the distance (slide) a fault moved and the force required
to move it
 Magnitudes are based on a logarithmic scale (base 10); are not bounded, but
events above 8 are rare (one every 5 to 10 years)
 Magnitudes should be accompanied of hypocentral depth
9
13/07/2017

 Relation between moment magnitude and the other magnitudes
10
13/07/2017
Seismic hazard. Statistics (14)

 The return period of an earthquake (T) is the average elapsed time between
events with the same severity
 The return period of and earthquake and the probability pn of being exceeded in n
years are related by T =  n / ln(1  pn)
 For instance, for n = 50 years and T = 95/225/475/975/2475/4975 years is p50 = 1
 e50/95 = 0.41, p50 = 1  e50/225 = 0.20, p50 = 1  e50/475 = 0.10, p50 = 1  e50/975
= 0.05, p50 = 1  e50/2475 = 0.02 , p50 = 1  e50/4975 = 0.01
 Using expression T = 1 / (1 – (1 – pn)1/n), similar results are obtained
 For n = 1 year, 1 / T =  ln(1  p1) = p1 + p12 / 2 + p13 / 3 +…; therefore, if the
return period is big, T is approximately equal to the inverse of the probability that
a certain earthquake occurs in one year
 If the severity of the seismic action is expressed through Peak Ground
Acceleration (PGA), acceleration for same probability of exceedance in T years
than PGA for Tr years, is obtained by multiplying it by (T / Tr)k, where k depends
on local seismicity, but being generally 0.30.4. For instance, PGA for 2475 years
is approximately (2475 / 475)1/3 = 1.734 times higher than corresponding PGA for
475 years
Influence of soil (1)

 Soil influences the local seismicity; e.g. the design spectrum
 Commonly, soil is classified according to the weighted harmonic average velocity
of shear waves (S) in top 30 m (100 ft): , ∑ /
 In that expression, vi (m/s) and hi (m) are the shear wave velocity and depth of
each stratum, respectively
 Shear wave velocity can be measured, among other tests, with cross-hole, up-hole
and down-hole testing
 If shear wave velocity is not available, soil can be classified based on SPT
(Standard Penetration Test, granular soils) or undrained shear strength (cohesive
soils)
Cross-hole test Up-hole test Down-hole test
11
13/07/2017

 European soil
classification (EC-8 3.1)
 For soil profiles S1 or S2,
special studies are
required for
characterizing seismic
action (site-specific
spectra)
 NSPT is the number of
blows for 30 cm
penetration
 cu refers to undrained
shear strength

 American soil classification (International Building Code 1613). Site Class
12
13/07/2017

 Correspondence (approximate) between European and American soil classifications
EC-8 IBC / ASCE 7-10
A (vs,30 > 800 m/s) A-B (vs,30 > 762 m/s)
B (360 < vs,30 < 800 m/s) C (366 < vs,30 < 762 m/s)
C (180 < vs,30 < 360 m/s) D (183 < vs,30 < 366 m/s)
D (vs,30 < 180 m/s) E (vs,30 < 183 m/s)
 If there are basements, 30 m refer to ground

level
 However, soil amplification above foundation
level is prevented by the huge lateral stiffness
of basement walls; therefore, this might be
very conservative
 SSI (Soil-Structure Interaction) can be
considered instead; nevertheless, seismic
action is not always reduced
 SSI is more relevant if the soil is soft and the
building is stiff
 If a soft layer lies below a stiffer one, it should

be consider as soft (conservative assumption)
 Landslide in steep slopes
 Liquefaction; saturated loose granular soils
 Liquefaction includes flow liquefaction (less
frequent, more dangerous) and cyclic mobility
 Liquefaction can be prevented by deep
foundation and by other means (grouting,
vibro-compaction, vibro-replacement, dynamic
deep compaction, soil mixing, etc.)
 Collapse of caves
13
13/07/2017
Design codes (1)

 Nowadays, in design codes, seismicity is commonly quantified in terms of
PGA and of acceleration design spectra (pseudo-acceleration, in fact)
 Some codes incorporate (pseudo) velocity and displacement design
spectra, commonly they are merely obtained by multiplying the (pseudo)
acceleration spectra by (T / 2 ) and (T / 2 )2, respectively
 The Japanese code incorporates energy design spectra in terms of velocity
 Even each country has its own code, there are only two types of codes:
American and European; Chinese and Japanese are close to American
 Seismicity can not be “exported”
 You should be prepared to understand and apply any design code, even in
a language you do not understand
 Exercise (No. 7): derive PGA and acceleration design spectra in a location
of your interest
 Hint: skip R “response reduction factor” (American-based codes) or q
“behavior factor” (European-based codes); assume R, q = 1. Importance
factor, damping and soil conditions should be accounted for
Design codes. Spain (2)
0.04 g  ab  0.25 g
Seismicity map of Spain
1  K  1.3
ab is referred to 500 years and to

stiff soil; conversion factor to rock
and 475 years is 0.8
14
13/07/2017

Design spectrum for buildings in Spain
C, S: soil coefficients
 = (5 / )0.4
Sa(0,) = 1
TA = K C / 10 TB = 4 TA
0,01 g  ag  0,24 g
New seismicity map of Spain
Changes: seismicity is increased and

ag corresponds to rock and 475 years
15
13/07/2017
Design codes. Eurocode 8 (5)

General configuration of EN-
Plateau 1998 (EC-8) design spectra
(exp. = 0)
Decaying branch (exponent = -1)
Initial growing branch (exponent = 1)
 Se: elastic Fast-decaying

spectrum (q = 1, ) branch (exp. = -2)
 Sd: spectrum for
elastic analysis (q   = (10 / 5 + )0.5
1.5, )
Sa(0,) = 1

Short per. Mid periods Long periods

 Displacement design spectrum obtained by multiplying acceleration spectra by
(T / 2 )2 and by further modifications for longer periods
16
13/07/2017

 In European regulations (EC-8), seismicity is
characterized in terms of ag (ordinary PGA)
and two types of design spectra
Type 1
Ms  5.5
Sd   ag = 0.2 ag
Type 2
Ms  5.5
Design codes. Colombia (8)
Seismicity maps of Colombia
0.05  Aa  0.5 0.05  Av  0.5
17
13/07/2017
Colombia
 Fa and Fv are coefficients that account for the soil amplification in
the range of short and mid periods, respectively
 I is an importance factor that depends on the use of the building;
ranges between 1 and 1.5

Design spectrum for buildings in Colombia
18
13/07/2017
Design codes. USA (11)

Seismicity maps of USA; ASCE 7-10 Chap. 22
SS / MCE (T = 2475 years) / soil B

Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE): T = 2475 years
SS: spectral ordinate for short periods (0.2 s)
ag = 0.4 SS (T = 475 years) / soil B

Seismicity maps of USA; ASCE 7-10 Chap. 22
S1 / MCE (T = 2475 years) / soil B
S1: spectral ordinate for 1 s period
19
13/07/2017

 SS > S1 USA
 SMS = Fa SS
 SM1 = Fv S1
 SDS = 2 / 3 SMS
 SD1 = 2 / 3 SM1
 T0 = 0.2 SD1 / SDS
 TS = 5 T0
 TL is obtained
from maps (Figs.
22-12 and 22-16);
huge values!

Design spectra of USA; ASCE 7-10 Chap. 22
20
13/07/2017
Design codes. Japan (15)

 Japanese code incorporates energy design spectra in terms of velocity
VE (cm/s)
600
500
400
300
200
100
Soil I Soil II Soil III
0
0 1 2 3 T (s) 4
Miscellanea. Near-fault effects (1)

 Forward directivity occurs in a strike-slip fault when rupture
propagates at a velocity close the one of shear waves. This
causes the wave front to arrive as a single large pulse
(velocity pulse) Site
 This pulse is orthogonal to the fault and has long period, short
duration, and large amplitude
 There is no permanent displacement (this would be termed
“fling step” and occurs parallel to the fault) Epicenter
 These records are named “pulse-like”
 Since the site must be located near the fault, this effect is
designated “near source”, “near fault” or “near field”
 Velocity pulses have proven to be very damaging since
energy is delivered in a short interval
 Other phenomena may also cause velocity pulses: asperity in
the fault rupture, interference of seismic waves passing
through a complicated earth structure, among others
 Multiple pulses increase dramatically the severity
21
13/07/2017
Miscellanea. Near-fault effects (2)

 PI is the pulse index [Baker 2007], which takes values between 0 and 1; records with
scores above 0.85 and below 0.15 are classified as pulses and non-pulses, respectively
 Ep is the relative pulse energy [Zhai et al. 2013], representing the portion of the total
energy of the ground motion that corresponds to the pulse
 Northridge earthquake, Sylmar-  Northridge earthquake, W Pico

Olive station Canyon station
 Soil type B (EC-8)  Soil type C (EC-8)
 Pulse, PI = 1, Ep = 0.61  Pulse, PI = 1, Ep = 0.70
Miscellanea. Micro-zonation studies (3)

 Seismic microzonation is subdividing a
potential seismic area into zones with
respect to characteristics such as ground
shaking, liquefaction susceptibility,
landslide and rock fall hazard,
earthquake-related flooding
 Microzonation of Bogotá (2010)
0.8 Sa (g)
Piedemonte A
0.7 Piedemonte B
Piedemonte C
Lacustre 50
0.6
Lacustre 100
Lacustre 200
Lacustre 300
0.5
Lacustre 500
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
T (s)
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
22
13/07/2017
Miscellanea. Space variation of seismic motion (4)

 Input ground motion have different characteristics in different (even close) points
 This relative motion negatively affects the structure
 In buildings with footing foundation, this issue is avoided by tying adjoining
footings
 In bridges, this cannot be done and the space variation of ground motion must be
taken into account
xg x’g
Miscellanea. Space variation of seismic motion (5)

 Generation of reliable models of space variation of ground motion requires a deep
knowledge of soil conditions
 Article 3.3 and Annex D of EN-1998-2 (EC-8 for bridges) deal with this issue
 For bridge sections with a continuous deck, spatial variability shall be considered
when: (i) soil properties along the bridge vary to extent that more than one ground
types or (ii) deck length exceeds Llim = Lg / 1.5 where Lg is distance beyond which
ground motions may be considered as completely uncorrelated
23
13/07/2017
Miscellanea. Vertical inputs (6)

 Vertical components of earthquakes are commonly lower than horizontal
ones and constructions are less vulnerable in vertical direction
 ASCE 7-10 (12.4.2.2) states that Ev = 0.2 SDS D (if SDS  0.125); it is
equivalent to a constant design spectrum, without period and soil
influence
 EN-1998 (EC-8) (4.3.3.5.2) states that vertical seismic analysis is required
if: span-length 20 m, cantilever 5 m, prestressed members, interrupted
columns, base isolation
 EN-1998 (EC-8) (3.2.2.3) vertical design spectra: q  1.5, no soil
influence (S = 1 for soils A to E), narrow plateau and height of the plateau
=3
Bibliography. Books
 Bozorgnia Y., Bertero V.V. Earthquake Engineering: from Engineering Seismology to
Performance-Base Engineering. CRC Press 2004.
 Day R.W. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Handbook. McGraw-Hill 2012.
 Kramer S.L. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Prentice Hall 1996.
24
13/07/2017
Bibliography. Codes
 ACI 318-11. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. ACI (American
Concrete Institute ) 2011.
 ASCE/SEI 7-10. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. ASCE
(American Society of Civil Engineers) 2010.
 EN 1998. Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance. European
Committee for Standardization. 2004.
 FEMA 356. Pre-standard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings.
Federal Emergency Management Agency 2000.
 IBC (International Building Code) International Code Council 2009.
 NCSE-02. Norma de Construcción Sismorresistente: Parte General y Edificación.
Ministerio de Fomento 2002.
 NCSP-07. Norma de construcción sismorresistente. Ministerio de Fomento 2007.
 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings. AISC (American Institute on Steel
Construction) 2005.
 FEMA P695. Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors. Federal Emergency
Management Agency. 2009.
Web Sites
 http://www.strongmotioncenter.org/
 http://www.isesd.hi.is/ (European)
 http://www.dst.units.it/ (Italy)
 www.k-net.bosai.go.jp (Japan)
 http://seismo.ethz.ch/ (Switzerland)
 http://www.consrv.ca.gov/
 http://db.cosmos-eq.org/
 http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/
 http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/
 http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/
 http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/
 http://peer.berkeley.edu/peer_ground_motion_database
 http://www.data.scec.org/
 http://www.usc.edu/
 http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/
 http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/index.html (educational site)
25

Earthquake Engineering &amp; Seismology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Earthquake Engineering &amp; Seismology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

13/07/2017

Francisco López Almansa

 To provide basic concepts of earthquake

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 2

Generation and propagation of earthquakes (1)

 Other sources of seismic activity: volcanoes, underground explosions, caverns

 Earthquakes are mostly generated by relative motion between tectonic plates

Normal fault Reverse fault Strike-slip

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 4

Generation and propagation of earthquakes (2)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 5

Generation and propagation of earthquakes (3)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 6

Generation and propagation of earthquakes (4)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 7

Seismic hazard. Vulnerability and Risk (1)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 8

Seismic hazard. PGA and design spectra (2)

Seismic hazard. PGA and design spectra (3)

Seismic hazard. Accelerograms (4)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 11

Seismic hazard. Accelerograms (5)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 12

Seismic hazard. Accelerograms (6)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 13

Seismic hazard. Response spectra (7)

Seismic hazard. Response spectra (8)

Seismic hazard. Response spectra (9)

 Exercise (No. 6): obtain acceleration, velocity and displacement individual

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 16

Seismic hazard. Response spectra (10)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 17

Seismic hazard. Intensity and magnitude (11)

Seismic hazard. Intensity and magnitude (12)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 19

Seismic hazard. Intensity and magnitude (13)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 20

Seismic hazard. Statistics (14)

Influence of soil (1)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 22

Influence of soil (2)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 23

Influence of soil (3)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 24

Influence of soil (4)

 If there are basements, 30 m refer to ground

Influence of soil (5)

 If a soft layer lies below a stiffer one, it should

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 26

Design codes (1)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 27

Design codes. Spain (2)

Seismicity map of Spain

ab is referred to 500 years and to

Design codes. Spain (3)

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 29

Design codes. Spain (4)

Changes: seismicity is increased and

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 30

Design codes. Eurocode 8 (5)

Decaying branch (exponent = -1)

Initial growing branch (exponent = 1)

 Se: elastic Fast-decaying

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology. Francesc López Almansa. Barcelona 31

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology

Earthquake Engineering & Seismology